Eur J Biochem, 1979 Nov 1, 101(1), 309 - 16 Mechanism of O-specific polysaccharide biosynthesis in Salmonella serogroups C2 and C3; Shibaev VN et al.; Cell envelope and soluble glycosyl transferase preparations from Salmonella newport (serogroup C2) and Salmonella kentucky (serogroup C3) were found to catalyze formation of polyprenyl pyrophosphate tetrasaccharides corresponding to the structure of the repeating unit of the main chain of O-specific polysaccharides . Plant polyprenyl phosphate may serve as an exogenous sugar acceptor . Galactose residue is an initiator of a chain growth: transfer of galactosyl phosphate from uridine diphosphate galactose onto the acceptor is followed by two consecutive mannosyl transfers from guanosine diphosphate mannose and rhamnosyl transfer thymidine diphosphate rhamnose . Uridine diphosphate glucose and polyprenyl phosphate are converted by the enzyme preparations into polyprenyl monophosphate glucose which may transfer a glucosyl residue onto the polyprenyl pyrophosphate oligosaccharides . The resulting pentasaccharide derivatives may be polymerised by enzymes present in cell envelope preparations . The significance of these results for the understanding of the mechanism of O-specific polysaccharide biosynthesis is discussed. J Gen Virol, 1979 Nov, 45(2), 291 - 9 In vitro packaging of exogenous DNA by Salmonella phage P22; Strobel E et al.; We describe in vitro conditions for packaging of exogenous DNA of Salmonella phage P22 which has terminally redundant, circularly permuted DNA . The method is a modification of the Kaiser-Masuda procedure . The most important aspect is to prepare all components (proheads, enzymes and concatemeric DNA) in end- cells . The influence of several factors such as DNA- and Mg2+ concentration and kinetics has been investigated. Mutat Res, 1979 Nov, 68(3), 251 - 7 In vitro mutagenicity and cell-transformation screening of N-(2,3-epoxy-propyl)-phthalimide; Greene EJ et al.; N-(2,3-Epoxy-propyl)-phthalimide (EPP) was tested for genetic activity in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test . Concentration-dependent mutagenicity was demonstrated in S . typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537 and TA100 with and without rat S9 . It was inactive in strain TA1538, and active without rat S9 in TA98 at the high dose . EPP induced 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells in the absence of an exogenous activating system . EPP produced dose-dependent enhancement of SA7 virus transformation of primary hamster-embryo cells, and transformed secondary hamster-embryo cells in a non-dose-related fashion . At a dose of 5 g/kg p.o . or i.m., EPP was inactive in the host-mediated assay using C57Bl/6XC3H mice and S . typhimurium strain TA1535 . Murine testicular DNA synthesis was not inhibited by oral administration of EPP at 1000 mg/kg. Cancer Res, 1979 Nov, 39(11), 4412 - 7 Mutagenic activity of rhodamine dyes and their impurities as detected by mutation induction in Salmonella and DNA damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells; Nestmann ER et al.; Commercial rhodamine dyes 6G and B induce His+ reversion mutations in Salmonella and single-strand breaks in Chinese hamster ovary cells, as detected by alkaline sucrose sedimentation . Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver homogenate (S9) is required for production of genetic activity by these dyes . Rhodamine 6G induces both frameshift and base substitution mutations, whereas rhodamine B induces only frameshift mutations . Rhodamine 6G is genetically more active and more toxic than is rhodamine B in both the bacterial and mammalian assays . Rhodamine 6G and B induce doublings of His+ revertants in Salmonella at the doses of 0.02 and 0.52 mumol/plate and shifts in the molecular weight of Chinese hamster ovary DNA at concentrations of 9 x 10(-5) and 9 x 10(-4) M, respectively . All genetic effects assayed demonstrate dose-related increases . Further testing of the pure dyes in Salmonella revealed that rhodamine B loses most of its mutagenicity with purification, whereas rhodamine 6G does not . Impurities from commercial rhodamine B demonstrate the same extent of mutagenicity as the commercial dye. J Clin Invest, 1979 Nov, 64(5), 1516 - 24 New function for high density lipoproteins . Their participation in intravascular reactions of bacterial lipopolysaccharides; Ulevitch RJ et al.; The addition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 or Salmonella minnesota R595 to plasma (or serum) resulted in a marked reduction of the hydrated buoyant density of the parent LPS (0111:B4 {d = 1.44 g/cm3} and R595 {d = 1.38 g/cm3}), to d less than 1.2 g/cm3 . This reduction in buoyant density to less than 1.2 g/cm3 of the LPS required plasma (or serum) lipid . Delipidation of plasma (or serum) by extraction with n-butanol/diisopropyl ether (40/60, vol:vol) prevented the conversion of the parent LPS to a form with d less than 1.2 g/cm3 . Reversal of the effect of delipidation was accomplished by the addition of physiologic concentrations of high density lipoprotein (HDL) . In contrast, as much as two times normal serum concentration of low density or very low density lipoprotein were ineffective . The ability of normal plasma (or serum) to inhibit the pyrogenic activity of LPS, lost after delipidation, was also restored after the addition of HDL . Preliminary results suggested that prior modifications of the LPS, probably disaggregation, may be required before interaction with HDL. Res Vet Sci, 1979 Nov, 27(3), 306 - 12 Immunological responses of fluke-infected and fluke-free cattle to Salmonella dublin and other antigens; Aitken MM et al.; Immune responses to heat-killed Brucella abortus strain 19 and to ovalbumin were compared in 15 fluke-infected and 15 fluke-free Friesian heifers . B abortus was injected 16 weeks and ovalbumin 19 weeks after the oral administration of 1000 metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica . Agglutinating antibody responses to B abortus were similar in both groups . Immediate type hypersensitivity to ovalbumin was apparently suppressed in fluke-infected animals when assessed by active and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis two weeks after sensitisation . However, when assessed by Schultz-Dale responses of intestine, in vitro, 36 weeks after sensitisation there was no difference between the groups . The heifers were subsequently given live Salmonella dublin intravenously . The fluke-infected animals which became carriers of S dublin had the most persistently elevated titres of agglutinating antibodies in their sera and the highest incidence of immediate-type hypersensitivity, as assessed by Schultz-Dale responses of intestine, but the weakest cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions to S dublin . The latter might have been related to lymphopenia which developed after fluke infection . The increased susceptibility of fluke-infected cattle to S dublin cannot be attributed to impaired agglutinin responses but may result from effects on cell-mediated mechanisms. Fertil Steril, 1979 Nov, 32(5), 588 - 98 Immune response after vaginal application of antigens in the rhesus monkey; Yang SL et al.; The immune response after vaginal application of antigens was investigated in six sexually mature female rhesus monkeys . Two model antigens, i.e., lipopolysaccharide (LPS) OF Salmonella typhosa and abortive type T-4 coliphages were applied with or without adjuvant . A plastic sponge used as the antigen carrier was introduced into the upper vagina and placed against the ectocervix . For primary immunization, each monkey received 18 vaginal antigen applications and 10 applications for each booster course . For comparison, three other female rhesus monkeys were immunized systemically . Alum or LPS was used as adjuvant . Blood was obtained two times and cervical mucus three times weekly from each monkey . Antibodies were only barely detectable in cervical mucus after the primary vaginal immunization . However, booster treatments resulted in definite antibody responses . Specific antibodies were also detected in the circulating blood after vaginal booster immunization . The antibody level in cervical secretion in three of four cases was higher than that in circulatin blood . Systemic immunization resulted in high levels of circulating antibodies, but less than 10% appeared in cervical secretions . A characteristic decrease in antibody levels in cervical mucus was usually observed at midcycle after local immunization as well as after systemic immunization . More than 90% of T-4 coliphages applied vaginally were absorbed within 48 hours . Although alum appeared to retard the absorption of antigens, it seemed to enhance the local response . More than 90% of the antibodies to the T-4 coliphages could be removed from the serum and cervial mucus by treatment with anti-immunoglobuin G antiserum . The lymphocyte response to antigens was studied by measuring the 3H-thymidine uptake by peripheral blood lymphocytes in culture . A positive response was observed in three of three systemically immunized and in only two of six locally immunized aminals . In general, the immune response was significantly weaker after local vaginal immunization than after systemic immunization. C R Seances Acad Sci D, 1979 Oct 29, 289(10), 757 - 60 {Modifications by Nematoda of the sensitivity of mice to Salmonella abortus ovis administered orally or subcutaneously}; Lantier F et al.; Mice inoculated 6 to 9 days previously with Heligmosomoides polygyrus (=Nematospiroides dubius) become more frequently infected than controls after an oral challenge with a constant dose of Salmonella abortus ovis . But parasitism increases the LD 50 when the subcutaneous route of infection is used, probably by stimulating the immune system of the host. Nature, 1979 Oct 4, 281(5730), 392 - 4 Metabolites of diethylstilboestrol induce sister chromatid exchange in human cultured fibroblasts; Rudiger HW et al.; Diethylstilboesterol (DES) is one of the few substances for which a clear association with carcinogenicity has been established in man . Nevertheless, it is still widely used, mainly as a cheap oestrogen to increase the slaughter weight of beef, but in spite of this it is not known if residues in the meat or metabolites excreted by the cattle are hazardous to man . It is also unknown whether there is a threshold dose below which DES is harmless . A threshold might be expected if a hormonal mechanism of carcinogensis rather than metabolic activation to an electrophically reactive species operats . This possibility was supported by the observations that DES, in contrast to most other carcinogens, failed to induce mutations in the Salmonella/microsome test or malignant transformations of eukaryotic cells in culture . It is also disturbing that DES, one of the few known human carcinogens was negative in these two most widely used short-term tests introduced as fast early-earning system for potential carcinogens . We now report that DES is positive in sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induction, a short-term test for which a high correlation with the carcinogenicity of the compounds tested has been observed . Moreover, we show that metabolic activation was involved . Two different pathways leading to metabolites much more active in SCE induction than DES itself ('proximate agents') were established. Mol Gen Genet, 1979 Oct 2, 176(1), 33 - 6 Ant-mediated inactivation of Salmonella phage L-specified repression at OR of prophage L; Prell HH; Ant product of phage P22 inactivates repression of prophage L at the right-hand operator OR and allows for transactivation of prophage gene 12 . The transactivation efficiency observed with a series of phage and prophage recombinants, using single superinfection of a lysogenic bacterium, is about the same as that recently observed at OL of prophage L . This finding is in contrast to the failure to demonstrate derepression at OR of prophage L in an experimental system employing double superinfection (Prell, 1978a) . The reasons for the differing results are discussed and it is shown that derepression by the ant product in trans at OR of the prophage is not modified to any significant degree by the immunity specificity (L or p22) of the prophage or of the superinfecting phage. Mikrobiyol Bul, 1979 Oct, 13(4), 359 - 63 {Yeasts of Kloeckera genus, their serological specification and diagnosis of some strains (author's transl)}; Aksoycan N et al.; In this study, agglutinating sera against K . africana, K . corticis, K . javanica var . javanica and K . javanica var lafarii are prepared . Cross agglutination and absorption tests are carried out with these four Kloeckera strains and an antigenic relationship is shown (see table I) . There were no antigenic relationship between K . apicuata var . apis and these four Kloeckera strains . Also, in this paper, previous studies, like using Salmonella 0 : 6(2) agglutinating serum for serological differential diagnosis between K . javanica var . javanica and K . javanica var . lafarii and antigenic relationship between K . africana and Salmonella 0 : II and E . coli 0 : 75 antigens were also mentioned. Avian Dis, 1979 Oct-Dec, 23(4), 904 - 14 Further studies on competitive exclusion for controlling Salmonellae in chickens; Snoeyenbos GH et al.; A native intestinal microflora of chickens which is protective against salmonella readily transferred to penmates and apparently to birds in adjacent pens . The microflora not only minimized infection resulting from exposure following colonization of the gut with microflora, but significantly abbreviated the period of infection when introduced after a salmonella infection was established in chicks . A microflora with undiminished protective activity, sensitive to only a few commonly used antibacterials, was established in a SPF-Cofal/Marek-negative population . Intestinal microflora from mourning doves was at least partially effective in protecting chicks against a naladixic-acid-resistant strain of Salmonella infantis . In limited tests with 2 of 3 sources of protective microflora, the growth rate of chicks in the absence of salmonellae was significantly improved . A hypothesis involving specificity of attachment between the glycocalyces of the protective microflora and of the intestinal mucosa is offered as the likely mechanism of protection. Avian Dis, 1979 Oct-Dec, 23(4), 838 - 47 Salmonella isolation from litter as an indicator of flock infection and carcass contamination; Bhatia TR et al.; The Salmonella status of 15 different farm flocks was assessed at the farm level and at processing plants . Bacteriological examination for Salmonella was made of litter, dust, feed, 5-day-old culled chicks, and chicken carcasses . Fresh straw litter was found contaminated with Salmonella and may be a source of flock infection . Culture of floor litter can be a practical method for detecting flock infection, and culture of 6-weeks litter in particular would be a good indicator of carcass contamination at processing plants . Properly pelleted feed did not contain Salmonella . Processing did not render carcasses free of Salmonella. J Wildl Dis, 1979 Oct, 15(4), 511 - 4 Salmonellae in feral pinnipeds off the Southern California coast; Gilmartin WG et al.; Rectal swabs were collected from 90 Northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) and 50 California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) pups on San Miguel Island for Salmonella screening . Three serotypes (newport, heidelberg, and oranienburg) were recovered from 33% of the fur seals and 40% of the sea lions. J Hyg (Lond), 1979 Oct, 83(2), 371 - 6 Characterization of R-plasmids coding for ampicillin resistance from Salmonella species; Jamieson AF et al.; A sudden increase in the incidence of ampicillin resistance was observed among Salmonella species isolated within New Zealand in 1973--4 . This increase was due mainly to the apperance and proliferation of Salmonella newington and Salmonella anatum serotypes resistant to ampicillin . The plasmid complements of 14 ampicillin-resistant S . newington and S . anatum isolates obtained from widely separated geographical areas within New Zealand between 1973 and 1974 were characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis . Each contained one or more plasmids ranging in molecular weight from 1.4 to 42 Mdal . Eleven isolates contained a self-transmissible plasmid of 33 Mdal which encoded resistance to ampicillin . After transfer to Escherichia coli, the 33 Mdal R-plasmids from each of these isolates were shown to be identical by restriction endonuclease analysis . The remaining three strains contained ampicillin R-plasmids having molecular weights of 35, 37.5 and 42 Mdal . These plasmids were shown by restriction endonuclease analysis to be related to the 33 Mdal R-plasmid . We conclude that the 33 Mdal plasmid and its derivatives were responsible for the increase in the incidence of ampicillin-resistant S . newington and S . anatum serotypes among the total Salmonella population. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Oct, 245(1-2), 67 - 70 {The antigenic relationship between Kloeckera and Salmonella cholerae-suis O antigen (author's transl)}; Aksoycan N et al.; The immune sera for Kloeckera africana, K . corticis, K . javanica var . javanica and K . javanica var . lafarir agglutinated Salmonella cholerae-suis (O:6(2),7) . The immune serum for S . cholerae-suis agglutinated K . africana, K . corticis, K . javanica var . javanica and K . javanica var . lafarii . Absorption and agglutination cross tests demonstrated common antigenic factor(s) between above mentioned yeasts and Salmonella O:7 antigen and also K . javanica var . lafarii and Salmonella O antigens 6 and 7. Mutat Res, 1979 Oct, 68(2), 125 - 32 Non-mutagenicity for Salmonella of the chlorinated hydrocarbons aroclor 1254, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, mirex and kepone; Schoeny RS et al.; A polychlorinated biphenyl mixture, Aroclor 1254, two commercial grade insecticides, mirex and kepone, and a pesticide breakdown product, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene were evaluated for mutagenicity and hepatic enzyme induction potential in the Salmonella/microsomal assay . None was found to revert strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 or TA100 when tested with or without metabolic activation . Liver microsomal extracts (S9) from rats induced with 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene were shown to differ from S9 of either control or Aroclor 1254-induced rats in the capacity to activate 2-aminoanthracene mutagenesis. J Immunol, 1979 Oct, 123(4), 1715 - 20 M467: a murine IgA myeloma protein that binds a bacterial protein . I . Recognition of common antigenic determinants on Salmonella flagellins; Smith AM et al.; We have studied the binding of M467, an IgA murine myeloma protein, to flagellin from seven species of Salmonella . It was found that M467 was reacting with antigenic determinants that were common to all the flagellins studied . These determinants were not related to serotypic antigens . Electronmicrographs of unreduced M467 showed a variety of polymeric species bound to flagella in a manner that could produce immobilization as well as agglutination and precipitation through cross-linking of antigenic determinants . Immunodiffusion in agar gel revealed that M467 was recognizing more than one group of peptide determinants on the flagellins studied . Passive hemagglutination inhibition and a solid phase radioimmunoassay provided evidence that there were differences in binding avidities between M467 and the various Salmonella flagellins studied . It was concluded that M467 is binding more than one specific group of antigenic peptide determinants on flagellin molecules . Flagellin from four of the seven species of Salmonella studied were deficient in one or more of these determinants. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Oct, 245(1-2), 89 - 95 {Bacteriological studies of the intestinal content of aquatic birds, fishes, and frogs with special reference to the presence of non-cholera vibrios (NCV) (author's transl)}; Szeness L et al.; In a screening study of surface waters, the authors were successful in culturing NCV in 2/3 of cases . Since these organisms are incapable of multiplication in open waters and yet were present in water samples in considerable amounts, it was postulated that they persisted in certain forms of aquatic life . To elucidate this question, the intestinal contents and in some cases, the bile of a total of 110 animals belonging to 17 different bird, fish, and frog species from different habitata were examined . From these animals, 51.8% were found to be carriers of NCV and 7.3%, of salmonella . Additionally, 4.5-15.5% were found to carry Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Fish and frogs were found to offer NCV organisms possibilities to persist while migratory birds such as stock ducks import them even from tropical areas . When compared with the results of studies performed, salmonella carriers among Danube fish were found to have increased in number. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Oct, 245(1-2), 55 - 66 A novel method for the production of Salmonella flagellar antigen . II . Further purification for the preparation of H antisera; Fey H; A method for a simple preparation of Salmonella flagellar antigen is described . The antigen is sufficiently pure to elicit high titered H antibodies of 12,800-51,200 and O titers of less than 50 . Highly motile Salmonella test strains are grown on 0.8% swarm agar and harvested with 0.05 n HCl which solubilizes the flagella . The suspension with a pH of 1.5 is kept at 4 degrees C . over night and then centrifuged at 49,000 g for 60 min . The supernatant is neutralized and precipitated with ammonium sulfate at 2/3 saturation . The resulting polymeric flagellin is submitted to a zone electrophoresis on Pevikon . Strips are cut from the "cake" and eluted . The H antigen is found on the anodic side, the O antigen remains near the trough or migrates slightly cathodically . Form 20 plates enough flagellin is collected fro the immunization of 50-100 rabbits . The Latex test proved to be especially suited for the checking of the H antigen. Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1979 Sep 22, 109(36), 1309 - 13 {Salmonella colitis}; Giger M et al.; Salmonella colitis is defined on the basis of 3 case reports and 75 well-documented cases from the literature . Salmonella colitis is an acute ulcerative colitis occurring in enteric salmonellosis . There is complete clinical and endoscopic remission within 4--8 weeks and no relapse . The disease is to be distinguished from idiopathic ulcerative colitis in a salmonella carrier state . The difficulties of this differential diagnosis are demonstrated in a further case report. Sem Hop, 1979 Sep 18-25, 55(31-32), 1449 - 51 {Salmonella osteomyelitis (authors transl)}; Laburthe-Tolra Y et al.; A case of osteomyelitis due to Salmonella Dublin is reported by the authors who underline the features which distinguish this affection from typhous osteomyelitis, which is completely different. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Sep, 244(4), 452 - 60 Characterization of a naturally occurring R plasmid in Salmonella isangi conferring unusually high resistance to ampicillin; Avramova R et al.; A strain of Salmonella isangi was isolated from HUMANA milk, used a baby food in Bulgarian hospitals . It harbours two stable plasmids, distinguishable by their molecular weight of 21 Mdal for the transfer factor (rRB 1) and 9,3 Mdal for R-factor rRB 2, confering resistance to ampicillin, cephalothin, streptomycin and sulfonamides . Both plasmids are maintained in different copy numbers per chromosome genome equivalent, 8 copies for rRB 1 and 158 copies for rRB 2, associated with an unusual high level of resistance to ampicillin (MIC 65 mg/ml). Ann Sclavo, 1979 Sep-Oct, 21(5), 646 - 57 {Serological recognition of agglutinins against O and H antigens of various Salmonellae in "normal" adult subjects}; Levre E et al.; The distribution of Salmonella agglutinins among 390 normal sera from people living in the district of Pisa is described, and the relation of these findings with the Salmonella serotypes occurring in the same area is discussed . Clusters of agglutinins for several O and H antigens were found at or above a titre of 1:20, in many samples . In order to explain the significance of such antibodies and their origin an identical survey was carried out on some sera from patients with chronic liver disease, using the same antigens suspensions . The results from healthy persons compared with the increased antibody titres detected in liver patients support the hypothesis that the anti-Salmonella agglutinins may be originate by various antigenic stimuli which may be specific or most frequently non-specific, since it is well established the cross-reactivity between both the somatic and flagellar antigens of Salmonella and those of other organisms. Rev Infect Dis, 1979 Sep-Oct, 1(5), 858 - 61 Variability of immune response induced by bacteria treated with subminimal inhibitory concentrations of fosfomycin; Viano I et al.; Experiments were conducted to explore the possibility that bacterial strains treated with subminimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of fosfomycin might induce immune responses different from those induced by intact, untreated bacteria . A preliminary study was done with a strain of Salmonella wien . The immune response in rabbits immunized with bacteria that had been exposed to either the sub-MIC or the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fosfomycin was compared with that in rabbits immunized with S . wien not exposed to the drug . The titers of antibody to S . wien in rabbits immunized with abnormal, sub-MIC-treated bacteria were higher than those in rabbits immunized with either MIC-treated or untreated S . wien . This difference was seen not only with the total antigen of Salmonella but also with somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antigens. Can J Microbiol, 1979 Sep, 25(9), 1087 - 93 The mitogenic activity of lipopolysaccharide for spleen cells from germfree, conventional, and gnotobiotic rats; Wells C et al.; Spleen cells from germfree rats, conventionally reared rats, and gnotobiotic rats associated with two Pseudomonas species gave no positive blastogenic response when incubated with each of four lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations from Escherichia coli, with glycolipid extracted from Salmonella minnesota R595 or with S . minnesota R595 lipid A . However, spleen cell preparations from athymic mice demonstrated a positive blastogenic response when incubated with E . coli LPS . Removal of adherent cells from germfree and conventional-flora rat spleen cells did not increase the mitogenic activity of LPS for nonadherent cells (less than 0.5% esterase-positive cells) . All rat spleen cell preparations gave positive blastogenic responses to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A . This study indicates that LPS may not be a mitogenic agent for rat spleen cells. Can J Microbiol, 1979 Sep, 25(9), 1063 - 72 Characterization of two Salmonella newport bacteriophages; Moazamie N et al.; Salmonella newport phages 16--19 and 7--11 have very long heads and are members of two rare and so far little-known phage groups . Both produce various morphological aberrations . Preparations of phage 7--11 contain numerous polyheads and about 0.4% short heads belonging to nine size classes . In addition, one giant phage particle was observed . The head of phage 7--11 seems to be an icosahedron which became elongated by adding successive rows of subunits . Phages 16--19 and 7--11 have buoyant densities in CsCl of 1.43 and 1.48 g/mL and particle weights of 103 and 204 x 10(6) respectively . Both viruses contain double-stranded DNA, internal proteins, and sugars . Phage 16--19 contains 46.5% DNA of 35 x 10(6) molecular weight, and glucose . Phage 7--11 contains 47.5% DNA of 108 x 10(6) molecular weight, and mannose . Base compositions of phage and S . newport DNAs were determined from buoyant densities, melting point, and acid hydrolysis . Phage 16--19 contains 5.4% 5-methylcytosine. Am J Vet Res, 1979 Sep, 40(9), 1301 - 2 Pleasure horses as a possible source of Salmonella agona; Hirsh DC et al.; Horses in a riding stable sporadically excreted Salmonella agona, S anatum, and S newington in the feces . The three serotypes were isolated from apparently normal horses . The horses were sampled (the number sampled varied between 10 and 21) six times throughout a 13-month period . The greatest percentage of the horses (12 of 19, or 63%) were found to be excreting salmonella in September . Among the 12 horses excreting salmonella during this month, 8 (67%) were found to be excreting S agona. Poult Sci, 1979 Sep, 58(5), 1171 - 4 Therapeutical trials with antimicrobial agents and cultured cecal microflora in Salmonella infantis infections in chickens; Seuna E et al.; The efficacy of short antimicrobial therapy was examined in chicks infected with S . infantis on the day of hatching . An attempt was made to prevent the reappearance of salmonellae by treating the chicks with a culture of cecal microflora to re-establish the normal intestinal flora . The following drugs were used: neomycin/polymyxin, oxytetracyline/neomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, furazolidone, and trimethoprim/sulphadiazine . The oxytetracycline/neomycin therapy was most effective, but reappearance of the infection was not avoided . Combined therapy with other antimicrobials and the culture reduced the number of infected chicks compared with the respective control groups . A slight reduction was also found when the culture was used alone without any preceding antimicrobial treatment. Can J Genet Cytol, 1979 Sep, 21(3), 319 - 34 The mutagenic activity of 61 agents as determined by the micronucleus, Salmonella, and sperm abnormality assays; Bruce WR et al.; A comparison of two rapid and inexpensive in vivo mammalian assays and the Ames Salmonella assay is presented for 61 agents; Acetylsalicylic acid; Acriflavine; Actinomycin D; 2(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2); Aflatoxin B1; 2-aminofluorene; Aminopterin; Aroclor 1254; Ascorbic acid; Azathioprine; Benzo(a)pyrene; 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine; Busulphan, Butylated hydroxytoluene; Cadmium chloride; Caffeine; Calcium cyclamate; Chloral hydrate; Chloromycetin succinate; Codeine phosphate, Colchicine; Cycloheximide; Cyclophosphamide; DDT; 2,4-Diaminoanisole; Dibutylnitrosamine; 9, 10 Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine; Dimethylnitrosamine; Epinephrine; Ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS); 2-formylamino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole (FANFT); 2-(2-formylhydrazino)-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole (FNT); Glucose, Griseofulvin; Hycanthone methane sulphonate; Hydroxyurea; 5-Iodo-2'-deoxyuridine; Lead acetate; Mechlorethamine; 3-Methylcholanthrene; Methyl mercury acetate; Methyl methane sulfonate (MMS); N-methyl-N-nitro-N'-nitrosoguanidine; Mitomycin C; Monosodium glutamate; 1-Naphthalamine; 2-Naphthalamine; Nitrofurazone; 4-Nitro-O-phenylene diamine; 4-Nitro-quinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO); Phenobarbitone; Procarbazine; Quinacrine dihydrochloride; Radiation (gamma-rays); Sodium chloride; Triethylene thiophosphoramide; Trimethyl phosphate; Tris(2-methyl-1-arizidinyl) phosphine oxide; Urethan; Vinblastine . The results support the concept of multiple assays for mutagenicity and show that some combinations of assays are superior to others. Arch Toxicol, 1979 Sep, 42(4), 249 - 58 Mutagenicity studies of 4-(2-carboxyethyl) phenyl trans-4-aminomethylcyclohexane carboxylate hydrochloride (DV-1006) . A new antiulcer drug; Shimada H et al.; An antiulcer drug, 4-(2-carboxyethyl) phenyl trans 4-aminomethylcyclohexane carboxylate hydrochloride (DV-1006), was studied for mutagenicity using bacterial systems, in vitro and in vivo cytogenetics, and dominant lethal tests . No mutagenicity of DV-1006 was observed either in the rec-assay on Bacillus subtilis or in the Salmonella/microsome test (Ames test) . In in vitro cytogenetics, DV-1006 had no effects on the chromosomes of chinese hamster cells at cytotoxic doses . Rats were treated singly or on 5 consecutive days orally with dose levels of 16, 160, or 1600 mg DV-1006/kg for detecting cytogenetic effects in vivo . As a result, no increase of the incidence of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells was observed in any group of DV-1006 . A single or 5 daily oral administration of DV-1006 (16 or 1600 mg/kg) to male mice and subsequent mating for 8 weeks produced no dominant lethal mutational effects . These results show that DV-1006 has no mutagenic potential. Br Heart J, 1979 Sep, 42(3), 353 - 4 Endocarditis caused by Salmonella enteritidis; Gill GV; A case of endocarditis caused by Salmonella enteritidis is reported in a 20-year-old African woman . This is only the fourth published case . The development of this rare infection in the patient reported here probably resulted from a reduction in immunity caused by pregnancy and a past splenectomy. Nord Vet Med, 1979 Sep, 31(9), 353 - 9 The occurrence of salmonella in waste water from Danish slaughterhouses . A quantitative study; Sogaard H et al.; In waste water from 11 slaughterhouses, the occurrence of salmonellas were followed continually during a whole week . Thirty-eight samples out of 66 were contaminated . The mean concentrations of salmonellas varied between 0.9 and 668 per 100 ml . Only 4 different serotypes were found viz., S . agona, S . indiana, S . senftenberg, and S . typhimurium . This distribution of serotypes is incompatible with epidemiological data from humans, animals, and feed-stuffs . It is suggested that certain serotypes of Salmonella may become established in sewage systems of slaughterhouses or that propagation of salmonellas may take place in the sewer rats . In one particular plant, large numbers of S . senftenberg were found during the whole period of sampling . It is pointed out that discharge of such heavily polluted waste water into water courses may constitute a public health hazard if the recipient is used for irrigation of vegetables or pastures. Mutat Res, 1979 Sep, 68(1), 79 - 84 Genetic effects of hydralazine; Shaw CR et al.; Hydralazine and its acetone condensation product (ACP) were found to induce base-pair substitution mutations in the Salmonella/microsomal activation test system and to display genetic toxicity in the PolA+/A- test system . Incubation with a rat-liver microsomal fraction did not affect the genetic toxicity of either compound . Other derivatives of hydralazine, including the major metabolite, 3-hydroxy-methyl-s-triazolo-{3,4a}phthalazine, did not yield any evidence of genetic toxicity nor were they metabolically convertible to a toxic product . Therefore, individuals who convert hydralazine to MTP slowly, the "slow acetylators", would be expected to be at risk. Arch Neurol, 1979 Sep, 36(9), 578 - 80 Salmonella meningitis . Occurrence in an adult; Kauffman CA et al.; Salmonella meningitis is predominantly a disease of infants . An adult patient is described who had meningitis due to S typhimurium following a traumatic fracture of the first lumbar vertebra . A review of previous cases of Salmonella meningitis in adults revealed a predominance of infection due to S typhi prior to 1940 with a variety of other serotypes isolated since then . Only one of nine patients survived prior to the antibiotic era, but three of five patients with Salmonella meningitis since 1940 have survived. Ann Sclavo, 1979 Sep-Oct, 21(5), 658 - 66 {Salmonella infections in the province of Frosinone in the period 1974-1978}; Cioffi G et al.; 835 isolates for Samonellae have been obtained from more than 32,000 stool cultures carried out on healthy persons living in the Frosinone district during 1974-1978 . The strains typed were 786 and any of more than 37 serotypes have been identified . S . wien showed the highest incidence. Stain Technol, 1979 Sep, 54(5), 275 - 80 A rapid technique for preparing microorganisms for transmission electron microscopy; Rittenburg JH et al.; A rapid and efficient method of preparing microorganisms for transmission electron microscopy is reported . In developing the method Salmonella, streptococcal, and protozoal specimens were fixed with glutaraldehyde . After fixation cells are collected on a membrane filter, washed with buffer, postfixed with osmium tetroxide, then washed with distilled water and stained en bloc with uranyl acetate . Specimens are dehydrated using a graded series of acetone and then infiltrated with graded mixtures of acetone and Spurr embedding medium . Finally the membrane filter is cut into small pieces and embedded in fresh embedding medium polymerized in polyethylene capsules . By collecting and processing the specimens on membrane filters, numerous centrifugations are eliminated from standard procedures . The use of a low viscosity embedding medium allows for rapid infiltration and embedding of the specimen . Using this technique microbial specimens can be sectioned after less than 4 hours preparation. Drug Metab Dispos, 1979 Sep-Oct, 7(5), 296 - 300 Production of a dimer of 2-acetylaminofluorene during the sulfation of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene in vitro; Andrews LS et al.; During the sulfation of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (NOH-2AAF) by rat liver 100,000 g supernatant fraction in vitro, an unidentified metabolite is produced which accounts for 22% of the N-OH-2AAF metabolized . This product has been characterized as the 2AAF dimer, 1-(N-2'-fluorenylacetamido-2-acetylaminofluorene) by comparing its TLC, HPLC, UV, and mass spectral properties with a synthetic standard which was prepared from the reaction of N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-AcO-2AAF) with 2AAF . Increasing amounts of 2AAF added to the incubation mixture of N-OH-{acetyl-14C}2AAF and rat liver 100,000 g supernatant fraction decreased the irreversible binding of 14C to protein, and increased the formation of 2AAF dimer proportionately . This suggests that the 2AAF dimer is formed from the reaction of 2AAF and the electrophilic species produced from the sulfated N-OH-2AAF . In the presence of the 9,000 g fraction of rat liver, the dimer of 2AAF was aroximately 1/25 as active as 2AAF in producing mutations in the Salmonella mutagenesis test system. Science, 1979 Aug 10, 205(4406), 591 - 3 Toxaphene, a complex mixture of polychloroterpenes and a major insecticide, is mutagenic; Hooper NK et al.; Toxaphene, the most widely used chlorinated insecticide, is mutagenic in the Salmonella test without requiring liver homogenate for activity . This insecticide is a complex mixture (more than 177 polychloroterpenes) with carcinogenic activity in rodents . Some but not all of the mutagenic components are easily separated from the insecticidal ingredients. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1979 Aug-Sep, 130B(2), 191 - 5 {Supplement No XXII (1978) to Kauffmann-White scheme (author's transl)}; Le Minor L et al.; In this supplement are given the characters of 40 new Salmonella serotypes recognized in 1978 by WHO collaborating Centre for reference and research on Salmonella: 29 belong to the sub-genus I, 3 to the sub-genus II and 8 to the sub-genus III . Biochemical and antigenic variants of already known serotypes are described . A new H factor (Z63) is recognized. J Urol, 1979 Aug, 122(2), 267 - 8 Salmonella virchow testicular abscess; Ackley A et al.; During the summer of 1977 an epidemic of salmonellosis traced to precooked, prepackaged roast beef occurred in the Northeastern United States . A case is reported of a testicular abscess, a rare manifestation of salmonellosis, in an adolescent boy who had a recent history of ingesting such roast beef . The type of Salmonella recovered from the patient was the same as a type in the epidemic. J Bacteriol, 1979 Aug, 139(2), 369 - 75 Plasmids and transposable elements in Salmonella wien; Maimone F et al.; The plasmids from six clinical strains of Salmonella wien have been characterized . All the S . wien strains were found to carry three types of plasmids: an IncFI R-Tc Cm Km Ap (resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, and ampicillin) plasmid, either conjugative or nonconjugative, of large size (90 to 100 megadaltons); an R-Ap Su Sm (resistance to ampicillin, sulfonamide, and streptomycin) plasmid of 9 megadaltons; and a very small (1.4 megadaltons) cryptic plasmid . The characteristics of conjugative R plasmids, recombinant between F'lac pro and the FI nonconjugative plasmid, indicated that regions coding for the donor phenotype were present on this plasmid . The molecular and genetic features of the R plasmids were very close to those described for the R plasmids isolated from S . wien strains of different origin . This fact supported the hypothesis of a clonal distribution of this serotype in Algeria and Europe . The analysis used to identify transposable elements showed the presence of only TnA elements, which were located on both the R-Tc Cm Km Ap and R-Ap Su Sm plasmids . They contained the structural gene for a TEM-type beta-lactamase and had translocation properties analogous to those reported for other TnA's. J Hyg (Lond), 1979 Aug, 83(1), 27 - 32 Cross-contamination during the preparation of frozen chickens in the kitchen; de Wit JC et al.; A study was made of the extent to which frozen broilers, contaminated with indicator organisms, can cause cross-contamination in the kitchen . In 60 kitchens a number of relevant objects were sampled during the preparation of contaminated frozen broilers . The results show that cross-contamination occurred in a high proportion of the kitchens examined . In many instances the indicator organism was still present on various objects even after rinsing, 'clearing' or washing up . In view of the possible risk of a cross-contamination with Salmonella spp . the importance of instructing food preparers is emphasized . No salmonellas could be found in the sinks of the 60 kitchens examined. J Cell Biol, 1979 Aug, 82(2), 555 - 64 Detection of gap junctions between the progeny of a canine macrophage colony-forming cell in vitro; Porvaznik M et al.; An in vitro monocyte-macrophage colony-forming cell (M-CFC) has been detected in canine bone marrow (BM) . The colonies derived from these progenitor cells were similar to murine-derived M-CFC (MacVittie and Porvaznik, 1978, J . Cell Physiol . 97:305--314) colonies, since they showed a singular macrophage line of differentiation, a lag of 14--16 days before initiating colony formation, and they survived significantly longer in culture in the absence of colony-stimulating factor (CSF) than granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (GM-CFC) . Endotoxin (Salmonella typhosa lipopolysaccharide W)-stimulated dog serum was used as the CSF (7% vol/vol) . Canine-derived M-CFC progeny were identified as macrophages on the basis of morphology, phagocytosis, and the presence of Fc receptors for IgG . Gap junctions were observed only in canine BM, M-CFC-derived colonies using freeze-fracture and lanthanum tracer techniques . They were not observed in any GM-CFC-derived colonies . The number of gap junctions observed in freeze-fracture replicas of BM, M-CFC-derived colonies (21 colonies from three different dogs) showed a significantly positive correlation (Kendall's tau = 0.70, P less than 0.001) with the size of the colony fracture plane area . Gap junctions were observed displaying hexagonal lattices of 9.3 nm +/- 0.08 (SE) particles with a center-to-center spacing of 10.4 nm +/- 1.0 (SE) on membrane P-fracture faces . On membrane E-fracture faces, highly ordered arrays of pits with 8.7 nm +/- 0.12 (SE) center-to-center spacing were observed . Arrays of both particles and pits were also observed in fracture-face breakthroughs within a gap junction . Thus, gap junctions can form in vitro between the cells of macrophage progeny of a canine M-CFC under appropriate growth conditions . The significance of this observation is that there may be a structural basis for cell-to-cell collaboration between BM macrophages and other capable cells that either pass into the tissue for modification or develop there into mature cell forms. Infect Immun, 1979 Aug, 25(2), 664 - 71 Action of bacterial endotoxin and lipid A on mitochondrial enzyme activities of cells in culture and subcellular fractions; McGivney A et al.; Escherichia coli O127:B8 lipopolysaccharide (LPS), prepared by the Westphal procedure, caused a marked decrease in the activities of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, and adenylate kinase in African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells and primary cultures of mouse liver cells within 2 h after exposure to 10 micrograms of LPS/ml of culture medium . These three enzyme activities leaked into the supernatant fraction, and cytochrome oxidase activity was lost from the mouse liver mitochondrial particulate fraction within 45 min after exposure to 10 micrograms of LPS/mg of protein . Loss malate dehydrogenase activity from isolated mitochondria was also accelerated by LPS from E . coli O26:B6 (Boivin preparation) or Salmonella typhosa O901 (Westphal preparation), and by lipid A from Salmonella minnesota or Shigella sonnei . In addition, LPS and lipid A inhibited state 3 respiration by isolated mitochondria with attendant loss of respiratory control, but adenosine 5'-diphosphate/O ratios were relatively unchanged . Impaired mitochondrial function is an early event after exposure to biologically relevant amounts of LPS or lipid A. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Aug, (8), 26 - 31 {Erythrocyte diagnostica made from salmonellal phagolysates}; Kandelaki NE et al.; For the first time O antigens obtained from phagolysates were proved to be suitable for use as material for the production of highly specific erythrocyte diagnostic preparations . O antigens obtained from Salmonella by two methods, i.e . phage disintegration and Grasset's method, were subjected to comparative chemical analysis and found to have no essential difference . Nevertheless, the sensitizing potency of O antigens obtained from phagolysates were experimentally shown to be 3 times greater than that of O antigens obtained by Grasset's method . The optimum sensitizing doses established in the passive hemagglutination test for O antigens obtained by both methods indicated that these antigens were highly sensitive and specific. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1979 Aug-Sep, 130B(2), 197 - 204 {Compared survival of "Escherichia coli" and "Salmonella typhi-murium" in cold water (author's transl)}; Gosselin FM et al.; The survival rates of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi-murium in water are studied at 4, 10 and 20 degrees C and pH 6 and 8, either separately or in mixed culture at four different ratios . S . typhi-murium's survival rate is enhanced at pH 6 and low water temperature . The value of traditional microbiological indicators in assessed in cold water conditions. Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1979 Jul 31, 58(3), 224 - 33 {Antibiotic resistance transmissible in "minor" Salmonella strains recently isolated in the Piedmont region}; Gaffodio AM et al.; The presence of R factors in one hundred (100 strains of Salmonella, recently isolated in Piedmont Region, has been investigated . The resistance to 9 antibiotics has been determined for these strains . 83 proved resistant to one or more antibiotics and in particular 57 of these proved to be multiresistant . Only 18 R factors were put in evidence, 13 of these belonging to Salmonella wien . The majority of the R factors found were present in strains of Salmonella isolated from healthy carriers. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1979 Jul 1, 175(1), 69 - 71 Atypical salmonellosis in horses: fever and depression without diarrhea; Smith BP; Salmonellosis in horses may result in fever, anorexia, and depression without concurrent diarrhea or other obvious gastrointestinal abnormalities and should be considered in cases of fever of unknown origin . The syndrome also is characterized by neutropenia, usually with a left shift, and growth of small numbers of salmonella from feces cultured in selenite enrichment broth . Repeated culturing may be necessary to isolate the organism . All six affected horses of this report recovered in 3 to 7 days without specific therapy. Rev Infect Dis, 1979 Jul-Aug, 1(4), 600 - 6 Are we ready for a National Salmonella Control Program? Purchase HG. Control of contamination of meat and poultry with Salmonella is difficult because of the complexity of the paths of transmission of the organism, the large number of sources of the organism, and the large number of persons, groups, and agencies involved in the production of animal feed and food and in the regulation of these industries . Furthermore, there is a gap between the basic technology available to destroy or prevent contamination with Salmonella and the technology available that is acceptable, inexpensive, and applicable on a large scale . Support of research for the development of new technology amounts only to about $2.7 million . There are programs for the control of Salmonella in certain feeds and in the production, processing, further processing, and cooking of food . With current technology, an eradication program would likely cost far more to the consumer than could be justified by the benefits the consumer would derive from such eradication . Nevertheless, practical control of salmonella contamination can be achieved through progressive application of new technology developed through research. Med Trop (Mars), 1979 Jul-Aug, 39(4), 415 - 24 {Typhoid fever in Vietnam . I . Bacteriological study (607 Salmonella strains isolated from 1961 to 1975 at the Grall Hospital of Saigon)}; Ricosse JH et al.; From 1961 to 1975, researches on salmonellosis have been carried out in Hospital Grall, in Saigon, mainly during two periods (1961-1964, then 1971-1975) . 607 strains of Salmonella have been isolated for these 15 years (558 S . typhi and 49 Salmonella, among several other serotypes) . As typhoid fever is most important, the authors have studied this disease very carefully . The most efficacious technique of isolating is hemoculture . With coproculture, the results are disappointing . Scarcely, some strains have been found in samples of various origins . Indirect diagnosis methods are less interesting . They may induce only a presumptive diagnosis . S . typhi is always predominant : 86,5 p . 100 from 1961 to 1964 and 96,1 p . 100 from 1972 to 1975 . Diffusion of this germ during the second period is linked to the occurring of resistance to chloramphenicol . Some other serotypes are observed scarcely . The lysotypes have been determined for almost all the strains (202, then 323, during the two phases of this study) . From 172 to 1975, 24 different lysotypes have been found . Lysotype I + IV is predominant (59 p . 100), but the incidence of D 6 and of 46 (6,8 p . 100) is somewhat high, if it is compared to the others . Lysotype 46 has been observed only since 1971 . It has been spreading up to now in South East Asia . Stretching of this lysotype, out of its original focus, is an important epidemiological character . In 1972, resistance of S . typhi to chloramphenicol appeared and it has been increasing mostly during the following years . From 1972 to 1975, 211 strains on 288 were found resistant (highest point in 1975 : 85,4 p . 100) . It was a multiresistance to 4 antibiotics (antibiotype : CTSSu) . This pehnomenon of plasmidic resistance was investigated in Institut Pasteur (Paris) . Many lysotypes have been involved in resistance (14 among 24) . Clinical study has been realized for 189 patients . During the typical period of the disease, fever is the major symptom . More scarcely, other clinical features are observed . Various complications have been related . The evolution of the disease has been generally satisfactory, as far as mortality (less than 2 p . 100), sequelae (1 p . 100) and relapses (2 p . 100) are concerned . Clinical course has not been modified by resistance of the germs. Med Trop (Mars), 1979 Jul-Aug, 39(4), 369 - 79 {Salmonellosis in Dakar: bacteriological, clinical, epidemiological and therapeutic aspects . Ten years records (author's transl)}; Lafaix C et al.; A study on salmonellosis in Senegal has been carried out in Dakar at the University Hospital of Fann from 1966 to 1976 . The authors describe the various methods of isolating the germs (mainly hemoculture and coproculture) and the techniques used for bacteriological research (antibiograms, tests on plasmidic resistance) . The results of these investigations, which took the whole of 10 years, are presented below, in accordance with their different aspects: - bacteriological: 1 335 strains of Salmonella have been isolated . Significantly, S . typhi is predominant (56,6 p . 100) . But 7 serotypes represent 90 p . 100 of the total strains which are now in existence in Dakar; - clinical: the aspects of these diseases vary: typhoid fever, encephalitis, diarrheic syndrome, especially among infants, and purulent meningitis, which is generally severe; - therapeutic: 880 strains have been tested with 10 antibiotics . Two groups of Salmonella serotypes are opposed: those which are sensitive (S . typhi, S . typhi murium, S . enteritidis, S . paratyphi C), those which have become resistant (S . stanleyville, S . havana, S . ordonez) . The most frequent antibiotype of this kind is ASKCTSu . This is a phenomenon of plasmidic resistance, demonstrated by in vitro experiments; - epidemiological: the lysotypes of 86 strains have been determined . Two epidemiological features must be described: either a stable endemic situation with sensitive strains - or epidemics, lasting several years, with resistant serotypes . Different therapeutic schemes can be used: chloramphenicol for typhoid fever, or sometimes cotrimoxazole, or ampicillin for meningitis . In diarrheic syndrome, symptomatic treatment is enough . Then, the authors give their comments on the special characteristics of salmonellosis in Dakar: - the influence of environment on the various clinical aspects of these diseases: very serious cases of meningitis, typhoid fever, which is more severe than in France, and complications when treatment has gone wrong at the beginning; - antibiograms, which are essential, in order to choose the adequate therapeutics; - and the different aspects of epidemillogy, which are linked to the sensitivity of the serotypes to the most active antibiotics . The existence of several resistant serotypes in Senegal is a real danger: plasmidic resistance could be transferred to S . typhi . In such a situation, epidemiological surveillance of salmonellosis is absolutely necessary, and control of enteric diseases, characterized by foecal transmission, must be carried out, with the techniques available in the country. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1979 Jul, 130B(1), 21 - 8 Experimental Salmonella abortus ovis infection of normal or primo-infected CD1 mice; Pardon P et al.; CD1 mice were inoculated intravenously or subcutaneously with sublethal doses of Salmonella abortus ovis . Kinetic studies demonstrate the invasion and multiplication potentiality of these bacteria in normal mice . Primo-infected mice challenged subcutaneously into a hind footpad manifest an increased capacity to withstand the dissemination of the challenge bacteria from the inoculated region and to control the bacterial population in the draining lymph node and in the spleen. Res Vet Sci, 1979 Jul, 27(1), 125 - 6 A survey of the aerobic bacteria in the droppings of captive birds of prey; Needham JR et al.; Fresh droppings were collected from six species of bird of prey (Falconiformes and Strigiformes) . Bacteriological examination revealed that the birds' digestive systems were colonised by bacteria found widely in other species of animals . Throughout the survey no Salmonella species were isolated. Immunology, 1979 Jul, 37(3), 609 - 13 Effect of Ascaris suum and other adjuvants on the potentiation of the IgE response in guinea-pigs; Marretta J et al.; The potentiation effect of various adjuvants on the production of guinea-pig IgE was investigated using Freund's complete and incomplete adjuvant, the lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhosa, Bordetella pertussis, and the nematodes Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Ascaris suum . While all the antigens had a variable effect on the potential of the IgG response, only infection with A . suum resulted in an enhanced IgE response to the antigen, egg albumin . Maximum potentiation occurred when primary immunization and nematode infection were accomplished simultaneously. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Jul, 38(1), 162 - 3 Modified lysine iron agar for isolation of Salmonella from food; Rappold H et al.; Lysine iron agar, modified by the addition of bile salts, novobiocin, lactose, and sucrose, is a valuable plating medium for the isolation of Salmonella, including H2S-negative strains. Med Trop (Mars), 1979 Jul-Aug, 39(4), 381 - 94 {Current aspects of human salmonellosis in Upper Volta . Study carried out at Centre Muraz (Bobo-Dioulasso) from 1966 to 1977: isolation of 1,013 Salmonella strains}; Ricosse JH et al.; In a long term research programme of Centre Muraz a study on salmonellosis in Upper Volta has been carried out, at Bobo-Dioulasso, from 1966 to 1977 . Investigations have been executed at Centre Muraz, at Bobo-Dioulasso hospital and at Ouagadougou hospital . All the strains of Salmonella were collected at Centre Muraz by biology laboratory, which is a reference service for Upper Volta . This country is include; among the 32 countries which collaborate with W.H.O . and are involved in the world epidemiological surveillance of salmonellosis . For twelve years, 1.013 Samonella strains have been isolated : 1.002 from man and only 11 from animals . The study, which is presented, deals with human salmonellosis . These diseases have been considered from several points of view : bacteriology, clinic, treatment and epidemiology . The various origins of these strains have been specified . The different technics used for diagnosis are discussed briefly : hemoculture (for typhoid fever and few other types of salmonellosis), coproculture (for "minor" salmonellosis) are the most common and useful methods . Among the 1.013 which have been found, S . typhi is highly predominant (67 p . 100) . In the other hand, S . dublin and S . typhi murium play an important role in the various serotypes which occured . A total of 76 serotypes, already known elsewhere, but found for the first time in Upper Volta, have been observed . Three new serotypes have been described : S . bobo, S . kua and S . farakan . As far as clinical problem is concerned, two main aspects are frequent : either typhoid fever syndrome (caused by S . typhi and, scarcely, by other germs, like S . dublin) or gastrointestinal infections, which present different forms and are more or less severe . Up to now, one single strain of S . typhi murium, suspected to be resistant to chloramphenicol has been isolated in 1977 . Such a problem would need more complete research in a reference centre . Otherwise, no epidemic multiresistance has been observed . Checking strictly all the strains by systematic antibiograms is now absolutly essential in the plan of a steady epidemiological surveillance. Genetics, 1979 Jul, 92(3), 685 - 710 Regional specificity of illegitimate recombination by the translocatable ampicillin-resistance element Tn1 in the genome of phage P22; Weinstock GM et al.; Insertions of the translocatable ampicillin-resistance element Tn1 were selected in the genome of the temperate Salmonella phage P22 by growing the phage on hosts carrying the resistance plasmid RP4 . Insertions of Tn1 into phage P22 are rare (10(-10) per phage) and nonrandomly distributed in the P22 genome . They are found mainly in the vicinity of the P22 ant gene . Insertions within the ant gene are found at many (at least 15) genetically separable sites, are found equally frequently in both orientations and cause irreversible loss of gene function . Some insertions in ant appear to be associated with an adjecent deletion . Prophage deletions were derived from P22::Tn1 phages by two methods . Low multiplicity transductants have nonrandomly distributed endpoints . One end is at or very near the site of the Tn1 insertion, and the other is in the vicinity of gene 12; however, there are many genetically distinguishable endpoints within gene 12 . Prophage deletions selected as survivors of induction of a P22Ap mnt-ts lysogen have similarly nonrandom endpoints, with the Tn1-distal end frequently near the ant gene, as well as gene 12 . Physical analysis of several prophage deletions suggests that the Tn1 is intact to the resolution of DNA electron microscopy and that the deletions begin at the end of the Tn1 insertion . These results suggest that illegitimate recombination associated with Tn1 shows regional specificity (i.e., preference for some large areas of the P22 genome over other areas), but that within these regions is quite nonspecific. Pflugers Arch, 1979 Jul, 381(1), 35 - 8 Fever and survival in the rat . The effect of enhancing fever; Banet M; To study the effect of fever on infectious disease in a mammal, rats, partially restrained by an antirotatory device and with chronically implanted preoptic thermodes, were injected with Salmonella enteritidis and, in some of them, the hypothalamus was then continuously cooled to enhance the febrile response . All animals developed a fever that peaked 2 days after the infection, reaching 40.9 +/- 0.2 (SD) degrees C in the nine hypothalamic cooled and only 39.8 +/- 0.4 degrees C in the 13 control animals (P less than 0.001) . All the hypothalamic cooled animals died within 8 days of infection, whereas only 23% of the controls had died after 28 days of infection (P = 0.0006) . When the hypothalamus was continuously cooled in five uninfected animals, rectal temperature increased to 40.9 +/- 0.3 degrees C but 24 h later it had decreased to 39.6 +/- 0.3 (P less than 0.025) . This decrease in body temperature suggests that the hypothalamic thermosensors had partially lost their effectiveness . It is concluded that cooling the hypothalamus increases the mortality rate in rats infected with S . enteritidis and that this effect could be mediated by the high body temperature or by the concomitant metabolic and endocrine responses thus induced. Cancer Res, 1979 Jul, 39(7 Pt 1), 2768 - 71 Protective effect of oral Salmonella enteritidis 11RX infection against colon tumor induction by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in mice; Ashman LK et al.; Infection of mice with Salmonella enteritidis 11RX has been shown previously to cause nonspecific immune stimulation and, consequently, resistance to subsequent challenge with a variety of transplantable tumors . The present study has examined the effect of infection with this organism in a chemical carcinogenesis system . Colonic tumors were induced in LACA and BALB/c x C57BL/6JF1 mice by weekly s.c . injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (15 mg/kg) for 28 weeks . Infection of mice p.o . with live S . enteritidis 11RX at 8-week intervals during 1,2-dimethylhydrazine administration protected both strains against colon tumorigenesis . Significantly fewer infected than control BALB/c x C57BL/6JF1 mice had colonic tumors at or before termination of the experiment (34 or 40 weeks) (p less than 0.001 in all cases) . Comparable results were obtained with both male and female mice . The difference in tumor incidence between control and infected LACA mice was not statistically significant, however; the number and size of the lesions was greater in control mice (p less than 0.02) . Although it has not been proven that the protective effect is mediated by the immune system, the results are consistent with the operation of a macrophage-mediated surveillance system . It is suggested that enteric infections should be considered as a possible contributing factor in the epidemiology of human colonic cancer. Cancer Res, 1979 Jul, 39(7 Pt 2), 2863 - 86 Alcohol-related diseases and carcinogenesis; Lieber CS et al.; Possible mechanisms whereby alcohol abuse and alcohol-related diseases may promote the development of cancer are analyzed . The mechanisms discussed include: (a) contact-related local effects on the upper gastrointestinal tract; (b) the presence of low levels of carcinogens in alcoholic beverages; (c) induction of microsomal enzymes involved in carcinogen metabolism; (d) various types of cellular injury produced by ethanol and its metabolites and their relationship to cancer, particularly in the liver; (e) the nutritional disturbances frequently associated with alcohol abuse . The relationship between alcohol-induced cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma is also discussed, and case histories of patients seen at the Bronx Veterans Administration Medical Center with hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of cirrhosis are reviewed . Data are presented demonstrating the induction, by chronic ethanol consumption, of microsomal enzymes which convert procarcinogens to carcinogens . These data were derived from experiments in which the ability of microsomes isolated from liver, intestine, and lung tissues of ethanol-fed and control rats to activate several test carcinogens was examined in the Ames Salmonella-mutagenicity test . The hypothesis is presented that ethanol-mediated induction of enzyme systems which activate procarcinogens to carcinogens in various tissues contributes to the enhanced incidence of cancer in the alcoholic. Infect Immun, 1979 Jul, 25(1), 27 - 33 Intestinal and serum antibody responses in mice after oral immunization with Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella-Escherichia coli hybrid strains; Hohmann A et al.; After oral feeding of mice with avirulent Salmonella, Escherichia coli, or hybrid strains, only certain bacterial strains were able to multiply and persist within the small intestinal Peyer's patches . After oral vaccination alone, or oral priming and subsequent parenteral boosting, antibody class and titers were detected, using a radioimmunoassay on serum and intestinal fluid or a plaque-forming cell assay on spleens . Only those strains that persisted in the Peyer's patches stimulated the production of serum and intestinal immunoglobulin A antibodies against their respective O antigens . Nonpersistent strains were weakly immunogenic, and antibodies, when present, were largely non-immunoglobulin A and confined to the serum. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1979 Jul, 130B(1), 29 - 31 The O antigenic relationships of Kloeckera africana, Salmonella aberdeen and Escherichia coli O75; Aksoycan N et al.; The immune sera for Salmonella aberdeen (O11) and Escherichia coli (O75) agglutinated Kloeckera africana strain . The immune serum for K . africana agglutinated S . aberdeen (O11) and E . coli (O75) strains . Absorption and agglutination cross-tests demonstrated common antigenic factor(s) in the tested yeast and Salmonella O11 and E . coli O75 antigens. Aust Vet J, 1979 Jun, 55(6), 275 - 7 The role of equipment that has direct contact with the carcase in the spread of Salmonella in a beef abattoir; Smeltzer TI et al.; Counts of Salmonella were performed by the most probable number technique on 16 articles of abattoir equipment having direct contact with the carcase . Forty samples were collected from each article over 21 months . The contamination rate of these articles with salmonellae varied from nil % for a saw used to quarter the sides to 47.5% for stainless steel tables and hooks . Mesh gloves were also highly contaminated, salmonellae being isolated from 32.5% of gloves on the slaughter floor and 40% of those in the boning room . Salmonella counts ranged from 1.0 to 3,663 organisms per article . Mesh gloves, cutting boards and stainless steel tables were found to have counts that were at times greater than 1,000 salmonellae per article. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Jun, 244(1), 39 - 44 {Four new Salmonella species and three serological variants of subgenus III (Arizona) (author's transl)}; Aleksic S et al.; Four new strains of Salmonella and three serological variants described in this paper were isolated from free living snakes (Vipera berus L . and Natrix natrix L.) of Northern Germany . All strains belong to the subgenus III of the genus Salmonella . For the first time a representative of subgenus III in the Salmonella group M with the serological formula S . arizonae 28:Z10:Z57 was isolated . 1) S . (6),14:1,v:z (Ar . 7 a,7c:23-31) 2) S . 17:Z10:e,n,X,Z15:Z56 (Ar . 12:27-28-38) 3) S . 21:1,v:Z57 (Ar . 22:23-40a,40c) 4) S . 28:Z10:Z57 (Ar . 35:27-40a,40c) 5) S . 38:(k):Z35:Z56 (Ar . 16:22-21-38) 6) S . 43:1,v:Z56 (Ar . 21:23-38) 7) S . 50:Z10:Z:Z56 (Ar . 9a,9c:27-31-38) Acta Zool Pathol Antverp, 1979 Jun, (72), 19 - 34 {Methods of identifying carcinogenic factors in medication, food and cosmetics}; Griciute L; The removal of carconogenic factors would be a most efficient measure to prevent cancer . As far as known chemicals are concerned, every effort is made to avert them, or at least to reduce the exposure to such compounds, but is necessary to detect unknown chemicals, especially those, drugs and foodstuffs for example, to which large populations are exposed . Giving suspected chemicals to laboratory animals is a standard carcinogenicity test . Studies of the carcinogenicity of unknown chemicals in animals are time consuming, expensive and cumbersome . This is why other means of establishing carcinogenicity are sought for . Several rapid tests are available to-day to select suspected carcinogens . These methods aim primarily at determining with chemicals--at the cell or tissue level--certain changes that would appear essential to trigger the carcinogenic process, such as somatic mutations . Studies are used on the mutagenicity of chemicals for bacteria of the Salmonella type, for yeast and cultured mammalian cells, together with the induction of recessive lethal mutations in Drosophila and of the unscheduled repair synthesis of DNA and the transformation of mammalian cells in vitro . Although there is an unequivocal correlation between the activity of chemicals in such tests and their carcinogenicity, discrepancies are found . Thus, the in vivo tests on laboratory animals remain the most reliable method to determine carcinogenicity . Whereas direct extrapolation of experimental data to human pathology is impossible, the experimental evidence of the carcinogenicity of any chemical should allow us to draw constructive conclusions . We shall never be able to reject drugs which produce the expected results and cannot be replaced by other drugs . But we can must the drugs whose beneficial effects are not exceptional and which can be replaced by other chemicals . As for the chemicals used in food additives and cosmetics, and recognized as carcinogenic in animals, they should be totally given up . Any decision made should be based on animal studies. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Jun, 243(4), 450 - 6 Antibiotic resistance of salmonellae in Czechoslovakia -- situation and prospects; Stepankova E et al.; Antibiotic resistance of non-typhoid Salmonellae is in Czechoslovakia continuously monitored by a computer and its transferability is studied, on an all-nation level, within the Federal Plan of Scientific Investigation and Development . Restance and its transferability was surveyed in strains of Salmonella from humans, from farm animals, from the food chain as well as from surface and waste waters . Proportion of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella strains did not, in general, increase during the four-year period of 1973 to 1977 . While resistant strains from humans as well as farm animals show a high degree of transferability, strains from food samples lack, in general, the transfer ability . This might be inferred that strains causing human salmonellosis which are carried to man trough foodchain, gain their character of transferability directly in the gut, i.e . from E . coli strains, and mainly due to presence of therapeutically given antibiotics. Am J Med Technol, 1979 Jun, 45(6), 539 - 42 C3b receptors in normal human tissues; Naylor BJ et al.; Normal human kidney, lung, liver, heart, skin, thymus, spleen, lymph node, pancreas, and choroid plexus were reacted with a C3b-coated particle (fluoresceinated Salmonella typhi) to determine if these tissues contained C3b receptor cells . Clusters of these cells were identified in the spleen, lymph nodes, and in the renal glomeruli . All other studied tissues demonstrated a minimal homogeneous deposition of the indicator bacteria throughout the entire aspect of the tissue . Deposition of the indicator bacteria on the tissues was abrogated when the bacteria were prepared with heat inactivated serum as a source of complement. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1979 Jun, 127(6), 415 - 7 {Salmonella-meningitis in the newborn (author's transl)}; Jentsch HJ et al.; Six children, out of twelve in a neonatal unit suffered from group D salmonellosis . Two patients presented in addition to intestinal manifestations massive extraintestinal symptoms, both with septicemia and meningitis . One patient died on the fourth day from massive disseminated intravascular coagulation and pyocephalus . The other patient had a complete recovery after an antibiotic therapy with chloramphenicol and ampicillin . As the source of infection the mother of case 1 was identified . In her stools salmonella group D were cultured . Cultures of the ward-personals, stool and the food were negative . It should be mentioned that only children fed with artificial food suffered from salmonellosis; whereas children on breastmilk had an unremarkable clinical course and consistantly negative stoolcultures. Antibiotiki, 1979 Jun, 24(6), 465 - 9 {Structure of salmonellal transmissive resistance to antibiotics}; Gridnev VA et al.; The structure of transmissive resistance to antibiotics was studied in 1260 Salmonella strains of 57 serotypes and R-plasmid resistance was found in the representatives of 13 (31.6 per cent) serotypes . The transmissive resistance correlated with multiple resistance to 4--10 antibiotics . The rate of occurrence of the transmissive R-plasmids was markedly higher in the bipathogenic serotypes . The structure of the R-plasmid resistance was most pronounced and diverse in S . typhimurium . It was usually revealed simultaneously with registration of the hospital infection . The plasmid with the determinants of resistance to erythromycin and benzylpenicillin was found only in this serotype . The nature of resistance and spectrum of transmissive resistance to antibiotics in Salmonella may serve as an additional epidemiological feature of the strains. Fed Proc, 1979 Jun, 38(7), 2129 - 33 Dietary influences on resistance to Salmonella infection in chicks; Hill CH; Studies on the influence of nutritional factors on the resistance of chicks to Salmonella gallinarum have been reviewed . Increased dietary protein decreased the resistance of chicks to this infection although resistance to Escherichia coli infections was not appreciably affected . The administration of high levels of iron, particularly when accompanied by a chelating agent such as EDTA, resulted in increased resistance to this infection . The additional iron resulted in the prevention of the transient hypoferremia and anemia during the course of the disease . Fewer viable S . gallinarum were present in the blood, liver, and spleen in the presence of increased dietary or injected iron . Cadmium added to the diet at a nontoxic level also enhanced resistance to this infection. Cancer Res, 1979 Jun, 39(6 Pt 1), 2155 - 9 Ozonation of mutagenic and carcinogenic alkylating agents, pesticides, aflatoxin B1, and benzidine in water; Caulfield MJ et al.; The effect of ozonation on the mutagenicity of selected chemicals in water was determined . The use of the Salmonella-microsome assay for mutagensis allowed kinetic studies to be performed on the ozonation of all chemicals tested . The results indicate that the mutagenicity of certain pesticides, including captan and Dexon, was inactivated by short periods of ozonation . The mutagenicity of certain alkylating agents including bis(2-chloroethyl)amine and sodium azide was rapidly inactivated by ozonation while other alkylating agents such as beta-propiolactone, propanesultone, and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine were unaffected by treatment with ozone . The mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 was rapidly inactivated by treatment with ozone . Three chemicals were shown to be converted to direct mutagens by ozone treatment . Under certain conditions, dimethylhydrazine could be converted to a mutagen that was stable for 3 weeks . A similar chemical, 2-hydroxyethylhydrazine, was converted to an unstable mutagen that was inactive after 24 hr at room temperature . When benzidine was treated with ozone, there was a transient increase in mutagenicity which was lost after longer treatment with ozone. Quad Sclavo Diagn, 1979 Jun, 15 Suppl 1, 679 - 84 {The incidence and variation of transferable antibiotic-resistance in Salmonella strains isolated in Modena in the years 1975-1977 (author's transl)}; Manicardi G et al.; The antibiotic-resistance of 450 strains of Salmonella isolated by the Microbiology Unit of the hospital of Modena during the years 1975-1977 was examined . During the study, the following antibiotics were assayed: ampicillin, kanamycine, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, tobramycin, gentamicin and nalidixic acid . The transfer capacity of antibiotic-resistance was measured by the double conjugation of E . coli K-12 . During the period studied, a remarkable reduction was noted in those strains with multiple resistance (3 or more elements) decreasing from 72.9% in 1975 to 23.5% in 1977 . These phenomena are due to the decrease of the serum-type wien during the years under study . Antibiotic-resistance demonstrated itself most frequently to streptomycin and tetracycline; and chloramphenicol-resistance showed the highest transfer capacity (97.2%). J Gen Virol, 1979 Jun, 43(3), 503 - 11 Salmonella phage glycanases: substrate specificity of the phage P22 endo-rhamnosidase; Eriksson U et al.; Interaction between phage P22 and phenol-water extracted lipopolysaccharides from sensitive Salmonella bacteria belonging to serogroups A, B and Di results in hydrolysis of the alpha-L-rhamnosyl linkages within the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the O-antigenic polysaccharide chain . These O-antigens have identical structures except for the nature of the 3,6-dideoxy-hexosyl group linked to O-3 of the D-mannosyl residue . Removal of the dideoxysugar, or periodate oxidation followed by borohydride reduction of the L-rhamnosyl residue made the O chain resistant to the endo-rhamnosidase . Substitution of the D-galactosyl residue at O-4, but not at O-6, with an alpha-D-glucosyl group was compatible with hydrolysis . A number of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Shigella flexneri lipo- or capsular polysaccharides containing chain L-rhamnosyl residues were tested but none was sensitive to the P22 endo-rhamnosidase . The substrate specificity of the endo-rhamnosidase parallels the lytic specificity of the phage which suggests that the initial step in phage P22 infection is a P22 tail enzyme O-antigen substrate interaction . The main product of the hydrolysate was octa-, dodeca- and hexadecasaccharides . Treatment of phage FO resistant smooth strains of S . typhimurium with P22 tails removed O polysaccharide chains and made previously 'hidden' FO receptors accessible to the phage. Am J Vet Res, 1979 Jun, 40(6), 849 - 51 Transmissible antibiotic resistance in Salmonella isolated from random-source cats purchased for use in research; Beaucage CM et al.; Salmonella isolates from random-source cats designated for use in research were examined for antibiotic susceptibilities and the presence of plasmids containing R factors . The serotypes studied were Salmonella derby, S typhimurium, S anatum, S enteritidis, and S bredeney . Eighty percent of the isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics . The greatest frequency of resistance was to streptomycin . The majority of the salmonella isolates transferred all or a part of their antibiotic resistance to an Escherichia coli K-12 recipient . Thermosensitive R factors were found in two S typhimurium isolates. Mutat Res, 1979 Jun, 67(2), 123 - 31 Mutagenicity of aminophenyl and nitrophenyl ethers, sulfides, and disulfides; LaVoie E et al.; The mutagenic activity of several aromatic amines and aromatic nitro compounds related to 4,4'-methylenedianiline towards Salmonella typhymurium tester strains TA100 and TA98 was evaluated . The heteroatomic analogs of 4,4'-methylenedianiline which include aminophenyl and nitrophenyl ethers, sulfides and disulfides were assayed in the presence of rat-liver homogenate . The relative mutagenic response of these analogs indicated the following order of activity, --S-- greater than --O-- greater than --CH2--CH2-- greater than or equal to --S--S-- . In both tester strains 4-aminophenylsulfone was inactive with and without microsomal activation . The p-nitrophenyl ethers, sulfides and disulfides were relatively strong mutagens without microsomal activation towards TA100 . While 4-nitrophenyldisulfide was found to possess significantly different mutagenic activity than 4-nitrothiophenol in TA98, 4-AMINOPHENYl disulfide has similar mutagenic properties to 4-aminothiophenol in both tester straains TA100 and TA98. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Jun, 243(4), 457 - 64 Studies on a receptor for pyocin in a R mutant of Salmonella minnesota; Kramer J et al.; Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from the pyocin sensitive R form strain of Salmonella minnesota F6 (chemotype Rd1) inhibited the activity of bacteriophage tail-like pyocin P1 whereas no inhibition occurred with LPS prepared from the pyocin resistant S form of S . minnesota . Subunits of lipopolysaccharide obtained by treatment with sodium deoxycholate and the polysaccharide fraction of the lipopolysaccharide obtained by acid hydrolysis were shown to be still active whereas lipid A fraction had no pyocin neutralizing activity . The (KDO)3-hepI-hepII unit, which terminates the lipopolysaccharide of S . minnesota F6 was, therefore, suggested to determine the specificity of the pyocin P1 receptor. Cancer Res, 1979 Jun, 39(6 Pt 1), 2149 - 54 Ozonation of mutagenic and carcinogenic polyaromatic amines and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in water; Burleson GR et al.; The Salmonella-microsome assay for mutagenesis was used to determine the effect of ozone on the mutagenesis of selected carcinogens and mutagens in water . Short periods of ozonation were shown to completely inactivate the mutagenicity of several polyaromatic amine mutagens including acriflavine, proflavine, and beta-naphthylamine . Selected polyaromatic hydrocarbons were also sensitive to ozonation . Kinetic studies revealed that the mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene, 3-methylcholanthrene, and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene was destroyed after short periods of ozonation . To correlate loss of mutagenicity with loss of carcinogenicity, two polyaromatic hydrocarbons were treated with ozone, extracted from water with hexane, and tested for carcinogenicity in mice . When 7,12-dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene and 3-methyl-cholanthrene were treated with ozone, there was a substantial reduction in carcinogenicity compared to control groups treated with oxygen alone . However, a small number of tumors developed in the group of animals receiving a hexane extract of ozonated 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene . This activity may be due to breakdown products of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene that are not mutagenic. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Jun, 37(6), 1091 - 5 Pasteurization of salted whole egg inoculated with Arizona or Salmonella; Ng H et al.; Recently, Arizona bacteria, close relatives of Salmonella, were recovered from salted whole egg that had been pasteurized by the presently recommended process of 63.3 degrees C (146 degrees F) for 3.5 min . Because of this and the fact that the heat resistance of Arizona in salted whole egg had not been determined, the present study was undertaken . Arizona or Salmonella, grown in Trypticase soy broth supplemented with 2% yeast extract in Fernbach flasks covered with aluminum foil over cotton and guaze at 35 degrees C with shaking at 176 rpm for about 96 h, were found to have the greatest degree of heat resistance . As expected, these cells, when inoculated into salted whole egg at 10(7) cells per ml, survived heating at 63.3 degrees C (146 degrees F) for 3.5 min in a two-phase slug flow heat exchanger . To consistently achieve a 7-log kill of typical Salmonella or Arizona, a treatment of 67 degrees C (152.6 degrees F) for 3.5 min was required . However, if a 7-log kill is mandatory, it remains to be determined whether this process affect the functional properties of this product. Experientia, 1979 May 15, 35(5), 598 - 9 Effect of solubilization of Salmonella minnesota Re glycolipid on its interferon-induced activity; Galabov AS et al.; Electrodialysis of Salmonella minnesota Re glycolipid, or exposure to 0.2 M EDTA, pH 7.0, yields products capable of eliciting interferon production at concentrations 10-fold lower than that of the original glycolipid. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1979 May-Jun, 72(3), 193 - 8 {Initial observations in Upper-Volta on 41 serotypes of Salmonella isolated at Muraz Center}; Saliou P et al.; Among 186 Salmonella strains isolated at the Muraz Center from 1966 to 1976, representing 45 serotypes, the authors describe 41 serotypes identified for the first time in Upper-Volta, 3 of which constituting new serotypes: S . bobo, S . kua, S . farakan . A few remarks show the significance of Salmonella circulation in a west-africa area where the incidence of bacterial enteric diseases is a constant problem of public health. Ann Sclavo, 1979 May-Jun, 21(3), 293 - 302 {Detection of Salmonella in the sea-water of Messina}; Delia S et al.; The AA . mede a research of Salmonellae in the sea water of the city of Messina (Italy), choosing 14 points near the sewage discharges . They used qualitative methods (Moore type buffers, inoculation of 50 ml of water in tetrationate 2 times concentrated) and quantitative methods (fractions of 100 ml of water in 10 parts and further inoculation in 10 tubes containing 20 ml of normal tetrationate each) . The research conducted in June-July and November-December 1978 gave 50% positivity in the summer period and 100% in the winter period . They discuss the methods used and underline the difference of the two periods. Ann Sclavo, 1979 May-Jun, 21(3), 279 - 92 {Salmonella isolated in the province of Macerata and their sensitivity to some common chemoantibiotics and to some of recent clinical introduction}; Vitali C et al.; A study has been carried out in order to evaluate the sensitivity of a group of some 215 Salmonella strains identified in the triennium 1976-1978, in the district of Macerata (Italy), to 16 chemoantibiotics . The average percentage of sensitivity to chemoantibiotics, as a whole, vary from 100% (sisomycin) to 81% (furazolidone) . The global sensitivity of different strains, of early diffusion and recent appearance in Italy, by MIC and MBC estimated, progressively increase as follow: A . wien, typhi, typhimurium, infantis, braenderup, paratyphi B, enteritidis, agona, panama. Ann Sclavo, 1979 May-Jun, 21(3), 272 - 8 {Further observations on healthy carriers of Salmonellae in the province of Ferrara (1976-1977),(author's transl)}; Guidi E et al.; 366 Salmonella strains (2.03%), belonging to 40 different serotypes, were isolated by Authors in 1976 from feces of healthy subjects, in the province of Ferrara; 262 strains (1.45%), belonging to 34 serotypes, were isolated in 1977 . The Authors found no significant difference between isolations carried out in both sexes; highest frequencies of isolation were recorded in August, September and October . We have also reported the serotypes more frequently isolated by various Authors from sick and healthy men feces, from animal feces, from sewage and from surface waters. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1979 May-Jun, 130 A(4), 455 - 60 Three new Salmonella serotypes of subgenera I, II and III and four serological variants; Aleksic S et al.; Description of three new Salmonella serotypes of the subgenera I, II and III, and four serological variants which have been isolated and diagnosed in 1977-1978 at the National Reference Centre for Salmonella, Institute of Hygiene, Hamburg . The strains are as follows: S . blitta 47:y:e,n,x; S . II 1, 40:Z42:1,5,7; S . III arizonae 52:k:Z53 (Arizona 31:29:25); S . infantis with phase 2 R antigen 6,7:r:1,11; S . stuivenberg var . Z13-1,3,19:1,Z28:1,5; S . III arizonae 35:k:Z53 (Arizona 20:29:25) var . fimbriae+ (O-inagglutinable); S . III arizonae 38:Z10:Z53 (Arizona 16:27:25) var . fimbriae+ (O-inagglutinable). J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1979 May, 62(3), 499 - 502 Detection of Salmonella in onion and garlic powders: collaborative study; Andrews WH et al.; The relative efficiency of trypticase soy broth with added 0.5% K2SO3 and lactose broth as pre-enrichment media for recovering Salmonella from onion powder and garlic powder was collaboratively studied . For each spice, 13 collaborators each received 5 duplicate samples; 4 of the 5 replicate samples were inoculated with 1 of 4 levels of S . thompson ranging, at initiation of analysis, from greater than 3 to 93 organisms/g onion powder and greater than 3 to 43 organisms/g garlic powder . Salmonella growth was inhibited in each of these spices as evidenced by a rapid decline of most probable number values in samples determined immediately after and 7 days following inoculation . Collaborative results of cultural analyses demonstrated superiority of the modified tripticase soy broth for recovering Salmonella in each of the 2 spices . The improved method of detecting Salmonella in onion and garlic powders has been adopted as official first action. Cell Tissue Kinet, 1979 May, 12(3), 299 - 311 Studies on the mechanism of haemopoietic stem cell (CFUs) mobilization . A role of the complement system; Wilschut IJ et al.; A variety of substances can mobilize haemopoietic stem cells (CFUs) into the peripheral blood . In this study the involvement of the complement system in the mobilization process was investigated . Pretreatment of mice with the complement-activating factor of cobra venom (CoF), which lowered the serum C3 levels to 10-25% of the normal value, could completely prevent CFUs mobilization induced by high doses of CoF, endotoxin (ET) from Salmonella typhosa, inulin, zymosan and the proteolytic enzymes proteinase and trypsin . On the other hand, mobilization induced by the polyanions dextran sulphate and the copolymer of polymethacrylic acid and styrene could not be prevented, or at least affected only slightly . There appears to be a relationship between the extent of decomplementation by CoF and the extent of CFUs mobilization induced by ET . The results indicate that certain agents mobilize CFUs via the complement system, whereas other agents induce CFUs mobilization independent of the availability of complement components. Cell Tissue Kinet, 1979 May, 12(3), 257 - 67 Further studies on mobilization of CFUs; Vos O et al.; Mobilization of CFUs from haemopoietic tissues into circulation was studied after injection of different bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), zymosan, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), trypsin and di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate-inhibited trypsin . All bacterial LPS used gave an increase of CFUs in the peripheral blood at 1 h after i.v . injection . Some variation in activity could not be excluded . As with Salmonella typhosa LPS, zymosan gave an increase in circulating CFUs during the first few hr and a second peak a few days later . After injection of zymosan as well as S . typhosa LPS the second peak in the blood was accompanied by a large increase in CFUs numbers in the spleen . PHA gave an immediate mobilization of CFUs, but the mobilization after injection of Con A during the first few hr occurred more slowly . After injection of S . typhosa LPS, zymosan and PHA the blood C3 level was found to be depressed considerably . This might indicate that the complement system is involved in the early mobilization of CFUs . Dexamethasone, a synthetic hormone which has been reported to give sequestration of several cell types in the bone marrow, did not inhibit the early and late mobilization of CFUs which normally occurs after injection of S . typhosa LPS. Zentralbl Bakteriol {B}, 1979 May, 168(3-4), 356 - 60 {Investigation on the presence of salmonella in drinking water from water supplies and distribution systems in Togo (author's transl)}; Schubert HW et al.; Bacteriological drinking water examination of samples from water works and wells as well as from their distribution systems revealed that from 26 samples, where Salmonella organisms could be isolated, in 16 cases E . coli- and coliforms could not be found and that in 9 of these cases even the colony count was below 100 colonies per ml at 20 degrees C and 37 degrees C incubation temperature . The common reasons for such contaminations are technical deficiencies, mostly faulty well-heads or broken covers of reservoirs . Rainbow lizzards (Agama agama), very common in these regions, can thus easily gain access to wells and reservoirs and pollute the groundwater . Rainbow lizzards do not posses a constant and uniform microbial flora of the intestine . Among lizzards which excrete Salmonella organisms in great numbers, relatively often individuals could be found which harbour either no E . coli- and/or coliforms at all or only in very reduced numbers . In the light of these results an efficient primary protection of all water supplies by a secure covering of well-heads and reservoirs in particular seems to be of paramount importance in tropical countries . This is very much in contrast to the situation most commonly seen in these areas . The necessary measures would have to be accompanied and supplemented by alterations of the installations in the house where the creation of open reservoirs must be avoided. Mutat Res, 1979 May, 60(3), 291 - 300 Mechanism of the lethal and mutagenic effects of phenoxyacetic acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Zetterberg G; MCPA and salicylic acid, two compounds with similar structures and almost the same dissociation pattern, were tested for lethal and mutagenic effects on, and uptake by, cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain rad18 . The results obtained with the two compounds were similar, suggesting a common mechanism of action . It is proposed that they act by increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions within the cell, so that killing and mutation occur . Mutations were induced only when killing reached 95--99% . The compounds are considered weak mutagens for yeast cells . The methyl ester of MCPA also induced killing and reverse mutation, but only at concentrations about 100 times higher than for the undissociated acid . MCPA methyl ester did not increase the number of revertants in the Salmonella/liver microsome test . It is suggested that the effects of the methyl ester of MCPA depends on the ester being hydrolysed to the acid by yeast cells and the liver microsome preparation. Chem Biol Interact, 1979 May, 25(2-3), 279 - 87 Ellipticines as potent inhibitors of microsomes-dependent chemical mutagenesis; Lesca P et al.; 9-Hydroxyellipticine (9-OHE), an inhibitor of microsomal monooxygenase activities has been shown to exert a large or even complete decrease of the mutagenicity, on the Salmonella strains of a great number of compounds (aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, fungal toxins, azo compounds, tobacco smoke condensate) . 9-OHE and 9-fluoroellipticine are more potent inhibitors than ellipticine itself . The inhibitions exerted by 9-OHE are not even equalled by 10-fold higher doses of 7,8-benzoflavone (7,8-BF) . There is a good correlation between these data and the interaction properties of ellipticines with microsomal cytochromes P-450. Mutat Res, 1979 May, 67(1), 9 - 19 In vitro mutagenicity and cell transformation screening of phenylglycidyl ether; Greene EJ et al.; Phenylglycidyl ether (1,2-epoxy-3-phenoxy propane) (PGE) was tested for genetic activity in bacterial and mammalian tests . It was active in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test . Concentration-dependent mutagenicity was demonstrated in S . typhimurium strains TA1535 and TA100 with and without rat S9, but not in strains TA98, TA1537, or TA1538 . These results suggest PGE, is a direct-acting mutagen causing base substitutions . Phenylglycidyl ether did not induce 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells, with or without rat S9, and with or without serum in the medium . Dose-dependent enhancement of SA7 virus transformation of primary hamster embryo cells was observed at concentrations of 1.6 microgram/ml and higher . In addition, this compound was able to chemically transform secondary hamster embryo cells at concentrations of 6.2 micrograms/ml and higher . At a dose of 2500 mg/kg p.o., PGE was active in the host-mediated assay using C57B1/6 X C3H mice and S . typhimurium strain TA1535 . This activity represented a positive response in 2 of 5 animals tested . Murine testicular DNA synthesis was not inhibited by oral administration of PGE at 500 mg/kg. Cancer Lett, 1979 May, 6(6), 319 - 24 Mutagenic activity of marihuana smoke condensates; Busch FW et al.; Smoke condensates prepared from marihuana cigaretts were mutagenic in strain TA98 of the Ames Salmonella/microsome test, a short-term bioassay which estimates the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of some chemicals . The mutagens in marihuana smoke condensates required liver enzymes to be activated . The specific mutagenic activity of marihuana smoke condensates were similar to that of tobacco smoke condensates prepared from American cigarettes . Fractionation studies of the marihuana smoke condensates showed that basic components accounted for 76% of the recovered mutagenic activity. J Infect Dis, 1979 May, 139(5), 503 - 10 Mucosal defenses against Salmonella infection in the mouse; Collins FM; Specific pathogen-free ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice were challenged with Salmonella orally, aerogenically, or parentally 24 hr after they received sublethal whole-body irradiation . The early growth for the sublethal inoculum was identical in irradiated and control mice . In the irradiated group, Salmonella multiplied in the liver and spleen until death of the host . Increasing the dose of irradiation reduced the size of the mean lethal dose for the intravenous, intraperitoneal, and aerogenic challenges . However, in the orally challenged mice, the 50% lethal dose dropped only 100-fold when the radiation was increased from 0 to 400 rad, with little further decrease even when the dose was increased to 800 rad . Presumably, the local gut defenses were responsible for this considerable disparity in the lethal effects of an oral vs . parenteral challenge . No evidence was found for enhanced local infection of the gut or increased involvement of the gut-associated lymphoid organs in the irradiated host . The increased mortality seen in the irradiated group seemed to be associated with a continued unrestricted growth of Salmonella in the liver and spleen when the number of peripheral blood leukocytes was at a minimum . Resistance to the sublethal salmonella challenge was eventually restored as the total counts of white blood cells returned to normal. Surgery, 1979 May, 85(5), 514 - 9 Abdominal aortic salmonellosis; Mendelowitz DS et al.; A recent example of Salmonella mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysm is presented together with a review of the 24 other cases in the literature . Emphasis is placed on common modes of presentation, diagnosis, and surgical management . A review of current theories of etiology is presented along with a new, more descriptive classification of mycotic aneurysms. Immunology, 1979 May, 37(1), 77 - 82 Delayed-type hypersensitivity and acquired cellular resistance in mice immunized with killed Listeria monocytogenes and adjuvants; Van Der Meer C et al.; Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DH) and acquired cellular resistance (ARC) to Listeria monocytogenes in mice was studied following immunization with killed bacteria in combination with Freund's complete adjuvant or the adjuvant dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) . Intracutaneous or intraperitoneal injections of killed listeria mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant did neither result in DH nor in ACR . Intracutaneous injections of killed listeria and DDA resulted in an antigen-dose dependent DH but not in ACR . Intraperitoneal injections of listeria and DDA, however, induced ACR but no DH . Optimal conditions for the induction of ACR were simultaneous intraperitoneal injection of 15 mg DDA/kg body weight and 10(7) or 10(8) listeria . The optimal interval between immunization and challenge was 7 days . No protection was found against challenge with a lethal dose of Salmonella enteritidis, suggesting that the protection is specific . Intraperitoneal injection of mice with DDA resulted in inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion in macrophages harvested 24 h later . Interference with macrophage activity is discussed as one of the possible mechanisms for the adjuvant effect of DDA. Lancet, 1979 Apr 14, 1(8120), 795 - 6 Identification of gallbladder typhoid carriers by a string device; Gilman RH et al.; The efficiency of a gelatin capsule containing a nylon string for collection of duodenal specimens was investigated in carriers of Salmonella typhosa (typhi) . Cultures of duodenal specimens obtained by means of the string capsule were compared with cultures of duodenal specimens obtained by a conventional duodenal tube and with stool cultures Duodenal contents obtained with either the string or tube were more often positive for S . typhosa than were stool cultures . The string, which is as efficient as tube collection but simpler and more comfortable, may be useful in identifying carriers of S . typhosa. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Apr, 243(2-3), 392 - 411 {Twenty-five years' experience in epidemiology and prophylaxis of epidemics at the Centre for Salmonella of Hamburg (author's transl)}; Winkle S et al.; Salmonella-epidemiology has changed fundamentally since underdeveloped countries have entered international trade and export food-supplies which, due to less stringent controls, are already contaminated either in the countries of origin or in transit . This is shown by numerous case histories of food-poisoning . Multifarious causes of infection from imported food-stuffs are exposed and also the epidemiological consequences from latently infected fat-stock and poultry . Prophylactic measures and advice on preventive treatment are given . The progressive automation in many factories and plants, with aspirations to the highes-degree of efficiency, frequently hides potential sources of infection with a shining facade of chrome and plastic . In the planning and servicing of technical installations, which later may well prove to be a source of infection, sanitary experts are rarely consulted, or if so too late . This paper also emphasises the considerable influence of mass-tourism with the consequent introduction of exotic Salmonella serotypes, and also the potential danger of faeca contamination on motorway rest-stops. Chem Biol Interact, 1979 Apr, 25(1), 23 - 33 Mutagenicity and irreversible binding of the hepatocarcinogen, 2,4-diaminotoluene; Aune T et al.; Mutagenicity of 2,4-diaminotoluene (DAT) in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay was increased with liver fractions from phenobarbital (PB) or beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) treated rats . Substitutions of the hydrogens in the methyl group of 2,4-DAT with deuterium resulted in a decrease in mutagenicity . Incubation of rat liver microsomes with tritiated 2,4-DAT in the presence of NADPH led to the formation of irreversibly bound products to microsomal protein . The rates of binding were not increased using microsomes from PB or BNF-treated rats and was not altered by deuterium substitution in the methyl group . Addition of superoxide dismutase, glutathione (GSH) or rat liver supernatant reduced 2,4-DAT irreversible binding, whereas 2,4-DAT mutagenicity was unaffected by superoxide dismutase addition . Injection of tritiated 2,4-DAT 100 mg/kg to rats lead to its irreversible binding to liver protein and ribosomal RNA and to kidney protein in vivo, again protein binding was not increased after prior treatment with PB or BNF . No irreversible interaction of tritiated 2,4-DAT with DNA either in vitro or in vivo could be demonstrated. Jpn J Antibiot, 1979 Apr, 32(4), 535 - 40 {Clinical study of bacampicillin granules in pediatrics (author's transl)}; Minamidani M et al.; Clinical study on bacampicillin (BAPC) granules was performed in 20 children with infectious diseases . Patients treated with BAPC granules were 10 cases of scarlet fever, 3 cases of pertussis, 3 cases of Salmonella enteritis and 4 cases of acute enteritis . Clinical results were excellent in 2, good in 9, fair in 3, poor in 4 and unknown in 2 . No side effect was observed. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Apr, 37(4), 676 - 9 Salmonella species isolated from animal feed in Iraq; Al-Hindawi N et al.; Of 700 animal feed samples, 32 (4.5%) harbored Salmonella . The highest percentage of contamination was found in sheep feed and local protein . A total of 17 Salmonella serotypes were identified . The most frequent serotypes were Salmonella meleagridis . S . bornum, S . montevideo, and S . drypool . S . bornum was isolated for the first time in Iraq and from both local feed and its ingredients . The common somatic group found was that of Salmonella group C; then came groups E, G, B, and D . Three serotypes (S . enteritidis, S . california, and S . muenchen) seemed to form a link of infection among feed, food, patients, and carriers. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Apr, 243(2-3), 412 - 8 {Salmonella in free living snakes of Northern Germany (author's transl)}; Wuthe HH et al.; Fourty-nine adders (Vipera berus L.) and thirty-one grass-snakes (Nitrix natrix L.) from northern Germany were investigated by cloacal swabs . The samples were usually taken in the field and preenriched in peptone water and further-on processed in three steps of tetrathionate . After each step of enrichment the material was transfered to salmonella shigella agar and fuchsine lactose agar (acc . to Endo) . Salmonella screening was done by inoculation of lactose positive and lactose negative colonies into lysine iron agar (acc . to Edwards and Fife) . Salmonella excretion was found in 59% of the adders and in 68% of the grass-snakes . Some specimens excreted several Salmonella species . 22 different species resp . variants were detected, of which 19 species belonged to subgenus III (Arizona) . Subgenus I occured infrequently and was represented by S . duesseldorf, S . heidelberg and S . sunnycove . Three new triphasic variants S . III 17:Z10: e, n, x, z15: z56, S . III 38: (k): z35:z56 and S . III 50:z10:z:z56 of species already known and four so far unknown species S . III (6), 14: 1,v:z (Ar . 7a, 7c:23-31), S . III 21:1,v:z57 (Ar . 22:23-40a,40c), S . III 43:1,v:z56 (Ar . 21:23-38) and S . III 28:z10:z57 (Ar . 35:27-40a,40c) were discovered . The present results suggest that adders and grass-snakes in northern Germany represent autonomous reservoirs of salmonellae . There exist only few relations between the Salmonella species in these kinds of snakes and other European snakes. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Apr, 243(2-3), 355 - 62 Genetic determination of lipopolysaccharide: locus of O-specific unit polymerase in group E of salmonella; Nyman K et al.; By genetic analysis of a semirough mutant of Salmonella muenster we show that a gene determining the polymerization of the repeating units of the O-3, 10-type lipopolysaccharide side chain in Salmonella of group E resides