Microbiol Immunol, 1980, 24(5), 409 - 18 Differences between surface antigenic determinants of polar monotrichous flagella of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and of related species; Shinoda S et al.; Polar monotrichous flagella (M-flagella) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus have antigens in common with those of various species of Vibrio including V . cholerae and V . anguillarum, and of Beneckea, revealed by gel diffusion tests with flagelli monomers . However, antiserum against M-flagellin of V . parahaemolyticus did not agglutinate cells of V . cholerae and V . anguillarum, although it did agglutinate cells of V . parahaemolyticus . Agglutination tests after absorption of the antiserum with purified M-flagellar filaments or flagellin monomers and H-agglutination inhibition tests demonstrated that there are two different antigenic determinants in M-flagella as in lateral flagella . One is on the surface of the M-flagella (surface antigenic determinant, SA) and disappears or is buried in dissociated monomers . The other is inside the flagella (internal antigenic determinant, IA) and is exposed when the flagella are dissociated to flagellin monomers . SA of V . parahaemolyticus is different from those of V . cholerae and V . anguillarum, whereas the three species have a common IA. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Dec, (12), 25 - 8 {Similarity of the DNA mucleotide sequences of vibrios}; Turova TP; The systematic position of some Vibrio species was ascertained by the method of molecular DNA -- DNA hybridization . The DNA of the brine vibrios V . costicola and V . fischeri were shown to have about 10% of sequences homologous with DNA of a typical cholera vibrio (V . cholerae eltor No . 334) . Similarity between the genomes of other representatives of the Vibrionaceae family, as well as in DNA hybridization of V . costicola and V . fischeri, was found to be approximately on the same level . All species included into the genus, Vibrio on account of their phenotypic characteristics may be considered to have essential differences in the structures of their genomes. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Dec, (12), 60 - 3 {Comparative evaluation of the functional activity of different immunoglobulin classes in cholera}; Bunin KV et al.; The immunological activity of specific immunoglobulins in different forms of cholera infection was studied with the use of the indirect immunofluorescent method . The forms of cholera infection were shown to be related to the physico-chemical spectrum of antibodies: patients with the pronounced clinical symptoms of cholera produced serum IgM, including antigen -- antibody complex, more actively and in a greater amount; patients with faintly pronounced and asymptomatic infection produce highly active IgG . The competitive action of immunoglobulins of different classes in their simultaneous reaction with O antigen of Vibrio cholerae is shown . The mechanism of the competitive action of different immunoglobulin classes is supposed to play some role in the process of the sanation (with highly active IgM) or detoxication (with highly active IgG) of the organism. Jpn J Exp Med, 1979 Dec, 49(6), 383 - 90 Common protective antigen between Pseudomanas aeruginosa and Vibrio cholerae; Yamamoto A et al.; Immunization with a common antigen (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced a high level of protection in mice against Vibrio cholerae infection . The average OEP-HA titer in mice sera of immune group was 1,600 HA titer . However, vibriocidal titer and agglutinin titer against V . cholerae were not observed in sera of mice immunized with OEP . By passive administration of anti-OEP rabbit serum, mice were also protected against challenge with V . cholerae . In order to confirm the presence of the common antigen of P . aeruginosa in V . cholerae, IF-30 (common antigen of V . cholerae) was provided . Antibodies were found by the OEP-passive hemagglutination test to cross-react with the common antigen (OEP) of P . aeruginosa in sera of rabbits immunized with IF-30 . The titer of OEP antibody formation in rabbits immunized with IF-30 was almost the same as that of P . aeruginosa . When mice were immunized with IF-30 and challenged with each of 7 kinds of Fisher's immunotype of P . aeruginosa, protection was observed in all the mice vaccinated against the challenge with each of the 7 kinds of strains . Furthermore, it was also confirmed that there was significant protection in mice injected with anti-IF-30 rabbit serum against all strains of Fisher's immunotype of P . aeruginosa. Infect Immun, 1979 Dec, 26(3), 1020 - 7 Purification and characterization of a hemolysin produced by Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor: another toxic substance produced by cholera vibrios; Honda T et al.; A thermolabile direct hemolysin from an El Tor cholera vibrio strain has been isolated and partially characterized as a simple protein of ca . 20,000 molecular weight . In addition to its hemolytic activity, the hemolysin is cytotoxic, cardiotoxic, and rapidly lethal . In these respects it resembles the thermostable direct hemolysin/cytotoxin/cardiotoxin/lethal toxin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and certain other bacterial hemolysins, although there are other significant differences . Because identical diseases are produced by both hemolytic and nonhemolytic cholera vibrios, the El Tor hemolysin may be presumed to be pathogenetically irrelevant . These observations raise the question of "When is a toxic substance also a toxin?" J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Dec, 10(6), 890 - 6 Analysis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus soluble antigens by employing passive hemagglutination; Sochard MR et al.; The passive hemagglutination assay was explored as a sensitive test of immunological reactivity of endotoxin and other antigens prepared from selected strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus . The tannic acid procedure for passive hemagglutination, commonly used with protein antigens, was the only procedure yielding good results with V . parahaemolyticus protein extracts, endotoxins, and related preparations . These results were probably due to the presence of large amounts of protein in the V . parahaemolyticus endotoxins as determined by earlier work referenced in the text . Glucose and galactose as possible antigenic determinants in the endotoxin of a Vibrio strain were tested by inhibition tests . Cross-reactions were observed between endotoxin preparations, but were low in hemagglutination, suggesting reactions of common generic antigens . The ability of V . parahaemolyticus endotoxins to stimulate production of antibodies was determined. Biochem J, 1979 Nov 15, 184(2), 283 - 90 Phospholipase A activity in the skin . Modulators of arachidonic acid release from phosphatidylcholine; Ziboh VA et al.; The distribution of the hydrolysis of 1-acyl-2-{1-14C}arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and the simultaneous biosynthesis of prostaglandins by subcellular fractions from human and rat skin membrane preparations were determined . The phospholipase A2 activity was distributed among the subcellular particulate preparations with the highest specific activity in the 105000g particulate fraction . The activity was optimal at pH 7.5 in the presence of 1.0 mM-CaCl2 and was inhibited by EDTA . The hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine by the skin 105000g particulate fraction was inhibited by cortisol and triamcinolone acetonide and it was stimulated by histamine, bradykinin, retinoic acid and cholera enterotoxin (freeze-dried Vibrio cholerae) . Furthermore hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine by the skin phospholipase A was also enhanced by low concentrations of prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2 alpha . These last results suggest that the amplication of the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine by prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2 alpha, with the consequent release of arachidonic acid (the substrate of prostaglandin synthesis) is likely a positive-feedback regulation of the arachidonic acid-prostaglandin cascade. Infect Immun, 1979 Nov, 26(2), 528 - 33 Synergistic protection against experimental cholera by immunization with cholera toxoid and vaccine; Peterson JW; Rabbits were immunized with two parenteral injections of Wellcome toxoid PX389A, Wyeth toxoid 20101, or Merck bivalent vaccine . Other groups of rabbits were immunized with combinations of the Merck vaccine and each of the two toxoids . Antitoxin responses were monitored in each group of rabbits before livecell challenge of each animal by the ligated intestinal loop assay . Inaba and Ogawa strains of Vibrio cholerae were used for challenge experiments . Basically, the data indicate that the toxoids were equivalent in antigenic potency and antitoxin responses were unaffected by combination of the toxoids with the whole-cell vaccine . The 50 microgram doses of each toxoid as well as the 4 X 10(9) cells of the bivalent vaccine provided the same magnitude of protection against live-cell challenge with either Inaba or Ogawa vibrios . Immunization with either toxoid in combination with the bivalent vaccine resulted in a synergistic protective response against live-cell challenge of intestinal loops with V . cholerae . Synergistic protection was observed when toxoid and vaccine were administered together by the oral and parenteral routes . Maximum protection was obtained when rabbits were immunized with the combined toxoid-whole-cell vaccine administered by both oral and parenteral routes. Rev Infect Dis, 1979 Nov-Dec, 1(6), 918 - 26 Modes of action of enterotoxins from Vibrio cholerae and EScherichia coli; Field M; Current information on the intestinal secretory mechanism and on the actions of the enterotoxins from Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli are reviewed . These enterotoxins, through their effects on the metabolism of cyclic nucleotides, both inhibit active absorption and stimulate active secretion of water and electrolytes in the small intestine . the enterotoxin of V . chol erae and the heat-labile enterotoxin of E . coli affect these activities by stimulating adenylate cyclase, and the heat-stable enterotoxin of E . coli does so by stimulating guanylate cyclase. J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Nov, 10(5), 666 - 8 Vibrio alginolyticus infections in humans; Schmidt U et al.; Two clinical isolates of Vibrio alginolyticus from New Jersey are reported, one from a mixed stump infection and the other grown in pure culture from the conjunctival discharge of a man with conjunctivitis . The biochemical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibilities of these two isolates are presented . Human infections caused by V . alginolyticus are reviewed. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Nov, (11), 82 - 6 {Preservation of cholerogenicity in cholera vibrios in the incomplete L-cycle stage}; Emdina IA et al.; The work presents the characteristics of the forms appearing as a result of the incomplete L cycle of Vibrio cholerae obtained in experimental conditions after the cultivation of typical V . eltor strain, serovar Ogawa, for 5 months at room temperature in sterile river water without subculturing . The culture formed shaprly changed L-similar colonies, had decreased agglutinability and was resistant to diagnostic cholera phages, but retained its cholerogenicity for suckling rabbits . A suggestion was made concerning the possible epidemiological significance of such forms and the necessity of their detection in the course of bacteriological analysis for cholera. Acta Virol, 1979 Nov, 23(6), 449 - 54 Stability in Newcastle disease virus-infected cells of HN protein which lost its functional activity under conditions of protein synthesis inhibition by cycloheximide; Vovk TS et al.; Chick embryo cell cultures were infected with Newcastle disease virus (strains Italia, Beaudette and B1), labelled with 14C-amino acids from 5 to 6 hr post infection (p.i.), incubated in chase conditions from 6 to 10 hr p.i . in the presence or absence of cycloheximide (100 microgram/ml) and analyzed by slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography . In chase experiments the HN protein was stable in all three strains . The haemagglutinating activity of cell homogenates was greatly reduced after the addition of cycloheximide in tests with Beaudette and B1 strains; treatment of the homogenates with neuraminidase from Vibrio cholerae did not influence this effect. Lancet, 1979 Oct 6, 2(8145), 730 - 2 Bottle feeding as a risk factor for cholera in infants; Gunn RA et al.; To determine risk factors for cholera in infants, a retrospective matched-pair study of 42 cases and their controls was undertaken during an outbreak of El Tor cholera in Bahrain in the autumn of 1978 . The highest attack-rate of cholera (125/10 000) occurred in infants in the 6--11 month age-group, which corresponds to the weaning age in this community . Significantly more cases than controls were principally bottle fed (greater than 50% milk intake by bottle) than principally breast fed during the week before onset of illness (p=0.004) . Analysis of various patterns of breast and bottle feeding did not determine whether the protection afforded by breast feeding was a negative effect (due to the lack of exposure to contaminated bottle feedings for breast fed infants) or a positive effect (due to protective functions of constituents of human breast milk) . Cholera infection (with or without symptoms) among mothers of either case or control infants was uncommon (case mothers 3, control mothers 5), and mean serum vibriocidal and antitoxic antibody levels were similar for the two groups of mothers . These observations suggest that maternal infection did not affect the relative risk of infants having symptomatic cholera. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Oct, 38(4), 761 - 2 Asparaginase production by human clinical isolates of Vibrio succinogenes; Radcliffe CW et al.; Three human isolates of Vibrio succinogenes produced asparaginase . Apparent Km's were 87,220, and 320 microM . The rate of glutamine hydrolysis was between 2.8 and 3.5% of the rate of asparagine hydrolysis . Asparaginase production was not induced by ammonium ions, and enzyme yields were lower than those obtained with the rumen strain. J Infect Dis, 1979 Oct, 140(4), 590 - 5 Structure-function relationship: biological activities of the lipopolysaccharides and lipid A from Vibrio cholerae; Raziuddin S; The biological activities of lipopolysaccharides and the lipid A moiety from five different strains of Vibrio cholerae have been investigated . Lipid A was biologically the most active component of lipopolysaccharides from these bacteria . Immunization of rabbits with lipid A from Inaba (66/64) strain led to the production of specific antibodies to lipid A . On fractionation of the immunoglobulins with Sephadex G-200 column chromatography, antibodies against lipid A were detected in the IgM and IgG fractions. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Oct, (10), 94 - 7 {Isolation of nonagglutinating vibrios in acute gastrointestinal diseases in Kiev Province}; Prokopova LL; The results of the bacteriological examination of material obtained from 71 patients with acute gastrointestinal diseases for the presence of vibrioflora, as well as the results of surveying different groups of population for the detection of vibrio-carriers are presented . The clinical and epidemiological data obtained in the course of various diseases caused by nonagglutinating vibrios are analyzed . The biological properties of nonagglutionating vibrio cultures isolated from patients and vibrio-carriers are described . The data thus obtained substantiate the necessity of carefully evaluating nonagglutinating vibrio cultures isolated from humans with due regard for the existing epidemic situation. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Oct, (10), 91 - 3 {Hemolytic properties of El Tor cholera vibrios}; Tafel'shtein EE et al.; The hemolytic factor of Vibrio cholerae, biotype eltor, is bound to the cellular structures and can be liberated into the environment . The inhibiting action of proteases on the hemolytic activity of vibrios suggests that the proteinaceous hemolysin component of these organisms plays an important role in the process of red blood cell lysis . The inhibition of the hemolytic activity of vibrios by Ca2+ ions seems to be connected with the activation of intracellular phospholipases. Antibiotiki, 1979 Oct, 24(10), 746 - 50 {Sensitivity of Gram-negative microflora to lysozyme}; Ved'mina EA et al.; Sensitivity to lysozyme of the representatives of various species of gramnegative microflora (476 strains) was studied with a new modified procedure, which is more exact and economic as compared to the method of serial dilutions in agar . High resistance of Eltor vibrio cholerae and Pseudomonas to lysozyme was found . Cultures of various sensitivity levels to lysozyme were detected among Aeromonas, enteropathogenic E . coli and NAG-vibrios. J Clin Periodontol, 1979 Oct, 6(5), 278 - 307 A study of the bacteria associated with advancing periodontitis in man; Tanner AC et al.; Samples of apical plaque were taken by means of an anaerobic gas-flushed syringe from 21 sites in eight patients . The samples were anaerobically dispersed, diluted and plated and incubated in an atmosphere of 80% N2, 10% H2 and 10% CO2 for 7-21 days . All colonies on plates containing 20-50 isolates were picked, repeatedly restreaked, characterized and identified where possible by a probabilistic computer identification program . The sites were divided into four groups on the basis of clinical features . The significance of differences between bacterial populations in the groups was determined by the Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests, while the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to determine the rank correlation of clinical features of diseases and microbial species . The subgingival microbiota in advanced destructive sites was predominated by Gram-negative rods . The microbiota of two young adult patients with generalized extensive bone loss, extensive clinical inflammation and suppuration was dominated by Bacteroides asaccharolyticus and an organism with characteristics consistent with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans . The predominant cultivable microbiota in two patients with extensive bone loss but minimal clinical inflammation was predominated by Bacteroides melaninogenicus ss intermedius and Eikenella corrodens in one patient and E . corrodens and a slow growing fusiform-shaped Bacteroides in a second patient . A third group of four patients demonstrated moderate levels of clinical inflammation and evidence of continued bone loss in the last year . Predominant organisms in this group were more heterogeneous and included B . asaccharolyticus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, the "fusiform" Bacteroides and anaerobic vibrios . Sites with minimal disease in the patients revealed higher proportions of Gram-positive organisms including Rothia dentocariosa, Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces viscosus . A positive rank correlation could be detected between clinical inflammation including suppuration and B . asaccharolyticus and a negative rank correlation between inflammation and E . corrodens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1979 Oct, 76(10), 4832 - 6 Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin: DNA-directed in vitro synthesis and structure; Dorner F et al.; Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin was synthesized in a cell-free system directed by DNA of the plasmid P307 . Synthesis of the toxin, assayed by the elongation induced in Chinese hamster ovary cells, was strongly stimulated by cyclic AMP and occurred at physiological levels of Mg2+ only when the polyamine spermidine was present . Activity was abolished by heat and antisera prepared against the enterotoxins of both E . coli P263 and Vibrio cholera . Tritium-labeled enterotoxin was purified by immunoprecipitation and examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . When gel slices were assayed for the ability to stimulate adenylate cyclase {ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1} activity in erythrocyte ghosts, two peaks were found, one at Mr 26,000 and frequently, but not always, another at Mr 23,000 . Detection of radiolabeled protein by fluorography and scintillation counting of gel slices revealed three prominent polypeptides, two corresponding to the peaks having adenylate cyclase-stimulating activity and a further one of Mr 11,500, identical to that of the cholera subunit B . The data suggest that the E . coli heat-labile enterotoxin synthesized in the cell-free system has a subunit structure. Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1979 Oct, 88(10), 414 - 6 {Effect of Vibrio cholerae filtrate on the adenyl cyclase system in vitro}; Kornev AV et al.; An in vitro model using homogenates of the rat intestine and liver for studying the V . Cholerae culture filtrate effect on the adenylate cyclase system is proposed . Optimal conditions for the adenylate cyclase functioning have been investigated for this model . It was shown that V . Cholerae filtrate induces a stable activation of adenylate cyclase and does not change the activity of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase . It was also established that the activity of phosphodiesterase in the intestinal homogenate is about 2.5 fold higher than that in the liver homogenate . The model may be considered promising for investigation of the mechanism of cholerae toxin action. Infect Immun, 1979 Oct, 26(1), 322 - 7 Behavior of a surface antigenic determinant of lateral flagella of Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Shinoda S et al.; The behavior of a surface antigenic determinant (SA) of lateral flagella of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was studied . SA, located on the surface of flagellar filaments, is responsible for H-agglutination and specific for serotype . Results of H-agglutination inhibition tests demonstrated that SA could not be detected on the flagellin molecule when the flagellar filaments were dissociated to flagellin monomers by heating or treatment with urea, sodium dodecyl sulfate, HCl, or acetone, although SA could be detected on short flagellar fragments obtained by milder heat treatment . When flagellar filaments were reconstituted from flagellin monomers, SA was detected on the surface of the filaments . These results suggest that SA is buried in the flagellin molecule with dissociation of flagellar filaments to flagellin monomers or steric configuration of SA itself is altered to a different form which cannot react with the responsible antibody. Nature, 1979 Sep 6, 281(5726), 64 - 5 Protein deprivation causes reversible impariment of mucosal immune response to cholera toxoid/toxin in rat gut; Barry WS et al.; Scretory antibodies may be the major defence against mucosal infections, especially those due to viruses and non-invasive pathogens such as Vibrio cholerae and toxinogenic Escherichia coli . The high incidence of mucosal infections in malnourished protein-deficient children may result from defective antibody production, but evidence for this is conflicting . We report here that protein deficiency markedly impairs the mucosal immune reponse to cholera toxiod/toxin (CT), a protein antigen, in rats and that this impairment is rapidly reversed by refeeding. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem, 1979 Sep, 360(9), 1253 - 6 Synthesis of anomeric ethyl ketosides of 5-N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid; Eschenfelder V et al.; The syntheses of anomeric ethyl ketosides of 5-N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid are described . The alpha-anomer prepared by a modified Koenigs-Knorr procedure starting from acetochloroneuraminic acid is quantitatively cleaved by Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase . Proton-catalyzed reaction of 5-N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid with ethanol yields the beta-anomer. J Bacteriol, 1979 Sep, 139(3), 859 - 65 Genetic mapping of toxin regulatory mutations in Vibrio cholerae; Mekalanos JJ et al.; We have mapped a regulatory site mediating the hyperproduction of cholera toxin in mutants of Vibrio cholerae strain 569B . Mutations in this locus, called htx, result in the hypertoxinogenic phenotype, as measured by the ganglioside filter assay and immunoradial diffusion . Transposon-facilitated recombination was used to construct improved genetic donors in 569B parental and hypertoxinogenic mutant strains . Subsequent mapping by conjugation indicated that the htx locus was closely linked to the rif, str, and ilv loci of V . cholerae . Analysis of recombinants from these crosses suggested the following gene order: thy str htx rif ilv arg . The close genetic linkage of htx to rif (as high as 98%) resulted in a high comutation frequency of these two loci by nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis . Transfer of the htx mutant locus from a hypertoxinogenic donor to several unrelated Tox+ strains of V . cholerae caused a detectable elevation of toxin production in the recipients . These results suggest that toxin production in diverse strains of V . cholerae is controlled by a common regulatory mechanism in which the htx gene product plays a significant role. Can J Microbiol, 1979 Sep, 25(9), 964 - 7 Chemotactic responses of Vibrio alginolyticus to algal extracellular products; Sjoblad RD et al.; A capillary assay was used to evaluate the chemotactic responses of Vibrio alginolyticus to three common algal extracellular products . Acrylate and glycolate attracted the motile marine bacterium . The peak response occurred with 10(-2) M of each chemical . Acrylic and glycolic acid also attracted V . alginolyticus, with the peak response occurring at 5 x 10(-4) M of each chemical . Higher concentrations of the organic acids resulted in a decreased response . The bacteria also displayed positive chemotaxis to dimethyl sulfide. Mikrobiologiia, 1979 Sep-Oct, 48(5), 927 - 31 {Electron microscopic study of the pond microflora of the Amu-Dar'ia River delta}; Konstantinova LG et al.; Bacterial forms were studied by electron microscopy in weakly saline lakes of the mesotrophic type in the Amu Darya delta; these forms differed in the character of water nutrition, certain physico-chemical and biological properties . The main population in the lakes represented by Vibrio and rods among which many small forms (0.3--0.5 mu) were found . Long filamentous forms were often encountered . A considerable number of organisms possessed prosthecae, fimbria and various protrustions . Budding bacteria were also detected . Microorganisms with peculiar morphology were most abundant in such places where the total incidence of bacteria was 1x10(6) per litre while water transparency was low. Arch Microbiol, 1979 Aug 6, 122(2), 169 - 75 Trypotophanase from a marine bacterium, Vibrio K-7 synthesis, purification and some chemical catalytic properties; Whitt DD et al.; The conditions for synthesis, purification, and properties of tryptophanase by a marine organism (Vibrio K-7) were studied . Tryptophanase was induced by tryptophan and its analogs, and partially repressed by 0.5% glucose or glycerol . NaCl (0.4 M) was required for optimal growth and tryptophanase activity in whole cells . The enzyme was purified to 92% homogeneity by heat treatment, hydroxyapatite chromatography and fractionation with ammonium sulfate . This tryptophanase has been found to have kinetic properties similar to the tryptophanase from other microorganisms . It carries out both alpha, beta-elimination reactions (using tryptophan, serine, cysteine and S-methylcysteine as substrates) and beta-replacement reactions (forming tryptophan from indole and serine, cysteine or S-methyl-cysteine) . The enzyme has a sedimentation coefficient of 9.2S and requires pyridoxal 5'-phosphate as a cofactor . The optimal pH for the tryptophanase reaction is pH 8.0. J Gen Virol, 1979 Aug, 44(2), 405 - 18 Fer de Lance virus (FDLV): a probable paramyxovirus isolated from a reptile; Clark HF et al.; A new virus has been isolated by inoculation of lung tissues of diseased snakes into snake embryos . Homogenates of infected embryo tissues caused c.p.e . in cell cultures incubated at 30 degrees C . The virus replicates in a wide variety of reptilian or mammalian cell types incubated at 30 degrees C, inducing either syncytium formation or minimal or no cytopathic changes . Efficient replication occurs in embryonated hens' eggs at 27 to 30 degrees C . The virus haemagglutinates guinea pig and chick erythrocytes; it possesses a neuraminidase similar to the receptor-destroying enzyme of Vibrio cholera . Electron microscopic observations of infected cells examined in thin section revealed pleomorphic viruses 146 to 321 nm in diam . resembling known myxoviruses . Internal nucleocapsid strands are 15 to 16 nm in diam.; nucleocapsid observed in negatively stained preparations measures 14 nm in diam . The virus was determined to possess a nucleoprotein core containing a 50S single-stranded unsegmented RNA genome . All characters of the virus are similar to those of the paramyxovirus group except that the nucleocapsid diam . is intermediate between that of paramyxoviruses and pneumoviruses . The virus is antigenically distinct from known myxoviruses and is unique among myxoviruses in its restriction to growth at temperature below 37 degrees C. Gann, 1979 Aug, 70(4), 429 - 33 Antitumor activity of marine bacteria, Vibrio anguillarum, in mice; Shimizu T et al.; Antitumor activity of marine bacteria, Vibrio anguillarum P-B-1, against Ehrlich carcinoma cells in ddY mice was investigated . Ehrlich carcinoma cells were inoculated intraperitoneally (ip) into mice and V . anguillarum (1.0 mg/mouse) was administered ip twice before and 4 times after the tumor inoculation . Groups of mice administered V . anguillarum survived 80 approximately 90% and their mean survival was 54.0 approximately 56.0 days (range, 24.0 approximately 60 days) at day 60 after inoculation of 10(4) to 10(6) tumor cells against the mean survival of 16.4 approximately 22.3 days (range, 7 approximately 26) in the control group . When 2 x 10(6) tumor cells were inoculated subcutaneously (sc) mixed with 1.0 mg of V . anguillarum, the bacterial cells markedly suppressed the growth of tumor at the injection site; tumor did not grow in 30% of recipient mice and the inhibition rate of grown tumor in the rest of recipients was 69% . The consistently demonstrable antitumor activity of V . anguillarum was reduced by pretreatment of mice with immunosuppressants such as anti-thymocyte serum, hydrocortisone, or irradiation of X-ray . This fact indicates that the antitumor activity of V . anguillarum is mediated by immune response. Infect Immun, 1979 Aug, 25(2), 768 - 70 Adsorption and growth of Vibrio cholerae on chitin; Nalin DR et al.; Incubation of Vibrio cholerae of O-group serotype 1 with chitin particles resulted in adsorption of vibrios onto chitin; chitin-adsorbed V . cholerae survived exposure to acid better than nonadsorbed vibrios . V . cholerae multiplied in dialyzed chitin suspended in 4.2% NaCl, suggesting that adherence to ingested chitin of crustacea might be of epidemiological significance by providing a substrate for vibrio multiplication as well as protection from gastric acid during stomach transit. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1979 Aug, 86(2), 377 - 84 Purification and some properties of two NADP+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenases from an obligately psychrophilic marine bacterium, Vibrio sp., strain ABE-1; Ochiai T et al.; Two isozymes of NADP+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase {ICDH; EC 1.1.1.42} were confirmed to be present in an obligately psychrophilic marine bacterium, Vibrio sp., strain ABE-1, on the basis of the temperature-activity curve and electrophoretic mobilities . These isozymes were separated and purified about 170-fold for isozyme I (specific activity at 40 degrees C, 24.3 units/mg protein) and about 180-fold for isozyme II (specific activity at 20 degrees C, 59.2 units/mg protein), though the isozymes were still not homogeneous . The molecular weights of these isozymes determined by gel filtration were both about 85,000, but the properties of the isozymes were considerably different from each other . The thermostability of isozyme I resembled those of mesophiles, but isozyme II was extremely labile above 20 degrees C . NaCl affected the ICDH isozymes in different ways; the salt protected isozyme I from heat inactivation, but not isozyme II . Nevertheless it enormously enhanced the activity of isozyme II at low concentrations . Moreover, these ICDH isozymes showed different pH optima, Km values for isocitrate, susceptibilities to concerted inhibition by glyoxylate plus oxalacetate, and effects of 2-mercaptoethanol on their stabilities. J Biol Chem, 1979 Jul 25, 254(14), 6270 - 2 NAD-dependent ADP-ribosylation of arginine and proteins by Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin; Moss J et al.; Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (labile toxin, LT) catalyzed the hydrolysis of NAD to ADP-ribose and nicotinamide and the ADP-ribosylation of arginine (Moss, J., and Richardson, S.H . (1978) J . Clin . Invest . 62, 281-285) . Analysis of the product of the ADP-ribosylation of arginine by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicated that the reaction was stereospecific and resulted in the formation of alpha-ADP-ribosyl-L-arginine . This reaction product rapidly anomerized to yield a mixture of the alpha and beta forms . In the presence of {adenine-U-14C}NAD, E . coli enterotoxin catalyzed the transfer of the radiolabel to proteins; the ADP-ribosylation of proteins was inhibited by arginine methyl ester, an alternative substrate . Digestion of the 14C-protein with snake venom phosphodiesterase released predominantly 5'-AMP . No product was obtained with a mobility similar to that of 2'-(5''-phosphoribosyl)-5'-AMP . This result is consistent with the covalent attachment by the enterotoxin of ADP-ribose rather than poly(ADP-ribose) to protein . Thus, LT is catalytically equivalent to choleragen, an enterotoxin of Vibrio cholerae, and activates adenylate cyclase through a similar stereospecific ADP-ribosylation reaction. J Biol Chem, 1979 Jul 10, 254(13), 5855 - 61 Enzymic activity of cholera toxin . II . Relationships to proteolytic processing, disulfide bond reduction, and subunit composition; Mekalanos JJ et al.; Cholera toxin containing intact A chain (Mr = 29,000) was isolated, and its enzymic properties were characterized . The "unnicked" form of the toxin, produced by a protease-deficient, hypertoxinogenic mutant of Vibrio cholerae 569B, had greatly reduced activity in catalyzing the NAD+-glycohydrolase and ADP-ribosyltransferase reactions as compared to the naturally nicked form commonly isolated . In the latter, the intact A chain has been cleaved by bacterial proteases to yield disulfide-linked A1 and A2 chains (Mr = 23,000 and 6,000, respectively) . Digestion of unnicked toxin with trypsin or elastase yielded a nicked form similar to or identical with the naturally nicked toxin, but chymotryptic digestion did not . Disulfide bond reduction was necessary for expression of enzymic activity by naturally nicked or trypsin-nicked toxin, or the A1A2 protomer . Fractionation of thiol-treated, nicked cholera toxin by ion exchange, molecular exclusion, or affinity chromatography gave results suggesting that the reduced toxin displays enzymic activity while remaining structurally intact. J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Jul, 10(1), 85 - 90 Serotyping of non-cholera vibrios; Smith HL Jr; The serotyping system for non-cholera vibrios reported by us in 1965 has been re-evaluated and extended . Results from serotyping 2,624 cultures are presented . These isolates were accumulated over a period of 20 years and came from clinical and environmental samples in many parts of the world . Included is a discussion of the use of terms "Vibrio cholerae" and "non-cholera vibrios" for clinical reports. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Jul, 38(1), 169 - 72 Exohemagglutinins: new products of vibrios; Oishi K et al.; A number of vibrio strains isolated from marine water produced high units of phytohemagglutinin-like agglutinins . Sugar specificity of the hemagglutinins was different from that of the sugar-binding bacterial toxins and that of the sugar-binding pili on the bacterial cell surfaces. Infect Immun, 1979 Jul, 25(1), 220 - 8 Flagella-induced immunity against experimental cholera in adult rabbits; Yancey RJ et al.; The adult rabbit ligated ileal loop model was used to evaluate the prophylactic potential of a crude flagellar (CF) vaccine produced from the classical . Inaba strain CA401 . A greater than 1,000-fold increase in the challenge inoculum was required to induce an intestinal fluid response in actively immunized adult rabbits equivalent to that produced in unimmunized animals . Similar protection was afforded against challenge with classical and El Tor biotypes of both Inaba and Ogawa serotypes . Highly virulent 35S-labeled vibrios were inhibited in their ability to associated with the intestinal mucosa of CF-immunized rabbits . The protection conferred by CF immunization was found to be superior to that of a commercial bivalent vaccine and also to that of glutaraldehyde-treated cholera toxoid . The critical immunogenic component of CF appears to be a flagella-derived protein . The immunogenicity of CF was destroyed by heat treatment, and absorption of CF-immune serum with aflagellated mutant vibrios did not diminish its ability to confer a high level of passive protection . The intestinal protection of CF-immunized rabbits was completely reversed by the introduction of both goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulins A and G, but by neither alone. Carbohydr Res, 1979 Jul, 72, 191 - 99 Structural investigations of the lipopolysaccharide isolated from Vibrio cholera, Inaba 569 B; Sen AK et al.; On hydrolysis, the purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Vibrio cholera, Inaba 569 B, yielded glucose, mannose, a heptose behaving like D-glycero-L-manno-heptose and one behaving like D-glycero-L-gluco-heptose, 2-amino-2-deoxyglucose, and glucuronic acid in the molar ratios of approximately 9:4:5:1:2:5 . Studies on the LPS, the polysaccharide (PS), and carboxyl-reduced LPS showed that the PS has a branched structure, with (1 leads to 2)-linked mannopyranosyl and a heptopyranosyl, and (1 leads to 4)-linked glucopyranosyluronic and 2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranosyl residues in the interior part of the molecule, and glucopyranosyl and heptopyranosyl residues as nonreducing end-groups. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Jul, (7), 62 - 6 {Use of the A-2 elective medium for the differentiation of Aeromonas from related microorganisms}; Kalina GP et al.; The trial of culture medium A-2, proposed for the identification of Aeromonas on the basis of the nutritional utilization of gelatin as the only source of nitrogen and starch as the source of carbon in view of the limited content of mineral components in the medium, revealed that no other species of the family Vibronaceae grew in this medium, and it could be used in an additional test for the differentiation of vibrios from Aeromonas . A group of strains isolated from human feces, surface water and sewage was found to be incapable of growing in culture medium A-2; these strains, though having a number of characteristics in common with Aeromonas, differed from them in a number of additional tests. Antibiotiki, 1979 Jul, 24(7), 502 - 7 {Pathways of enzymatic inactivation of levomycetin in El Tor vibrios with plasmid and chromosome resistance to the antibiotic}; Korobeinik NV et al.; Two possible mechanisms of enzymatic inactivation of levomycetin, i.e . acetylation of OH-groups and reduction of the n-nitrophenylic component by the cells and cell-free extracts of V . eltor 2044 with the plasmid or chromosome types of antibiotic resistance were studied in vitro . The vibrio containing the extrachromosome determinants were resistant to a number of antibiotics . The rate of levomycetin acetylation by them under conditions of intensive aeration and reduction of the antibiotic aromatic nitrogroup in the absence of oxygen was high . The cells with the chromosome resistance had a trace activity of levomycetin acetyltransferase . Still, they rather rapidly reduced levomycetin into its aminoderivative (during 2-hour incubation in the atmosphere of nitrogen 70-80% of the substrate are transformed into its summary arylamine) . The antibiotic sensitive vibrio practically had no capacity for acetylation of levomycetin but could transform it into the reduced aminoderivative though to a less extent than the antibiotic resistant cells. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1979 Jul, 28(4), 685 - 91 Cholera in the Gilbert Islands . II . Clinical and laboratory findings; Roberts AB et al.; An epidemic of cholera due to Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor occurred in 1977 on Tarawa in the Gilbert Islands . No cholera epidemic had occurred there previously and special problems were encountered in both the diagnosis and clinical management . The clinical features of the 585 hospital admissions on Tarawa during the first 64 days of the epidemic were recorded . Eight hospital deaths occurred in this period . A marked increase in cholera among malnourished Gilbertese children was noted . Simplified regimes for management were devised for the circumstances including schemes for oral and intravenous rehydration . Coconut water was used extensively in oral rehydration . Paramedical personnel were used effectively during the epidemic . Prophylactic tetracycline was used in household contacts of patients and was effective in reducing subsequent illness. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1979 Jul, 28(4), 677 - 84 Cholera in the Gilbert Island . I . Epidemiological features; Kuberski T et al.; An explosive epidemic of cholera due to Vibrio cholerae, biotype El Tor, serotype Inaba, was centered on the coral atoll of Tarawa, Gilbert Islands . This outbreak was a unique experience in the South and Central Pacific region . The principal mode of spread during the peak of the outbreak was probably through contamination of the main water supply . Tarawa lagoon water and shellfish were found to be contaminated with V . cholerae and ingestion of raw fish and shellfish from the lagoon also served as a source of transmission . This outbreak raises the concern of Rother outbreaks of cholera occuring on remote and poorly equipped Pacific islands where the environmental circumstances are conducive to cholera spread. J Infect Dis, 1979 Jul, 140(1), 119 - 22 Inhibition by polyanions of adherence by Kanagawa-positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a physicochemical effect; Carruthers MM et al.; Rapid adherence of Kanagawa-positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus to human fetal intestinal cells has been demonstrated in monolayer cultures . In this study, polyanionic carbohydrates and glycoproteins of various biochemical compositions, structural configurations, and molecular weights were found to inhibit this adherence . Mono- and disaccharide components of inhibitory compounds did not themselves inhibit adherence . Levels of Ca++ in the test mixture were similar in both the presence and the absence of chondroitin sulfate, a potent inhibitor of adherence by V . parahaemolyticus . These results, which demonstrate a major effect of surface charge in this model of bacterial adherence, suggest that differences in surface charge may contribute to the varying degrees of adherence by different strains of V . parahaemolyticus . This striking effect of surface charge on adherence by V . parahaemolyticus underscores the importance of experimental conditions and of substances that affect the surface potential of the cell in the interpretation of findings in models of bacterial adherence. Ann Hum Biol, 1979 Jul-Aug, 6(4), 369 - 74 Genetic susceptibility to cholera; Levine MM et al.; In the course of studies of immunity to experimental cholera in man, 10(5) or 10(6) Vibrio cholerae were given to 66 college students and other community volunteers under quarantine in an isolation ward . HLA antigen and blood group determinations were carried out to test the hypothesis that severity of clinical cholera is dependent in part upon genetically-determined host susceptibility . Fifty-five volunteers developed diarrhoea; 38 had mild illness and 17 had severe cholera (stool volume greater than or equal to 5.0 litres) . HLA antigens were found in similar frequency in volunteers with severe, mild or no diarrhoea; antigen A1, A2, A3 and B7 were most common . Blood group O, however, was found in 64% of persons with severe cholera versus 36-38% of volunteers with mild or absent illness . Thus, while no correlation was found between HLA type and severity of cholera, these results do support the claims of other investigators that blood group O is found more frequently in patients with severe cholera than in the normal population. Orig Life, 1979 Jul, 9(3), 235 - 40 An ultraviolet light induced bacteriophage in Beneckea gazogenes; Rambler M et al.; An ultraviolet light induced prophage has been discovered in the red pigmented marine vibrio Beneckea gazogenes . Two spontaneously derived pigment mutants, one forming pink colonies and one lacking pigment and forming white colonies, were also irradiated . The presence of pigment was not related to phage induction; uv-induced cell lysis occurred in wildtype and mutant strains at the same dosages . Lysis was not prevented or retarded by exposure after irradiation to visible light indicating the phenomenon was not photoreactivable . Electron micrographs of the 'T-like' B . gazogenes phage are shown . A second beneckea was isolated form the anaerobic zone of cyanobacterial mats growing in the hypersaline environment of Laguna Mormona, Baja California . The Baja beneckea does not harbor a uv inducible prophage and is resistant to the B . gazogenes phage under all conditions tested. J Biol Chem, 1979 Jun 25, 254(12), 5065 - 76 Thyroglobulin interactions with thyroid plasma membranes . The existence of specific receptors and their potential role; Consiglio E et al.; Thyroglobulin binds to isolated thyroid plasma membrane preparations . Binding is pH- and temperature-dependent with 10-fold better binding at pH 5.0 and 37 degrees C than at 0 degrees C and pH 6.0 through pH 7.5 . Binding is, however, maximal in 90 min at all pH values and temperatures examined . Although salts can inhibit or enhance thyroglobulin binding depending on the temperature or pH, conditions approaching those of the physiological state are not inhibitory; physiological conditions do inhibit thyrotropin binding to the same membrane preparations . 125I-Labeled thyroglobulin binding is poorly reversed by unlabeled thyroglobulin at all pH values and temperatures studied; excess unlabeled thyroglobulin can, however, readily prevent binding . At pH values greater than 6.0 and at 0 degrees C, the iodine content of thyroglobulin can affect binding, and the 27 S thyroid iodoprotein is relatively ineffective in preventing the binding of the 19 S species . At pH 5.0 and 37 degrees C, there is no difference in binding of highly and less iodinated thyroglobulin, and the 27 S thyroglobulin iodoprotein is effective in preventing 19 S thyroglobulin binding . The complex nature of these results is interpreted in the light of additional data which show (i) that the thyroid membrane recognizes asialothyroglobulin and (ii) that at pH 5.0 and 37 degrees C a membrane-associated neuraminidase is activated which removes sialic acid from thyroglobulin . Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase can substitute for the endogenous neuraminidase . The receptor on thyroid membranes for asialothyroglobulin is similar to the asialoglycoprotein receptor on liver membranes (Morell, A.G., Gregoriadis, G., Scheinberg, I.H., Hickman, J., and Ashwell, G . (1971) J . Biol . Chem . 246, 1461-1467) in that sialic acid on the receptor is critical for receptor expression . It is distinct from the liver asialoglycoprotein receptor in its binding specificity and in its sensitivity to different bacterial and mammalian neuraminidase preparations . Relationships between thyroglobulin and thyrotropin receptors on thyroid membranes are explored, and the functional role of the thyroglobulin receptor is discussed. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 1979 Jun, 57(3), 325 - 33 Persistence in the mouse gut as an important factor in oral immunogenicity of strains of V . cholerae; Bloom L et al.; The immune responses of mice following oral vaccination with two strains of live V . cholerae have been examined . A strain which persisted in the small intestine was a superior local immunogen by comparison with another non-persisting strain . Local persistence and the ability to induce a local immune response appeared to be correlated, since the two vibrio strains elicited identical responses when given parenterally. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 1979 Jun, 57(3), 271 - 8 The suppressive effect of circulating specific antibody on the response to oral immunisation with Vibrio cholerae; Horsfall DJ et al.; Species IgG antibody given intravenously 3-4 hours prior to oral immunisation with Vibrio cholerae led to a specific depression of both the systemic and loca limmune response . One vibriocidal unit of IgG antibody, which itself would given undetectable levels of circulating specific antibody, was significantly immunosuppressive . The suppression is considered to be due to central repression of the antigen-reactive lymphocyte, rather than to antigen exclusion at the gut mucosal surface . The repression appeared less pronounced in some immunoglobulin classes than in others. Infect Immun, 1979 Jun, 24(3), 974 - 8 Antigenic changes in Vibrio cholerae biotype eltor serotype Ogawa after bacteriophage infection; Ogg JE et al.; Vibrio cholerae biotype eltor serotype Ogawa cultures infected with temperate bacteriophage from lysogens of biotype eltor serotype Hikojima yielded types with altered agglutination reactions. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1979 Jun, 85(6), 1461 - 7 NADH: quinone oxidoreductase as a site of Na+-dependent activation in the respiratory chain of marine Vibrio alginolyticus; Unemoto T et al.; The site of Na+-dependent activation in the respiratory chain of the marine bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus, was investigated . The respiratory chain system contained ubiquinones (Q), menaquinones (MK), cytochromes b(560), c(553), d(630), and o(560) . The membrane-bound and partially purified NADH dehydrogenase was stimulated 2- to 3-fold by the addition of 0.2 M Na+ or K+ and no specific requirement for Na+ was observed in this reaction step . The cytochrome oxidase showed no requirement for monovalent cations . The respiratory activity (NADH oxidase) of the membrane was lost on removal of the quinones, and the reincorporation of authentic Q-10 or MK-4 restored the activity . The rate of MK-4 reduction by NADH (menaquinone reductase) as measured using MK-4 incorporated membrane was activated by Na+, but only slightly by K+ . The apparent Ka for Na+ was 78 mM for both menaguinone reductase and NADH oxidase . The requirement for Na+ of menaquinone reductase was greatly reduced in the presence of 0.2 M K+ . Ubiquinone reductase as measured by using Q-10 incorporated membrane was also activated more effectively by Na+ than by K+ . These results strongly suggested that the site of Na+-dependent activation in the respiratory chain of marine V . alginolyticus was at the step of NADH; quinone oxidoreductase. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 1979 Jun, 57(3), 313 - 23 Local immune response in mice to Vibrio cholerae; Bloom LD et al.; Cholera immunization schedules were investigated in mice, with emphasis placed on obtaining an immune response in the intestine . The most effective schedule for producing a good local response was found to be several orally-given priming doses of the organism followed after 14 days by an intravenous boosting dose . Major differences between the immune responses in the spleen and the intestine were noted. Acta Trop, 1979 Jun, 36(2), 157 - 62 Effect of intra-arterial injection of crude cholera enterotoxin on canine small bowel; Smith F et al.; Injection of a crude preparation of cholera enterotoxin into the superior mesenteric artery caused isotonic fluid secretion by the canine small bowel . In dogs previously exposed to cellular antigens of Vibrio cholerae, the time course of the intestinal response to intra-arterial injection of crude enterotoxin was similar to that observed after intraluminal exterotoxin challenge. Acta Trop, 1979 Jun, 36(2), 151 - 6 Antigenicity testing of plain and aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed whole-cell cholera vaccines; Joo I; The antigenicity of a plain and of an aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed whole-cell cholera vaccine was investigated by the active mouse protection test and the vibriocidal antibody production assay in mice . In the active mouse protection test, between the antigenicity of the Inaba and Ogawa component of the two vaccines was no significant difference . The antibody production test, however, revealed that the adsorbed vaccine elicited higher and longer lasting immune response than the plain one . The antibody response to a two-dose immunization schedule was substantially superior to that after a one-dose schedule. Acta Trop, 1979 Jun, 36(2), 147 - 50 The effect of oral pancreatic extract on jejunal bactericidal activity in protein-deficient vervet monkeys challenged with Vibrio cholerae; Gyr K et al.; Eleven vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) were fed with an "O" protein diet . After the serum albumin level fell below 2.5 g/100 ml the animals and 4 controls, which received regular monkey chow, were orally infected with a monkey-adapted strain of Vibrio cholerae . The total bactericidal activity of the jejunal fluid decreased during feeding with "O" protein diet, but increased after challenge with V . cholerae in all groups . The non-immunoglobulin-bound bactericidal activity, which also decreased during protein depletion, remained less in those animals receiving placebo instead of pancreatic extract after challenge. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Jun, 37(6), 1248 - 9 Effects of pH of the medium on flagellation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Kimura K et al.; Formation of the lateral flagella by Vibrio parahaemolyticus was inhibited under an alkaline condition of the medium . However, flagellation of the polar monotrichous flagellum was not affected in the same condition . Flagellation of the lateral flagella depended on the pH of the medium. Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1979 May, 87(5), 393 - 6 {NAG infection in Rana temporaria with suppressed normal intestinal microflora}; Avtsyn AP et al.; Frogs of the Rana temporaria species with disturbed biocenosis induced by combined effects of hypothermia (+4 degrees C) and tetracycline were used as an experimental model . The animals were inoculated orally with cultured NAD-vibrios and subjected to clinical, bacteriological, immunomorphological and electron microscopical examinations . The lymph-blood system was shown to be a possible pathway for generalization of the infection . Several causes of long-term persistence of the vibrios in Rana temporaria are discussed. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 May 1, 584(2), 346 - 52 The structure of the O-antigenic side chain of the lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae 569B (Inaba); Redmond JW; Mineral acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide from Vibrio cholerae 569B (Inaba) gives an oligosaccharide fraction which was shown, by use of 13C NMR and chemical methods, to be a regular alpha-(1 leads to 2) linked chain of D-perosamine (4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-mannose) units . This chain represents the O-antigen of the lipopolysaccharide, in which the amino functions are acylated with 3-hydroxypropionyl groups . The chromatographic properties of some hydroxamic acids are described and used to characterize these acyl groups. Can J Microbiol, 1979 Apr, 25(4), 499 - 507 {Experimental study of vibrio parahaemolyticus (biotype 2) transfer from water and sediments to benthic marine food chain organisms}; Gauthier MJ et al.; Transfer of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (biotype 2) from sediments to water and from water to benthic marine organisms was studied experimentally using a streptomycin-resistant strain . Transmission by trophic pathways was also studied using reconstituted marine food chains (Mytilus edulis, Nereis diversicolor, Carcinus maenas, Scorpaena porcus, Mus musculus) . Water colonization by sediments could be observed only at temperatures above 16 degrees C . Sediments could well constitute a disseminating reservoir for these germs, their cycle in water being dependent of the cycle followed in the sediments . Contamination of animal organisms is essentially effected by a direct mean, either water or sediments; transfer by trophic pathways being negligible . Infection of land consumers (mice) is linked quantitatively to the nature of the last marine organism of the food chain since bacteria can flourish in the digestive tract of certain animals (Carcinus maenas). Can J Microbiol, 1979 Apr, 25(4), 447 - 61 Ecology and taxonomy of bacteria attaching to wood surfaces in a tropical harbor; Austin B et al.; Water, sediment, and wooden pilings, samples of which were collected from a harbor in Puerto Rico during the course of a long-term study of biofouling of wood treated with creosote and related compounds, were found to support growth of microbial populations, the dominant taxa of which included Hyphomicrobium, Hyphomonas, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, and Bacillus . New wood exposed to the harbor water was rapidly colonized by Hyphomicrobium vulgare . Old pilings in an advanced stage of biodeterioration maintained a diverse bacterial microflora, representatives of which were also found widely distributed in the water column and sediment . Evidence for bacterial species succession was obtained, indicating that microbial interactions are important for attachment to, and subsequent colonization of, wood surfaces in the marine environment. Infect Immun, 1979 Apr, 24(1), 111 - 6 In vivo and in vitro characterization of virulence-deficient mutants of Vibrio cholerae; Baselski VS et al.; In vitro and in vivo interactions between Vibrio cholerae and the infant mouse intestinal environment were examined by using a number of virulence-deficient mutants of strain CA401 which are unable to induce a typical diarrheal response . In vitro interactions with upper bowel sections were evaluated by determining percent association of radiolabeled organisms with sections . In vivo behavior was evaluated in the upper bowel early in infection with radiolabeled inocula . Ths relative degree of mechanical clearance was indicated by the percent recovery of input label . The relative degree of multiplication and killing was determined by changes in the specific activities (counts per minute per colony-forming unit) of inocula compared with recovered viable organisms . The results indicated that, whereas some virulence-deficient mutant classes exhibit net multiplication in the upper bowel, other classes show net killing in and accelerated clearance from the upper bowel . The in vitro association patterns failed to correlate with in vivo upper bowel recovery. Cancer, 1979 Apr, 43(4), 1297 - 303 Adjuvant immunotherapy of malignant melanoma; Aranha GV et al.; A vaccine made of irradiated Vibrio cholerae neuroaminidase (VCN) treated autochthonous tumor cells plus BCG was utilized in combination with surgery or with chemotherapy for Stage II and Stage III malignant melanoma, respectively . A few patients with Stage I melanoma were treated with surgery and BCG . Most of the studies were carried out on a prospective, randomized protocol . When the results with conventional therapy were compared with the results of conventional therapy plus immunotherapy, no beneficial effects of the immunotherapy were seen . Stratification insured comparability in both immunotherapy and nonimmunotherapy groups . We conclude that VCN treated tumor cells plus BCG, when administered according to the protocol utilized here, offer patients with malignant melanoma no substantial benefit when compared with conventional therapy. J Bacteriol, 1979 Apr, 138(1), 288 - 90 Fatty acid composition of lipopolysaccharides of Vibrio cholerae 35A3 (Inaba), NIB 90 (Ogawa), and 4715 (Nag); Hisatsune K et al.; Considerable amounts of odd-numbered fatty acids, such as non-hydroxy C15 and C17 and 3-hydroxy C11 and C13 acids, were found in lipopolysaccharides from Vibrio cholerae 35A3 (Inaba). Nord Vet Med, 1979 Apr, 31(4), 171 - 85 {Bacteria profiles in four coastal areas of East Zealand--coliform bacteria, E . coli and vibriolike organisms (VLO) (author's transl)}; Pedersen MG et al.; The prevalence of E . coli, coliforms and Vibrio-like-organisms has been studied at four different sites along the east coast of Zealand . High values were registered in sediment taken from the water-line and at a depth of one meter . Generally there exist significant differences between the bacterial counts of water and sediment, and it is obvious that the greatest concentration is in the waterline sediment . The epidemiological and hygienic consequences of these facts are discussed. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1979 Apr, 76(4), 2052 - 6 Selection and characteristics of a Vibrio cholerae mutant lacking the A (ADP-ribosylating) portion of the cholera enterotoxin; Honda T et al.; After mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine and selection by immuno-halo techniques, an avirulent mutant, designated Texas Star-SR, which produces no detectable A (active; ADP-ribosylating) region of the cholera enterotoxin (choleragen) but produces the B region (choleragenoid) in amounts similar to the hypertoxinogenic wild-type parent Vibrio cholerae (biotype E1 Tor serotype Ogawa), has been isolated . The mutant retains the colonizing ability, motility, prototrophy, and serologic characteristics of the parent . In relevant intestinal experimental models, it has been shown to be avirulent and to induce protection against challenge with virulent cholera vibrios . The mutant appears to be suitable for further evaluation in volunteers as a candidate living enteric vaccine against cholera and related enterotoxic enteropathies. Clin Exp Immunol, 1979 Mar, 35(3), 484 - 90 Phagocytic peripheral blood monocytes from rabbits and humans express membrane receptors specific for IgM molecules: evidence that incubation with neuraminidase exposes cryptic IgM (Fc) receptors; Haegert DG; Phagocytic human and rabbit peripheral blood monocytes, identified by their ingestion of polystyrene particles, were investigated for the presence of surface membrane receptors for IgM molecules . After incubation of freshly isolated monocytes with IgM anti-sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) preparations, a mean of 0.7% of human monocytes and a mean of 16.2% of rabbit monocytes formed rosettes with SRBC . However, if the monocytes were pre-incubated with vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN), these figures increased to 32.6% and 37.8% respectively . The specificity of rosette formation by VCN-treated monocytes was established in several experiments; SRBC sensitized with a F(ab')2 preparation of an IgG anti-SRBC reagent completely failed to rosette with VCN-treated monocytes, and inclusion of IgM, but not other Ig or non-Ig protein molecules in the test medium, inhibited rosette formation . Further, and most important, rosette formation by human monocytes was inhibited by F(c)5mu but not by Fabmi fragments . These findings indicate that both rabbit and human monocytes express IgM-class specific membrane receptors for IgM molecules, that these receptors may be cryptic or hidden but can be revealed by treatment with VCN and that the human monocyte IgM receptor is F(c) specific . Further, the rabbit monocyte IgM receptor was shown to be trypsin-resistant. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Mar, 37(3), 438 - 42 Occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Dutch mussels; van den Broek MJ et al.; A study was carried out on the occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Dutch mussels originating from the East Schelde Estuary . In a totol of 79 10-g tissue samples, 3 (3.8%) were found to contain V . parahaemolyticus . In a second survey, 6 out of 23 bags of mussels (26%) contained one or more strains of V . parahaemolyticus in 5-g tissue samples . The many limitations of current methodology used in such surveys are stressed . Positive samples can be missed because viable cells may die during refrigerated transport . Surviving cells also may not be detected because they have been sublethally stressed . In addition, the unreliability of the identification criterion of no growth in 10% NaCl was demonstrated. Eur J Biochem, 1979 Mar, 94(2), 465 - 75 The formate dehydrogenase involved in electron transport from formate to fumarate in Vibrio succinogenes; Kroger A et al.; 1 . The formate dehydrogenase of Vibrio succinogenes, which is involved in electron transport with fumarate as terminal acceptor, was solubilized with Triton X-100 and purified some 200-fold by means of chromatography on hydroxyapatite, sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation and chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex . Gel filtration failed to increase the specific acitivity of the enzyme while gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecylsulfate revealed that 73% of the protein of the preparation consisted of a polypeptide of Mr 110 000 . The Mr of the functional enzyme was found to be 263 000 on the basis of the Stokes radius (5.8 nm) and the sedimentation coefficient (11.3 S) . 2 . The preparation contained 9 micronmol molybdenum/g protein and about 170 mumol iron-sulfur/g protein . The contents of b and c cytochromes varied and were lower than that of molybdenum . The low-potential cytochrome b {Kroger, A . and Innerhofer, A . (1976) Eur . J . Biochem . 69, 497-506} present in the preparation was reduced by formate . 3 . The preparation catalyzed the reduction of a variety of dyes by formate, but not of NAD, FMN, ferredoxin or oxygen . The reduction of CO2 or bicarbonate by reduced methyl viologen was not catalyzed . The reaction with benzyl viologen obeyed the rate law consistent with a ping-pong mechanism . The Km for formate was 1.5 mM at infinite concentration of benzyl viologen while that for benzyl viologen was 0.53 mM at infinite formate concentration . Enzymic activity was inhibited by azide, KCN and HgCl2, but not by 4-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate or 2-(n-nonyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, both of which inhibit overall electron transport . The inhibition by azide was competitive with formate; the Ki was 45 micron . 4 . The midpoint potential of the low-potential cytochrome b of the membrane fraction was shifted -40 mV by the presence of 2-(n-nonyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide . 5 . It is concluded that the formate dehydrogenase of V . succinogenes is isolated as a dimer consisting of two identical subunits of Mr 110,000, each of which carries one atom of molybdenum and iron-sulfur groups . The low-potential cytochrome b is the direct acceptor for the electrons of formate dehydrogenase in the electron transport of formate-fumarate reduction of V . succinogenes . Inhibition of electron transport of the membrane fraction between formate dehydrogenase and menaquinone by 2-(n-nonyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide {Kroger, A . and Innerhofer, A . (1976) Eur . J . Biochem . 69, 487-495} is caused by the inhibitor binding to the low-potential cytochrome b. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Mar, 37(3), 647 - 53 Demonstration of invasiveness of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in adult rabbits by immunofluorescence; Boutin BK et al.; To determine possible pathogenesis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus-host-organ system interactions, studies of invasiveness were made by a direct fluorescent-antibody method . Broth cultures of live cells isolated from seafish or symptomatic humans were inoculated separately into ligated ileal loops of young New Zealand white rabbits . After suitable incubation, rabbits were sacrificed, and ileal loops and tissue specimens were aseptically removed . Ileal loops were prepared and stained with specific fluorescein-tagged antibody, and organ specimens were cultured for isolation of the inoculated Vibrio strain . All strains tested penetrated into the lamina propria of the ileum and were isolated from the cultured tissue specimens, indicating that the organism is capable of more than a superficial colonization of the gut . The presence of Vibrio in cultured tissue specimens suggests invasion of deeper tissue by either the lymphatic or the circulatory system. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Mar, (3), 42 - 5 {Serovars of NAG vibrios isolated from the water of open reservoirs}; Smolikova LM et al.; Composition of serological types of NAG-vibrios isolated from the river water contaminated by effluents was found to be more varied than in uncontaminated water body . Vibrios of serological types 6, 8, 39, 41, 50, 53, 55 revealed frequently and in great amounts apparently inhabit the mentioned water bodies for prolonged periods. Lancet, 1979 Feb 17, 1(8112), 345 - 7 Rapid emergence of El Tor Vibrio cholerae resistant to antimicrobial agents during first six months of fourth cholera epidemic in Tanzania; Mhalu FS et al.; 110 El Tor Vibrio cholerae isolates from 102 patients with cholera between November, 1977, and March, 1978, during the early stages of the fourth epidemic of cholera in Tanzania had minimum inhibitory concentrations to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, neomycin, ampicillin, and sulphadimidine determined . All isolates during the first month after the disease was recognised were fully sensitive to tetracycline, but 76% of isolates were resistant to the drug after five months of extensive use of tetracycline therapeutically and prophylactically in the country . Resistance to the five other antibacterial agents developed more slowly . Isolates from patients who failed to clear the organism from their stools or who had cholera soon after tetracycline prophylaxis had increased minimum inhibitory concentrations of the drug . Resistance did not develop in vivo . Although resistance to tetracycline readily developed following extensive use of the drug, such a resistance was not the only reason for failure of tetracycline treatment and prophylaxis . Mass chemoprophylaxis in the control of cholera should be discouraged unless evidence to the contrary becomes available. Mol Gen Genet, 1979 Feb 16, 170(1), 93 - 101 Transposon-facilitated recombination in Vibrio cholerae; Johnson SR et al.; Improved Vibrio cholerae donors were constructed by introducing the ampicillin transposon, Tn1, into both the conjugative plasmid, P, and the bacterial chromosome to provide "portable regions of homology." The resulting Tfr (Transposon-facilitated recombination) donors transferred genes at high frequency from origins specified by the chromosomally inserted Tn1 copies . Tn1 was transposed into the chromosome from a deleted P::Tn1 vector, which was eliminated from the cells by superinfection with a thermosensitive P::Tn9 (chloramphenicol) mutant plasmid . After eliminating the thermosensitive plasmid, the chromosomally resistant isolates were converted into donors with a P::Tn1 conjugative plasmid . Tfr donors were also obtained by isolating Tn1 insertion mutations in a gene for thymine biosynthesis . Chromosomal sites of Tn1 relative to bacterial genes were determined by measuring gene transfer frequencies and genetic linkage . In one case, linkage of the amp gene to the chromosomal genes that defined its location was demonstrated . Chromosomal transfer by Tfr donors was reversed by isolating P::Tn1 plasmids that contained Tn1 inserted in the opposite orientation. Lancet, 1979 Feb 10, 1(8111), 311 - 4 Modes of transmission of cholera in a newly infected population on an atoll: implications for control measures; McIntyre RC et al.; To determine the modes of transmission in a cholera epidemic in a newly infected population on an atoll, two studies were conducted, in which persons with cholera were individually matched, by age and sex, with neighbourhood controls . Among the first recognised cases, cholera was associated with frequent (daily or weekly) consumption of raw lagoon fish that had been salted and partially dried . Vibrio cholerae was isolated from the lagoon, which was contaminated by human wastes . During the declining phase of the epidemic, cholera was associated with consumption of raw clams, salt-fish, sardines, and other fish from the lagoon . When seafood from enclosed bodies of faecally contaminated water is frequently eaten raw, imported V . cholerae can become established and can be extremely difficult to eradicate. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 1979 Feb, 57(1), 75 - 85 Intestinal antibody to Vibrio cholerae in immunised mice; Horsfall DJ et al.; The immune response of the mouse to priming and booster doses of V . cholerae was studied to establish whether serum antibody could be used as a correlate of local immunity . Serum antibody titres following oral boosting of orally-primed animals were shown to reflect the state of local intestinal immunity . This was not the case when the same oral booster dose was given to parenterally-primed animals . These results were discussed in relation to the human endemic situation . The highest titres of intestinal protective antibodies were found following combination of the oral and parenteral routes of immunisation . Various killed or extracted preparations of V . cholerae were used as oral vaccines to test their ability to induce protective antibodies in the gut . Only Boivin antigen was capable of inducing as good an intestinal antibody response as would the living organism. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 1979 Feb, 57(1), 61 - 73 A comparison of methods for measuring intestinal antibodies against Vibrio cholerae in mice; Horsfall DJ et al.; A re-evaluation was made of the efficiency with which some of the commonly used assays would detect intestinal antibodies . The data indicate that the most sensitive assays for the detection of intestinal antibodies are the baby mouse protection test and the radioimmunoassay . The reasons for the lack of sensitivity with other assay methods are discussed. Genetics, 1979 Feb, 91(2), 191 - 214 Expanded linkage map of Vibrio cholerae; Parker C et al.; An expanded linkage map of the Vibrio cholerae classical strain 162 chromosome has been prepared using a variety of new auxotrophic mutants . The chromosome consists of a single, linear linkage group . The map consists of 17 markers, which have been ordered; 20 mutational sites, which are tentatively ordered; five markers (ura-1, ser-2, mal-1, man-1, suc-1), which are linked but unordered; and three mutations (aro-2, cys-2 and cys-6) which showed little or no linkage . A proposal is made to standardize genetic nomenclature in V . cholerae genetic studies. J Infect Dis, 1979 Feb, 139(2), 235 - 6 Unmasking of actual and potential receptor sites for cholera toxin in intestinal mucosal homogenates; Gascoyne N et al.; Endongenous and exogenous sialidases appear to unmask sialidase-stable and sialidase-labile gangliosides in intestinal mucosal homogenates by attacking glycoproteins . Exogenous (but not endogenous) sialidase then converts sialidase-labile gangliosides into the cholera toxin-binding, sialidase-stable ganglioside GM1 (galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl {sialosyl} lactosyl ceramide) . Since Vibrio cholerae produces sialidase, these observations may be relevant to the course of cholera. Scand J Dent Res, 1979 Feb, 87(1), 24 - 31 Microbial composition of monkey dental plaque (Macaca arctoides and Macaca fascicularis); Mashimo PA et al.; The supragingival and subgingival dental plaque flora of Macaca arctoides and Macaca fascicularis monkeys were examined using mylar strip impressions, direct smears, and culture techniques . In smears, samples generally contained 40--50% cocci, 20--30% rods 8--20% fusiform bacteria, and 4--5% each of filaments, vibrios and spirochetes . Differences in the ratios of the various bacterial groups related to age and sex were found . Several monkey bacterial species were similar to those in human dental plaque . The present results indicate that the Macaca female monkey can be a suitable animal model for the experimental studies of dental diseases. J Hyg (Lond), 1979 Feb, 82(1), 123 - 31 Survival and growth of non-cholera vibrios in various foods; Roberts D et al.; A study was made of the growth of three strains of non-cholera vibrio in a range of foodstuffs and of the effect of temperatures and pH on their ability to grow . Growth was tested at 4 degrees, 10 degrees, 22 degrees, 30 degrees, 37 degrees and 43 degrees C in a range of foods likely to be incorporated into cold hors d'oeuvres, e.g . egg, cream, rice, cold meat, seafood, aspic and mayonnaise . Non-cholera vibrios grew well in all these foods except mayonnaise, the rate of growth increasing with increased temperature of storage . At acid pH values the organisms died or grew very poorly but growth improved as the pH became more alkaline . None of the three strains showed any resistance to heat, an initial inoculum of greater than 10(7) organisms/g was reduced to less than 100 organisms/g in 2--3 min at 55 degrees C. Am J Clin Nutr, 1979 Jan, 32(1), 128 - 32 Effect of chemotaxis on the interaction of cholera vibrios with intestinal mucosa; Freter R et al.; Earlier reports from this laboratory have shown that chemotaxis is an important mechanism that expedites the in vitro association of cholera vibrios with intestinal slices and that affects the in vivo colonization and virulence of these bacteria to a significant degree . The data reported in the present communication indicate that there appears to be a chemotatic gradient attracting cholera vibrios not only to the surface of the mucus gel, but that this gradient continues for at least a considerable distance toward the base of the villi . It is shown further that a strain of Vibrio cholerae was attracted by all 20 amino acids tested, in contrast to Escherichia coli AW405 which is repelled by several of these . Finally, experiments are described that show that superior in vivo colonization of chemotatic vibrios (compared to nonchemotactic mutants) was correlated with a significantly higher degree of mucosal association . Such increased mucosal association of chemotatic vibrios has previously been shown only with mucosal slices in vitro. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1979, 23(3), 340 - 7 Phage typing of Vibrio cholerae using a new collection of phages; Drozhevkina MS et al.; The authors formed a collection of typing phages in order to differentiate cholera vibrios of both biotypes . The collection consists of 7 phages proposed by Mukerjee for typing vibrios of the classical biotype and 3 El Tor phages isolated at the period of the 7th pandemy of cholera . In forming the typing collection the authors observed the following principles: 1) to crate a single set of typing phages and a single scheme of phage type differentiation of classical cholera and El Tor vibrios; 2) to use virulent phages; 3) to form a collection of serologically different phage types . The proposed collection allows to reveal a larger number of phage types as compared with phages proposed by Mukerjee phage typing a larger number of strains enhancing thus the epidemiological significance of the method of phage typing cholera vibrios. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1979, 23(1), 85 - 94 Basic criteria and classification scheme for bacteriophages acting against cholera vibrios of the classical and El Tor biotypes; Bystryi NF et al.; In accordance with the principles, nomenclature and taxonomic tests recommended by the TCNV for the systematization of viruses, cholera and El Tor phages were classified in all categories of the taxonomic hierarchy . On the basis of this classification, all known cholera bacteriophages could be affiliated to the biological type Vira, sub-type Deoxyvira, class 2/D B -- Deoxybinala, family Phagoviridae, genus Phagovirus vibrio and species Phagovirus cholerae . Phagovirus cholerae includes homologous series III-D, IV-D and V-D with 10 serologic types representing the smallest taxonomic units . At same time, phages of the remaining families with a single-strainded structure of DNA and RNA have so far not been detected for cholera vibrios. Ann Rech Vet, 1979, 10(4), 529 - 34 Rainbow trout complement fixation used for titration of antibodies against several pathogens; Dorson M et al.; Since it is impossible to fix guinea pig complement (C) with Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) antibodies, whereas it is possible with Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) antibodies, a C fixation test has been designed which uses haemolysin and C from Rainbow Trout . Immunization of trout against lysed sheep red blood cells (SRBC) elicited production of haemolytic IgM . Normal trout serum (NTS) can be used as a source of C at a dilution at which its "natural" haemolytic activity (against various homeotherms RBC) has disappeared . Heating of trout C 30 min at 37 degrees C leads to a 75% loss of its activity, and this one is completely abolished at 40 degrees C . Fixation of 3 to 4 CH50 units has been achieved in a short test (2 h at 20 degrees C) for the following antigen-antibody systems: 2 bacterial antigens (Aeromonas salmonicida and Vibrio anguillarum); 2 viruses (Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) virus and Egtved Virus) . C fixation has a sensitivity comparable with agglutination in the case of A . salmonicida . For IPN Virus, sero-neutralization is 50 times more sensitive than C fixation . In the case of Egtved virus, the difference is not so great. Microbiol Immunol, 1979, 23(5), 305 - 12 Investigation of an intracellular hemolytic agent of Vibrio parahaemolyticus . Lipid fraction of dried cells; Iida A et al.; The dried cells of two strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were fractionated by extracting first with water and then with organic solvents . The hemolytic activity of the fractions was determined, and some of them were assayed for their effect in mice . The hemolytic agent present in the water-insoluble fraction was extractable in organic solvents such as 70% aqueous ethanol, chloroform-methanol-water (1:2:0.8) and acetone . The extracts showed no toxic effect in mice after intraperitoneal inoculation . No hemolytic activity was observed in the remaining cell residue, which bore the toxicity. Prep Biochem, 1979, 9(3), 205 - 11 A rapid purification procedure for L-asparaginase from Vibrio succinogenes; Abuchowski A et al.; A simple procedure has been developed for the purification of L-asparaginase from Vibrio succinogenes . Only two steps of ion-exchange chromatography are required . A higher yield and higher specific activity are obtained than previously reported. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1979, 73(1), 3 - 9 Immunity of cholera in man: relative role of antibacterial versus antitoxic immunity; Levine MM et al.; Purified cholera toxoid is antigenic when given enterally and orally . Purified toxoid fails to provide protection against experimental challenge . Clinical cholera confers formidable protection against homologous or heterologous rechallenge . Failure to culture vibrios from intestinal fluid or stool of re-challenge volunteers suggests that the predominant immune mechanism is antibacterial rather than antitoxic. Am J Epidemiol, 1979 Jan, 109(1), 71 - 80 Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis outbreaks aboard two cruise ships; Lawrence DN et al.; Outbreaks of Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastrointestinal illness occurred on two Caribbean cruise ships in late 1974 and early 1975 . In all, 697 passengers and 27 crew were affected . Epidemiologic evidence incriminated seafoods served on the ships as the vehicles of transmission . The seafoods were probably contaminated by V . parahaemolyticus after cooking in seawater from the ships' internal seawater distribution systems . Use of seawater in foodhandling areas was discontinued, and no further outbreaks occurred. J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Jan, 9(1), 79 - 83 Comparison of four plating media for isolating Vibrio cholerae; Morris GK et al.; Two brands of thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar and Monsur taurocholate tellurite gelatin (TTG) agar were compared with two newly developed media, sucrose tellurite teepol agar and Vibrio parahaemolyticus agar for isolation and identification of Vibrio cholerae . The thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose and TTG agars were the best selective media, whereas sucrose tellurite teepol agar was the poorest . Both TTG and sucrose tellurite teepol agars were good for use in follow-up serological tests, whereas only TTG agar could be used for follow-up oxidase tests . In our opinion TTG agar has more advantages for cholera research laboratories routinely culturing large numbers of patients for cholera on a daily basis and where media needs can be accurately predicted . In contrast, in smaller clinical laboratories or in laboratories investigating epidemics, thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar is best because it is commercially available and easy to prepare and can be used to distinguish colonies of suspect V . cholerae from V . parahaemolyticus. J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Jan, 9(1), 152 - 3 Two strains of Vibrio species with unusual biochemical features isolated from ear tracts; Hansen W et al.; A strain of vibrio cholerae Heiberg type II, not agglutinable with any of the eight antisera corresponding to Heiberg's groups, and a nonmotile, methyl red-positivs of chronic external otitis. Infect Immun, 1979 Jan, 23(1), 27 - 30 Depression of cell-mediated immunity in cholera; Palmer DL et al.; Cholera toxin may depress cell-mediated immunity by stimulation of adenyl cyclase and production of cyclic AMP in cellular systems or when given parenterally to experimental animals . Whether or not similar effects might be found during clinical infection with Vibrio cholerae was the subject of this study . Delayed hypersensitivity reactions to skin test antigens were found to be markedly depressed in Bengali patients with cholera 24 h after fluid repletion . Skin test response rates were lower in children and in adults with the disease than in both normal adults and children or in adults with an equivalent degree of malnutrition . Patients with equal degrees of dehydration due to noncholera diarrhea were significantly less immunosuppressed . Concurrent depression of other manifestations of cell-mediated immunity was not found. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1979, 73(5), 553 - 6 A simple laboratory method for the diagnosis of V . cholerae; Huq MI; In many developing countries where cholera occurs, bacteriological facilities at the local level are lacking and either cholera may be unreported or other diarrhoeal diseases may be mistakenly reported as cholera . A simple and practical method, suitable for use in small hospitals and health centres and by field teams of health workers is described . Swab samples are streaked on to various media (TTGA and TCBS were found to be the most satisfactory), incubated overnight at 35 degrees C and read . The characteristics which distinguish Vibrio cholerae colonies from others developing are described . In tests on 309 cholera patients, culture on TTGA gave 100% and on TCBS 96.7% positives. J Immunol Methods, 1979, 28(1-2), 83 - 95 Delineation of IgM-receptor bearing human T and B lymphocytes using a direct plaque forming cell (PFC) assay; Haegert DG; Based on the observation that binding of IgM cytophilic antibodies to lymphocytes is temperature dependent, a direct plaque forming cell (PFC) assay was developed to detect IgM-receptor bearing human peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes . Lymphocytes were passively sensitized with IgM anti-SRBC molecules at 4 degrees C, added to SRBC monolayers then incubated at 37 degrees C with guinea pig complement to develop the plaques . The PFC assay has methodological advantages over rosetting methods which demonstrate IgM receptors, and under certain conditions is more sensitive than these rosette techniques . A mean of 17% of freshly isolated uncultured lymphocytes, enriched for B cells, formed direct plaques while a mean of 3% of T-enriched preparations formed direct plaques . However, if the lymphocytes were preincubated with vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN) these figures increased to 46% and 35% respectively . The specificity of plaque formation by VCN-treated lymphocytes was established . SRBC sensitized with a F(ab')2 preparation of an IgG anti-SRBC reagent failed to bind to VCN-treated lymphocytes, inclusion of IgM, but not other Ig molecules in the test medium, inhibited plaque formation, and, most important, plaque formation by T and B cells was inhibited by F(c)5 mu but not by Fab mu fragments . These results indicate that T and B lymphocytes express IgM-class specific membrane receptors, that these receptors may be hidden on normal lymphocytes but are revealed by treatment with VCN and that the IgM receptor on VCN-treated lymphocytes is F(c)mu specific . These findings are discussed briefly with regard to other and partly contradictory data obtained after overnight in vitro lymphocyte culture . As demonstrated by direct PFC assay, the B cell IgM receptor is trypsin sensitive. J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Jan, 9(1), 49 - 55 Adaptation of the staphylococcal coagglutination technique for detection of heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli; Brill BM et al.; Protein A-containing staphylococci coated with specific antiserum were tested for heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli . The immunological cross-reactivity of E . coli heat-labile enterotoxin with Vibrio cholerae toxin (choleragen) was the basis for sensitizing stabilized suspensions of the Cowan I strain of Staphylococcus aureus with anticholeragen . Unconcentrated culture supernatant fluid containing E . coli heat-labile enterotoxin produced macroscopic agglutination when mixed with sensitized staphylococci in capillary tubes . A total of 15 toxigenic and 61 nontoxigenic isolates were tested by the staphylococcal coagglutination technique in a coded fashion and found to be in agreement with previous results of the Chinese hamster ovary cell assay and the passive immune hemolysis test . The staphylococcal coagglutination technique is simple, relatively inexpensive to perform, and requires the immunoglobulin fraction of anticholeragen as the only specific reagent . The staphylococcal coagglutination technique appears to have potential for routine use in diagnostic microbiology laboratories. Antibiotiki, 1979 Jan, 24(1), 42 - 5 {Action of tetracycline and sodium deoxycholate combinations on protein and nucleic acid synthesis in the cells of the NAG vibrio, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli}; Belizhenko VD; The effect of tetracycline combination with sodium desoxycholate, a surface-active substance, on the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids in the cells of NAG-vibrio, Staph . aureus and E . coli was studied by incorporation of 1-14C-glycine and 8-14C-adenine into proteins and nucleic acids . It was found that sodium desoxycholate suppressed the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids in the cells of NAG-vibrio and Staph . aureus . Its combination with tetracycline resulted in summation or increase of the suppressive effects on proteins and nucleic acids as compared to the effect of the substances used alone . Sodium desoxycholate even in very high concentration, up to 12800 gamma/ml, had no effect on the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids in the cells of E . coli and respectively it did not change the activity of tetracycline on combined use. J Bacteriol, 1979 Jan, 137(1), 531 - 6 Vibrio cholerae hybrid sex factor that contains ampicillin transposon Tn1; Johnson SR et al.; The ampicillin resistance transposon Tn1 was translocated from the R plasmid RP4 to the Vibrio cholerae conjugative plasmid, P . The hybrid sex factor P::Tn1 was highly transmissible and expressed the biological activities of the P factor . In addition, P::Tn1 facilitated transfer of RP4 to V . cholerae recipients . Physical studies of P::Tn1 indicated that the Tn1 transposon was added to the otherwise unaltered P plasmid. Microbiol Immunol, 1979, 23(3), 131 - 46 Separation of four components of the phosphoenolpyruvate: glucose phosphotransferase system in Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Kubota Y et al.; Four classes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus mutants defective in the phosphoenolpyruvate: glucose phosphotransferase system (PTS) are described . They were phenotypically different, and were defective in different PTS components . The components designated tentatively as II, I, III, and H were separated by gel filtration of a wild-type extract . Component II, which was specific for glucose and found in the particulate fraction, is probably membrane-bound, glucose-specific enzyme II . Both components I and H were soluble proteins, and the latter was relatively heat-stable . Component I was required for phosphorylation of glucose, trehalose, fructose, mannose, and mannitol . Component H was also required for phosphorylating all the above sugars except fructose . These and some additional findings strongly suggest that components I and H correspond to enzyme I and HPr, respectively . Component III, a soluble heat-stable protein, may be equivalent to the sugar-specific factor III found in other organisms, although it seems to participate in phosphorylating two sugars, glucose and trehalose . There were evidences that mutants defective in components I and III were deficient in cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate synthesis under certain conditions. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1979, 58(1), 99 - 104 In vivo suppression of allograft rejection by cyclic AMP increasing agents; Ljungstrom I et al.; This study was undertaken to elucidate the possibilities of modulating the survival of allogeneic tissue grafts by administration of cyclic AMP-increasing agents to the graft recipients . Heterotopic grafting of split mouse hearts across a strong H-2 barrier was used . It was found that Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin, which activates adenylate cyclase in mammalian cells, gave a marked prolongation of the graft survival time when given shortly before (but not after) transplantation . Also the administration of a combination of cyclic AMP and theophylline prior to or around transplantation increased graft survival time significantly . In contrast, no effect was obtained with choleragenoid, a membrane-binding cholera toxin analogue devoid of cyclic AMP-increasing activity. Cancer Biochem Biophys, 1979, 3(2), 85 - 92 Enzymically-modified human mammary carcinoma cells: modulators of macrophage functions; Hakim AA; Human mammary carcinoma cells (HMCC), vibrio cholera neuraminidase (VCN) treated HMCC(VCN-HMCC); glutaraldehyde fixed VCN-HMCC(Glut-VCN-HMCC), normal mammary epithelial cells (HMEC), VCN treated HNEC (VCN-HNEC) and glutaraldehyde fixed VCN-HNEC (Glut-VCN HNEC) were prepared and injected into separate groups of mice . Intraperitoneal injection of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) produced a delayed type of inflammatory reaction characterized by an accumulation of macrophages . Injection of HNEC, VCN-HNEC, and Glut-VCN-HNEC had no effect, HMCC inhibited, and VCN-HMCC and Glut-VCN-HMCC increased both the number and the tumoricidal activity of peritoneal macrophages . Cell-free media (CFM) harvested from cultures of HMCC alone or mixed with lymphocytes from patients with mammary carcinoma inhibited, whereas CFM from mixed cultures of HMCC and lymphocytes from normal subjects had no effect on, the chemotactic response and migration of normal peritoneal macrophages . CFM was passes through a series of Amicon membranes, the active principle passed through membrane PM-10 but was retained by PM-5 suggesting a molecular weight of less than 10,000 . In culture, HNEC, VCN-HNEC and VCN-HMCC proliferated as sheets of single cell monolayers, whereas HMCC began to spread as a monolayer, but as cellular density increased it formed cell foci, cell colonies and cell clusters packed into solid tissuelike masses. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1979, 24(6), 487 - 94 Biochemical mechanism of nitrofurantoin resistance in Vibrio el tor; Ghosh Dastidar P et al.; Vibrio el tor cells contain a constitutive reductase enzyme which converts nitrofurantoin to an active principle that is responsible for the observed antibacterial activity of the drug . Acquisition of resistance of this strain towards nitrofurantoin is associated with the loss of this reductase . This enzyme is located in the periplasmic region of the nitrofurantoin-sensitive cells, and seems to play an important role in transporting the drug into the cells. J Histochem Cytochem, 1979 Jan, 27(1), 125 - 7 Immobilization of neuraminidase and its potential application in the modification of cell surfaces; Bazarian ER et al.; Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase was immobilized on the inside of 1.0 mm inner diameter nylon tubing with retention of enzyme activity, when assayed at 37 degrees C and pH 5.5 with mucin as substrate . The stabilities of the immobilized and soluble enzymes were similar for up to 3 hr at 37 degrees C . Preliminary data indicated that immobilized neuraminidase will release sialic acid from the surface of leukemic AKR mouse thymus and spleen lymphocytes; however, the level of immobilized enzyme activity needs to be increased for practical applications . With this improvement immobilized neuraminidase could become a novel preparation for carrying out cell surface modifications with minimal enzyme contamination of the cell. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 1978 Dec, 56(6), 681 - 93 In vitro degradation of mouse, rabbit and dog antibodies to Vibrio cholerae by succus entericus; Horsfall DJ et al.; Purified antibodies to Vibrio cholerae from mouse, rabbit and dog were digested in vitro by homologous intestinal secretions . When assessed with regard to their complement-dependent vibriocidal activity, IgG antibodies were generally more susceptible to degradation than IgM antibodies, High levels of tryptic inhibitors were required to inhibit this digestion . Rabbit IgG was unusual in being quite resistant to digestion . Gel filtration studies demonstrated that secretory IgA, isolated from mouse intestinal secretions, was resistant to proteolysis . Similar studies on dog IgG and mouse IgM demonstrated production of F(ab') 2-like fragments . Digestss of these antibodies, while devoid of Fc-mediated vibriocidal activity, retained significant protective activity for baby mice. Trop Geogr Med, 1978 Dec, 30(4), 499 - 503 Fly borne Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Calcutta; Chatterjee BD et al.; V . parahaemolyticus has been detected from flies in all months of the year in Calcutta . The mean percentage of isolation is: housefly 14.1, blue bottle fly 18.5, external washing 10.1, viscera 22.6, flies of sweet shops 9.7 and those from fish market 22.7 . Flies revealed higher (4.4%) isolation of Kanagawa postive V . parahaemolyticus strains than those of water and fish specimens (0.8%) studied previously . Strains negative to Kanagawa test but simulating enteropathogenic serotypes are recorded in 8.0% isolates . Possibility of fly borne contamination from the sources like human faeces, sewage and fish is discussed. J Trop Med Hyg, 1978 Dec, 81(12), 255 - 7 Isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from Persian Gulf; Haghighi L et al.; We have been able to establish, for the first time, the presence of V . parahaemolyticus in the waters of the Persian Gulf . Samples were collected from water, fish, shrimp, sand and sea vegetation around various coastal towns of the Persian Gulf during November 1977--April 1978 . Various biochemical tests have confirmed the identification of an isolate from one of the water samples as V . parahaemolyticus. Can J Microbiol, 1978 Dec, 24(12), 1583 - 9 Mode of action of bacteriophage phi 149 on cholera and El Tor vibrios; Maiti M; Bacteriophage phi 149 which was propagated in Vibrio cholerae (classical) OGAWA 154 strain, killed Vibrio cholerae (El Tor) strain MAK 757 without phage propagation . El Tor vibrios underwent a small degree of lysis only when infected by the phage phi 149 at a high multiplicity of infection and lost their viability at a rate-dependent multiplicity of phage infection . Evidence was obtained with 32P-labelled bacteriophage phi 149 for penetration of phage DNA into both bacterial strains . In host strain (OGAWA 154) phage particle synthesis occurred normally . In El Tor strain MAK 757 the phage DNA was not degraded but its expression was blocked . The killing effect of phi 149 on El Tor strain MAK 757 is supposed to be due to damage of the cytoplasmic membrane, which could not be repaired under the influence of phage information . This was indicated by a blockage of cellular respiration and RNA and protein synthesis. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1978 Dec, 84(6), 1601 - 8 Isolation and characterization of a novel ganglioside, monosialosyl pentahexaosyl ceramide from human brain; Iwamori M et al.; A novel monosialosyl ganglioside was isolated from human brain in a yield of 2.1 nmol of the lipid-bound sialic acid per g of wet weight (0.09% of total lipid-bound sialic acid) . The ganglioside was resistant to the action of Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase . By treatment with N-acetylhexosaminidase, methylation analysis, CrO3 oxidation, and partial acid hydrolysis, the structure of this ganglioside was determined to be; GalNAc(beta, 1-4)Gal(beta, 1-3)GalNAc(beta, 1-4)Gal(beta, 1-4)Glc(beta, 1-1)ceramide . (formula: see text) . The treatment of the ganglioside with 1 N formic acid at 80 degrees C for 2 h produced mainly gangliotetraosyl ceramide, suggesting that the terminal N-acetylgalactosamine was more labile on formic acid treatment than galactose at nonreducing terminal. J Hyg (Lond), 1978 Dec, 81(3), 361 - 71 Cholera: possible infection from aircraft effluent; Rondle CJ et al.; This paper presents the hypothesis that some cases of cholera might be due to effluent discharge from aircraft . The theoretical case is borne out by inspection of data on the physical conditions pertaining between high altitudes and ground level . A study of the distribution of isolated outbreaks and single cases of disease and their relation to major airline routes showed a reasonable correspondence . Sporadic outbreaks of cholera in Europe between 1970 and 1975 were found to lie within the flight paths of regular airline services from Calcutta, where cholera is endemic, to the Northern Hemisphere . Laboratory studies on the stability of Vibrio cholerae to conditions likely to be encountered in droplets falling from high altitude to the ground suggested that significant numbers of organisms might survive . It should be noted that in this study no account was taken of the effect of ultra-violet light on viability and it is known that at high altitides the ultraviolet light component of solar radiation is much higher than at ground level . Results of experiments where small numbers of organisms were inoculated into relatively poor media showed that rapid growth ensued and that sufficient organisms were produced to give an infective dose of Vibrio cholerae in 1-10 ml/fluid . It could be concluded that human infection could easily occur by ingestion of fluids such as milk or soup which had some time earlier received a fortuitous but slight contamination from the air . Investigation of one disinfectant (chloramine T) showed that it reacted rapidly and in a complex manner with peptone . One effect of this reaction was the elimination of bactericidal activity and it seems likely that, as at present employed, chloramine T is of doubtful value in aeroplane hygiene . One important conclusion that arises from this work is that if cholera can be spread, even only occasionally, by effluent from aircraft then close investigation should be made of the possibility of other bacteria and viruses being spread in a similar way. Infect Immun, 1978 Dec, 22(3), 821 - 32 Requirement of calcium ions for cell degeneration with a toxin (vibriolysin) from Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Goshima K et al.; A highly purified toxin (vibriolysin) from Vibrio parahaemolyticus caused degeneration of cell shape, such as bleb and balloon formation, of mouse myocardial cells and mouse melanoma cells in culture . An extracellular Ca2+ concentration of more than 10(-6) M was necessary for the degeneration of cell shape, but extracellular Mg2+, Na+, and K+ were not necessary . In the presence of extracellular Ca2+, vibriolysin also caused full contraction of myofibrils of mouse myocardial cells and reduction of both actin cables and tubulin networks of mouse melanoma cells . Vibriolysin also caused excess uptake of Ca2+ from the incubation medium by mouse myocardial cells and mouse melanoma cells . Chick myocardial cells, which show neither degeneration of cell shape nor full contraction of myofibrils, did not take up excess 45Ca2+ in the presence of vibriolysin . These findings suggest that the vibriolysin-induced degeneration of cell shape of mouse myocardial cells and mouse melanoma cells is due to excess uptake of Ca2+ from the incubation medium by the cells. Int J Cancer, 1978 Dec, 22(6), 728 - 33 Mechanism of sensitivity of cultured pancreatic carcinoma to asparaginase; Wu MC et al.; The effects of E . coli L-asparaginase on cultured human pancreatic carcinoma (MIA PaCa-2) have been studied . The enzyme (1 U/ml) inhibited growth and protein synthesis in both MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1, another pancreatic carcinoma cell line, but had little or no effect on human breast carcinoma or melanoma cells . The inhibition of protein synthesis by E . coli L-asparaginase was largely reversed by L-glutamine but not by L-asparagine . The growth of both MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 showed absolute dependence on L-glutamine . These results indicate that the effect of E . coli L-asparaginase on cultured pancreatic carcinoma cells is exerted at least in part through its L-glutaminase activity . Although the addition of L-glutamine to the culture appeared to prevent cell death caused by L-asparaginase, it did not restore the ability of the cells to proliferate . Asparaginase derived from vibrio succinogenes, which is virtually free of L-glutaminase activity, was equally inhibitory to MIA PaCa-2 cell growth but did not affect protein synthesis . It is concluded that the inhibition of growth of cultured pancreatic carcinoma cells by E . coli asparaginase is a combined function of both its L-asparaginase and L-glutaminase activity. Infect Immun, 1978 Dec, 22(3), 709 - 13 Demonstration of shared and unique immunological determinants in enterotoxins from Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli; Clements JD et al.; Immunodiffusion and biological neutralization studies demonstrated that the heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) from Escherichia coli has antigenic determinants in common with each of the isolated subunits (A and B) of the enterotoxin (choleragen) from Vibrio cholerae . Each of the enterotoxins also possesses unique antigenic specificities . Monospecific antiserum to LT was prepared by immunization with antigens derived by immune precipitation of E . coli cell-free supernatant with isolated specific anticholeragenoid antibodies . This antiserum neutralized the biological acitivity of both LT and cholera enterotoxin and recognized antigens of both in immunodiffusion . This antiserum was adsorbed with choleragenoid to remove antibodies directed against the shared "B" immunological determinants . The neutralizing effect of the antiserum on cholera toxin was completely removed, but the neutralizing activity against the E . coli preparations was retained, although somewhat reduced . Antisera to the isolated subunits (A and B) of cholera enterotoxin neutralized the biological activity of cholera enterotoxin and LT . These antisera also recognized the homologous and heterologous antigens in immunodiffusion . Multiple forms or conformations of LT and its components may explain the diversity of the properties which have been reported for it. Endokrinologie, 1978 Nov, 72(3), 365 - 6 Inactivation of endogenous FSH by neuraminidase from Vibrio cholerae; Finne E; Counting experiments on ovary-slices of animals treated with Neuraminidase from Vibrio Cholerae demonstrate that endogenous FSH is inactivated by the enzyme . Comparisons with a zero-test group showed inhibition of antrum formation. Infect Immun, 1978 Nov, 22(2), 435 - 40 Survival and multiplication of Vibrio cholerae in the upper bowel of infant mice; Baselski VS et al.; The survival and multiplication of Vibrio cholerae strains of varying virulence in the upper bowel of orally challenged infant mice early in infection has been examined . Analysis of changes in the apparent specific activity (counts per minute per colony-forming unit) of the cell population after 4 h compared with the inoculum indicated that strain CA401 established a viable, multiplying cell population, whereas strains VB12 (a rough variant) and 569B were subject to host bactericidal and bacteriolytic mechanisms . An analysis of parameters which may affect the specific activity is included . We have defined the infective potential of the strains in terms of the changes in specific activity . The relative infective potentials are CA401 greater than 569B greater than VB12. Infect Immun, 1978 Nov, 22(2), 387 - 92 Role of motility in experimental cholera in adult rabbits; Yancey RJ et al.; The role of motility in the pathogenesis of cholera was evaluated in ligated ileal loops of adult rabbits . Four strains of Vibrio cholerae (including both Inaba and Ogawa serotypes of both classical and El Tor biotypes) were compared with their aflagellated, but fully toxigenic and prototrophic, isogenic derivatives as to their ability to produce fluid accumulation in the rabbit gut . The nonmotile mutants required an at least 100-fold-higher dose than their respective wild-type strains to produce comparable fluid accumulation responses . The decreased ability of nonmotile strains to produce a fluid response was not due to their failure to multiply in vivo, since they increased in numbers in the rabbit ileum at the same rate as the wild-type strains,