Salmonella

Eur J Biochem, 1979 Nov 1, 101(1), 309 - 16
Mechanism of O-specific polysaccharide biosynthesis in Salmonella serogroups C2 and C3; Shibaev VN et al.; Cell envelope and soluble glycosyl transferase preparations from Salmonella newport (serogroup C2) and Salmonella kentucky (serogroup C3) were found to catalyze formation of polyprenyl pyrophosphate tetrasaccharides corresponding to the structure of the repeating unit of the main chain of O-specific polysaccharides . Plant polyprenyl phosphate may serve as an exogenous sugar acceptor . Galactose residue is an initiator of a chain growth: transfer of galactosyl phosphate from uridine diphosphate galactose onto the acceptor is followed by two consecutive mannosyl transfers from guanosine diphosphate mannose and rhamnosyl transfer thymidine diphosphate rhamnose . Uridine diphosphate glucose and polyprenyl phosphate are converted by the enzyme preparations into polyprenyl monophosphate glucose which may transfer a glucosyl residue onto the polyprenyl pyrophosphate oligosaccharides . The resulting pentasaccharide derivatives may be polymerised by enzymes present in cell envelope preparations . The significance of these results for the understanding of the mechanism of O-specific polysaccharide biosynthesis is discussed.

J Gen Virol, 1979 Nov, 45(2), 291 - 9
In vitro packaging of exogenous DNA by Salmonella phage P22; Strobel E et al.; We describe in vitro conditions for packaging of exogenous DNA of Salmonella phage P22 which has terminally redundant, circularly permuted DNA . The method is a modification of the Kaiser-Masuda procedure . The most important aspect is to prepare all components (proheads, enzymes and concatemeric DNA) in end- cells . The influence of several factors such as DNA- and Mg2+ concentration and kinetics has been investigated.

Mutat Res, 1979 Nov, 68(3), 251 - 7
In vitro mutagenicity and cell-transformation screening of N-(2,3-epoxy-propyl)-phthalimide; Greene EJ et al.; N-(2,3-Epoxy-propyl)-phthalimide (EPP) was tested for genetic activity in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test . Concentration-dependent mutagenicity was demonstrated in S . typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537 and TA100 with and without rat S9 . It was inactive in strain TA1538, and active without rat S9 in TA98 at the high dose . EPP induced 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells in the absence of an exogenous activating system . EPP produced dose-dependent enhancement of SA7 virus transformation of primary hamster-embryo cells, and transformed secondary hamster-embryo cells in a non-dose-related fashion . At a dose of 5 g/kg p.o . or i.m., EPP was inactive in the host-mediated assay using C57Bl/6XC3H mice and S . typhimurium strain TA1535 . Murine testicular DNA synthesis was not inhibited by oral administration of EPP at 1000 mg/kg.

Cancer Res, 1979 Nov, 39(11), 4412 - 7
Mutagenic activity of rhodamine dyes and their impurities as detected by mutation induction in Salmonella and DNA damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells; Nestmann ER et al.; Commercial rhodamine dyes 6G and B induce His+ reversion mutations in Salmonella and single-strand breaks in Chinese hamster ovary cells, as detected by alkaline sucrose sedimentation . Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver homogenate (S9) is required for production of genetic activity by these dyes . Rhodamine 6G induces both frameshift and base substitution mutations, whereas rhodamine B induces only frameshift mutations . Rhodamine 6G is genetically more active and more toxic than is rhodamine B in both the bacterial and mammalian assays . Rhodamine 6G and B induce doublings of His+ revertants in Salmonella at the doses of 0.02 and 0.52 mumol/plate and shifts in the molecular weight of Chinese hamster ovary DNA at concentrations of 9 x 10(-5) and 9 x 10(-4) M, respectively . All genetic effects assayed demonstrate dose-related increases . Further testing of the pure dyes in Salmonella revealed that rhodamine B loses most of its mutagenicity with purification, whereas rhodamine 6G does not . Impurities from commercial rhodamine B demonstrate the same extent of mutagenicity as the commercial dye.

J Clin Invest, 1979 Nov, 64(5), 1516 - 24
New function for high density lipoproteins . Their participation in intravascular reactions of bacterial lipopolysaccharides; Ulevitch RJ et al.; The addition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 or Salmonella minnesota R595 to plasma (or serum) resulted in a marked reduction of the hydrated buoyant density of the parent LPS (0111:B4 {d = 1.44 g/cm3} and R595 {d = 1.38 g/cm3}), to d less than 1.2 g/cm3 . This reduction in buoyant density to less than 1.2 g/cm3 of the LPS required plasma (or serum) lipid . Delipidation of plasma (or serum) by extraction with n-butanol/diisopropyl ether (40/60, vol:vol) prevented the conversion of the parent LPS to a form with d less than 1.2 g/cm3 . Reversal of the effect of delipidation was accomplished by the addition of physiologic concentrations of high density lipoprotein (HDL) . In contrast, as much as two times normal serum concentration of low density or very low density lipoprotein were ineffective . The ability of normal plasma (or serum) to inhibit the pyrogenic activity of LPS, lost after delipidation, was also restored after the addition of HDL . Preliminary results suggested that prior modifications of the LPS, probably disaggregation, may be required before interaction with HDL.

Res Vet Sci, 1979 Nov, 27(3), 306 - 12
Immunological responses of fluke-infected and fluke-free cattle to Salmonella dublin and other antigens; Aitken MM et al.; Immune responses to heat-killed Brucella abortus strain 19 and to ovalbumin were compared in 15 fluke-infected and 15 fluke-free Friesian heifers . B abortus was injected 16 weeks and ovalbumin 19 weeks after the oral administration of 1000 metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica . Agglutinating antibody responses to B abortus were similar in both groups . Immediate type hypersensitivity to ovalbumin was apparently suppressed in fluke-infected animals when assessed by active and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis two weeks after sensitisation . However, when assessed by Schultz-Dale responses of intestine, in vitro, 36 weeks after sensitisation there was no difference between the groups . The heifers were subsequently given live Salmonella dublin intravenously . The fluke-infected animals which became carriers of S dublin had the most persistently elevated titres of agglutinating antibodies in their sera and the highest incidence of immediate-type hypersensitivity, as assessed by Schultz-Dale responses of intestine, but the weakest cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions to S dublin . The latter might have been related to lymphopenia which developed after fluke infection . The increased susceptibility of fluke-infected cattle to S dublin cannot be attributed to impaired agglutinin responses but may result from effects on cell-mediated mechanisms.

Fertil Steril, 1979 Nov, 32(5), 588 - 98
Immune response after vaginal application of antigens in the rhesus monkey; Yang SL et al.; The immune response after vaginal application of antigens was investigated in six sexually mature female rhesus monkeys . Two model antigens, i.e., lipopolysaccharide (LPS) OF Salmonella typhosa and abortive type T-4 coliphages were applied with or without adjuvant . A plastic sponge used as the antigen carrier was introduced into the upper vagina and placed against the ectocervix . For primary immunization, each monkey received 18 vaginal antigen applications and 10 applications for each booster course . For comparison, three other female rhesus monkeys were immunized systemically . Alum or LPS was used as adjuvant . Blood was obtained two times and cervical mucus three times weekly from each monkey . Antibodies were only barely detectable in cervical mucus after the primary vaginal immunization . However, booster treatments resulted in definite antibody responses . Specific antibodies were also detected in the circulating blood after vaginal booster immunization . The antibody level in cervical secretion in three of four cases was higher than that in circulatin blood . Systemic immunization resulted in high levels of circulating antibodies, but less than 10% appeared in cervical secretions . A characteristic decrease in antibody levels in cervical mucus was usually observed at midcycle after local immunization as well as after systemic immunization . More than 90% of T-4 coliphages applied vaginally were absorbed within 48 hours . Although alum appeared to retard the absorption of antigens, it seemed to enhance the local response . More than 90% of the antibodies to the T-4 coliphages could be removed from the serum and cervial mucus by treatment with anti-immunoglobuin G antiserum . The lymphocyte response to antigens was studied by measuring the 3H-thymidine uptake by peripheral blood lymphocytes in culture . A positive response was observed in three of three systemically immunized and in only two of six locally immunized aminals . In general, the immune response was significantly weaker after local vaginal immunization than after systemic immunization.

C R Seances Acad Sci D, 1979 Oct 29, 289(10), 757 - 60
{Modifications by Nematoda of the sensitivity of mice to Salmonella abortus ovis administered orally or subcutaneously}; Lantier F et al.; Mice inoculated 6 to 9 days previously with Heligmosomoides polygyrus (=Nematospiroides dubius) become more frequently infected than controls after an oral challenge with a constant dose of Salmonella abortus ovis . But parasitism increases the LD 50 when the subcutaneous route of infection is used, probably by stimulating the immune system of the host.

Nature, 1979 Oct 4, 281(5730), 392 - 4
Metabolites of diethylstilboestrol induce sister chromatid exchange in human cultured fibroblasts; Rudiger HW et al.; Diethylstilboesterol (DES) is one of the few substances for which a clear association with carcinogenicity has been established in man . Nevertheless, it is still widely used, mainly as a cheap oestrogen to increase the slaughter weight of beef, but in spite of this it is not known if residues in the meat or metabolites excreted by the cattle are hazardous to man . It is also unknown whether there is a threshold dose below which DES is harmless . A threshold might be expected if a hormonal mechanism of carcinogensis rather than metabolic activation to an electrophically reactive species operats . This possibility was supported by the observations that DES, in contrast to most other carcinogens, failed to induce mutations in the Salmonella/microsome test or malignant transformations of eukaryotic cells in culture . It is also disturbing that DES, one of the few known human carcinogens was negative in these two most widely used short-term tests introduced as fast early-earning system for potential carcinogens . We now report that DES is positive in sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induction, a short-term test for which a high correlation with the carcinogenicity of the compounds tested has been observed . Moreover, we show that metabolic activation was involved . Two different pathways leading to metabolites much more active in SCE induction than DES itself ('proximate agents') were established.

Mol Gen Genet, 1979 Oct 2, 176(1), 33 - 6
Ant-mediated inactivation of Salmonella phage L-specified repression at OR of prophage L; Prell HH; Ant product of phage P22 inactivates repression of prophage L at the right-hand operator OR and allows for transactivation of prophage gene 12 . The transactivation efficiency observed with a series of phage and prophage recombinants, using single superinfection of a lysogenic bacterium, is about the same as that recently observed at OL of prophage L . This finding is in contrast to the failure to demonstrate derepression at OR of prophage L in an experimental system employing double superinfection (Prell, 1978a) . The reasons for the differing results are discussed and it is shown that derepression by the ant product in trans at OR of the prophage is not modified to any significant degree by the immunity specificity (L or p22) of the prophage or of the superinfecting phage.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1979 Oct, 13(4), 359 - 63
{Yeasts of Kloeckera genus, their serological specification and diagnosis of some strains (author's transl)}; Aksoycan N et al.; In this study, agglutinating sera against K . africana, K . corticis, K . javanica var . javanica and K . javanica var lafarii are prepared . Cross agglutination and absorption tests are carried out with these four Kloeckera strains and an antigenic relationship is shown (see table I) . There were no antigenic relationship between K . apicuata var . apis and these four Kloeckera strains . Also, in this paper, previous studies, like using Salmonella 0 : 6(2) agglutinating serum for serological differential diagnosis between K . javanica var . javanica and K . javanica var . lafarii and antigenic relationship between K . africana and Salmonella 0 : II and E . coli 0 : 75 antigens were also mentioned.

Avian Dis, 1979 Oct-Dec, 23(4), 904 - 14
Further studies on competitive exclusion for controlling Salmonellae in chickens; Snoeyenbos GH et al.; A native intestinal microflora of chickens which is protective against salmonella readily transferred to penmates and apparently to birds in adjacent pens . The microflora not only minimized infection resulting from exposure following colonization of the gut with microflora, but significantly abbreviated the period of infection when introduced after a salmonella infection was established in chicks . A microflora with undiminished protective activity, sensitive to only a few commonly used antibacterials, was established in a SPF-Cofal/Marek-negative population . Intestinal microflora from mourning doves was at least partially effective in protecting chicks against a naladixic-acid-resistant strain of Salmonella infantis . In limited tests with 2 of 3 sources of protective microflora, the growth rate of chicks in the absence of salmonellae was significantly improved . A hypothesis involving specificity of attachment between the glycocalyces of the protective microflora and of the intestinal mucosa is offered as the likely mechanism of protection.

Avian Dis, 1979 Oct-Dec, 23(4), 838 - 47
Salmonella isolation from litter as an indicator of flock infection and carcass contamination; Bhatia TR et al.; The Salmonella status of 15 different farm flocks was assessed at the farm level and at processing plants . Bacteriological examination for Salmonella was made of litter, dust, feed, 5-day-old culled chicks, and chicken carcasses . Fresh straw litter was found contaminated with Salmonella and may be a source of flock infection . Culture of floor litter can be a practical method for detecting flock infection, and culture of 6-weeks litter in particular would be a good indicator of carcass contamination at processing plants . Properly pelleted feed did not contain Salmonella . Processing did not render carcasses free of Salmonella.

J Wildl Dis, 1979 Oct, 15(4), 511 - 4
Salmonellae in feral pinnipeds off the Southern California coast; Gilmartin WG et al.; Rectal swabs were collected from 90 Northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) and 50 California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) pups on San Miguel Island for Salmonella screening . Three serotypes (newport, heidelberg, and oranienburg) were recovered from 33% of the fur seals and 40% of the sea lions.

J Hyg (Lond), 1979 Oct, 83(2), 371 - 6
Characterization of R-plasmids coding for ampicillin resistance from Salmonella species; Jamieson AF et al.; A sudden increase in the incidence of ampicillin resistance was observed among Salmonella species isolated within New Zealand in 1973--4 . This increase was due mainly to the apperance and proliferation of Salmonella newington and Salmonella anatum serotypes resistant to ampicillin . The plasmid complements of 14 ampicillin-resistant S . newington and S . anatum isolates obtained from widely separated geographical areas within New Zealand between 1973 and 1974 were characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis . Each contained one or more plasmids ranging in molecular weight from 1.4 to 42 Mdal . Eleven isolates contained a self-transmissible plasmid of 33 Mdal which encoded resistance to ampicillin . After transfer to Escherichia coli, the 33 Mdal R-plasmids from each of these isolates were shown to be identical by restriction endonuclease analysis . The remaining three strains contained ampicillin R-plasmids having molecular weights of 35, 37.5 and 42 Mdal . These plasmids were shown by restriction endonuclease analysis to be related to the 33 Mdal R-plasmid . We conclude that the 33 Mdal plasmid and its derivatives were responsible for the increase in the incidence of ampicillin-resistant S . newington and S . anatum serotypes among the total Salmonella population.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Oct, 245(1-2), 67 - 70
{The antigenic relationship between Kloeckera and Salmonella cholerae-suis O antigen (author's transl)}; Aksoycan N et al.; The immune sera for Kloeckera africana, K . corticis, K . javanica var . javanica and K . javanica var . lafarir agglutinated Salmonella cholerae-suis (O:6(2),7) . The immune serum for S . cholerae-suis agglutinated K . africana, K . corticis, K . javanica var . javanica and K . javanica var . lafarii . Absorption and agglutination cross tests demonstrated common antigenic factor(s) between above mentioned yeasts and Salmonella O:7 antigen and also K . javanica var . lafarii and Salmonella O antigens 6 and 7.

Mutat Res, 1979 Oct, 68(2), 125 - 32
Non-mutagenicity for Salmonella of the chlorinated hydrocarbons aroclor 1254, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, mirex and kepone; Schoeny RS et al.; A polychlorinated biphenyl mixture, Aroclor 1254, two commercial grade insecticides, mirex and kepone, and a pesticide breakdown product, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene were evaluated for mutagenicity and hepatic enzyme induction potential in the Salmonella/microsomal assay . None was found to revert strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 or TA100 when tested with or without metabolic activation . Liver microsomal extracts (S9) from rats induced with 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene were shown to differ from S9 of either control or Aroclor 1254-induced rats in the capacity to activate 2-aminoanthracene mutagenesis.

J Immunol, 1979 Oct, 123(4), 1715 - 20
M467: a murine IgA myeloma protein that binds a bacterial protein . I . Recognition of common antigenic determinants on Salmonella flagellins; Smith AM et al.; We have studied the binding of M467, an IgA murine myeloma protein, to flagellin from seven species of Salmonella . It was found that M467 was reacting with antigenic determinants that were common to all the flagellins studied . These determinants were not related to serotypic antigens . Electronmicrographs of unreduced M467 showed a variety of polymeric species bound to flagella in a manner that could produce immobilization as well as agglutination and precipitation through cross-linking of antigenic determinants . Immunodiffusion in agar gel revealed that M467 was recognizing more than one group of peptide determinants on the flagellins studied . Passive hemagglutination inhibition and a solid phase radioimmunoassay provided evidence that there were differences in binding avidities between M467 and the various Salmonella flagellins studied . It was concluded that M467 is binding more than one specific group of antigenic peptide determinants on flagellin molecules . Flagellin from four of the seven species of Salmonella studied were deficient in one or more of these determinants.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Oct, 245(1-2), 89 - 95
{Bacteriological studies of the intestinal content of aquatic birds, fishes, and frogs with special reference to the presence of non-cholera vibrios (NCV) (author's transl)}; Szeness L et al.; In a screening study of surface waters, the authors were successful in culturing NCV in 2/3 of cases . Since these organisms are incapable of multiplication in open waters and yet were present in water samples in considerable amounts, it was postulated that they persisted in certain forms of aquatic life . To elucidate this question, the intestinal contents and in some cases, the bile of a total of 110 animals belonging to 17 different bird, fish, and frog species from different habitata were examined . From these animals, 51.8% were found to be carriers of NCV and 7.3%, of salmonella . Additionally, 4.5-15.5% were found to carry Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Fish and frogs were found to offer NCV organisms possibilities to persist while migratory birds such as stock ducks import them even from tropical areas . When compared with the results of studies performed, salmonella carriers among Danube fish were found to have increased in number.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Oct, 245(1-2), 55 - 66
A novel method for the production of Salmonella flagellar antigen . II . Further purification for the preparation of H antisera; Fey H; A method for a simple preparation of Salmonella flagellar antigen is described . The antigen is sufficiently pure to elicit high titered H antibodies of 12,800-51,200 and O titers of less than 50 . Highly motile Salmonella test strains are grown on 0.8% swarm agar and harvested with 0.05 n HCl which solubilizes the flagella . The suspension with a pH of 1.5 is kept at 4 degrees C . over night and then centrifuged at 49,000 g for 60 min . The supernatant is neutralized and precipitated with ammonium sulfate at 2/3 saturation . The resulting polymeric flagellin is submitted to a zone electrophoresis on Pevikon . Strips are cut from the "cake" and eluted . The H antigen is found on the anodic side, the O antigen remains near the trough or migrates slightly cathodically . Form 20 plates enough flagellin is collected fro the immunization of 50-100 rabbits . The Latex test proved to be especially suited for the checking of the H antigen.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1979 Sep 22, 109(36), 1309 - 13
{Salmonella colitis}; Giger M et al.; Salmonella colitis is defined on the basis of 3 case reports and 75 well-documented cases from the literature . Salmonella colitis is an acute ulcerative colitis occurring in enteric salmonellosis . There is complete clinical and endoscopic remission within 4--8 weeks and no relapse . The disease is to be distinguished from idiopathic ulcerative colitis in a salmonella carrier state . The difficulties of this differential diagnosis are demonstrated in a further case report.

Sem Hop, 1979 Sep 18-25, 55(31-32), 1449 - 51
{Salmonella osteomyelitis (authors transl)}; Laburthe-Tolra Y et al.; A case of osteomyelitis due to Salmonella Dublin is reported by the authors who underline the features which distinguish this affection from typhous osteomyelitis, which is completely different.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Sep, 244(4), 452 - 60
Characterization of a naturally occurring R plasmid in Salmonella isangi conferring unusually high resistance to ampicillin; Avramova R et al.; A strain of Salmonella isangi was isolated from HUMANA milk, used a baby food in Bulgarian hospitals . It harbours two stable plasmids, distinguishable by their molecular weight of 21 Mdal for the transfer factor (rRB 1) and 9,3 Mdal for R-factor rRB 2, confering resistance to ampicillin, cephalothin, streptomycin and sulfonamides . Both plasmids are maintained in different copy numbers per chromosome genome equivalent, 8 copies for rRB 1 and 158 copies for rRB 2, associated with an unusual high level of resistance to ampicillin (MIC 65 mg/ml).

Ann Sclavo, 1979 Sep-Oct, 21(5), 646 - 57
{Serological recognition of agglutinins against O and H antigens of various Salmonellae in "normal" adult subjects}; Levre E et al.; The distribution of Salmonella agglutinins among 390 normal sera from people living in the district of Pisa is described, and the relation of these findings with the Salmonella serotypes occurring in the same area is discussed . Clusters of agglutinins for several O and H antigens were found at or above a titre of 1:20, in many samples . In order to explain the significance of such antibodies and their origin an identical survey was carried out on some sera from patients with chronic liver disease, using the same antigens suspensions . The results from healthy persons compared with the increased antibody titres detected in liver patients support the hypothesis that the anti-Salmonella agglutinins may be originate by various antigenic stimuli which may be specific or most frequently non-specific, since it is well established the cross-reactivity between both the somatic and flagellar antigens of Salmonella and those of other organisms.

Rev Infect Dis, 1979 Sep-Oct, 1(5), 858 - 61
Variability of immune response induced by bacteria treated with subminimal inhibitory concentrations of fosfomycin; Viano I et al.; Experiments were conducted to explore the possibility that bacterial strains treated with subminimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of fosfomycin might induce immune responses different from those induced by intact, untreated bacteria . A preliminary study was done with a strain of Salmonella wien . The immune response in rabbits immunized with bacteria that had been exposed to either the sub-MIC or the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fosfomycin was compared with that in rabbits immunized with S . wien not exposed to the drug . The titers of antibody to S . wien in rabbits immunized with abnormal, sub-MIC-treated bacteria were higher than those in rabbits immunized with either MIC-treated or untreated S . wien . This difference was seen not only with the total antigen of Salmonella but also with somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antigens.

Can J Microbiol, 1979 Sep, 25(9), 1087 - 93
The mitogenic activity of lipopolysaccharide for spleen cells from germfree, conventional, and gnotobiotic rats; Wells C et al.; Spleen cells from germfree rats, conventionally reared rats, and gnotobiotic rats associated with two Pseudomonas species gave no positive blastogenic response when incubated with each of four lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations from Escherichia coli, with glycolipid extracted from Salmonella minnesota R595 or with S . minnesota R595 lipid A . However, spleen cell preparations from athymic mice demonstrated a positive blastogenic response when incubated with E . coli LPS . Removal of adherent cells from germfree and conventional-flora rat spleen cells did not increase the mitogenic activity of LPS for nonadherent cells (less than 0.5% esterase-positive cells) . All rat spleen cell preparations gave positive blastogenic responses to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A . This study indicates that LPS may not be a mitogenic agent for rat spleen cells.

Can J Microbiol, 1979 Sep, 25(9), 1063 - 72
Characterization of two Salmonella newport bacteriophages; Moazamie N et al.; Salmonella newport phages 16--19 and 7--11 have very long heads and are members of two rare and so far little-known phage groups . Both produce various morphological aberrations . Preparations of phage 7--11 contain numerous polyheads and about 0.4% short heads belonging to nine size classes . In addition, one giant phage particle was observed . The head of phage 7--11 seems to be an icosahedron which became elongated by adding successive rows of subunits . Phages 16--19 and 7--11 have buoyant densities in CsCl of 1.43 and 1.48 g/mL and particle weights of 103 and 204 x 10(6) respectively . Both viruses contain double-stranded DNA, internal proteins, and sugars . Phage 16--19 contains 46.5% DNA of 35 x 10(6) molecular weight, and glucose . Phage 7--11 contains 47.5% DNA of 108 x 10(6) molecular weight, and mannose . Base compositions of phage and S . newport DNAs were determined from buoyant densities, melting point, and acid hydrolysis . Phage 16--19 contains 5.4% 5-methylcytosine.

Am J Vet Res, 1979 Sep, 40(9), 1301 - 2
Pleasure horses as a possible source of Salmonella agona; Hirsh DC et al.; Horses in a riding stable sporadically excreted Salmonella agona, S anatum, and S newington in the feces . The three serotypes were isolated from apparently normal horses . The horses were sampled (the number sampled varied between 10 and 21) six times throughout a 13-month period . The greatest percentage of the horses (12 of 19, or 63%) were found to be excreting salmonella in September . Among the 12 horses excreting salmonella during this month, 8 (67%) were found to be excreting S agona.

Poult Sci, 1979 Sep, 58(5), 1171 - 4
Therapeutical trials with antimicrobial agents and cultured cecal microflora in Salmonella infantis infections in chickens; Seuna E et al.; The efficacy of short antimicrobial therapy was examined in chicks infected with S . infantis on the day of hatching . An attempt was made to prevent the reappearance of salmonellae by treating the chicks with a culture of cecal microflora to re-establish the normal intestinal flora . The following drugs were used: neomycin/polymyxin, oxytetracyline/neomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, furazolidone, and trimethoprim/sulphadiazine . The oxytetracycline/neomycin therapy was most effective, but reappearance of the infection was not avoided . Combined therapy with other antimicrobials and the culture reduced the number of infected chicks compared with the respective control groups . A slight reduction was also found when the culture was used alone without any preceding antimicrobial treatment.

Can J Genet Cytol, 1979 Sep, 21(3), 319 - 34
The mutagenic activity of 61 agents as determined by the micronucleus, Salmonella, and sperm abnormality assays; Bruce WR et al.; A comparison of two rapid and inexpensive in vivo mammalian assays and the Ames Salmonella assay is presented for 61 agents; Acetylsalicylic acid; Acriflavine; Actinomycin D; 2(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2); Aflatoxin B1; 2-aminofluorene; Aminopterin; Aroclor 1254; Ascorbic acid; Azathioprine; Benzo(a)pyrene; 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine; Busulphan, Butylated hydroxytoluene; Cadmium chloride; Caffeine; Calcium cyclamate; Chloral hydrate; Chloromycetin succinate; Codeine phosphate, Colchicine; Cycloheximide; Cyclophosphamide; DDT; 2,4-Diaminoanisole; Dibutylnitrosamine; 9, 10 Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine; Dimethylnitrosamine; Epinephrine; Ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS); 2-formylamino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole (FANFT); 2-(2-formylhydrazino)-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole (FNT); Glucose, Griseofulvin; Hycanthone methane sulphonate; Hydroxyurea; 5-Iodo-2'-deoxyuridine; Lead acetate; Mechlorethamine; 3-Methylcholanthrene; Methyl mercury acetate; Methyl methane sulfonate (MMS); N-methyl-N-nitro-N'-nitrosoguanidine; Mitomycin C; Monosodium glutamate; 1-Naphthalamine; 2-Naphthalamine; Nitrofurazone; 4-Nitro-O-phenylene diamine; 4-Nitro-quinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO); Phenobarbitone; Procarbazine; Quinacrine dihydrochloride; Radiation (gamma-rays); Sodium chloride; Triethylene thiophosphoramide; Trimethyl phosphate; Tris(2-methyl-1-arizidinyl) phosphine oxide; Urethan; Vinblastine . The results support the concept of multiple assays for mutagenicity and show that some combinations of assays are superior to others.

Arch Toxicol, 1979 Sep, 42(4), 249 - 58
Mutagenicity studies of 4-(2-carboxyethyl) phenyl trans-4-aminomethylcyclohexane carboxylate hydrochloride (DV-1006) . A new antiulcer drug; Shimada H et al.; An antiulcer drug, 4-(2-carboxyethyl) phenyl trans 4-aminomethylcyclohexane carboxylate hydrochloride (DV-1006), was studied for mutagenicity using bacterial systems, in vitro and in vivo cytogenetics, and dominant lethal tests . No mutagenicity of DV-1006 was observed either in the rec-assay on Bacillus subtilis or in the Salmonella/microsome test (Ames test) . In in vitro cytogenetics, DV-1006 had no effects on the chromosomes of chinese hamster cells at cytotoxic doses . Rats were treated singly or on 5 consecutive days orally with dose levels of 16, 160, or 1600 mg DV-1006/kg for detecting cytogenetic effects in vivo . As a result, no increase of the incidence of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells was observed in any group of DV-1006 . A single or 5 daily oral administration of DV-1006 (16 or 1600 mg/kg) to male mice and subsequent mating for 8 weeks produced no dominant lethal mutational effects . These results show that DV-1006 has no mutagenic potential.

Br Heart J, 1979 Sep, 42(3), 353 - 4
Endocarditis caused by Salmonella enteritidis; Gill GV; A case of endocarditis caused by Salmonella enteritidis is reported in a 20-year-old African woman . This is only the fourth published case . The development of this rare infection in the patient reported here probably resulted from a reduction in immunity caused by pregnancy and a past splenectomy.

Nord Vet Med, 1979 Sep, 31(9), 353 - 9
The occurrence of salmonella in waste water from Danish slaughterhouses . A quantitative study; Sogaard H et al.; In waste water from 11 slaughterhouses, the occurrence of salmonellas were followed continually during a whole week . Thirty-eight samples out of 66 were contaminated . The mean concentrations of salmonellas varied between 0.9 and 668 per 100 ml . Only 4 different serotypes were found viz., S . agona, S . indiana, S . senftenberg, and S . typhimurium . This distribution of serotypes is incompatible with epidemiological data from humans, animals, and feed-stuffs . It is suggested that certain serotypes of Salmonella may become established in sewage systems of slaughterhouses or that propagation of salmonellas may take place in the sewer rats . In one particular plant, large numbers of S . senftenberg were found during the whole period of sampling . It is pointed out that discharge of such heavily polluted waste water into water courses may constitute a public health hazard if the recipient is used for irrigation of vegetables or pastures.

Mutat Res, 1979 Sep, 68(1), 79 - 84
Genetic effects of hydralazine; Shaw CR et al.; Hydralazine and its acetone condensation product (ACP) were found to induce base-pair substitution mutations in the Salmonella/microsomal activation test system and to display genetic toxicity in the PolA+/A- test system . Incubation with a rat-liver microsomal fraction did not affect the genetic toxicity of either compound . Other derivatives of hydralazine, including the major metabolite, 3-hydroxy-methyl-s-triazolo-{3,4a}phthalazine, did not yield any evidence of genetic toxicity nor were they metabolically convertible to a toxic product . Therefore, individuals who convert hydralazine to MTP slowly, the "slow acetylators", would be expected to be at risk.

Arch Neurol, 1979 Sep, 36(9), 578 - 80
Salmonella meningitis . Occurrence in an adult; Kauffman CA et al.; Salmonella meningitis is predominantly a disease of infants . An adult patient is described who had meningitis due to S typhimurium following a traumatic fracture of the first lumbar vertebra . A review of previous cases of Salmonella meningitis in adults revealed a predominance of infection due to S typhi prior to 1940 with a variety of other serotypes isolated since then . Only one of nine patients survived prior to the antibiotic era, but three of five patients with Salmonella meningitis since 1940 have survived.

Ann Sclavo, 1979 Sep-Oct, 21(5), 658 - 66
{Salmonella infections in the province of Frosinone in the period 1974-1978}; Cioffi G et al.; 835 isolates for Samonellae have been obtained from more than 32,000 stool cultures carried out on healthy persons living in the Frosinone district during 1974-1978 . The strains typed were 786 and any of more than 37 serotypes have been identified . S . wien showed the highest incidence.

Stain Technol, 1979 Sep, 54(5), 275 - 80
A rapid technique for preparing microorganisms for transmission electron microscopy; Rittenburg JH et al.; A rapid and efficient method of preparing microorganisms for transmission electron microscopy is reported . In developing the method Salmonella, streptococcal, and protozoal specimens were fixed with glutaraldehyde . After fixation cells are collected on a membrane filter, washed with buffer, postfixed with osmium tetroxide, then washed with distilled water and stained en bloc with uranyl acetate . Specimens are dehydrated using a graded series of acetone and then infiltrated with graded mixtures of acetone and Spurr embedding medium . Finally the membrane filter is cut into small pieces and embedded in fresh embedding medium polymerized in polyethylene capsules . By collecting and processing the specimens on membrane filters, numerous centrifugations are eliminated from standard procedures . The use of a low viscosity embedding medium allows for rapid infiltration and embedding of the specimen . Using this technique microbial specimens can be sectioned after less than 4 hours preparation.

Drug Metab Dispos, 1979 Sep-Oct, 7(5), 296 - 300
Production of a dimer of 2-acetylaminofluorene during the sulfation of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene in vitro; Andrews LS et al.; During the sulfation of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (NOH-2AAF) by rat liver 100,000 g supernatant fraction in vitro, an unidentified metabolite is produced which accounts for 22% of the N-OH-2AAF metabolized . This product has been characterized as the 2AAF dimer, 1-(N-2'-fluorenylacetamido-2-acetylaminofluorene) by comparing its TLC, HPLC, UV, and mass spectral properties with a synthetic standard which was prepared from the reaction of N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-AcO-2AAF) with 2AAF . Increasing amounts of 2AAF added to the incubation mixture of N-OH-{acetyl-14C}2AAF and rat liver 100,000 g supernatant fraction decreased the irreversible binding of 14C to protein, and increased the formation of 2AAF dimer proportionately . This suggests that the 2AAF dimer is formed from the reaction of 2AAF and the electrophilic species produced from the sulfated N-OH-2AAF . In the presence of the 9,000 g fraction of rat liver, the dimer of 2AAF was aroximately 1/25 as active as 2AAF in producing mutations in the Salmonella mutagenesis test system.

Science, 1979 Aug 10, 205(4406), 591 - 3
Toxaphene, a complex mixture of polychloroterpenes and a major insecticide, is mutagenic; Hooper NK et al.; Toxaphene, the most widely used chlorinated insecticide, is mutagenic in the Salmonella test without requiring liver homogenate for activity . This insecticide is a complex mixture (more than 177 polychloroterpenes) with carcinogenic activity in rodents . Some but not all of the mutagenic components are easily separated from the insecticidal ingredients.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1979 Aug-Sep, 130B(2), 191 - 5
{Supplement No XXII (1978) to Kauffmann-White scheme (author's transl)}; Le Minor L et al.; In this supplement are given the characters of 40 new Salmonella serotypes recognized in 1978 by WHO collaborating Centre for reference and research on Salmonella: 29 belong to the sub-genus I, 3 to the sub-genus II and 8 to the sub-genus III . Biochemical and antigenic variants of already known serotypes are described . A new H factor (Z63) is recognized.

J Urol, 1979 Aug, 122(2), 267 - 8
Salmonella virchow testicular abscess; Ackley A et al.; During the summer of 1977 an epidemic of salmonellosis traced to precooked, prepackaged roast beef occurred in the Northeastern United States . A case is reported of a testicular abscess, a rare manifestation of salmonellosis, in an adolescent boy who had a recent history of ingesting such roast beef . The type of Salmonella recovered from the patient was the same as a type in the epidemic.

J Bacteriol, 1979 Aug, 139(2), 369 - 75
Plasmids and transposable elements in Salmonella wien; Maimone F et al.; The plasmids from six clinical strains of Salmonella wien have been characterized . All the S . wien strains were found to carry three types of plasmids: an IncFI R-Tc Cm Km Ap (resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, and ampicillin) plasmid, either conjugative or nonconjugative, of large size (90 to 100 megadaltons); an R-Ap Su Sm (resistance to ampicillin, sulfonamide, and streptomycin) plasmid of 9 megadaltons; and a very small (1.4 megadaltons) cryptic plasmid . The characteristics of conjugative R plasmids, recombinant between F'lac pro and the FI nonconjugative plasmid, indicated that regions coding for the donor phenotype were present on this plasmid . The molecular and genetic features of the R plasmids were very close to those described for the R plasmids isolated from S . wien strains of different origin . This fact supported the hypothesis of a clonal distribution of this serotype in Algeria and Europe . The analysis used to identify transposable elements showed the presence of only TnA elements, which were located on both the R-Tc Cm Km Ap and R-Ap Su Sm plasmids . They contained the structural gene for a TEM-type beta-lactamase and had translocation properties analogous to those reported for other TnA's.

J Hyg (Lond), 1979 Aug, 83(1), 27 - 32
Cross-contamination during the preparation of frozen chickens in the kitchen; de Wit JC et al.; A study was made of the extent to which frozen broilers, contaminated with indicator organisms, can cause cross-contamination in the kitchen . In 60 kitchens a number of relevant objects were sampled during the preparation of contaminated frozen broilers . The results show that cross-contamination occurred in a high proportion of the kitchens examined . In many instances the indicator organism was still present on various objects even after rinsing, 'clearing' or washing up . In view of the possible risk of a cross-contamination with Salmonella spp . the importance of instructing food preparers is emphasized . No salmonellas could be found in the sinks of the 60 kitchens examined.

J Cell Biol, 1979 Aug, 82(2), 555 - 64
Detection of gap junctions between the progeny of a canine macrophage colony-forming cell in vitro; Porvaznik M et al.; An in vitro monocyte-macrophage colony-forming cell (M-CFC) has been detected in canine bone marrow (BM) . The colonies derived from these progenitor cells were similar to murine-derived M-CFC (MacVittie and Porvaznik, 1978, J . Cell Physiol . 97:305--314) colonies, since they showed a singular macrophage line of differentiation, a lag of 14--16 days before initiating colony formation, and they survived significantly longer in culture in the absence of colony-stimulating factor (CSF) than granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (GM-CFC) . Endotoxin (Salmonella typhosa lipopolysaccharide W)-stimulated dog serum was used as the CSF (7% vol/vol) . Canine-derived M-CFC progeny were identified as macrophages on the basis of morphology, phagocytosis, and the presence of Fc receptors for IgG . Gap junctions were observed only in canine BM, M-CFC-derived colonies using freeze-fracture and lanthanum tracer techniques . They were not observed in any GM-CFC-derived colonies . The number of gap junctions observed in freeze-fracture replicas of BM, M-CFC-derived colonies (21 colonies from three different dogs) showed a significantly positive correlation (Kendall's tau = 0.70, P less than 0.001) with the size of the colony fracture plane area . Gap junctions were observed displaying hexagonal lattices of 9.3 nm +/- 0.08 (SE) particles with a center-to-center spacing of 10.4 nm +/- 1.0 (SE) on membrane P-fracture faces . On membrane E-fracture faces, highly ordered arrays of pits with 8.7 nm +/- 0.12 (SE) center-to-center spacing were observed . Arrays of both particles and pits were also observed in fracture-face breakthroughs within a gap junction . Thus, gap junctions can form in vitro between the cells of macrophage progeny of a canine M-CFC under appropriate growth conditions . The significance of this observation is that there may be a structural basis for cell-to-cell collaboration between BM macrophages and other capable cells that either pass into the tissue for modification or develop there into mature cell forms.

Infect Immun, 1979 Aug, 25(2), 664 - 71
Action of bacterial endotoxin and lipid A on mitochondrial enzyme activities of cells in culture and subcellular fractions; McGivney A et al.; Escherichia coli O127:B8 lipopolysaccharide (LPS), prepared by the Westphal procedure, caused a marked decrease in the activities of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, and adenylate kinase in African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells and primary cultures of mouse liver cells within 2 h after exposure to 10 micrograms of LPS/ml of culture medium . These three enzyme activities leaked into the supernatant fraction, and cytochrome oxidase activity was lost from the mouse liver mitochondrial particulate fraction within 45 min after exposure to 10 micrograms of LPS/mg of protein . Loss malate dehydrogenase activity from isolated mitochondria was also accelerated by LPS from E . coli O26:B6 (Boivin preparation) or Salmonella typhosa O901 (Westphal preparation), and by lipid A from Salmonella minnesota or Shigella sonnei . In addition, LPS and lipid A inhibited state 3 respiration by isolated mitochondria with attendant loss of respiratory control, but adenosine 5'-diphosphate/O ratios were relatively unchanged . Impaired mitochondrial function is an early event after exposure to biologically relevant amounts of LPS or lipid A.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Aug, (8), 26 - 31
{Erythrocyte diagnostica made from salmonellal phagolysates}; Kandelaki NE et al.; For the first time O antigens obtained from phagolysates were proved to be suitable for use as material for the production of highly specific erythrocyte diagnostic preparations . O antigens obtained from Salmonella by two methods, i.e . phage disintegration and Grasset's method, were subjected to comparative chemical analysis and found to have no essential difference . Nevertheless, the sensitizing potency of O antigens obtained from phagolysates were experimentally shown to be 3 times greater than that of O antigens obtained by Grasset's method . The optimum sensitizing doses established in the passive hemagglutination test for O antigens obtained by both methods indicated that these antigens were highly sensitive and specific.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1979 Aug-Sep, 130B(2), 197 - 204
{Compared survival of "Escherichia coli" and "Salmonella typhi-murium" in cold water (author's transl)}; Gosselin FM et al.; The survival rates of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi-murium in water are studied at 4, 10 and 20 degrees C and pH 6 and 8, either separately or in mixed culture at four different ratios . S . typhi-murium's survival rate is enhanced at pH 6 and low water temperature . The value of traditional microbiological indicators in assessed in cold water conditions.

Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1979 Jul 31, 58(3), 224 - 33
{Antibiotic resistance transmissible in "minor" Salmonella strains recently isolated in the Piedmont region}; Gaffodio AM et al.; The presence of R factors in one hundred (100 strains of Salmonella, recently isolated in Piedmont Region, has been investigated . The resistance to 9 antibiotics has been determined for these strains . 83 proved resistant to one or more antibiotics and in particular 57 of these proved to be multiresistant . Only 18 R factors were put in evidence, 13 of these belonging to Salmonella wien . The majority of the R factors found were present in strains of Salmonella isolated from healthy carriers.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1979 Jul 1, 175(1), 69 - 71
Atypical salmonellosis in horses: fever and depression without diarrhea; Smith BP; Salmonellosis in horses may result in fever, anorexia, and depression without concurrent diarrhea or other obvious gastrointestinal abnormalities and should be considered in cases of fever of unknown origin . The syndrome also is characterized by neutropenia, usually with a left shift, and growth of small numbers of salmonella from feces cultured in selenite enrichment broth . Repeated culturing may be necessary to isolate the organism . All six affected horses of this report recovered in 3 to 7 days without specific therapy.

Rev Infect Dis, 1979 Jul-Aug, 1(4), 600 - 6
Are we ready for a National Salmonella Control Program?
Purchase HG.
Control of contamination of meat and poultry with Salmonella is difficult because of the complexity of the paths of transmission of the organism, the large number of sources of the organism, and the large number of persons, groups, and agencies involved in the production of animal feed and food and in the regulation of these industries . Furthermore, there is a gap between the basic technology available to destroy or prevent contamination with Salmonella and the technology available that is acceptable, inexpensive, and applicable on a large scale . Support of research for the development of new technology amounts only to about $2.7 million . There are programs for the control of Salmonella in certain feeds and in the production, processing, further processing, and cooking of food . With current technology, an eradication program would likely cost far more to the consumer than could be justified by the benefits the consumer would derive from such eradication . Nevertheless, practical control of salmonella contamination can be achieved through progressive application of new technology developed through research.

Med Trop (Mars), 1979 Jul-Aug, 39(4), 415 - 24
{Typhoid fever in Vietnam . I . Bacteriological study (607 Salmonella strains isolated from 1961 to 1975 at the Grall Hospital of Saigon)}; Ricosse JH et al.; From 1961 to 1975, researches on salmonellosis have been carried out in Hospital Grall, in Saigon, mainly during two periods (1961-1964, then 1971-1975) . 607 strains of Salmonella have been isolated for these 15 years (558 S . typhi and 49 Salmonella, among several other serotypes) . As typhoid fever is most important, the authors have studied this disease very carefully . The most efficacious technique of isolating is hemoculture . With coproculture, the results are disappointing . Scarcely, some strains have been found in samples of various origins . Indirect diagnosis methods are less interesting . They may induce only a presumptive diagnosis . S . typhi is always predominant : 86,5 p . 100 from 1961 to 1964 and 96,1 p . 100 from 1972 to 1975 . Diffusion of this germ during the second period is linked to the occurring of resistance to chloramphenicol . Some other serotypes are observed scarcely . The lysotypes have been determined for almost all the strains (202, then 323, during the two phases of this study) . From 172 to 1975, 24 different lysotypes have been found . Lysotype I + IV is predominant (59 p . 100), but the incidence of D 6 and of 46 (6,8 p . 100) is somewhat high, if it is compared to the others . Lysotype 46 has been observed only since 1971 . It has been spreading up to now in South East Asia . Stretching of this lysotype, out of its original focus, is an important epidemiological character . In 1972, resistance of S . typhi to chloramphenicol appeared and it has been increasing mostly during the following years . From 1972 to 1975, 211 strains on 288 were found resistant (highest point in 1975 : 85,4 p . 100) . It was a multiresistance to 4 antibiotics (antibiotype : CTSSu) . This pehnomenon of plasmidic resistance was investigated in Institut Pasteur (Paris) . Many lysotypes have been involved in resistance (14 among 24) . Clinical study has been realized for 189 patients . During the typical period of the disease, fever is the major symptom . More scarcely, other clinical features are observed . Various complications have been related . The evolution of the disease has been generally satisfactory, as far as mortality (less than 2 p . 100), sequelae (1 p . 100) and relapses (2 p . 100) are concerned . Clinical course has not been modified by resistance of the germs.

Med Trop (Mars), 1979 Jul-Aug, 39(4), 369 - 79
{Salmonellosis in Dakar: bacteriological, clinical, epidemiological and therapeutic aspects . Ten years records (author's transl)}; Lafaix C et al.; A study on salmonellosis in Senegal has been carried out in Dakar at the University Hospital of Fann from 1966 to 1976 . The authors describe the various methods of isolating the germs (mainly hemoculture and coproculture) and the techniques used for bacteriological research (antibiograms, tests on plasmidic resistance) . The results of these investigations, which took the whole of 10 years, are presented below, in accordance with their different aspects: - bacteriological: 1 335 strains of Salmonella have been isolated . Significantly, S . typhi is predominant (56,6 p . 100) . But 7 serotypes represent 90 p . 100 of the total strains which are now in existence in Dakar; - clinical: the aspects of these diseases vary: typhoid fever, encephalitis, diarrheic syndrome, especially among infants, and purulent meningitis, which is generally severe; - therapeutic: 880 strains have been tested with 10 antibiotics . Two groups of Salmonella serotypes are opposed: those which are sensitive (S . typhi, S . typhi murium, S . enteritidis, S . paratyphi C), those which have become resistant (S . stanleyville, S . havana, S . ordonez) . The most frequent antibiotype of this kind is ASKCTSu . This is a phenomenon of plasmidic resistance, demonstrated by in vitro experiments; - epidemiological: the lysotypes of 86 strains have been determined . Two epidemiological features must be described: either a stable endemic situation with sensitive strains - or epidemics, lasting several years, with resistant serotypes . Different therapeutic schemes can be used: chloramphenicol for typhoid fever, or sometimes cotrimoxazole, or ampicillin for meningitis . In diarrheic syndrome, symptomatic treatment is enough . Then, the authors give their comments on the special characteristics of salmonellosis in Dakar: - the influence of environment on the various clinical aspects of these diseases: very serious cases of meningitis, typhoid fever, which is more severe than in France, and complications when treatment has gone wrong at the beginning; - antibiograms, which are essential, in order to choose the adequate therapeutics; - and the different aspects of epidemillogy, which are linked to the sensitivity of the serotypes to the most active antibiotics . The existence of several resistant serotypes in Senegal is a real danger: plasmidic resistance could be transferred to S . typhi . In such a situation, epidemiological surveillance of salmonellosis is absolutely necessary, and control of enteric diseases, characterized by foecal transmission, must be carried out, with the techniques available in the country.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1979 Jul, 130B(1), 21 - 8
Experimental Salmonella abortus ovis infection of normal or primo-infected CD1 mice; Pardon P et al.; CD1 mice were inoculated intravenously or subcutaneously with sublethal doses of Salmonella abortus ovis . Kinetic studies demonstrate the invasion and multiplication potentiality of these bacteria in normal mice . Primo-infected mice challenged subcutaneously into a hind footpad manifest an increased capacity to withstand the dissemination of the challenge bacteria from the inoculated region and to control the bacterial population in the draining lymph node and in the spleen.

Res Vet Sci, 1979 Jul, 27(1), 125 - 6
A survey of the aerobic bacteria in the droppings of captive birds of prey; Needham JR et al.; Fresh droppings were collected from six species of bird of prey (Falconiformes and Strigiformes) . Bacteriological examination revealed that the birds' digestive systems were colonised by bacteria found widely in other species of animals . Throughout the survey no Salmonella species were isolated.

Immunology, 1979 Jul, 37(3), 609 - 13
Effect of Ascaris suum and other adjuvants on the potentiation of the IgE response in guinea-pigs; Marretta J et al.; The potentiation effect of various adjuvants on the production of guinea-pig IgE was investigated using Freund's complete and incomplete adjuvant, the lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhosa, Bordetella pertussis, and the nematodes Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Ascaris suum . While all the antigens had a variable effect on the potential of the IgG response, only infection with A . suum resulted in an enhanced IgE response to the antigen, egg albumin . Maximum potentiation occurred when primary immunization and nematode infection were accomplished simultaneously.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Jul, 38(1), 162 - 3
Modified lysine iron agar for isolation of Salmonella from food; Rappold H et al.; Lysine iron agar, modified by the addition of bile salts, novobiocin, lactose, and sucrose, is a valuable plating medium for the isolation of Salmonella, including H2S-negative strains.

Med Trop (Mars), 1979 Jul-Aug, 39(4), 381 - 94
{Current aspects of human salmonellosis in Upper Volta . Study carried out at Centre Muraz (Bobo-Dioulasso) from 1966 to 1977: isolation of 1,013 Salmonella strains}; Ricosse JH et al.; In a long term research programme of Centre Muraz a study on salmonellosis in Upper Volta has been carried out, at Bobo-Dioulasso, from 1966 to 1977 . Investigations have been executed at Centre Muraz, at Bobo-Dioulasso hospital and at Ouagadougou hospital . All the strains of Salmonella were collected at Centre Muraz by biology laboratory, which is a reference service for Upper Volta . This country is include; among the 32 countries which collaborate with W.H.O . and are involved in the world epidemiological surveillance of salmonellosis . For twelve years, 1.013 Samonella strains have been isolated : 1.002 from man and only 11 from animals . The study, which is presented, deals with human salmonellosis . These diseases have been considered from several points of view : bacteriology, clinic, treatment and epidemiology . The various origins of these strains have been specified . The different technics used for diagnosis are discussed briefly : hemoculture (for typhoid fever and few other types of salmonellosis), coproculture (for "minor" salmonellosis) are the most common and useful methods . Among the 1.013 which have been found, S . typhi is highly predominant (67 p . 100) . In the other hand, S . dublin and S . typhi murium play an important role in the various serotypes which occured . A total of 76 serotypes, already known elsewhere, but found for the first time in Upper Volta, have been observed . Three new serotypes have been described : S . bobo, S . kua and S . farakan . As far as clinical problem is concerned, two main aspects are frequent : either typhoid fever syndrome (caused by S . typhi and, scarcely, by other germs, like S . dublin) or gastrointestinal infections, which present different forms and are more or less severe . Up to now, one single strain of S . typhi murium, suspected to be resistant to chloramphenicol has been isolated in 1977 . Such a problem would need more complete research in a reference centre . Otherwise, no epidemic multiresistance has been observed . Checking strictly all the strains by systematic antibiograms is now absolutly essential in the plan of a steady epidemiological surveillance.

Genetics, 1979 Jul, 92(3), 685 - 710
Regional specificity of illegitimate recombination by the translocatable ampicillin-resistance element Tn1 in the genome of phage P22; Weinstock GM et al.; Insertions of the translocatable ampicillin-resistance element Tn1 were selected in the genome of the temperate Salmonella phage P22 by growing the phage on hosts carrying the resistance plasmid RP4 . Insertions of Tn1 into phage P22 are rare (10(-10) per phage) and nonrandomly distributed in the P22 genome . They are found mainly in the vicinity of the P22 ant gene . Insertions within the ant gene are found at many (at least 15) genetically separable sites, are found equally frequently in both orientations and cause irreversible loss of gene function . Some insertions in ant appear to be associated with an adjecent deletion . Prophage deletions were derived from P22::Tn1 phages by two methods . Low multiplicity transductants have nonrandomly distributed endpoints . One end is at or very near the site of the Tn1 insertion, and the other is in the vicinity of gene 12; however, there are many genetically distinguishable endpoints within gene 12 . Prophage deletions selected as survivors of induction of a P22Ap mnt-ts lysogen have similarly nonrandom endpoints, with the Tn1-distal end frequently near the ant gene, as well as gene 12 . Physical analysis of several prophage deletions suggests that the Tn1 is intact to the resolution of DNA electron microscopy and that the deletions begin at the end of the Tn1 insertion . These results suggest that illegitimate recombination associated with Tn1 shows regional specificity (i.e., preference for some large areas of the P22 genome over other areas), but that within these regions is quite nonspecific.

Pflugers Arch, 1979 Jul, 381(1), 35 - 8
Fever and survival in the rat . The effect of enhancing fever; Banet M; To study the effect of fever on infectious disease in a mammal, rats, partially restrained by an antirotatory device and with chronically implanted preoptic thermodes, were injected with Salmonella enteritidis and, in some of them, the hypothalamus was then continuously cooled to enhance the febrile response . All animals developed a fever that peaked 2 days after the infection, reaching 40.9 +/- 0.2 (SD) degrees C in the nine hypothalamic cooled and only 39.8 +/- 0.4 degrees C in the 13 control animals (P less than 0.001) . All the hypothalamic cooled animals died within 8 days of infection, whereas only 23% of the controls had died after 28 days of infection (P = 0.0006) . When the hypothalamus was continuously cooled in five uninfected animals, rectal temperature increased to 40.9 +/- 0.3 degrees C but 24 h later it had decreased to 39.6 +/- 0.3 (P less than 0.025) . This decrease in body temperature suggests that the hypothalamic thermosensors had partially lost their effectiveness . It is concluded that cooling the hypothalamus increases the mortality rate in rats infected with S . enteritidis and that this effect could be mediated by the high body temperature or by the concomitant metabolic and endocrine responses thus induced.

Cancer Res, 1979 Jul, 39(7 Pt 1), 2768 - 71
Protective effect of oral Salmonella enteritidis 11RX infection against colon tumor induction by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in mice; Ashman LK et al.; Infection of mice with Salmonella enteritidis 11RX has been shown previously to cause nonspecific immune stimulation and, consequently, resistance to subsequent challenge with a variety of transplantable tumors . The present study has examined the effect of infection with this organism in a chemical carcinogenesis system . Colonic tumors were induced in LACA and BALB/c x C57BL/6JF1 mice by weekly s.c . injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (15 mg/kg) for 28 weeks . Infection of mice p.o . with live S . enteritidis 11RX at 8-week intervals during 1,2-dimethylhydrazine administration protected both strains against colon tumorigenesis . Significantly fewer infected than control BALB/c x C57BL/6JF1 mice had colonic tumors at or before termination of the experiment (34 or 40 weeks) (p less than 0.001 in all cases) . Comparable results were obtained with both male and female mice . The difference in tumor incidence between control and infected LACA mice was not statistically significant, however; the number and size of the lesions was greater in control mice (p less than 0.02) . Although it has not been proven that the protective effect is mediated by the immune system, the results are consistent with the operation of a macrophage-mediated surveillance system . It is suggested that enteric infections should be considered as a possible contributing factor in the epidemiology of human colonic cancer.

Cancer Res, 1979 Jul, 39(7 Pt 2), 2863 - 86
Alcohol-related diseases and carcinogenesis; Lieber CS et al.; Possible mechanisms whereby alcohol abuse and alcohol-related diseases may promote the development of cancer are analyzed . The mechanisms discussed include: (a) contact-related local effects on the upper gastrointestinal tract; (b) the presence of low levels of carcinogens in alcoholic beverages; (c) induction of microsomal enzymes involved in carcinogen metabolism; (d) various types of cellular injury produced by ethanol and its metabolites and their relationship to cancer, particularly in the liver; (e) the nutritional disturbances frequently associated with alcohol abuse . The relationship between alcohol-induced cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma is also discussed, and case histories of patients seen at the Bronx Veterans Administration Medical Center with hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of cirrhosis are reviewed . Data are presented demonstrating the induction, by chronic ethanol consumption, of microsomal enzymes which convert procarcinogens to carcinogens . These data were derived from experiments in which the ability of microsomes isolated from liver, intestine, and lung tissues of ethanol-fed and control rats to activate several test carcinogens was examined in the Ames Salmonella-mutagenicity test . The hypothesis is presented that ethanol-mediated induction of enzyme systems which activate procarcinogens to carcinogens in various tissues contributes to the enhanced incidence of cancer in the alcoholic.

Infect Immun, 1979 Jul, 25(1), 27 - 33
Intestinal and serum antibody responses in mice after oral immunization with Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella-Escherichia coli hybrid strains; Hohmann A et al.; After oral feeding of mice with avirulent Salmonella, Escherichia coli, or hybrid strains, only certain bacterial strains were able to multiply and persist within the small intestinal Peyer's patches . After oral vaccination alone, or oral priming and subsequent parenteral boosting, antibody class and titers were detected, using a radioimmunoassay on serum and intestinal fluid or a plaque-forming cell assay on spleens . Only those strains that persisted in the Peyer's patches stimulated the production of serum and intestinal immunoglobulin A antibodies against their respective O antigens . Nonpersistent strains were weakly immunogenic, and antibodies, when present, were largely non-immunoglobulin A and confined to the serum.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1979 Jul, 130B(1), 29 - 31
The O antigenic relationships of Kloeckera africana, Salmonella aberdeen and Escherichia coli O75; Aksoycan N et al.; The immune sera for Salmonella aberdeen (O11) and Escherichia coli (O75) agglutinated Kloeckera africana strain . The immune serum for K . africana agglutinated S . aberdeen (O11) and E . coli (O75) strains . Absorption and agglutination cross-tests demonstrated common antigenic factor(s) in the tested yeast and Salmonella O11 and E . coli O75 antigens.

Aust Vet J, 1979 Jun, 55(6), 275 - 7
The role of equipment that has direct contact with the carcase in the spread of Salmonella in a beef abattoir; Smeltzer TI et al.; Counts of Salmonella were performed by the most probable number technique on 16 articles of abattoir equipment having direct contact with the carcase . Forty samples were collected from each article over 21 months . The contamination rate of these articles with salmonellae varied from nil % for a saw used to quarter the sides to 47.5% for stainless steel tables and hooks . Mesh gloves were also highly contaminated, salmonellae being isolated from 32.5% of gloves on the slaughter floor and 40% of those in the boning room . Salmonella counts ranged from 1.0 to 3,663 organisms per article . Mesh gloves, cutting boards and stainless steel tables were found to have counts that were at times greater than 1,000 salmonellae per article.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Jun, 244(1), 39 - 44
{Four new Salmonella species and three serological variants of subgenus III (Arizona) (author's transl)}; Aleksic S et al.; Four new strains of Salmonella and three serological variants described in this paper were isolated from free living snakes (Vipera berus L . and Natrix natrix L.) of Northern Germany . All strains belong to the subgenus III of the genus Salmonella . For the first time a representative of subgenus III in the Salmonella group M with the serological formula S . arizonae 28:Z10:Z57 was isolated . 1) S . (6),14:1,v:z (Ar . 7 a,7c:23-31) 2) S . 17:Z10:e,n,X,Z15:Z56 (Ar . 12:27-28-38) 3) S . 21:1,v:Z57 (Ar . 22:23-40a,40c) 4) S . 28:Z10:Z57 (Ar . 35:27-40a,40c) 5) S . 38:(k):Z35:Z56 (Ar . 16:22-21-38) 6) S . 43:1,v:Z56 (Ar . 21:23-38) 7) S . 50:Z10:Z:Z56 (Ar . 9a,9c:27-31-38)

Acta Zool Pathol Antverp, 1979 Jun, (72), 19 - 34
{Methods of identifying carcinogenic factors in medication, food and cosmetics}; Griciute L; The removal of carconogenic factors would be a most efficient measure to prevent cancer . As far as known chemicals are concerned, every effort is made to avert them, or at least to reduce the exposure to such compounds, but is necessary to detect unknown chemicals, especially those, drugs and foodstuffs for example, to which large populations are exposed . Giving suspected chemicals to laboratory animals is a standard carcinogenicity test . Studies of the carcinogenicity of unknown chemicals in animals are time consuming, expensive and cumbersome . This is why other means of establishing carcinogenicity are sought for . Several rapid tests are available to-day to select suspected carcinogens . These methods aim primarily at determining with chemicals--at the cell or tissue level--certain changes that would appear essential to trigger the carcinogenic process, such as somatic mutations . Studies are used on the mutagenicity of chemicals for bacteria of the Salmonella type, for yeast and cultured mammalian cells, together with the induction of recessive lethal mutations in Drosophila and of the unscheduled repair synthesis of DNA and the transformation of mammalian cells in vitro . Although there is an unequivocal correlation between the activity of chemicals in such tests and their carcinogenicity, discrepancies are found . Thus, the in vivo tests on laboratory animals remain the most reliable method to determine carcinogenicity . Whereas direct extrapolation of experimental data to human pathology is impossible, the experimental evidence of the carcinogenicity of any chemical should allow us to draw constructive conclusions . We shall never be able to reject drugs which produce the expected results and cannot be replaced by other drugs . But we can must the drugs whose beneficial effects are not exceptional and which can be replaced by other chemicals . As for the chemicals used in food additives and cosmetics, and recognized as carcinogenic in animals, they should be totally given up . Any decision made should be based on animal studies.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Jun, 243(4), 450 - 6
Antibiotic resistance of salmonellae in Czechoslovakia -- situation and prospects; Stepankova E et al.; Antibiotic resistance of non-typhoid Salmonellae is in Czechoslovakia continuously monitored by a computer and its transferability is studied, on an all-nation level, within the Federal Plan of Scientific Investigation and Development . Restance and its transferability was surveyed in strains of Salmonella from humans, from farm animals, from the food chain as well as from surface and waste waters . Proportion of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella strains did not, in general, increase during the four-year period of 1973 to 1977 . While resistant strains from humans as well as farm animals show a high degree of transferability, strains from food samples lack, in general, the transfer ability . This might be inferred that strains causing human salmonellosis which are carried to man trough foodchain, gain their character of transferability directly in the gut, i.e . from E . coli strains, and mainly due to presence of therapeutically given antibiotics.

Am J Med Technol, 1979 Jun, 45(6), 539 - 42
C3b receptors in normal human tissues; Naylor BJ et al.; Normal human kidney, lung, liver, heart, skin, thymus, spleen, lymph node, pancreas, and choroid plexus were reacted with a C3b-coated particle (fluoresceinated Salmonella typhi) to determine if these tissues contained C3b receptor cells . Clusters of these cells were identified in the spleen, lymph nodes, and in the renal glomeruli . All other studied tissues demonstrated a minimal homogeneous deposition of the indicator bacteria throughout the entire aspect of the tissue . Deposition of the indicator bacteria on the tissues was abrogated when the bacteria were prepared with heat inactivated serum as a source of complement.

Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1979 Jun, 127(6), 415 - 7
{Salmonella-meningitis in the newborn (author's transl)}; Jentsch HJ et al.; Six children, out of twelve in a neonatal unit suffered from group D salmonellosis . Two patients presented in addition to intestinal manifestations massive extraintestinal symptoms, both with septicemia and meningitis . One patient died on the fourth day from massive disseminated intravascular coagulation and pyocephalus . The other patient had a complete recovery after an antibiotic therapy with chloramphenicol and ampicillin . As the source of infection the mother of case 1 was identified . In her stools salmonella group D were cultured . Cultures of the ward-personals, stool and the food were negative . It should be mentioned that only children fed with artificial food suffered from salmonellosis; whereas children on breastmilk had an unremarkable clinical course and consistantly negative stoolcultures.

Antibiotiki, 1979 Jun, 24(6), 465 - 9
{Structure of salmonellal transmissive resistance to antibiotics}; Gridnev VA et al.; The structure of transmissive resistance to antibiotics was studied in 1260 Salmonella strains of 57 serotypes and R-plasmid resistance was found in the representatives of 13 (31.6 per cent) serotypes . The transmissive resistance correlated with multiple resistance to 4--10 antibiotics . The rate of occurrence of the transmissive R-plasmids was markedly higher in the bipathogenic serotypes . The structure of the R-plasmid resistance was most pronounced and diverse in S . typhimurium . It was usually revealed simultaneously with registration of the hospital infection . The plasmid with the determinants of resistance to erythromycin and benzylpenicillin was found only in this serotype . The nature of resistance and spectrum of transmissive resistance to antibiotics in Salmonella may serve as an additional epidemiological feature of the strains.

Fed Proc, 1979 Jun, 38(7), 2129 - 33
Dietary influences on resistance to Salmonella infection in chicks; Hill CH; Studies on the influence of nutritional factors on the resistance of chicks to Salmonella gallinarum have been reviewed . Increased dietary protein decreased the resistance of chicks to this infection although resistance to Escherichia coli infections was not appreciably affected . The administration of high levels of iron, particularly when accompanied by a chelating agent such as EDTA, resulted in increased resistance to this infection . The additional iron resulted in the prevention of the transient hypoferremia and anemia during the course of the disease . Fewer viable S . gallinarum were present in the blood, liver, and spleen in the presence of increased dietary or injected iron . Cadmium added to the diet at a nontoxic level also enhanced resistance to this infection.

Cancer Res, 1979 Jun, 39(6 Pt 1), 2155 - 9
Ozonation of mutagenic and carcinogenic alkylating agents, pesticides, aflatoxin B1, and benzidine in water; Caulfield MJ et al.; The effect of ozonation on the mutagenicity of selected chemicals in water was determined . The use of the Salmonella-microsome assay for mutagensis allowed kinetic studies to be performed on the ozonation of all chemicals tested . The results indicate that the mutagenicity of certain pesticides, including captan and Dexon, was inactivated by short periods of ozonation . The mutagenicity of certain alkylating agents including bis(2-chloroethyl)amine and sodium azide was rapidly inactivated by ozonation while other alkylating agents such as beta-propiolactone, propanesultone, and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine were unaffected by treatment with ozone . The mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 was rapidly inactivated by treatment with ozone . Three chemicals were shown to be converted to direct mutagens by ozone treatment . Under certain conditions, dimethylhydrazine could be converted to a mutagen that was stable for 3 weeks . A similar chemical, 2-hydroxyethylhydrazine, was converted to an unstable mutagen that was inactive after 24 hr at room temperature . When benzidine was treated with ozone, there was a transient increase in mutagenicity which was lost after longer treatment with ozone.

Quad Sclavo Diagn, 1979 Jun, 15 Suppl 1, 679 - 84
{The incidence and variation of transferable antibiotic-resistance in Salmonella strains isolated in Modena in the years 1975-1977 (author's transl)}; Manicardi G et al.; The antibiotic-resistance of 450 strains of Salmonella isolated by the Microbiology Unit of the hospital of Modena during the years 1975-1977 was examined . During the study, the following antibiotics were assayed: ampicillin, kanamycine, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, tobramycin, gentamicin and nalidixic acid . The transfer capacity of antibiotic-resistance was measured by the double conjugation of E . coli K-12 . During the period studied, a remarkable reduction was noted in those strains with multiple resistance (3 or more elements) decreasing from 72.9% in 1975 to 23.5% in 1977 . These phenomena are due to the decrease of the serum-type wien during the years under study . Antibiotic-resistance demonstrated itself most frequently to streptomycin and tetracycline; and chloramphenicol-resistance showed the highest transfer capacity (97.2%).

J Gen Virol, 1979 Jun, 43(3), 503 - 11
Salmonella phage glycanases: substrate specificity of the phage P22 endo-rhamnosidase; Eriksson U et al.; Interaction between phage P22 and phenol-water extracted lipopolysaccharides from sensitive Salmonella bacteria belonging to serogroups A, B and Di results in hydrolysis of the alpha-L-rhamnosyl linkages within the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the O-antigenic polysaccharide chain . These O-antigens have identical structures except for the nature of the 3,6-dideoxy-hexosyl group linked to O-3 of the D-mannosyl residue . Removal of the dideoxysugar, or periodate oxidation followed by borohydride reduction of the L-rhamnosyl residue made the O chain resistant to the endo-rhamnosidase . Substitution of the D-galactosyl residue at O-4, but not at O-6, with an alpha-D-glucosyl group was compatible with hydrolysis . A number of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Shigella flexneri lipo- or capsular polysaccharides containing chain L-rhamnosyl residues were tested but none was sensitive to the P22 endo-rhamnosidase . The substrate specificity of the endo-rhamnosidase parallels the lytic specificity of the phage which suggests that the initial step in phage P22 infection is a P22 tail enzyme O-antigen substrate interaction . The main product of the hydrolysate was octa-, dodeca- and hexadecasaccharides . Treatment of phage FO resistant smooth strains of S . typhimurium with P22 tails removed O polysaccharide chains and made previously 'hidden' FO receptors accessible to the phage.

Am J Vet Res, 1979 Jun, 40(6), 849 - 51
Transmissible antibiotic resistance in Salmonella isolated from random-source cats purchased for use in research; Beaucage CM et al.; Salmonella isolates from random-source cats designated for use in research were examined for antibiotic susceptibilities and the presence of plasmids containing R factors . The serotypes studied were Salmonella derby, S typhimurium, S anatum, S enteritidis, and S bredeney . Eighty percent of the isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics . The greatest frequency of resistance was to streptomycin . The majority of the salmonella isolates transferred all or a part of their antibiotic resistance to an Escherichia coli K-12 recipient . Thermosensitive R factors were found in two S typhimurium isolates.

Mutat Res, 1979 Jun, 67(2), 123 - 31
Mutagenicity of aminophenyl and nitrophenyl ethers, sulfides, and disulfides; LaVoie E et al.; The mutagenic activity of several aromatic amines and aromatic nitro compounds related to 4,4'-methylenedianiline towards Salmonella typhymurium tester strains TA100 and TA98 was evaluated . The heteroatomic analogs of 4,4'-methylenedianiline which include aminophenyl and nitrophenyl ethers, sulfides and disulfides were assayed in the presence of rat-liver homogenate . The relative mutagenic response of these analogs indicated the following order of activity, --S-- greater than --O-- greater than --CH2--CH2-- greater than or equal to --S--S-- . In both tester strains 4-aminophenylsulfone was inactive with and without microsomal activation . The p-nitrophenyl ethers, sulfides and disulfides were relatively strong mutagens without microsomal activation towards TA100 . While 4-nitrophenyldisulfide was found to possess significantly different mutagenic activity than 4-nitrothiophenol in TA98, 4-AMINOPHENYl disulfide has similar mutagenic properties to 4-aminothiophenol in both tester straains TA100 and TA98.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Jun, 243(4), 457 - 64
Studies on a receptor for pyocin in a R mutant of Salmonella minnesota; Kramer J et al.; Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from the pyocin sensitive R form strain of Salmonella minnesota F6 (chemotype Rd1) inhibited the activity of bacteriophage tail-like pyocin P1 whereas no inhibition occurred with LPS prepared from the pyocin resistant S form of S . minnesota . Subunits of lipopolysaccharide obtained by treatment with sodium deoxycholate and the polysaccharide fraction of the lipopolysaccharide obtained by acid hydrolysis were shown to be still active whereas lipid A fraction had no pyocin neutralizing activity . The (KDO)3-hepI-hepII unit, which terminates the lipopolysaccharide of S . minnesota F6 was, therefore, suggested to determine the specificity of the pyocin P1 receptor.

Cancer Res, 1979 Jun, 39(6 Pt 1), 2149 - 54
Ozonation of mutagenic and carcinogenic polyaromatic amines and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in water; Burleson GR et al.; The Salmonella-microsome assay for mutagenesis was used to determine the effect of ozone on the mutagenesis of selected carcinogens and mutagens in water . Short periods of ozonation were shown to completely inactivate the mutagenicity of several polyaromatic amine mutagens including acriflavine, proflavine, and beta-naphthylamine . Selected polyaromatic hydrocarbons were also sensitive to ozonation . Kinetic studies revealed that the mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene, 3-methylcholanthrene, and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene was destroyed after short periods of ozonation . To correlate loss of mutagenicity with loss of carcinogenicity, two polyaromatic hydrocarbons were treated with ozone, extracted from water with hexane, and tested for carcinogenicity in mice . When 7,12-dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene and 3-methyl-cholanthrene were treated with ozone, there was a substantial reduction in carcinogenicity compared to control groups treated with oxygen alone . However, a small number of tumors developed in the group of animals receiving a hexane extract of ozonated 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene . This activity may be due to breakdown products of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene that are not mutagenic.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Jun, 37(6), 1091 - 5
Pasteurization of salted whole egg inoculated with Arizona or Salmonella; Ng H et al.; Recently, Arizona bacteria, close relatives of Salmonella, were recovered from salted whole egg that had been pasteurized by the presently recommended process of 63.3 degrees C (146 degrees F) for 3.5 min . Because of this and the fact that the heat resistance of Arizona in salted whole egg had not been determined, the present study was undertaken . Arizona or Salmonella, grown in Trypticase soy broth supplemented with 2% yeast extract in Fernbach flasks covered with aluminum foil over cotton and guaze at 35 degrees C with shaking at 176 rpm for about 96 h, were found to have the greatest degree of heat resistance . As expected, these cells, when inoculated into salted whole egg at 10(7) cells per ml, survived heating at 63.3 degrees C (146 degrees F) for 3.5 min in a two-phase slug flow heat exchanger . To consistently achieve a 7-log kill of typical Salmonella or Arizona, a treatment of 67 degrees C (152.6 degrees F) for 3.5 min was required . However, if a 7-log kill is mandatory, it remains to be determined whether this process affect the functional properties of this product.

Experientia, 1979 May 15, 35(5), 598 - 9
Effect of solubilization of Salmonella minnesota Re glycolipid on its interferon-induced activity; Galabov AS et al.; Electrodialysis of Salmonella minnesota Re glycolipid, or exposure to 0.2 M EDTA, pH 7.0, yields products capable of eliciting interferon production at concentrations 10-fold lower than that of the original glycolipid.

Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1979 May-Jun, 72(3), 193 - 8
{Initial observations in Upper-Volta on 41 serotypes of Salmonella isolated at Muraz Center}; Saliou P et al.; Among 186 Salmonella strains isolated at the Muraz Center from 1966 to 1976, representing 45 serotypes, the authors describe 41 serotypes identified for the first time in Upper-Volta, 3 of which constituting new serotypes: S . bobo, S . kua, S . farakan . A few remarks show the significance of Salmonella circulation in a west-africa area where the incidence of bacterial enteric diseases is a constant problem of public health.

Ann Sclavo, 1979 May-Jun, 21(3), 293 - 302
{Detection of Salmonella in the sea-water of Messina}; Delia S et al.; The AA . mede a research of Salmonellae in the sea water of the city of Messina (Italy), choosing 14 points near the sewage discharges . They used qualitative methods (Moore type buffers, inoculation of 50 ml of water in tetrationate 2 times concentrated) and quantitative methods (fractions of 100 ml of water in 10 parts and further inoculation in 10 tubes containing 20 ml of normal tetrationate each) . The research conducted in June-July and November-December 1978 gave 50% positivity in the summer period and 100% in the winter period . They discuss the methods used and underline the difference of the two periods.

Ann Sclavo, 1979 May-Jun, 21(3), 279 - 92
{Salmonella isolated in the province of Macerata and their sensitivity to some common chemoantibiotics and to some of recent clinical introduction}; Vitali C et al.; A study has been carried out in order to evaluate the sensitivity of a group of some 215 Salmonella strains identified in the triennium 1976-1978, in the district of Macerata (Italy), to 16 chemoantibiotics . The average percentage of sensitivity to chemoantibiotics, as a whole, vary from 100% (sisomycin) to 81% (furazolidone) . The global sensitivity of different strains, of early diffusion and recent appearance in Italy, by MIC and MBC estimated, progressively increase as follow: A . wien, typhi, typhimurium, infantis, braenderup, paratyphi B, enteritidis, agona, panama.

Ann Sclavo, 1979 May-Jun, 21(3), 272 - 8
{Further observations on healthy carriers of Salmonellae in the province of Ferrara (1976-1977),(author's transl)}; Guidi E et al.; 366 Salmonella strains (2.03%), belonging to 40 different serotypes, were isolated by Authors in 1976 from feces of healthy subjects, in the province of Ferrara; 262 strains (1.45%), belonging to 34 serotypes, were isolated in 1977 . The Authors found no significant difference between isolations carried out in both sexes; highest frequencies of isolation were recorded in August, September and October . We have also reported the serotypes more frequently isolated by various Authors from sick and healthy men feces, from animal feces, from sewage and from surface waters.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1979 May-Jun, 130 A(4), 455 - 60
Three new Salmonella serotypes of subgenera I, II and III and four serological variants; Aleksic S et al.; Description of three new Salmonella serotypes of the subgenera I, II and III, and four serological variants which have been isolated and diagnosed in 1977-1978 at the National Reference Centre for Salmonella, Institute of Hygiene, Hamburg . The strains are as follows: S . blitta 47:y:e,n,x; S . II 1, 40:Z42:1,5,7; S . III arizonae 52:k:Z53 (Arizona 31:29:25); S . infantis with phase 2 R antigen 6,7:r:1,11; S . stuivenberg var . Z13-1,3,19:1,Z28:1,5; S . III arizonae 35:k:Z53 (Arizona 20:29:25) var . fimbriae+ (O-inagglutinable); S . III arizonae 38:Z10:Z53 (Arizona 16:27:25) var . fimbriae+ (O-inagglutinable).

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1979 May, 62(3), 499 - 502
Detection of Salmonella in onion and garlic powders: collaborative study; Andrews WH et al.; The relative efficiency of trypticase soy broth with added 0.5% K2SO3 and lactose broth as pre-enrichment media for recovering Salmonella from onion powder and garlic powder was collaboratively studied . For each spice, 13 collaborators each received 5 duplicate samples; 4 of the 5 replicate samples were inoculated with 1 of 4 levels of S . thompson ranging, at initiation of analysis, from greater than 3 to 93 organisms/g onion powder and greater than 3 to 43 organisms/g garlic powder . Salmonella growth was inhibited in each of these spices as evidenced by a rapid decline of most probable number values in samples determined immediately after and 7 days following inoculation . Collaborative results of cultural analyses demonstrated superiority of the modified tripticase soy broth for recovering Salmonella in each of the 2 spices . The improved method of detecting Salmonella in onion and garlic powders has been adopted as official first action.

Cell Tissue Kinet, 1979 May, 12(3), 299 - 311
Studies on the mechanism of haemopoietic stem cell (CFUs) mobilization . A role of the complement system; Wilschut IJ et al.; A variety of substances can mobilize haemopoietic stem cells (CFUs) into the peripheral blood . In this study the involvement of the complement system in the mobilization process was investigated . Pretreatment of mice with the complement-activating factor of cobra venom (CoF), which lowered the serum C3 levels to 10-25% of the normal value, could completely prevent CFUs mobilization induced by high doses of CoF, endotoxin (ET) from Salmonella typhosa, inulin, zymosan and the proteolytic enzymes proteinase and trypsin . On the other hand, mobilization induced by the polyanions dextran sulphate and the copolymer of polymethacrylic acid and styrene could not be prevented, or at least affected only slightly . There appears to be a relationship between the extent of decomplementation by CoF and the extent of CFUs mobilization induced by ET . The results indicate that certain agents mobilize CFUs via the complement system, whereas other agents induce CFUs mobilization independent of the availability of complement components.

Cell Tissue Kinet, 1979 May, 12(3), 257 - 67
Further studies on mobilization of CFUs; Vos O et al.; Mobilization of CFUs from haemopoietic tissues into circulation was studied after injection of different bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), zymosan, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), trypsin and di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate-inhibited trypsin . All bacterial LPS used gave an increase of CFUs in the peripheral blood at 1 h after i.v . injection . Some variation in activity could not be excluded . As with Salmonella typhosa LPS, zymosan gave an increase in circulating CFUs during the first few hr and a second peak a few days later . After injection of zymosan as well as S . typhosa LPS the second peak in the blood was accompanied by a large increase in CFUs numbers in the spleen . PHA gave an immediate mobilization of CFUs, but the mobilization after injection of Con A during the first few hr occurred more slowly . After injection of S . typhosa LPS, zymosan and PHA the blood C3 level was found to be depressed considerably . This might indicate that the complement system is involved in the early mobilization of CFUs . Dexamethasone, a synthetic hormone which has been reported to give sequestration of several cell types in the bone marrow, did not inhibit the early and late mobilization of CFUs which normally occurs after injection of S . typhosa LPS.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {B}, 1979 May, 168(3-4), 356 - 60
{Investigation on the presence of salmonella in drinking water from water supplies and distribution systems in Togo (author's transl)}; Schubert HW et al.; Bacteriological drinking water examination of samples from water works and wells as well as from their distribution systems revealed that from 26 samples, where Salmonella organisms could be isolated, in 16 cases E . coli- and coliforms could not be found and that in 9 of these cases even the colony count was below 100 colonies per ml at 20 degrees C and 37 degrees C incubation temperature . The common reasons for such contaminations are technical deficiencies, mostly faulty well-heads or broken covers of reservoirs . Rainbow lizzards (Agama agama), very common in these regions, can thus easily gain access to wells and reservoirs and pollute the groundwater . Rainbow lizzards do not posses a constant and uniform microbial flora of the intestine . Among lizzards which excrete Salmonella organisms in great numbers, relatively often individuals could be found which harbour either no E . coli- and/or coliforms at all or only in very reduced numbers . In the light of these results an efficient primary protection of all water supplies by a secure covering of well-heads and reservoirs in particular seems to be of paramount importance in tropical countries . This is very much in contrast to the situation most commonly seen in these areas . The necessary measures would have to be accompanied and supplemented by alterations of the installations in the house where the creation of open reservoirs must be avoided.

Mutat Res, 1979 May, 60(3), 291 - 300
Mechanism of the lethal and mutagenic effects of phenoxyacetic acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Zetterberg G; MCPA and salicylic acid, two compounds with similar structures and almost the same dissociation pattern, were tested for lethal and mutagenic effects on, and uptake by, cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain rad18 . The results obtained with the two compounds were similar, suggesting a common mechanism of action . It is proposed that they act by increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions within the cell, so that killing and mutation occur . Mutations were induced only when killing reached 95--99% . The compounds are considered weak mutagens for yeast cells . The methyl ester of MCPA also induced killing and reverse mutation, but only at concentrations about 100 times higher than for the undissociated acid . MCPA methyl ester did not increase the number of revertants in the Salmonella/liver microsome test . It is suggested that the effects of the methyl ester of MCPA depends on the ester being hydrolysed to the acid by yeast cells and the liver microsome preparation.

Chem Biol Interact, 1979 May, 25(2-3), 279 - 87
Ellipticines as potent inhibitors of microsomes-dependent chemical mutagenesis; Lesca P et al.; 9-Hydroxyellipticine (9-OHE), an inhibitor of microsomal monooxygenase activities has been shown to exert a large or even complete decrease of the mutagenicity, on the Salmonella strains of a great number of compounds (aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, fungal toxins, azo compounds, tobacco smoke condensate) . 9-OHE and 9-fluoroellipticine are more potent inhibitors than ellipticine itself . The inhibitions exerted by 9-OHE are not even equalled by 10-fold higher doses of 7,8-benzoflavone (7,8-BF) . There is a good correlation between these data and the interaction properties of ellipticines with microsomal cytochromes P-450.

Mutat Res, 1979 May, 67(1), 9 - 19
In vitro mutagenicity and cell transformation screening of phenylglycidyl ether; Greene EJ et al.; Phenylglycidyl ether (1,2-epoxy-3-phenoxy propane) (PGE) was tested for genetic activity in bacterial and mammalian tests . It was active in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test . Concentration-dependent mutagenicity was demonstrated in S . typhimurium strains TA1535 and TA100 with and without rat S9, but not in strains TA98, TA1537, or TA1538 . These results suggest PGE, is a direct-acting mutagen causing base substitutions . Phenylglycidyl ether did not induce 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells, with or without rat S9, and with or without serum in the medium . Dose-dependent enhancement of SA7 virus transformation of primary hamster embryo cells was observed at concentrations of 1.6 microgram/ml and higher . In addition, this compound was able to chemically transform secondary hamster embryo cells at concentrations of 6.2 micrograms/ml and higher . At a dose of 2500 mg/kg p.o., PGE was active in the host-mediated assay using C57B1/6 X C3H mice and S . typhimurium strain TA1535 . This activity represented a positive response in 2 of 5 animals tested . Murine testicular DNA synthesis was not inhibited by oral administration of PGE at 500 mg/kg.

Cancer Lett, 1979 May, 6(6), 319 - 24
Mutagenic activity of marihuana smoke condensates; Busch FW et al.; Smoke condensates prepared from marihuana cigaretts were mutagenic in strain TA98 of the Ames Salmonella/microsome test, a short-term bioassay which estimates the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of some chemicals . The mutagens in marihuana smoke condensates required liver enzymes to be activated . The specific mutagenic activity of marihuana smoke condensates were similar to that of tobacco smoke condensates prepared from American cigarettes . Fractionation studies of the marihuana smoke condensates showed that basic components accounted for 76% of the recovered mutagenic activity.

J Infect Dis, 1979 May, 139(5), 503 - 10
Mucosal defenses against Salmonella infection in the mouse; Collins FM; Specific pathogen-free ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice were challenged with Salmonella orally, aerogenically, or parentally 24 hr after they received sublethal whole-body irradiation . The early growth for the sublethal inoculum was identical in irradiated and control mice . In the irradiated group, Salmonella multiplied in the liver and spleen until death of the host . Increasing the dose of irradiation reduced the size of the mean lethal dose for the intravenous, intraperitoneal, and aerogenic challenges . However, in the orally challenged mice, the 50% lethal dose dropped only 100-fold when the radiation was increased from 0 to 400 rad, with little further decrease even when the dose was increased to 800 rad . Presumably, the local gut defenses were responsible for this considerable disparity in the lethal effects of an oral vs . parenteral challenge . No evidence was found for enhanced local infection of the gut or increased involvement of the gut-associated lymphoid organs in the irradiated host . The increased mortality seen in the irradiated group seemed to be associated with a continued unrestricted growth of Salmonella in the liver and spleen when the number of peripheral blood leukocytes was at a minimum . Resistance to the sublethal salmonella challenge was eventually restored as the total counts of white blood cells returned to normal.

Surgery, 1979 May, 85(5), 514 - 9
Abdominal aortic salmonellosis; Mendelowitz DS et al.; A recent example of Salmonella mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysm is presented together with a review of the 24 other cases in the literature . Emphasis is placed on common modes of presentation, diagnosis, and surgical management . A review of current theories of etiology is presented along with a new, more descriptive classification of mycotic aneurysms.

Immunology, 1979 May, 37(1), 77 - 82
Delayed-type hypersensitivity and acquired cellular resistance in mice immunized with killed Listeria monocytogenes and adjuvants; Van Der Meer C et al.; Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DH) and acquired cellular resistance (ARC) to Listeria monocytogenes in mice was studied following immunization with killed bacteria in combination with Freund's complete adjuvant or the adjuvant dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) . Intracutaneous or intraperitoneal injections of killed listeria mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant did neither result in DH nor in ACR . Intracutaneous injections of killed listeria and DDA resulted in an antigen-dose dependent DH but not in ACR . Intraperitoneal injections of listeria and DDA, however, induced ACR but no DH . Optimal conditions for the induction of ACR were simultaneous intraperitoneal injection of 15 mg DDA/kg body weight and 10(7) or 10(8) listeria . The optimal interval between immunization and challenge was 7 days . No protection was found against challenge with a lethal dose of Salmonella enteritidis, suggesting that the protection is specific . Intraperitoneal injection of mice with DDA resulted in inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion in macrophages harvested 24 h later . Interference with macrophage activity is discussed as one of the possible mechanisms for the adjuvant effect of DDA.

Lancet, 1979 Apr 14, 1(8120), 795 - 6
Identification of gallbladder typhoid carriers by a string device; Gilman RH et al.; The efficiency of a gelatin capsule containing a nylon string for collection of duodenal specimens was investigated in carriers of Salmonella typhosa (typhi) . Cultures of duodenal specimens obtained by means of the string capsule were compared with cultures of duodenal specimens obtained by a conventional duodenal tube and with stool cultures Duodenal contents obtained with either the string or tube were more often positive for S . typhosa than were stool cultures . The string, which is as efficient as tube collection but simpler and more comfortable, may be useful in identifying carriers of S . typhosa.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Apr, 243(2-3), 392 - 411
{Twenty-five years' experience in epidemiology and prophylaxis of epidemics at the Centre for Salmonella of Hamburg (author's transl)}; Winkle S et al.; Salmonella-epidemiology has changed fundamentally since underdeveloped countries have entered international trade and export food-supplies which, due to less stringent controls, are already contaminated either in the countries of origin or in transit . This is shown by numerous case histories of food-poisoning . Multifarious causes of infection from imported food-stuffs are exposed and also the epidemiological consequences from latently infected fat-stock and poultry . Prophylactic measures and advice on preventive treatment are given . The progressive automation in many factories and plants, with aspirations to the highes-degree of efficiency, frequently hides potential sources of infection with a shining facade of chrome and plastic . In the planning and servicing of technical installations, which later may well prove to be a source of infection, sanitary experts are rarely consulted, or if so too late . This paper also emphasises the considerable influence of mass-tourism with the consequent introduction of exotic Salmonella serotypes, and also the potential danger of faeca contamination on motorway rest-stops.

Chem Biol Interact, 1979 Apr, 25(1), 23 - 33
Mutagenicity and irreversible binding of the hepatocarcinogen, 2,4-diaminotoluene; Aune T et al.; Mutagenicity of 2,4-diaminotoluene (DAT) in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay was increased with liver fractions from phenobarbital (PB) or beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) treated rats . Substitutions of the hydrogens in the methyl group of 2,4-DAT with deuterium resulted in a decrease in mutagenicity . Incubation of rat liver microsomes with tritiated 2,4-DAT in the presence of NADPH led to the formation of irreversibly bound products to microsomal protein . The rates of binding were not increased using microsomes from PB or BNF-treated rats and was not altered by deuterium substitution in the methyl group . Addition of superoxide dismutase, glutathione (GSH) or rat liver supernatant reduced 2,4-DAT irreversible binding, whereas 2,4-DAT mutagenicity was unaffected by superoxide dismutase addition . Injection of tritiated 2,4-DAT 100 mg/kg to rats lead to its irreversible binding to liver protein and ribosomal RNA and to kidney protein in vivo, again protein binding was not increased after prior treatment with PB or BNF . No irreversible interaction of tritiated 2,4-DAT with DNA either in vitro or in vivo could be demonstrated.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1979 Apr, 32(4), 535 - 40
{Clinical study of bacampicillin granules in pediatrics (author's transl)}; Minamidani M et al.; Clinical study on bacampicillin (BAPC) granules was performed in 20 children with infectious diseases . Patients treated with BAPC granules were 10 cases of scarlet fever, 3 cases of pertussis, 3 cases of Salmonella enteritis and 4 cases of acute enteritis . Clinical results were excellent in 2, good in 9, fair in 3, poor in 4 and unknown in 2 . No side effect was observed.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Apr, 37(4), 676 - 9
Salmonella species isolated from animal feed in Iraq; Al-Hindawi N et al.; Of 700 animal feed samples, 32 (4.5%) harbored Salmonella . The highest percentage of contamination was found in sheep feed and local protein . A total of 17 Salmonella serotypes were identified . The most frequent serotypes were Salmonella meleagridis . S . bornum, S . montevideo, and S . drypool . S . bornum was isolated for the first time in Iraq and from both local feed and its ingredients . The common somatic group found was that of Salmonella group C; then came groups E, G, B, and D . Three serotypes (S . enteritidis, S . california, and S . muenchen) seemed to form a link of infection among feed, food, patients, and carriers.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Apr, 243(2-3), 412 - 8
{Salmonella in free living snakes of Northern Germany (author's transl)}; Wuthe HH et al.; Fourty-nine adders (Vipera berus L.) and thirty-one grass-snakes (Nitrix natrix L.) from northern Germany were investigated by cloacal swabs . The samples were usually taken in the field and preenriched in peptone water and further-on processed in three steps of tetrathionate . After each step of enrichment the material was transfered to salmonella shigella agar and fuchsine lactose agar (acc . to Endo) . Salmonella screening was done by inoculation of lactose positive and lactose negative colonies into lysine iron agar (acc . to Edwards and Fife) . Salmonella excretion was found in 59% of the adders and in 68% of the grass-snakes . Some specimens excreted several Salmonella species . 22 different species resp . variants were detected, of which 19 species belonged to subgenus III (Arizona) . Subgenus I occured infrequently and was represented by S . duesseldorf, S . heidelberg and S . sunnycove . Three new triphasic variants S . III 17:Z10: e, n, x, z15: z56, S . III 38: (k): z35:z56 and S . III 50:z10:z:z56 of species already known and four so far unknown species S . III (6), 14: 1,v:z (Ar . 7a, 7c:23-31), S . III 21:1,v:z57 (Ar . 22:23-40a,40c), S . III 43:1,v:z56 (Ar . 21:23-38) and S . III 28:z10:z57 (Ar . 35:27-40a,40c) were discovered . The present results suggest that adders and grass-snakes in northern Germany represent autonomous reservoirs of salmonellae . There exist only few relations between the Salmonella species in these kinds of snakes and other European snakes.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Apr, 243(2-3), 355 - 62
Genetic determination of lipopolysaccharide: locus of O-specific unit polymerase in group E of salmonella; Nyman K et al.; By genetic analysis of a semirough mutant of Salmonella muenster we show that a gene determining the polymerization of the repeating units of the O-3, 10-type lipopolysaccharide side chain in Salmonella of group E resides in the his-linked rfb cluster.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Apr, 243(2-3), 321 - 5
{Tetrathionate reductase, beta-glucuronidase, and ONPG-test in the genus Salmonella (author's transl)}; Le Minor L; Tetrathionate reduction can be detected simply by acid production . Some commonly occuring Salmonella serotypes can be subdivided into biotypes by the tetrathionate reductase test . The enzyme beta-glucuronidase can be detected using p-nitro-phenyl-beta-D-glucuronide as substrate . The enzyme was found in 30% of Salmonella strains . Each Salmonella serotype was found homogeneous with respect to presence of (or lack of) beta-glucuronidase . This test can then be useful for the identification of monophasic or non-motile variants of normally diphasic serotypes . A positive ONPG-test does not always indicate the presence of a true beta-galactosidase . In the genus Salmonella, ONPG-positive strains of sub-genus III and strains harboring a lactose-plasmid have a true beta-galactosidase . A late positive ONPG-test - as commonly shown by subgenus II strains - is not due to a true beta-galactosidase . The distinction between beta-galactosidase positive and beta-galactosidase negative strains among ONPG-positive strains may be taxonomically significant.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Apr, 243(2-3), 289 - 307
{On the frequency of occurrence of salmonella species . An analysis of 1.5 millions trains of salmonellae isolated in 109 countries during the period 1934-1975 (author's transl)}; Kelterborn E; 1 542 257 strains of Salmonellae isolated in 109 countries during the period 1934-75 were analysed to determine the relative frequency of the 1864 species currently recognized . In addition to the absolute numbers of strains isolated, the "age" of the species and the numbers of reports were used to compute a frequency quotient (QF) . It is proposed, on the basis of occurrence, that species be classified as most frequent, frequent, uncommon, rare and very rare . The Salmonella species most frequently isolated from man, food animals, other animals, foods, feeding stuffs, and water including sewage are listed in tables.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Apr, 243(2-3), 258 - 70
{Nosology, epidemiology and bacteriological taxonomy: salmonella infections as an example (author's transl)}; Habs H; Salmonella infections are discussed as an example of the interdependence of the classification of infectious diseases on the one hand and the taxonomy of bacteria on the other . The term paratyphoid was first created as a name for a disease but was later turned into a common name for the cause and then refined into a specific epitheton of a species of bacteria . It was difficult to create terms for pathology as long as a reliable differentiation of related species of bacteria was not possible, so both a typhoid and an enteric form of paratyphoid fever were referred to, superimposing the clinical differentiation of typhoid fevers and food poisoning (enteritis infectiosa) . Epidemiology and bacteriology cannot expect their classifications to determine the classification of bacteria on the level of genus and subgenus, but systematic bacteriology should not conserve or create species and subspecies that are unnecessary for applied medical bacteriology . The needs of epidemiology usually require identification and determination of serovar, biovar and phagovar of the individual strain, but for pathology it is important to classify series of strains on the basis of certain combinations of serovars, biovars, and phagovars as special forms.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Apr, 243(2-3), 226 - 44
Preparation and properties of a standardized lipopolysaccharide from salmonella abortus equi (Novo-Pyrexal); Galanos C et al.; The paper describes the preparation of the lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella abortus equi as obtained by standardized methods . The include the extraction with pehnol/water followed by phenol/chloroform/petroleum ether extraction, ultra-centrifugation, electrodialysis and conversion to the uniform sodium salt form . Chemical composition and physico chemical properties are described . The preparation, which is free from contaminants, was tested for local Shwartzman reactivity, pyrogenicity, lethal toxicity, mitogenicity, reactivity towards complement and tumoricidal action.

J Clin Invest, 1979 Apr, 63(4), 785 - 92
Cyclic hematopoiesis . Effects of endotoxin on colony-forming cells and colony-stimulating activity in grey collie dogs; Hammond WP et al.; Cyclic changes in blood neutrophil counts of grey collie dogs with cyclic hematopoiesis can be eliminated by daily endotoxin injections . Studies were performed to determine the mechanism whereby endotoxin alters this disease . Bone marrow granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (colony-forming cells {CFUc}) showed cyclic variation in the untreated grey collie, which was eliminated by chronic endotoxin treatment (Salmonella typhosa lipopolysaccharide W, 5 microgram/kg per day) . Similar cyclic variation in blood CFUc was eliminated by this treatment . Tritiated thymidine suicide of the marrow colony-forming cells failed to show cyclic changes to explain the marked swing in CFUc numbers in untreated grey collies . The thymidine suicide rates were not significantly changed by chronic endotoxin treatment . Similarly, serum colony-stimulating activity did not show cyclic variation with the cyclic neutrophil counts in untreated grey collies and was not altered by chronic endotoxin treatment . We suggest that endotoxin eliminates neutrophil cycling in cyclic hematopoiesis by a direct effect on the flux of pluripotent stem cells into the committed stem cell compartment and that this occurs independent of changes in serum colony-stimulating activity.

Environ Health Perspect, 1979 Apr, 29, 183 - 7
Consequences of the AF-2 incident in Japan; Tazima Y; The discovery of the potent mutagenicity of AF-2, which was once used in Japan as a food preservative, has exerted a great influence not only on screening procedures for carcinogenic compounds but also on legislative approaches to mutagenic substances . It promoted the synthesis of exceedingly sensitive and reliable tester strains in Salmonella and supported the hypothesis of a common mechanism between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity . Thus preliminary screening for carcinogenic substances has become feasible using mutagenicity as an index . It also contributed greatly to the formulation of legislative measures for chemical substances which for the first time gave due attention to mutagenicity . Furthermore, the exposure of a large population to such a potent mutagen raised a question as to what extent the genetic constitution of the Japanese population might have been damaged . This suggested that urgent need for a system to monitor the total genetic damage to a human genome.

J Wildl Dis, 1979 Apr, 15(2), 235 - 7
Antimicrobial resistant Salmonella spp . isolated from double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) and common loons (Gavia immer) in Florida; White FH et al.; Antimicrobial resistant Salmonella spp . were found in double-crested cormorants and common loons in Florida . Single or multiple resistance occurred in all Salmonella agona isolates from cormorants, primarily to ampicillin, sulfonamids, streptomycin, neomycin, and kanamycin . Similar patterns of resistance were found in S . agona isolates from common loons . In addition, isolates of S . Saint paul from loons were found resistant to tetracycline and streptomycin, while 2 of 7 isolates of S . infantis were resistant to tetracycline only.

Mutat Res, 1979 Apr, 66(4), 357 - 65
Detection of the mutagenic activity of lead chromate using a battery of microbial tests; Nestmann ER et al.; The potential mutagenicity of the carcinogen lead chromate was tested by the following battery of microbial tests: the Escherichia coli PolA+/PolA- survival test; the Salmonella/microsome His+ reversion assay; the E . coli Trp+ reversion test as a plate assay; the E . coli Gal+ forward mutation test; and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae assay for mitotic recombination . Lead chromate is mutagenic in Salmonella and in Saccharomyces and is thus identified as a microbial mutagen by this battery . Metabolic activation by rat liver homogenate (S9) is not required for the mutagenic activity of lead chromate . The most statistically significant, positive result is found with a supplementary assay, the E . coli fluctuation test . To determine whether the lead ion and/or the chromate ion were responsible for the mutagenicity observed, lead chloride and chromium trioxide (chromic acid) were also tested . In E . coli fluctuation test, the ranges of maximal mutagenicity for chromium trioxide and lead chromate overlap at the concentration 10(-5)M, whereas lead chloride shows no mutagenicity and little lethality at concentrations up to 10(-3)M . Thus, it appears that the chromate ion is responsible for the mutagenicity of lead chromate.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Apr, 243(2-3), 207 - 15
{A fi- tetracyclin resistance plasmid with specific restriction of phages on salmonella typhi, S . paratyphi B and S . typhi-murium (author's transl)}; Brandis H et al.; Among 262 strains of Salmonella typhi from an epidemic outbreak of typhoid fever in Baden-Wurttemberg in 1974 2 strains were isolated which were tetracyclin resistant and showed no reactions with the Vi testphages T, D6 and VII whilst all other strains belonged to lysotype A, subtype Tananarive . It turned out that the Tc resistance in both strains was caused by a fi- R plasmid which could be transfered to other S . typhi strains, to E . coli K12, S . paratyphi B, S . java and S . typhi-murium as well as from Tc resistant E . coli K12 back to S . typhi . The Tc R plasmid introduced in S . typhi, lysotype A, caused specific restrictions of typing phages T, D6 and VII . Also, the transfer of the plasmids to strains of S . paratyphi B and S . typhi-murium resulted in restrictions of a number of typing phages . Both plasmids had identical patterns of restriction . In this pattern the Tc R plasmid differed from those described in the literature.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1979 Apr, 62(4), 919 - 26
Initial National Cancer Institute studies on mutagenesis as a prescreen for chemical carcinogens: an appraisal; Poirier LA et al.; The efficacy of several in vitro and in vivo assays to detect carcinogens from a list of compounds was evaluated . Salmonella and polymerase A-deficient Escherichia coli in vitro were the most effective systems studied . Together they detected 82% of the organic carcinogens tested . Potential prescreening systems, which were thought to be currently insufficiently sensitive for the routine screening of potential carcinogens, included a) the development of resistance to thymidine overloading, methotrexate, and cytosine arabinoside by L5178y cells, b) Saccharomyces cerevisiae D3, c) the intraperitoneal host-mediated assay, and d) thymidine uptake as a reflection of DNA repair.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1979 Apr, 62(4), 901 - 9
In vitro assays for recombinogenic activity of chemical carcinogens and related compounds with Saccharomyces cerevisiae D3; Simmon VF; A total of 101 carcinogens, noncarcinogens, metals, and promoters representing a wide variety of chemical classes was tested to determine whether they increased mitotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae D3 . A metabolic activation system prepared from homogenates of livers from rats that had been pretreated with Aroclor 1254 (a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls) was incorporated in the assay procedure . All of the ultimate carcinogens (20/20) and 38% of the procarcinogens (18/48) increased mitotic recombination . Of the noncarcinogens 29% (6/21) also increased mitotic recombination . A improved metabolic activation procedure appears to be required to increase the probability of detecting procarcinogens by this method . The carcinogens thioacetamide, natulan, auramine, safrole, and 1'-hydroxysafrole increased mitotic recombination in S . cerevisiae D3 (the last compound was marginally positive), but they were negative in assays with Salmonella typhyimurium.

Fertil Steril, 1979 Apr, 31(4), 441 - 7
Contraceptive properties of endotoxin in rabbits; Harper MJ et al.; Endotoxin derived from Salmonella enteritidis-Boivin at a dose of 20 micrograms/kg intravenously interfered with follicular rupture normally induced by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in rabbits . This action was greatest when the endotoxin was given 5 to 6 hours after the administration of hCG . The failure of follicular rupture resulted in entrapment of ova . Endotoxin (5 micrograms/kg) given intravenously to rabbits on day 4 of pregnancy resulted in failure of implantation . Indomethacin (2 micrograms/kg) given intramuscularly concomitantly was unable to reverse this action . Endotoxin (5 micrograms/kg) given intravenously to rabbits on day 8 of pregnancy had an immediate lethal action on embryonic development, and this effect was inhibited by concomitant indomethacin treatment . Nevertheless, most fetuses died after the indomethacin treatment . Whether this was due to a direct toxic action of indomethacin or to a secondary action of endotoxin not blocked by indomethacin is not clear . Endotoxin did not exert its antifertility actions through a luteolytic mechanism.

Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem, 1979 Apr, 360(4), 587 - 95
Binding of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to histocompatibility-2-complex proteins of mouse lymphocytes; Yokoyama K et al.; The membrane binding sites for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were isolated by affinity chromatography of the solubilized membranes prepared from 125I-labeled mouse B-cells and T-cells on an affinity adsorbent prepared by coupling Salmonella minnesota R595 LPS to activated Sepharose 4B . The membrane proteins bound to the affinity adsorbent and eluted with 1.0% Triton X-100 were analyzed according to their mobility on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulphate . These membrane proteins were further identified by immunoprecipitation with specific antisera . Immunoglobulins, possibly immunoglobulins M and D, were identified in the eluate from the B-cell membranes . The histocompatibility-2-complex proteins (H-2D, H-2K and Ia antigens) were also found to be binding sites for LPS on both B-cells and T-cells.

Aust N Z J Med, 1979 Apr, 9(2), 193 - 6
Juvenile Reiter's syndrome; Conaglen J et al.; A case of Reiter's syndrome occurring in an 11-year-old, pre-pubertal boy is described . The boy was a heterozygote for the histocompatibility antigen B27 and other arthritic members of his family included his mother with colitic arthritis and an aunt with ankylosing spondylitis . His HLA-B27 negative sibs have remained well . Shigella Salmonella and Yersinia organisms have been previously incriminated as precipitating factors in some patients with Reiter's syndrome but no evidence of recent infection with any of these agents was found in this patient . The case is reported because of the rarity of the condition at this age.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1979 Apr, 62(4), 841 - 71
Literature survey of bacterial, fungal, and Drosophila assay systems used in the evaluation of selected chemical compounds for mutagenic activity; Brown MM et al.; Literature reports were surveyed, with results noted from experiments in seven nonmammalian assay systems used for the detection of mutagenicity or other related genetic effects . A comparison was made of the activities of 54 selected noncarcinogens, procarcinogens, and ultimate carcinogens as revealed by these test systems . Of the compounds tested, 49 (91%) were active in one or more of the assays, and 42 (78%) were positive in at least one system without having to be metabolically activated . In one or more test systems, 17/17 (100%) of the ultimate carcinogens, 27/28 (96%) of the procarcinogens, and 6/9 (67%) of the noncarcinogens were positive . The Ames Salmonella-microsome assay responded with increased mutation frequency to 37/44 (84%) of the carcinogenic compounds but to only 2/8 (25%) of the noncarcinogens tested . The Drosophila system responded to 19/21 (90%) of the carcinogens and to 3/6 (50%) of the noncarcinogens . Prophages were induced when lysogenic bacteria were exposed to 12/21 (57%) of the carcinogens, but not enough tests were done with the noncarcinogens (1/3, or 33%) for a comparison . The other systems reviewed, such as the killing of repair-deficient bacteria, mutations in Escherichia coli and Neurospora crassa, and the host-mediated assay, were not challenged by enough of the compounds for valid comparisons.

J Wildl Dis, 1979 Apr, 15(2), 213 - 9
Salmonella in wildlife from Trinidad and Grenada, W.I; Everard CO et al.; Forty-four of 219 animals from Trinidad and Grenada, W.I., yielded 20 serotypes of Salmonella, 16 of which are known to have been associated with human infection in the United States in recent years . Toads (Bufo marinus) provided the greatest number of isolates . Other carriers were mammals, vultures, lizards, a tree-frog and a cave cockroach.

Eur J Immunol, 1979 Apr, 9(4), 255 - 61
Immune response deficiency of BSVS mice . II . Generalized deficiency to thymus-dependent antigens; Briles DE et al.; BSVS mice gave abnormally low IgG responses to 5 thymus-dependent antigens as well as a weak delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to sheep red blood cells . In contrast to IgG, the IgM antibody responses of these mice were normal to three T-independent antigens as well as to all five T-dependent antigens . The low immune responsiveness of BSVS mice was also reflected in the low levels of IgG(2)a, IgG(2)b and IgG(3) in their normal serum . The low T-dependent immune responses may result from BSVS mice having been selectively bred for susceptibility to infection with St . Louis encephalitis virus and Salmonella . C57BL/6J mice, which are also highly susceptible to Salmonella, gave low immune responses similar to, but genetically distinct from, those of BSVS mice . The levels of Ig-positive and theta-positive cells were normal in BSVS and C57BL/6J mice.

J Immunol, 1979 Apr, 122(4), 1290 - 3
Plaque-forming cell response in BALB/c mice to two preparations of LPS extracted from Salmonella enteritidis; Hepper KP et al.; The pattern of development of antibody-forming cells in BALB/c mice after immunization with PW-LPS or TCA-LPS was shown to be different . On days 10 and 20, the primary response to PW-LPS was characterized by a low level of IgM synthesis . The plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to TCA-LPS, however, increased from day 10 to day 20 . Initially, IgM was the only detectable antibody synthesized but by day 20 a significant number of IgG-producing spleen cells had developed . After a secondary immunization with the appropriate lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparation, IgG-producing spleen cells were detected in mice immunized with either PW-or TCA-LPS . Partial removal of the LAP or TCA-LPS with phenol or trypsin and pronase significantly reduced the PFC response, suggesting that the protein moiety played an influential role in the immunogenicity of TCA-LPS . The TCA-LPS contained the same antigenic dterminants as PW-LPS, so any difference observed between PFC response was not due to any associated immunogenic moiety.

Mol Gen Genet, 1979 Mar 27, 171(3), 301 - 6
Bacterial DNA synthesized under phage control in a DNA-defective Salmonella-mutant and packaged into a special fraction of transducing particles of phage P22; Backhaus H et al.; Lysates of P22 contain a small fraction of transducing particles with bacterial DNA replicated semiconservatively after the time of infection . It was demonstrated that the presence and relative amount of this class of transducing particles was unchanged, if infection of Salmonella occured under a condition nonpermissive for bacterial DNA replication . Analysis of particles with DNA fragments derived from different regions of the Salmonella chromosome indicated that the replication of the bacterial DNA carried by these transducing particles was not initiated specifically at the normal origin for bacterial chromosome replication.

Can J Genet Cytol, 1979 Mar, 21(1), 101 - 7
The use of the Salmonella/microsomal assay to determine mutagenicity in paired chemical mixtures; Salamone MF et al.; The mutagenicities of two sets of chemicals acting singly and in pairwise combinations were determined by use of the Salmonella/microsomal assay . The first set consisted of the promutagens of benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(rst)pentaphene . The second set contained the direct-acting mutagens methyl-nitro-nitroso-guanidine and ethyl methane sulfonate . In the tests with the promutagens, the quantities of S-9 mix were varied over the range of 0.05 ml to 1.0 ml with increasing quantities of each chemical . The mutagenic responses or production of revertant colonies of the promutagens, acting singly and in pairwise combinations failed to show an additive effect . Excess quantities of S-9 mix appeared to inhibit partially or totally the mutagenic activity of each chemical, although for each particular dose there was an optimal quantity of S-9 mix to induce maximum activity . However, the direct-acting mutagens produced, individually, almost linear dose responses with increasing concentrations . In pairwise combinations, these chemicals also showed linear responses that closely approximated the theoretical additivity indicating that the mutagenicity of the mixtures was the sum of the activities of each component.

J Toxicol Environ Health, 1979 Mar-May, 5(2-3), 183 - 91
Role of pesticides in hepatocarcinogenesis; Sugar J et al.; Pesticides are biologically active substances that are significant environmental contaminants . Only a few of the many pesticides have been subjected to short- or long-term carcinogenicity tests . To date, 16 of them have been identified as hepatocarcinogenic agents in animals, usually mice . However, their cancer-inducing effect in humans has not been completely proved . The use of short-term screening tests (first of all the Salmonella-microsome test) for routine screening of pesticides on a large scale is highly recommended . The herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyethanol (TCPE) containing different amounts of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was tested for carcinogenicity in Swiss mice . TCPE enhanced liver tumors in males but TCDD did not affect liver tumor incidence . The occurrence of liver tumors was shown to be dose-dependent . There was no correlation between the results of in vivo carcinogenicity studies and the induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and biphenyl 2-hydroxylase activities.

Infect Immun, 1979 Mar, 23(3), 686 - 9
Production of a mutagen from ponceau 3R by a human intestinal anaerobe; Hartman CP et al.; Ponceau 3R was reduced in vitro by Fusobacterium sp . 2, a human intestinal anaerobe, to a product which is mutagenic when metabolically activated by liver S9 preparations in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test . This mutagenic metabolite has been identified as 2,4,5-trimethylaniline.

Dig Dis Sci, 1979 Mar, 24(3), 203 - 8
Colonic involvement in salmonellosis; Saffouri B et al.; Two cases of Salmonella colitis are described . Clinical and radiological differentiation from ulcerative colitis is difficult and necessitates repeated stool cultures . The management of Salmonella colitis is reviewed.

Clin Orthop, 1979 Mar-Apr, (139), 110 - 3
Pediatric osteomyelitis: II . Arizona hinshawii osteomyelitis; Ogden JA et al.; Two children with sickle cell disease and kwashiorkor developed osteomyelitis caused by an Arizona hinshawii infection . Biologically, this organism is related to the Salmonella species . The infections were successfully treated by surgical drainage and chloramphenicol.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1979 Mar, 62(2), 320 - 6
Relative productivity of five selective plating agars for the recovery of Salmonella from selected food types; Andrews WH et al.; During a 3-year period, the relative productivity of brilliant green (BG), bismuth sulfite (BS), Salmonella-Shigella (SS), Hektoen enteric (HE), and xylose lysine, desoxycholate (XLD) agars for recovering Salmonella from 9 food types was determined . Following pre-enrichment, selective enrichment of food samples in tetrathionate broth followed by streaking to BS agar was the single most productive selective enrichment broth-agar combination for recovery of Salmonella in 5 of these food types . A study of the performance of these 5 agars used individually and in various combinations, showed that none of the 5 agars used individually nor any of the possible paired combinations of these agars could be used to satisfactorily detect Salmonella in the 9 food types . The use of all 5 agars was not necessary because one combination of 4 agars (BG, BS, HE, and XLD) recoverd 100% of the Salmonella isolates, as compared with the number of Salmonella isolates recovered by the 5-agar combination, in each food category . This particular 4-agar combination, along with two 3-agar combinations (BG, BS, and XLD agars, and BS, HE, and XLD agars), were each able to recover more Salmonella isolates, than the combination of BG, BS, and SS agars, the combination currently recommended by the AOAC . Finally, the relative costs of using these agars, singly and in various combinations, were determined.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Mar, 243(1), 28 - 30
{Salmonella freiburg: a new salmonella-serotype (3,10:1,Z13:1,2) (author's transl)}; Kist M et al.; A new Salmonella serotype (S . 3,10:1,Z13:1,2) was isolated from a stool specimen of a 13 year old immigrant from Narpan, USSR . The strain was finally identified as a new Salmonella, Subgenus I, on August 10, 1975 by Prof . Le Minor, International Salmonella Centre, Paris . The organism was introduced into the Kauffmann-White-Scheme, Supplement XX, as S . freiburg.

Am J Dis Child, 1979 Mar, 133(3), 298 - 300
Salmonellosis in children with cancer: review of 42 cases; Novak R et al.; Forty-two episodes of culture-proved salmonellosis were found retrospectively among 2,262 patients treated for malignant diseases at St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis . These cases were reviewed in an effort to determine whether Salmonella infections in childhood cancer patients are associated with an increased frequency of septicemia and death, as has been reported for adults with cancer . Septicemia occurred in only 10% of the patients studied, consistent with the frequency established in general populations . There were no deaths attributable to Salmonella infection . Most of the patients (57%) with salmonellosis had gastroenteritis, and the clinical course of this syndrome was no more severe or prolonged than that seen in otherwise normal children . We recommend that management of Salmonella infections in children with cancer follow presently accepted guidelines for normal hosts.

Ital J Biochem, 1979 Mar-Apr, 28(2), 81 - 103
Metabolic activation and deactivation of mutagens and carcinogens; De Flora S; The activity of some mutagens has been investigated in the Salmonella test either in the absence or in the presence of fortified rat liver microsomal fractions, together with an NADPH-generating system . With respect to their metabolic reactivity, the compounds tested could be distinguished according to four reproducible trends: (a) conversion of inert compounds into mutagenic metabolites (e.g . 2-aminofluorene and benzo(a)pyrene); (b) further enhancement of mutagenicity (e.g . 1,2-epoxybutane); (c) no effect on mutagenicity (e.g . glycidol, folpet, nitrofurantoin and 2-nitronaphtalene); (d) slight decrease (e.g . 1,1,1-trichlor 2,3-propenoxide), marked decrease (e.g . sodium nitrite, 5-nitro-2-furoic acid and captan) or even complete reversal of mutagenicity (e.g . styrene oxide, sodium azide, sodium dichromate and other Cr6+ compounds) . The Salmonella/microsome test was effective in discriminating not only the mutagenic activity but also the metabolic reactivity of structurally related chemicals (e.g . the fungicides captan and folpet) . In some cases, mutagens were tested also in the presence of other biological preparations (e.g . rat muscle or lung microsomal preparations, human gastric juice, serum, plasma or erythrocyte lysates) . The mutagenic and metabolic properties of largely used products (e.g . an antibacterial drug containing nitrofurantoin and laboratory reagents containing sodium azide) have been also checked . The mechanisms underlying the metabolic behaviour of some of the mutagens tested have been reported . The results obtained have been correlated with the literature data on their carcinogenicity . Although these in vitro findings are only indicative of the possible metabolic fate of mutagens in the whole organism, the observed effects may be useful in order to explain the epidemiological data and the results of animal tests, and to assess the possible health hazards of mutagens.

Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1979 Mar-Apr, 72(2), 107 - 11
{Interaction between Salmonella and Schistosomes . Scanning electron microscopy study}; Miegeville M et al.; In our attempts to elucidate the pathogenesis of prolonged Salmonella bacteremia in patients with Schistosoma mansoni or Schistosoma haematobium infection, we have utilised MEB . Our results are significant . They show an association exists between Bilharziasis and Salmonellosis.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1979 Mar, 10(1), 142 - 6
Clinical profile of diarrhoea at Ramathibodi Hospital during 1977; Mo-Suwan L et al.; Restrospective clinical profile of diarrhoeal disease in children admitted to the Pediatric Department, Ramathibodi Hospital during January to December 1977 was studied . A total of 144 medical records (55.6%) could be analysed; Rectal swab culture yielded enteropathogenic organisms in 47.2% of the cases consisting of 26.3% Salmonella, 16.0% sero typing positive E . coli and 3.5% Shigella . Clinical presentation of each group was presented which with the exception of neurological symptoms was in concordant with previous observations of several authors . Convulsion was more frequent in the Salmonella group, although dehydration and frebuency of stools were less severe . These cases seem to be highly infectious and tend to be more chronic with recurrences . It could be seen in all age group . Shigella was seen in infants 6 months old and older . Isolation of Rota-virus was not done, in none specific diarrhoeal groups (52.8%) many of which might have been due to Rota-virus . White blood count and differential count were of little value in differential diagnosis of the aetiology . Stool examination was helpful especially in Shigellosis and E . coli but there were no characteristic findings in Salmonella and non-specific groups . The overall mortality rate was 4.1%.

Mutat Res, 1979 Mar, 66(3), 223 - 40
Mutagenicity of plant flavonols in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test: activation of flavonol glycosides by mixed glycosidases from rat cecal bacteria and other sources; Brown JP et al.; Over 70 naturally occurring and synthetic flavonoids were screened for mutagenicity with 5 tester strains in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay: TA1535, TA100, TA1537, TA1538 and TA98 . Frameshift mutagenicity was confined to the flavonols (flavon-3-ols) in strain TA98, TA1537 and TA100 . The two most mutagenic falvonols, namely, quercetin (3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) and kaempferol (3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone), exhibiting 12 and 7 revertants/nmol in TA98 respectively, are also the most common flavonols occurring in plants . Other flavonols exhibited less activity (revertants/nmol): galangin (2.0), rhamnetin (0.45), kaempferide (0.24), fisetin (0.14), myricetin (0.12), robinetin (0.06) and morin (0.05) . All of these flavonols apparently exhibited significant activation by Aroclor 1254 induced rat-liver microsome preparations (S9) . However, subsequent study revealed that only those flavonols either lacking or possessing one B ring hydroxyl group had an absolute requirement for microsomal activation . Alternatively, quercetin with two B-ring OH groups is not activated by microsomal enzymes, but by soluble (S100) enzymes from liver which are apparently constitutive and not subject to the usual chemical induction . 3 flavonol glycosides, namely, quercetrin (quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside), rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) and robinin (kaempferol-3-O-galactosido-rhamnoside-7-O-rhamnoside), were found to be nonmutagenic . They could, however, be activated by a variety of mixed glycosidases incorporated in the usual pour plate procedure . The most effective enzyme mixtures were obtained from rat cecal bacteria and from the snail Helix pomatia.

Sci Total Environ, 1979 Mar, 11(2), 197 - 211
Determination of halogenated organic compounds and mutagenicity testing of spent bleach liquors; Bjorseth A et al.; The content of organohalogenated compounds in spent bleach liquor from different bleaching stages in a sulphate and a sulphite plant has been determined by a combination of glass capillary gas chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and neutron activation analysis . Several compounds which have not been reported before have been identified including halogenated derivatives of dimethyl-propylnaphthalenes and alkylated catechols . The unconcentrated effluents, non-polar and total extracts were tested for mutagenic activity with Ames' Salmonella test . Spent bleach liquors from most bleaching stages as well as the total effluents contained mutagenic compounds . Addition of liver microsomes for metabolic activation reduced the mutagenic activity in all stages except for the first chlorination stage in the sulphate plant . Two isomers of chloro-, bromo-, and dichloro-p-cymene previously determined in effluents from bleaching plants were synthesized from the parent molecule . Both bromo- and dichloro-p-cymene exhibited weak mutagenic activity in the Salmonella test system . Liver microsomes reduced the effect slightly . The chlorinated cymenes were found to account for up to 18% of the total organically-bound chlorine in the non-polar extracts.

Res Vet Sci, 1979 Mar, 26(2), 216 - 9
Evaluation of a live Salmonella choleraesuis vaccine by intranasal challenge; Hanna J et al.; Weaned pigs were immunised with a live attenuated Salmonella choleraesuis vaccine . The protective immunity induced was compared with that of unvaccinated pigs by intranasal challenge with a field strain of S choleraesuis . Of 18 unvaccinated pigs, three died as a result of challenge from S choleraesuis and 10 of the survivors developed chronic lung lesions . None of the vaccinated pigs died as a result of challenge and two only showed macroscopic evidence of salmonellosis on autopsy three weeks after challenge . It was concluded that subcutaneous vaccination of pigs prevented death and clinical illness but did not prevent invasion of tissues following intranasal challenge with S choleraesuis.

Ann Immunol (Paris), 1979 Mar-Apr, 130(2), 225 - 43
Idiotype-related cellular events during the anamnestic immune response to Salmonella typhi in rabbits; Seto A; Himalayan rabbits of a closed colony were immunized with injections of heat-killed Salmonella typhi and antiidiotypic antibodies against the induced anti- S . typhi antibodies were produced in rabbits of the same colony as well as in random-bred rabbits . Rabbits of the closed colony showed no proliferative response in a mixed lymphocyte culture of peripheral blood . Antiidiotypic sera from Himalayan rabbits recognized the idiotype in the corresponding immunizing sera alone, while one of sera from random-bred rabbits showed a cross-reaction with 8 out of 10 anti-S . typhi sera of Himalayan rabbits but not with any of 10 anti-S . typhi sera of unrelated random-bred rabbits . The cross-reactivity of the antiserum remained intact after absorption with unrelated immune precipitates . With this antiidiotypic serum the immunizing serum formed a bimodial arc at beta-gamma mobility and all other anti-S . typhi sera containing the cross-reactive idiotype a single arc at beta mobility . Solubilized immune precipitates of cross-reactive idiotype-anti-idiotype reaction could bind radiolabelled lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from S . typhi, but this anti-LPS activity was not revealed in an isoelectric focusing analysis . Gel analysis showed that the cross-reactive idiotype was located mainly in the macroglobulin fractions . The idiotype in the serum of the immunizing rabbits diminished and then was undetectable following the 2nd and the 3rd immunizations . When 3H-TdR uptake was examined in a mixed cell culture of peripheral blood from immunizing and antiidiotypic rabbits, there was a fluctuation in the proliferative response with two peaks occurring at a 4-week interval . An analysis of such a proliferative response was carried out by separating leukocytes and plasma from blood of the immunizing and the antiidiotypic rabbits . Mixed culture of cells alone did not produce a proliferative response, while culture of cells from the immunizing rabbit together with antiidiotypic plasma resulted in a potent reaction, irrespective of the presence of plasma from the immunizing rabbit . Presence of cells from the antiidiotypic rabbit in the culture inhibited this proliferative response . A fluctuation in the proliferative response to antiidiotypic serum was also observed with peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from rabbits producing the cross-reactive idiotype, while the antiidiotypic serum did not stimulate cells from rabbits which had been similarly immunized with S . typhi but did not produce the idiotype . PBL from the immunizing rabbit where the idiotype production ceased following the tertiary immunization were found to suppress definitely the proliferative response induced by the cross-reactive idiotype-anti-idiotype reaction . The suppressive activity was lost in PBL from the same rabbit after a cortisone treatment and the following antigenic stimulation of the animal led to reappearance in the serum of the idiotype . These results support the immune regulatory model which involves idiotype-anti-idiotype interactions.

Z Naturforsch {C}, 1979 Mar-Apr, 34(3-4), 171 - 8
{Structural investigations on lipopolysaccharides of mutants S SF 1111 and R 595 SF 1167 of Salmonella minnesota (author's transl)}; Wawra H et al.; The lipolysaccharides of two mutants of Salmonella minnesota with known chemical structure were investigated by X-ray methods . Both thickness of the lipopolysaccharide layer and arrangement of the molecular components could be estimated . Using these informations a space-filling model of the structure was built.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {B}, 1979 Mar, 168(2), 83 - 96
{Current zoonoses from the food hygiene point of view (author's transl)}; Grossklaus D; Of the numerous zoonoses part of which are reportable, according to the Federal Communicable Diseases Act, the food hygienist attributes topicality at present to salmonellosis, brucellosis, toxoplasmosis, taeniasis (T . saginata), trichinellosis, and sarcosporidiosis . In salmonellosis, combating is directed to breeding and keeping of Salmonella-free flocks, poultry offering favourable conditions for this purpose . Moreover, one tries to decontaminate feeds through certain pelleting machines with the aid of friction heat or by admixing propionic acid . In brucellosis, the possibility of infection by tourism, but also that through ingestion of imported dairy products (like soft cheese) play a certain role . Instruction of tourists and advising foreign labour from endemic areas are essential contributions to combating . Another important infection source of toxoplasmosis is infected raw pig meat . As the agent does not survive freezing temperatures under certain conditions, the decontamination procedure is particularly suitable . In pregnancy advising, the role of raw pig meat for development of congenital toxoplasmosis should be clearly explained . In trichinellosis, apart from the traditional examination by the trichinoscope, the modified digestion procedure using pepsin as a digestive fluid was successful . Moreover, it is suitable for detecting weakly infected swine . The importance of systematic examinations of all domestic and wild pigs became evident only recently in 1977, when in Bavaria an epidemic of trichinellosis occurred following the ingestion of undetected Trichinella containing wild pig meat . According to most recent knowledge on the cycle of development of sarcosporidia, the studies showed that the species Sarc . bovihominis and suihominis were pathogens for human beings . Quite apart from necessary supplementary examinations, the freezing procedure would here too, warrant an effective protection for the raw meat consuming population.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1979 Feb 15, 104(4), 165 - 77
{Studies on the bacterial causes of neonatal mortality in foals . Report on post-mortem findings (author's transl)}; van der Molen EJ; The causes of neonatal mortality in foals were studied over a period of two years . The total number of foals studied was 121 . Bacterial infection was found to be an important factor . Infection caused by A . equuli (1.6%) which previously was the most important one, has been superseded by E . coli infection (56%) . E . coli infections particularly occur during the first weeks of life and, depending on the course of the disease, give rise to various pathological changes . Infections running an acute course are mainly marked by pathological changes of the lung and lymphoid organs . Infections running a subacute course are frequently associated with polyarthritis and polyserositis . Another important cause of infection during the first weeks of life is Klebsiella pneumonia (10%) . The pathological changes occurring in this infection are markedly similar to those in subacute E . coli infection . Infections with Salmonella spp . (7%) mainly occur in the older foals (1-3 months) affected with polyarthritis . C . equi and streptococcal infections (11%) also mainly occur in the older foals (1-3 months) . The pathological features are characterized by generalized purulent lesions in various organs . In spite of the fact that post-mortem findings suggested septicaemia, bacteriological examination was negative in 12% of the foals . The discussion is concerned with an assessment of the relationship between the pathomorphological findings and the pathogenesis of the various infections.

J Hyg (Lond), 1979 Feb, 82(1), 143 - 53
Salmonellosis in Indonesia: phage type distribution of Salmonella typhi; Sanborn WR et al.; The distribution of phage types was studied among 577 strains of Salmonella typhi from Indonesia . Chemotype, colicinogeny, and tetrathionate reductase activity were also studied for most of these strains . The current phage type formula for Java was determined to be: A, D2, D6, E1a, E2, M1, and 46, but two other large groups of strains were also found, I + IV and degraded Vi+ strains . Significant differences in S . typhi strain distributions were noted between two localities on Java with respect to phage type and tetrathionate reductase activity . Comparisons were made with past phage typing studies in Jakarta as well as with more recent studies in other parts of south-east Asia . Phage types A, D1, D2, and E1 persisted at a rather steady level in Jakarta for 28 years . Evidence was found for epidemiological links to European and Asian areas . Antibiotic resistance among these Indonesian S . typhi strains was rare.

J Hyg (Lond), 1979 Feb, 82(1), 95 - 100
A milk-borne outbreak due to Salmonella dublin; Small RG et al.; Salmonella dublin is primarily adapted to bovines and is a relatively rare cause of human illness . An outbreak is described in which it was estimated that at least 700 persons were infected from milk which had not been subjected to heat treatment . Although the organism was isolated from retail samples of milk, investigations at the dairy farm were inconclusive and a number of questions are posed . Attention is drawn to the value of inter-disciplinary cooperation in the investigation of the outbreak.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1979 Feb, 87C(1), 41 - 5
Salmonella typhi--induced stimulation of blood lymphocytes from persons with previous typhoid fever; Mogensen HH; In 21 persons with previous typhoid fever and in 15 controls thymidine incorporation of blood lymphocytes stimulated in vitro by killed Salmonella typhi was studied . The optimal culture conditions were established to be a cell density of 10(5) cells per vial, stimulated with 10(8) S . typhi and incubated for 5 days . The lymphocytes response to S . typhi was significantly higher in the typhoid group than in the controls . The lymphocyte responsiveness was not correlated to the time elapsed since the attack, and was not found different in patients who had had typhoid relapse . No difference was found in lymphocyte response to the mitogens PHA, PWM and Con-A between the typhoid group and the controls.

J Physiol, 1979 Feb, 287, 519 - 33
Effects of central administation of probenecid on fevers produced by leukocytic pyrogen and PGE2 in the rabbit; Crawford IL et al.; 1 . Single intracerebroventricular (I.C.V.) injections of probenecid (PBCD, 0.125--0.5 mg) enhanced and prolonged fever caused by I.V . administration of leukocytic pyrogen (LP) in rabbits resting in neutral (23 degrees C), cold (10 degrees C) and hot (30 degrees C) environments . Similar effects were produced by single I.C.V . injections of PBCD given before PGE2 (0.5 microgram) was injected I.C.V . in the three ambient temperatures . 2 . Fever produced by IV . LP was also prolonged by infusion and by multiple injections of PBCD . 3 . PBCD given I.P . (100 mg/kg) enhanced and prolonged fever caused by I.V . injection of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin . 4 . Hyperthermia produced by I.C.V . PGE2 was not augmented by subsequent PBCD infusion . However, pre-treatment with PBCD followed by PGE2 injection and PBCD infusion caused hyperthermia that was very high and prolonged, and, in some cases, lethal . 5 . Acetaminophen (2 mg, I.C.V.) and indomethacin (10 mg/kg, I.V.) lowered body temperature when given during fever induced by LP and prolonged by PBCD infusion . 6 . The concentration of PGE in cerebrospinal fluid (c.s.f.) samples taken from the third or lateral ventricles rose or stabilized during PBCD infusions made during LP fever . However, similar changes in PGE concentration also occurred during control infusions when body temperature was low . 7 . We conclude that termination of the actions of both central endogenous pyrogen and centrally administered PGE2, and the subsequent reduction of fevers produced by them, require a PBCD-sensitive facilitated transport system . The reduction of PBCD-prolonged PL fevers by antipyretics which block PGE synthesis suggests that prolongation by PBCD of LP fever is not due to blockade of PGE transport in a subsequent step in fever mediation per se, but is due to inhibition of transport of LP itself, or of other mediators associated with it.

Acta Hepatogastroenterol (Stuttg), 1979 Feb, 26(1), 17 - 22
Injury of liver in experimental salmonellosis of rabbits infected by salmonella agona; Prokopowicz D et al.; Liver injury was investigated in the course of salmonellosis evoked by Salmonella agona in experimental infection of rabbits . Histological and biochemical examination (proteinogram, the level of bilirubin, fibrinogen, cholesterol and its esters in blood, activity of asparine and alanine aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase and guanase in blood) were carried out in 70 animals . Liver injury showing degeneration, steatosis and necrosis was found in the course of salmonellosis . Hepatitis gigantocellularis was sporadically observed . Biochemical parameters were not in correlation with the observed histological changes.

J Bacteriol, 1979 Feb, 137(2), 746 - 51
Variation in the structure and bacteriophage-inactivating capacity of Salmonella anatum lipopolysaccharide as a function of growth temperature; McConnell M et al.; Growth temperature affects both the structure and the phage-inactivating capacity of Salmonella anatum A1 lipopolysaccharide . Whereas S . anatum cells normally synthesize smooth lipopolysaccharide when grown at physiological temperature (37 degrees C), a partial smooth-rough transition occurs when cells are grown at low temperature (20 to 25 degrees C) . The synthesis at low growth temperature of lipopolysaccharide molecules lacking O-antigen was detected both by increased sensitivity of cells to the rough-specific bacteriophage Felix O-1 and by fractionation of oligosaccharides derived from lipopolysaccharide by mild acid hydrolysis . Growth temperature-induced changes in the structure of S . anatum A1 lipopolysaccharide also affected its ability to inactivate epsilon15, a bacteriophage that binds initially to the O-antigen portion of the molecule . Purified lipopolysaccharide prepared from cells grown at low growth temperature exhibited a higher in vitro phage-inactivating capacity than did lipopolysaccharide prepared from cells grown at physiological temperature (37 degrees C).

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1979 Feb, 87B(1), 29 - 36
Diagnosis of Salmonella bacteria: antibodies against synthetic Salmonella O-antigen 8 for immunofluorescence and co-agglutination using sensitized protein A-containing staphylococci; Svenungsson B et al.; An antiserum against the synthetic disaccharide abequose 1 leads to 3 alpha rhamnose (AR), representative of Salmonella O-antigen 8, coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used for diagnosis of Salmonella bacteria by indirect immunofluorescence (IFL) and by co-agglutination (COA) using sensitized protein A-containing staphylococci . Among the 1150 enteric bacteria tested in IFL, the antiserum correctly identified all 99 Salmonella serogroup C2 and C3 bacteria with O-antigen 8 . No fluorescence was seen with 484 Salmonella bacteria belonging to other serogroups or 567 non-Salmonella enteric bacteria . The anti-AR-BSA serum was favourable as compared to a conventional Salmonella factor O8 serum as regards both titre and specificity . In the COA test, all 22 Salmonella serogroup C2 and C3 strains agglutinated strongly and within seconds, whereas no agglutination could be seen when 93 Salmonella bacteria representing other serogroups were tested.

Mutat Res, 1979 Feb, 66(2), 159 - 67
Lack of cytogenetic effects in mice or mutations in Salmonella receiving sodium fluoride; Martin GR et al.; We have examined the possible effect of fluoride intake on chromosome damage . There was no evidence of increased frequency of chromosomal aberration in bone marrow or testis cells of mice with either 50 ppm fluoride intake over several generations or 100 ppm intake for 6 weeks compared to animals drinking distilled water . Fluoride was not found to be mutagenic in a widely used bacterial mutagenesis assay over a range of 0.1 to as high as 2000 microgram fluoride per plate.

Infect Immun, 1979 Feb, 23(2), 336 - 46
Hemagglutination patterns of enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli determined with human, bovine, chicken, and guinea pig erythrocytes in the presence and absence of mannose; Evans DJ Jr et al.; A hemagglutination (HA)-typing system has been developed for the presumptive identification of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) possessing the colonization factor antigens (CFA) CFA/I or CFA/II . E . coli isolates are grown on CFA agar and tested for mannose-sensitive (MS) or mannose-resistant (MR) HA of human, bovine, chicken, and guinea pig erythrocytes . CFA/I-positive ETEC exhibit MRHA with human, bovine, and chicken erythrocytes, but no HA with guinea pig erythrocytes . CFA/II-positive ETEC produce HA (MRHA) only with bovine and chicken erythrocytes . Common pili appear to be the primary MS-hemagglutinin of E . coli because the prototype strain K-12 exhibits HA (MSHA) with all but bovine erythrocytes . However, only 6.6% (23 of 351) of E . coli belonging to the classical enteropathogenic E . coli serogroups (EPEC) possessed the same HA pattern as strain K-12; 42% of the EPEC cultures (146 of 351) were similar to K-12 in producing MSHA with chicken and guinea pig erythrocytes and no HA with bovine erythrocytes, but different in that these produced either no HA or MRHA with human erythrocytes . These EPEC-associated HA patterns were assigned to a separate category, termed HA type III . Non-EPEC serogroups associated with sporadic diarrhea (i.e., the facultatively enteropathogenic E . coli, or FEEC) and 41% (19 of 46) of available Salmonella isolates also produced HA type III patterns . This observation is of considerable interest because many FEEC possess somatic antigens cross-reactive with Salmonella . Although the biochemical basis for this result has not been established, the data reported herein suggest a relationship between the HA type III phenotype and virulence (enteropathogenicity) in both the EPEC and FEEC serogroups . We propose that HA typing be used in conjunction with serotyping of E . coli to determine the degree of association of HA type III E . coli with sporadic diarrhea in infants and young children.

Infect Immun, 1979 Feb, 23(2), 287 - 93
Stimulation of T-independent antibody responses by hapten-lipopolysaccharides without repeating polymeric structure; Skelly RR et al.; The murine immune response to a haptenated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) lacking repeating oligosaccharide determinants was studied . The LPS was extracted from a rough strain of bacteria (Salmonella minnesota R595) and chemically haptenated with either trinitrophenol or fluorescein isothiocyanate . These preparations of hapten-R595 LPS were shown to be immunogenic . Furthermore, the immune response to the hapten was demonstrated to occur independent of T cells and was not merely the result of enhanced polyclonal B-cell activation . The capacity of such hapten-LPS conjugates without repeating polymeric structures to stimulate T-independent antibody responses provides information on the molecular requirements for the activation of murine B lymphocytes.

J Infect Dis, 1979 Feb, 139(2), 215 - 9
Travelers' diarrhea among U.S . Army troops in South Korea; Echeverria P et al.; A prospective study of diarrhea was conducted among 98 U.S . Army soldiers during their first six weeks in South Korea . Diarrhea developed in 54 (55%) of 98 soldiers and had a mean duration of five days . Infections with Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, enteroviruses, and intestinal parasites were uncommon . Four (8%) of 50 soldiers with documented diarrhea, two (6%) or 32 with a history of diarrhea, and one (3%) of 29 who denied gastrointestinal symptoms had serologic evidence of a recent rotavirus infection . The etiology of diarrhea among U.S . soldiers who had recently arrived in South Korea differed from the etiology among travelers in warmer climates, where enterotoxigenic strains of E . coli were responsible for the majority of cases . Further efforts are needed to define other enteric pathogens in the etiology of diarrhea among new arrivals in different parts of the world.

Mutat Res, 1979 Feb, 66(2), 175 - 9
Mutagenic activity of selenium compounds; Noda M et al.; The mutagenicities of selenate (SeO2/4-) and selenite (SeO2/3-) were determined by two bacterial assay systems: Kada's rec-assay and Ames's Salmonella test . In both assays, these compounds were found to be weak mutagens . In the Salmonella test, selenate (0.05 revertants/nmole) and selenite (0.2 revertants/nmole) gave rise to base-pair substitution.

Mol Gen Genet, 1979 Jan 16, 169(1), 13 - 25
Reversible translocation of antibiotic resistance determinants in Salmonella ordonez; Roussel A et al.; Salmonella ordonez (BM 2000) codes for kanamycin (Km, aphA), ampicillin (Ap), streptomycin (SmSp:aadA and Sm:aphC), chloramphenicol (Cm), tetracycline (Tc) and sulfonamide (Su) resistances and for production of colicin Ib (Cib) . Genetical analysis by incompatibility testing, conjugation, transformation and physical studies using electron microscopy, agarose gel electrophoresis, led us to associate the Km and Cib characters to a 98.7 kilobase (kb) IncI1 plasmid (pIP565), and the Sm (aphC) and Su determinants to a 8.3 kb plasmid (pIP605) . The ApCmSmSp(aadA)SuTc determinants were not associated in BM2000 S . ordonez with a plasmid structure . Following conjugation of S . ordonez to E . coli, the ApCmSmSpSuTc determinants were found stably associated with a single plasmid structure (pIP173, 127.5 kb) belonging to IncI1 group . Agarose gel electrophoresis of plasmid DNA restriction endonuclease digests and electron microscopy heteroduplex analysis showed that the acquisition of the ApCmSmSpSuTc determinants resulted from the insertion into pIP565 of a 28.8 kb DNA sequence . This sequence coding for ApCmSmSpSuTu resistances in S . ordonez could be translocated either to pIP565 plasmid or to several IncI1 plasmids but never to plasmids belonging to IncW, IncP or IncFII, suggesting the existence of specific sequences on the IncI1 receptor plasmids . Moreover, R-determinants were translocated back "en bloc" from pIP173 to the chromosome of a susceptible S . ordanez . The results were consistent with the presence in BM2000 S . ordonez chromosomal DNA of an integrated translocatable sequence encoding ApCmSmSpSuTc resistances . Such a structural association could account for the stability of these resistances in the Salmonella ordonez serotype.

Mol Gen Genet, 1979 Jan 11, 168(3), 323 - 9
Cis- and trans-activity of P22 antirepressor protein against c-repression specified by the closely related Salmonella phages L and Px1; Prell HH; The ant products of Salmonella phage P22, synthesized by its immI region, releases when acting in cis replication inhibition for phages P22 and L . When ant product acts trans on a coinfecting immunity sensitive phage (Thomas-Bertani-experiment as test for release of replication inhibition) full replication ensues only if both superinfecting phages are homologous in the specificities of their immC and immI regions . If these regions are heterologous, differing in immC, immI or in both, the replication of the phage expected to be complemented by ant is inhibited . This inhibition is observed in both L- and Px-lysogenic bacteria and can be released in case of ant- amber phage by action of ant in cis in su+ lysogenic bacteria.

Mol Gen Genet, 1979 Jan 2, 167(3), 337 - 9
Repressor synthesis in regulatory mutants of bacteriophage P22; Harvey AM et al.; SDS-polyacrylamide gel analysis of P22-infected Salmonella has allowed identification of the c2 repressor (MW 31,000) and study of repressor synthesis in regulatory mutants of P22 . Repressor is synthesized in reduced amounts or is absent in infections with P22, clNo.7, P22, c2 am08, P22 c3 am03, and P22 c3 am012, but is synthesized in markedly increased amounts in the virulent mutant, P22 virB3, and its component mutants, vx and k5 . Higher levels of repressor are also found in the P22 cly 17 mutant.

J Cell Physiol, 1979 Jan, 98(1), 113 - 23
Binding of Salmonella minnesota R-form glycolipid mR595 to rat fibroblasts and its effect on cell metabolism and cell behaviour; Lallier R et al.; Trypsinized normal rat embryo fibroblasts and untrypsinized and trypsinized transformed rat fibroblasts have two orders of binding sites for bacterial glycolipid mR595 . The high order sites fix 1--3 micrograms glycolipid mR595/10(5) cells and those of the low order fix about 6 microgram glycolipids mR595/10(6) cells . Ca++ is required for the low order glycolipid mR595 binding to be trypsinized but not to the untrypsinized transformed rat fibroblasts . The low order binding is temperature dependent with the transition temperature lying between 25 and 37 degrees C . Exogenously added ganglioside and glycoproteins contained in the fetal calf serum do not inhibit fixation of glycolipid mR595 . Only beta-lipoprotein at high concentrations is slightly inhibitory . Glycolipid mR595 fixation to transformed fibroblast does not alter their morphology and appears to slightly improve cell attachment to substratum . Glycolipid mR595 fixation results in a lengthening of the S-phase of the cell cycle and a reduction in 2-deoxyglucose uptake . Uptake of inorganic phosphate is not affected . Inhibition of phospholipid synthesis is observed in mR595 fixed fibroblasts whereas synthesis of cell surface glycoproteins and the content of cellular gangliosides is not affected.

J Bacteriol, 1979 Jan, 137(1), 517 - 23
Flagellar-phase variation: isolation of the rh1 gene; Silverman M et al.; In Salmonella, expression of flagellar antigen alternates between two serotypes (phases) encoded by two genes, H1 and H2 . The mechanism which controls the alternative expression of the H1 and H2 genes was examined by cloning these genes and the genetic elements which control their activity on hybrid vehicles in Escherichia coli . H2 gene activity was shown to be controlled by a recombinational switch located adjacent to the H2 gene . Activity of the H1 gene is thought to be repressed, when the H2 gene is expressed, by the product of another gene, rh1 (repressor of H1), which is controlled coordinately with the H2 gene . In this report, we describe the construction of hybrid lambda vehicles which contain, in addition to the H2 gene, a genetic activity corresponding to rh1 . Variation of flagellar antigens analogous to that observed in Salmonella was observed when E . Coli strains were transduced with the hybrid lambda . By using the lambdaH2rh1 hybrid to program protein synthesis in UV-irradiated cells, the synthesis of a polypeptide was correlated with rh1 gene product activity . We conclude that the H2 region consists of two cotranscribed genes, H2 and rh1 . The expression of both gene products is regulated by the same recombinational event.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1979, 23(4), 457 - 61
A study on the role of birds in the spread of infections; Janout V et al.; During three expeditions undertaken in March 1977 to June 1978, 797 cloacal swabs were collected from birds of 54 species . Seven salmonella strains of six serotype were isolated from Larus ridibundus (five strains), Corvus frugilegus and Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (one each) . Four strains of influenza A (HAV2 NA4V) virus were isolated from Larus ridibundus . For the first time in Czechoslovakia, two strains of Yucaipa paramyxovirus were isolated, both of them from Troglodytes troglodytes . These results are the first contribution to a study on the role of birds as hosts and vectors of different bacterial and viral agents.

Contrib Microbiol Immunol, 1979, 5, 196 - 205
Yersinia enterocolitica in Oneida County, New York; Shayegani M et al.; In a 7-month study during and after an outbreak of Yersiniosis in Oneida, N.Y., a total of 963 specimens were examined for Yersinia enterocolitica . Of the 103 Y . enterocolitica isolates recovered, 91 were from Oneida County . Sixty-two (60.2%) were from humans including 52 from Oneida County . The isolates from the outbreak were mainly serotype 0:8, which on biotypnig proved to be Nilehn type 2, Wauters type 1, Knapp and Thal type 2 . The rest of the isolates were distributed among various biotypes and included organisms which belonged to eight different serotypes . The results suggest that Y . enterocolitica may be ubiquitous in New York State, as it was isolated from 10 to 25% of 275 water, milk, and animal specimens examined and from about 2.3% of 300 sequential stool specimens submitted for Salmonella and Shigella screening.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1979, 23(3), 357 - 9
Salmonella presov 6,8: b: enz15: a new serotype isolated in Czechoslovakia; Matejovska D et al.; A new Salmonella type, S . presov, isolated for the first time in Czechoslovakia from the stool of a woman with diarrhoea, is described . The antigenic formula is 6,8:enz15.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1979 Jan, 13(1), 97 - 9
{The antigenic relationship between Salmonella 0:7 antigen and Debaromyces hansenii and its synonym strains}; Aksoycan N; In this publication antigenic relationship between Salmonella 0:7 antigen and Debaryomyces marama, Debaryomyces hansenii and some synonym strains of Debaryomyces hansenii are shown together.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1979 Jan, 13(1), 93 - 5
{Brettanomyces strains and the Salmonella 0:7 antigen}; Aksoycan N; In this publication some Brettanomyces strains that have common antigenic factor with Salmonella 0:7 antigen and other Brettanomyces strains that don't have this common factor are shown together.

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1979 Jan-Jun, 72(1-6), 44 - 61
{Cefamandole: in vitro and in vivo activity}; Martinetto P et al.; Among the cephalosporin antibiotics, a relatively new derivative of Cefamandole has been studied, the sodium salt of its formyl ester, Cefamandole nafate . It has shown a broad spectrum of antibiotic activity against a wide variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative Bacteria (127 strains); the susceptibility was good even with beta-lactamase-producing bacteria . Good protective doses (PD50) were found after mice infections with Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella wien . The pharmacokinetics of Cefamandole carried out comparatively in 5 human volunteers and in laboratory animals exhibited high levels, especially in the urines.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1979, 45(4), 595 - 604
Bacteriophage typing of Salmonella weltevreden; Sood L et al.; Salmonella weltevreden has been found to be one of the commonest Salmonella serotypes isolated from diverse sources in India and has also been isolated in a number of other countries . A phage typing scheme was developed for this serotype using a set of six typing phages . These phages had been selected out of 146 phage strains isolated and purified from stool samples of man, laboratory animals and other animals, sewage and surface water sources, and the lytic mutants of temperate phages form S . weltevreden . The phage typing scheme was applied systematically to type the 946 strains from India isolated during 1958-1974 and 148 strains originating from Australia, Burma, England, Gan Island, Holland, Hong Kong, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, The Philippines, Thailand, The United States and Vietnam during 1953-1971 . The scheme was particularly studied to evaluate its utility in mapping the epidemiologically related strains from various sources . The S . weltevreden strains could be classified into ten phage types . Phage types 2 and 7 were found exclusively amongst Indian strains, type 6 from Vietnam and type 8 from Burma, Thailand and Vietnam . Phage types were found to be stable and consistent with the independent epidemiological data available.

Infection, 1979, 7 Suppl 6, 593 - 6
{Cellular antibacterial immunity (author's transl)}; Hahn H; Facultatively intracellular bacteria (Mycobacteria, Brucellae, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhi etc.) may not necessarily be killed after having being phagocytosed by polymorphonuclear leucocytes or macrophages, cellular immunity having first to be built up . This results in the formation of specifically committed T-lymphocytes, which in turn release lymphokines after restimulation by homologous antigen . Under the effect of lymphokines, mononuclear phagocytes are chemotactically attracted to the site of infection, granulomas are formed and macrophages within the granuloma are activated . The granuloma represents the tissue reaction within which the interaction between facultatively intracellular bacteria and defence factors takes place . The experimental details underlying this concept are reviewed.

Prensa Med Mex, 1979 Jan-Feb, 43(1-2), 2 - 6
{Hepatic abscess caused by Salmonella}; Olivares Lopez F et al.; In Mexico liver abscesses are frequent and most of them are produced by amibas . Sometimes the ethiology is caused by bacterias and its ethiological diagnosis is difficult therefore the specifics treatment takes longer and this may increase mortality . In this issue, the clinical laboratory scand caracteristics are presented on six patients having liver abscess caused by Salmonella as well as its evolution and reaction to treatment.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1979, 29(12a), 2003 - 4
{Therapy of pneumonia in children with mezlocillin (author's transl)}; Weippl G; Pneumonia in children requires immediate antibiotic treatment . The identification of the causative organism is very difficult and, therefore, of little importance for therapy . A number of simple examinations, such as BSR, neutrophil count and unsegmented neutrophil count, allow to differentiate between bacterial and viral infections . This method is particularly suitable for assessing an antibiotic treatment retrospectively . These considerations were borne in mind when instituting treatment in 72 babies and children suffering from pneumonia . The following diagnoses were established: 12 cases of whooping cough associated with pneumonia, 4 cases of congenital defects and pneumonia, 1 case of rare Salmonella-induced septicopyaemia and pneumonia, 6 cases of pneumonia and reduced defence against infections and 49 cases of primary pneumonia . Except for one child presenting an insufficiently developed immunity system, all the children were rapidly cured within 5-7 days . The only side effect observed was rash in two cases.

Vet Med Nauki, 1979, 16(8), 95 - 9
{Effect of cortisome on monocyte "disappearance" from the blood}; Kostov G; The effect of cortisone on monocyte "disappearance" from peripheral blood of guinea pigs sensibilized with live S . abortus ovis culture and showing positive skin-allergic reaction with allergen of the same salmonella was studied . It was established that in case cortisone is applied in a dose of 22 mg per guinea pig intramusculary 3 or 1 h before or simultaneously with intravenous injection of homologous allergen, it blocks the allergen's effect on monocyte "disappearance", i.e . the number or monocytes in cortisone treated animals does not change, while their number in the control animals (not treated with cortisone) decreases considerably . The possible blocking effect mechanisms of cortisone on the specific allergen action are discussed.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1979, 73(6), 680 - 3
Diagnostic value of bone marrow culture in typhoid fever; Guerra-Caceres JG et al.; The diagnostic efficacy of bone-marrow culture, serial blood cultures and agglutination tests was compared in a prospective study of 60 patients with typhoid fever, two thirds of whom had received prior antibacterial therapy . Salmonella typhi was recovered from marrow cultures in 95% of patients but blood cultures were positive in only 43.3% (P less than 0.001) . Agglutination tests were eventually diagnostic in 56.7% of patients, but in only 25% at the time of admission . If procedures had been limited to blood cultures and agglutination tests, diagnosis would have been missed in 21.7% of cases . The efficacy of marrow cultures was affected not by the duration of disease but by the extent of antibacterial therapy before presentation . Bacteriological recovery was faster from marrow cultures.

Contrib Microbiol Immunol, 1979, 5, 150 - 8
Epidemiological and clinical aspects of human Yersinia enterocolitica infections in Belgium; Vandepitte J et al.; In the period from 1963 to 1975 data were collected on 1,781 isolates of Y . enterocolitica from human infections in Belgium . There was an uneven spread of the cases over the country, but this could simply reflect the distribution and activity of medical laboratories . Serotype 3 dominated (89.2%) followed by serotype 9 (8.6%) . Less than 1% of all isolates were from nonenteral sources . Gastroenteritis was the diagnosis in 86.8% of patients, while 10.6% were suffering from an appendicitis-like syndrome . Gastroenteritis had its peak incidence in the under 5 year group, whereas the pseudo-appendicular syndrome was more frequent in the 10--19 years age group . There was a distinct seasonal peak in late autumn . The significant association with Salmonella isolation from the stool of the same patient has been confirmed.

Padiatr Padol, 1979, 14(4), 463 - 7
{Salmonella-cholecystitis (author's transl)}; Margreiter D et al.; Gastroenteritis due to Salmonella enteritis is an endemic disease in our region, extraintestinal manifestations however are rare . We report a 8 years old girl who presented after 4 days of an unspecific diarrheal disease with watery liquid stools, vomiting, abdominal cramps, fever above 39 Grad C and symptoms and signs of an acute abdominal emergency . Mid abdominal laparotomy disclosed a cholecystitis with reactive peritonitis . Cultures of bile showed Salmonella group B as the causative organism . Cholecystectomy was performed, postoperatively Gentamycin later Chloramphenicol was administered . The postoperative course was unremarkable . Cholecystitis is a rare disease in pediatrics . Gallstones don't seem to play a roll in the etiology unlike in adults . It usually follow serious systemic infections or postoperatively after unrelated abdominal surgery due to overgrowth of the biliary system and organisms contaminating the upper gastrointestinal tract (biliary stasis, dehydration) . Salmonella enteritidis as a cause of a cholecystitis is a rare event.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1979, 19(3), 203 - 10
Properties of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris phage Ta1 and its extracted DNA; Sarfert E et al.; The virulent phage Ta1 was obtained in good yields from infected cultures of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris 1227 . The purified phage was found to sediment with a single band, the sedimentation constant being (519 +/- 14)S, and to exhibit a typical nucleoprotein behaviour in UV-spectrophotometric and CD experiments . The Ta1 phage consists of a hexagonal head about 0.056 micrometers in diameter and a very short tail . It is morphologically similar to the temperate Salmonella phage P22 . The nucleic acid extracted from the phage was found to be a double-stranded linear DNA with a G+C content of 42 mole-% as deduced both from its melting temperature and buoyant density in CsCl . Analytical sedimentation revealed a high degree of molecular homogeneity of Ta1 Dna . the sedimentation constant of this DNA amounts to (35.9 +/- 0.3)S, corresponding to a DNA molecular weight of about 29 millions daltons . The biological activity of Ta1 DNA was indicated by its ability to infect the mycelium of the components T . vulgaris strain 1227 and to give rise to mature phages.

Genetika, 1979, 15(10), 1880 - 2
{Antimutagenic effect of alpha-tocopherol on the gene mutation frequency in Salmonella}; Kalinina LM et al.; The work presents the data on the antimutagenic effect of alpha-tocopherol on the frequency of N-nitroso-N-methyl urea induced gene mutations in Salmonella in vitro and in vivo . In vitro tests have revealed the dependence of decreasing the rate of induced mutations both on combination of treatments with mutagen/antimutagen and on the dose of the mutagen . In vivo tests have demonstrated that the mutagenic effect of alpha-tocopherol depends on the duration of its action on organisms.

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1979 Jan-Jun, 71(1-6), 16 - 25
{Epidemiological aspects of salmonelloses in Turin . II: The presence of Salmonella in surface waters and sewerage waters of Turin}; Caramello S et al.; The Authors have examined several sets of superficial water and of sewerage waters (respectively 44 and 27) in the metropolitan area of Turin in search of Salmonella bacteria.

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1979 Jan-Jun, 71(1-6), 107 - 26
{Statistical findings on the variability of chemo-antibiotic resistance in minor Salmonella strains particularly frequent in the Piedmont area}; Angeretti A et al.; 462 Strains of Salmonella spp . were tested; they had been arranged in species according to the frequency of appearance in Regione Piemonte: 358 of them were isolated in the period 1975-'76 and 104 in 1977 . The susceptibility of the two groups considered to 40 antibiotics was determined . The results obtained evidenced significant variations of this parameter.

Ann Sclavo, 1979 Jan-Feb, 21(1), 58 - 62
{Prevalence and transferability of the plasmid lac+ character in "Klebsiella" sp . strains with "lac+-forte" phenotype}; Perduca M et al.; 36 strains of Klebsiella sp . showing a strong lactose-positive phenotype were examined for presence of R factors and for ability to promote the transfer of character lac+; 10 of the 13 R+ strains were able to transfer lac+ character and 4 showed the presence of R-lac factors . Transfer of R-lac factors from Klebsiella sp . strains to Salmonella typhi clinical isolates has also been obtained.

Ann Sclavo, 1979 Jan-Feb, 21(1), 38 - 52
{Salmonellosis in Messina during 1975-1977: epidemiological considerations and prophylactic recommendations (author's transl)}; Delia S et al.; The AA . report the results of the bacteriological researches carried during the years 1975-1977 on 8226 cultures . They remark the high percentage of positivity registered for Salmonella, with superiority of S . wien (87.74%), and the onset of serotypes of group E1 . At the conclusion of their study point out the nature endemic taken by the salmonellosis in Messina, and suggest the practice of prophylaxis for the control of the epidemiology.

Microbiol Immunol, 1979, 23(3), 125 - 9
Biochemical characterization of H2S-positive Salmonella sendai strains isolated in Hong Kong; Chau PY et al.; The biochemical properties of 8 H2S-positive variant strains of Salmonella sendai isolated from patients and carriers in Hong Kong were studied . Apart from the production of H2S, all these strains showed typical properties of S . sendai and a dependence on tryptophan . Their capacity to utilize different forms of sulphur sources varied, ranging from being capable of utilizing SO4, SO3, S2O3 and cystein to only cystein as the sulphur source.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1979 Jan, 130 A(1), 61 - 7
Salmonella 38:g,z51:-, a new Salmonella of sub-genus IV: a serological study on the complex H-antigen g,z51 which can be divided into three sub-genus specific factors; Rohde R et al.; A new Salmonella of sub-genus IV with the antigen formula 38:g,z51:- has been isolated from a boa . Comparative studies of the H:g,z51 revealed that this phase only occurs in the sub-genera I, III and IV but not in sub-genus II . Furthermore it became evident that there exist typical serological differences between the g,z51 phases of Salmonella sub-genus I, III and IV which are of significance for the differential diagnosis.

Scand J Immunol, 1979, 10(1), 31 - 8
Impairment of Jones-Mote hypersensitivity and specific antibody response against depolymerized flagellin in lepromatous leprosy; Saha K et al.; Cutaneous hypersensitivity and antibody-producing capacity were assessed in patients with lepromatous leprosy with defective immunity, by immunizing them with monomeric flagellin from Salmonella adelaide . Results were compared with those of controls, matched for age and sex, derived from similar socioeconomic stratum, but without any defect of the immunological system . In contrast to the normal individuals, who showed Jones-Mote type of hypersensitivity, no lepromatous patient could mount any 'delayed-in-time' cutaneous hypersensivivity reaction against an intradermal challenge of monomeric flagellin . However, when immunized through the subcutaneous route, both groups could produce adequate amounts of specific serum antibody . In addition to this unique split tolerance found in all lepromatous patients, some patients showed low levels of 'natural' IgM antibody, reduced formation of specific antibody when immunized through the subcutaneous route, and incomplete maturation of IgG class of anti-flagellin antibody . When immunized by the intradermal route, however, production of both anti-flagellin antibody and maturation of IgG antibody was significantly inhibited in normal adults but not in lepromatous patients . Thus, contrary to the earlier concept of hyperactivity of the humoral immune apparatus in lepromatous leprosy, the present study detected B-cell hypofunction in some patients.

Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol, 1979 Jan-Mar, 24(1), 23 - 32
{Sensitivity to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents in some strains of Salmonella typhi isolated in Romania during the period 1974-1976}; Dimache G et al.; Investigations were carried out on 781 S . typhi strains isolated from patients and carriers . Testing of the sensitivity to chemotherapeutical agents by diffusiometry and the incorporation technique led to the detection of four resistant strains: 1 strain isolated by coproculture from a carrier since 1958, resistant to A, K, N, Ca and Cf and 3 strains isolated by coproculture, biliculture and uroculture from a carrier since 1974, resistant to A and Ca . The R factors of these strains were transferred in their totality . The resistant strains did not manifest any particular pathogenicity for the laboratory animal, and their immunogenic potential was below that of the current typhoid vaccine . None of the 781S typhi were resistant to Cmx, C, G, T, Co and Po . Consequently, in Romania Chloramphenicol may be used in continuation in the treatment of typhoid fever, and Cotrimoxazol, Gentamycin, Tetracyclin and Ampicillin are and remain reserve substitutes . The possible unexpected appearance of resistant S . typhi strains demand, however, further control of the sensitivity to chemotherapeutics of all the isolated strains.

Microbiol Immunol, 1979, 23(2), 87 - 94
Endotoxic glycolipid as a potent depressor of the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme systems in mice; Egawa K et al.; Inhibitory effects of the endotoxic glycolipid from Salmonella minnesota R595 on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activities in mice were investigated, and the depressor activity of the glycolipid in the enzyme systems was confirmed . Among degradation products of lipopolysaccharides tested, lipid A preparations derived from the mild acetic acid hydrolysates of lipopolysaccharides were the most active, but the lipid A fractions prepared from the hydrolysates with 1 N-HCl were almost inactive . A degraded polysaccharide fraction from E . coli lipopolysaccharide was inactive . The activities of the glycolipid and the lipid A preparation were markedly reduced by treatment with alkaline-hydroxylamine, mild alkali or hydrazine . The data showed that the lipid A moiety of the glycolipid may be responsible for the inhibitory activity on the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme systems.

Aust Vet J, 1979 Jan, 55(1), 16 - 8
Observations on Salmonella infections of birds; Grimes TM; During the period 1961 to 1976, 29 species of Salmonella other than Salmonella pullorum were isolated from 180 accessions of birds examined at the Animal Research Institute, Yeerongpilly . These birds were submitted to the laboratory from flocks with disease or production problems . S . typhimurium was the most frequently isolated serotype being obtained from 63% of accessions . Outbreaks of systemic salmonellosis occurred most frequently in young birds and although pathological changes were most commonly observed in visceral organs they were also seen in eyes, joints and the brain . Diseases other than salmonellosis were identified in many accessions of birds with systemic or enteric salmonella infections.

Aust Vet J, 1979 Jan, 55(1), 13 - 5
Salmonella contamination of meat and bone meal; Bensink JC; The production of meat and bone meal from 8 rendering plants was examined for the presence of salmonellas . Of 164 samples of final product 114 (69.5%) were contaminated with salmonellas . Of 65 samples, collected at various points from the production line 35 (53.8%), and of 95 samples collected from the processing environment 79 (83.1%) were found to be contaminated with salmonellas . A total of 41 serotypes were found with S . havana, S . eimsbuettel, S . ohio and S . singapore being the most frequently isolated . Pre-enrichment of 25g samples in buffered peptone water, followed by enrichment in mannitol selenite cystine broth at 42 degrees C and Muller-Kauffmann Tetrathionate Broth at 37 degrees C and plating on Bismuth Sulphite Agar was found to yield 98.5% of the salmonella-positive samples.

J Nutr, 1979 Jan, 109(1), 84 - 90
Studies on the ameliorating effect of ascorbic acid on mineral toxicities in the chick; Hill CH; The effect of dietary ascorbic acid on the toxicity of high levels of cobalt, selenium, vanadium, cadmium, copper, and mercury was determined in chicks . The vitamin reduced the growth retardation caused by cobalt, selenium, vanadium, and cadmium administration but had no such effect on copper and mercury toxicity at the levels used . The effect of ascorbic acid on growth could not be mimicked by ferrous iron administration . Ascorbic acid did not alleviate the increased susceptibility of chicks to Salmonella gallinarum caused by feeding high levels of these elements.

J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Jan, 9(1), 108 - 14
Serological response of chickens to Salmonella thompson and Salmonella pullorum infections; Williams JE et al.; Chickens were experimentally infected with Salmonella thompson (serogroup C, paratyphoid) and Salmonella pullorum (serogroup D) . Five serological methods and one cultural method were used in detecting the infections . The microantiglobulin test was superior to all other methods for detection of paratyphoid (S . THOMPSON) infection and was followed in efficacy by the microagglutination test, rapid serum plate test, cloacal swab culture, macroscopic tube agglutination test, and rapid whole-blood test, in that order . Birds infected with S . pullorum showed much higher agglutinin titers than the birds infected with paratyphoid . The microagglutination and microantiglobulin tests were not significantly different for detection of pullorum infection and were followed in efficacy by the rapid serum plate, macroscopic tube agglutination, rapid whole-blood, and cloacal swab culture tests, in that order . The cloacal swab culture test was totally inadequate for the detection of pullorum infection.

J Environ Pathol Toxicol, 1979 Jan-Feb, 2(3), 613 - 23
Effects of phenobarbital and methylcholanthrene on hepatic mixed-function-oxidase activities in hamsters; Tucker AN et al.; The effects of the inducers phenobarbital (PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) on hamster liver mixed-function-oxidase activities were studied . Both inducers increased to content of cytochrome P-450 in the microsomes, aminopyrine demethylase activity, and biphenyl 4-hydroxylase activity when given for 8 days . The ability of liver homogenates from treated animals to activate compounds to mutagens was tested using the Salmonella/microsome test . Neither inducer appreciably altered mutagenicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene, benzidine, benzo(a)pyrene, aflatoxin B1, or sterigmatocystin . Mutagenicity of MC was increased when homogenates from MC-treated hamsters were used as a source of activating enzymes, and this mutagenicity could be correlated with increased biphenyl 2-hydroxylase activity.

Immunol Commun, 1979, 8(1), 85 - 92
Attachment to erythrocytes of uniform salt forms of lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella abortus-equi and its inhibition by various animal sera; Praino MD et al.; Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) readily attach to erythrocyte membranes in vitro, resulting in hemagglutination in the presence of the homologous bacterial antibodies . The attachment of LPS to red blood cells can be prevented by certain, but not all, animal sera . In this study, the attachment of uniform salt forms of LPS from Salmonella abortus-equi to erythrocytes from various animal species was investigated . The uniform salt preparations were significantly more active than the starting material . Similar findings were obtained with erythrocytes from man, sheep, rabbit, and guinea pig . These results were not due to differences in antibody neutralizing capacity, since all preparations showed essentially identical activity . When sera from various animal species were used as inhibitors of LPS attachment, inhibition of erythrocyte modification by equivalent, but not by identical, amounts of LPS was essentially the same.

Br J Surg, 1979 Jan, 66(1), 5 - 8
Toxic dilatation of the colon in salmonella colitis and inflammatory bowel disease; Schofield PF et al.; Toxic dilatation of the colon may be due to inflammatory bowel disease, either ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease of the colon, but recent experience has shown that infective colitis due to salmonella can produce this complication . We present 13 cases with toxic dilatation (9 inflammatory bowel disease and 4 salmonellosis) and outline the diagnostic features and treatment in these patients . It is important to distinguish salmonellosis at an early stage because, whilst toxic dilatation in inflammatory bowel disease is an absolute indication for surgical treatment, cases with this complication due to salmonellosis may be treated conservatively in the majority of instances.

Arch Invest Med (Mex), 1979, 10(1), 33 - 8
Detection of antibodies to Salmonella "O" antigens in typhoid fever by counterimmunoelectrophoresis . II . Assessment in patients with typhoid fever and in a healthy population; Munoz O et al.; Two different population groups were studied . In one, 50 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of typhoid fever . Serum determinations were made for the detection of antibodies to S . typhi somatic antigen using Widal technique, surface fixation test and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) . In the other group, 350 healthy subjects were studied to determine the minimum diagnostic titer by means of CIE . It was possible to establish that a 1:16 titer was suggestive of typhoid fever when CIE techniques were used . Surface fixation test showed the highest sensitivity levels . CIE with sensitivity levels similar to those found in Widal's reaction exceeds the other test because of its standardization and greater reproducibility.

Arch Invest Med (Mex), 1979, 10(1), 21 - 31
Detection of antibodies to Salmonella "O" antigens in typhoid fever by counterimmunoelectrophoresis . I . Description of technique; Hernandez-Velarde R et al.; In the serum of patients with typhoid fever counterimmunoelectrophoretic techniques were used for the detection of antibodies to Salmonella "O" antigen . Lipopolysacharides (LPS) obtained with phenol and water from Salmonella typhi (antigens 0, 9 and 12) were used . Positive results were obtained in those patients with typhoid fever (20) . The lower and higher titration levels were 1:8 and 1:32 respectively; the geometric mean was 1:16 . The variation coefficient during the intra assay tests was 0.19, and remained stable throughout the inter-assay tests . Reproducibility, as well as a rapid technique, make this test a valuable tool for the serologic diagnosis of typhoid fever.

Adv Shock Res, 1979, 2, 113 - 27
Carbohydrate metabolism in C3H/HeJ (nonresponder) mice during endotoxic shock; McCallum RE et al.; This study was undertaken to evaluate the hypoglycemic effects of endotoxin in C3H/HeJ (nonresponder) mice . Endotoxin from Salmonella enteritidis ser Typhimurium strain SR-11 was used and the median lethal dosed (LD50) for random-outbred Swiss-Webster mice and C3H/HeJ mice were 450 microgram and 3,000 microgram, respectively . At intervals after intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin (1 LD50) animals were killed, and blood glucose, liver glucose, and liver glycogen levels were killed, and blood glucose, liver glucose, and liver glycogen levels were measured . The time course of carbohydrate depletion in both strains of mice was almost identical . Little change from controls was noted, however, in nonresponder mice given the LD50 dose for normal responder mice . Passive transfer of plasma from C3H/HeJ mice appeared to protect conventional responder mice from the carbohydrate-depleting effects of endotoxin; whereas, passive transfer of peritoneal cells from C3HeB/FeJ responder mice to nonresponders appeared to sensitize C3H/HeJ mice to this effect . In order to evaluate clearance and detoxification of endotoxin in non-responder mice, 14 C-labeled lipopolysaccharide was prepared from bacteria grown in broth containing D-glucose-14 C(U) . Mice were injected intravenously with labeled endotoxin, and blood, liver, spleen, kidney, heart, lung, and brain were counted for radioactivity at intervals after injection . Results from these tracer studies indicate that the clearance of lipopolysaccharide in nonresponder mice is slower than that seen in conventional animals . The results of this study further support the suggestion that endotoxin exerts its effects on carbohydrate metabolism via mediators resulting from endotoxin-cell surface interactions.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1979 Jan, 13(1), 89 - 92
{The antigenic relationships between Candida albicans, Salmonella cholerae suis, and Salmonella cholerae suis var . Kunzendorf O antigens}; Aksoycan N et al.; In this study a common antigenic factor (s) between C . albicans CBS-562 and S . cholerae suis 211 (0:6(2),7) was shown with agglutination and absorption tests . This common antigenic factor (s) is different than previously shown Salmonella 0:7 antigen . This new factor (s) is not present in S . cholerae suis var . kunzendorf 1350 (0:6(1), 7) and S . cholerae suis var . kunzendorf 5210 (0:6(2),7) serotypes.

Environ Mutagen, 1979, 1(4), 399 - 407
In vitro mutagenicity and cell transformation screening of caprolactam; Greene EJ et al.; Caprolactam was tested for genetic activity in bacterial and mammalian screens . It was inactive in the following tests: a) Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity; b) Chinese hamster ovary cell mutagenicity (induction of 6-thioguanine mutants); c) Enhancement of SA7 virus transformation of primary hamster embryo cells, when administered before or after virus, and; d) Chemical transformation of secondary hamster embryo cells.

Environ Mutagen, 1979, 1(4), 361 - 9
Mutagenicity of resin acids identified in pulp and paper mill effluents using the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay; Nestmann ER et al.; Ten resin acids which have been identified as constituents of pulp and paper mill effluents have been examined for potential mutagenicity in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay . Only neoabietic acid has been found to be mutagenic . Neoabietic acid showed dose-related increases in mutagenicity in strains TA1535, TA100, TA1538, and TA98, but not in strain TA1537 . Metabolic activation with a preparation of Aroclor 1254-induced liver homogenate (S9) slightly reduced the mutagenic responses . Negative responses were found for abietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, levopimaric acid, 7-oxodehydroabietic acid, monochlorodehydroabietic acid, dichlorodehydroabietic acid, pimaric acid, isopimaric acid, and sandaracopimaric acid.

Environ Mutagen, 1979, 1(4), 307 - 13
Mutagenic activity of epoxy embedding reagents employed in electron microscopy; Murray MP et al.; Components of epoxy-based embedding media used in electron microscopy were examined for their mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella system . The compounds, singly and in combination, were shown to be active with strain TA100 (base substitution indicator) but not with TA98 (frameshift indicator) . When tested separately the epoxy resins Araldite, Epon, and vinyl cyclohexen dioxide (VCD) and the plasticizer diglycidyl ether of propylene glycol (DER-736) were found to be significantly mutagenic . These active compounds, in combination with liver mixed oxidase preparation (S9), showed increased mutagenicity over similar preparations in the absence of microsomal activation.

Environ Mutagen, 1979, 1(2), 95 - 104
The mutagenicity of dialkyl nitrosamines in the Salmonella plate assay; Prival MJ et al.; N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMN) is not mutagenic in the standard Salmonella plate incorporation assay (Ames test) in the presence of an in vitro metabolic activation system (S-9) derived from rat liver . When the S-9 was derived from Aroclor- or phenobarbital-induced mouse or hamster liver or from uninduced hamster liver, mutagenic activity was observed . Increasing the amount of S-9 above the usual maximum level of 50 microliter per plate increased the mutagenic response . Similarly, the mutagenicity of N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) and N-nitrosodi(n-butyl)amine (DBN) was greater in the presence of hamster liver S-9 than when mouse or rat liver was used . Data are also presented indicating that the ability of rat liver S-9 to mediate the mutagenic activity of DMN in the "preincubation" assay is due to the fact that the various components are present in this assay at several times the concentrations attained in the standard plate incorporation assay.

Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1979, 26(4), 293 - 300
Cross-protection against Salmonella enteritidis infection in mice . III . Delayed hypersensitivity reaction and clearance of the challenge organism; Padmanaban VD et al.; Mice were immunized with live vaccines and with live vaccines with complete adjuvant incorporating Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi-murium, Salmonella gallinarum or Salmonella pullorum . On the 21st day after vacination, the hypersensitivity reactions elicited by the mice to extracts of the challenge organism (S . enteritidis 5694 SMR) were assessed . The degree of delayed hypersensitivity reaction was compared with the level of protection induced by the vaccine . The role in protection of delayed hypersensitivity is discussed . Clearance of the challenge organism from the liver of previously vaccinated and unvaccinated mice was assessed quantitatively.

Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1979, 26(4), 283 - 91
Cross-protection against Salmonella enteritidis infection in mice; Padmanaban VD et al.; Mice were immunized subcutaneously with live vaccines and live vaccines with complete adjuvant incorporating Salmonella enteritidis Se 795, Salmonella typhi-murium M206, Salmonella gallinarum 9R or Salmonella pullorum Sp223 . They were challenged along with unvaccinated controls with 100 LD50 of virulent S . enteritidis 5694 SMR subcutaneously on the 21st day post-vaccination . The humoral immune response was studied by assessing the sequential level of agglutinins, complete and incomplete somatic antibodies, opsonophagocytic antibodies, cytophilic antibodies and bactericidal antibodies before and after challenge . The level of these antibodies and the protection afforded by the particular vaccine is correlated and the possible involvement of a humoral mechanism is discussed.

Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1979, 26(4), 277 - 81
Cross-protection aginst Salmonella enteritidis infection in mice . I . Immunization trials; Padmanaban VD et al.; Mice were immunized subcutaneously with live and killed vaccines, with and without complete adjuvant incorporating Salmonella typhi-murium M206, Salmonella gallinarum 9R, Salmonella pullorum Sp223 as well as homologous Salmonella enteritidis Se795 . The animals were challenged 21 days post-vaccination with 100 LD50 of virulent S . enteritidis 5694 SMR subcutaneously along with unvaccinated control mice . To assess the immunity against acute and chronic infections, the percentage of absolute survivors i.e . survivors without lesions and without the challenge organism, was taken as the criterion . Live vaccines proved better than killed vaccines . Live vaccines with complete adjuvant induced a good protection . Cross-protection could be induced with the live vaccine with complete adjuvant against S . enteritidis infection in mice.

Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1979, 26(3), 217 - 23
Shigella dysenteriae 1-like cytotoxic enterotoxins produced by Salmonella strains; Ketyi I et al.; A Salmonella enteritidis strain produced a cytotoxin in addition to heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins . Two strains of serotypes Salmonella kapemba and Salmonella thompson were LT and ST negative, but exhibited a cytotoxic effect . After Sephadex G-100 fractionation of the crude S . enteritidis material, some high and low molecular fractions had both cytotonic and cytotoxic activities . Of the two other salmonellae, only some high molecular fractions contained the cytotoxic substance . Neutralization experiments revealed an antigenic relationship between the cytotoxins studied and Shigella dysenteriae 1 enterotoxin . On the basis of cross neutralization and other data, it seems that cytotoxic and LT-like characters are carried by the same molecule . In S . thompson and S . kapemba the LT fails to exert a biological effect, although it is antigenically related to the LT of Escherichia coli.

Drug Chem Toxicol, 1979, 2(4), 383 - 96
DNA binding and mutagenicity of 7-substituted derivatives of benz{A}anthracene; Wettstein JG et al.; The binding of carcinogenic 7-hydroxymethylbenz{a}anthracene (7-HOCH2-B{a}A) and 7-acetoxymethylbenz{a}anthracene (7-AcOCH2-B{a}A) to calf thymus DNA was studied in the presence or absence of microsomal enzymes or nucleoside phosphates . In the absence of microsomes or ATP little or no binding was detected for either hydrocarbon (HC) . Microsomal enzymes significantly enhanced the binding of both HC's to DNA when compared to control as measured by radioactivity bound to DNA . When 7-HOCH2-B{a}A was incubated at 37 degrees with ATP there was a linear increase in binding over a six hr period . Of the nucleoside phosphates tested, ATP, and to a lesser extent ADP and CTP, mediated binding of 7-HOCH2-B{a}A suggesting formation of a reactive phosphate ester . Mutagenicity studies with 7-acetoxymethyl, 7-hydroxymethyl, 7-formyl-, 7-methyl-, and 7-methoxymethyl-B{a}A were conducted using the Salmonella reverse mutation assay . All compounds exhibited mutagenic activity in the presence of S-9; only 7-AcOCH2-B{a}A was active without S-9 indicating this compound to be an ultimate mutagen.

Contrib Microbiol Immunol, 1979, 5, 283 - 91
Human gastrointestinal infections by Yersinia enterocolitica; Van Noyen R et al.; In an average-sized peripheral hospital in Belgium, Y . enterocolitica has been isolated from 1.1% of stool cultures, using an unmodified routine technique . In a group of unselected patients undergoing appendicectomy, 1.3% of patients had a positive culture, either from the mesenteric lymph nodes or the appendix, or from both sources . In the same group of patients, 1.7% of cultures grew a Salmonella . In more than half of the patients, the diagnosis of mesenteric adenitis was made during the surgical intervention . The clinical picture of Yersinia infection was greatly influenced by the age of the patients . Bacteriological (serotypes, antibiotic sensitivity, associated enteric pathogens), epidemiological (sex distribution, seasonal influence and secondary infection among family contacts) and clinical data confirm previous experience with human yersiniosis in this country.

Circ Shock, 1979, 6(4), 333 - 42
Resistance of essential fatty acid-deficient rats to endotoxic shock; Cook JA et al.; The role of lipids in the altered energy metabolism of shock remains to be delineated fully . During the course of our studies of endotoxic shock, the susceptibility of essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficient rats to endotoxin was evaluated . Intravenous administration of S . Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (1 mg/100 gm) in normal male Long-Evans rats (7--8 weeks old) produced severe shock with an 88% mortality . In marked contrast, injection of this dose of endotoxin in EFA-deficient rats of the same age resulted in only an 18% mortality . The deficient state afforded significant protection to even supralethal doses of endotoxin (2 mg/100 gm) . Evaluation of reticuloendothelial (RE) phagocytic activity with colloidal carbon did not reveal significant differences in RE clearance rates . Within five hours after induction of shock, however, plasma acid hydrolase activity of shocked control rats was approximately double that of the EFA-deficient group . Likewise, the endotoxin induced hypoglycemic response was milder in the EFA-deficient rats . The lower plasma glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity of the EFA-deficient group also indicated a maintenance of hepatic integrity . These observations suggest that essential fatty acids of their products (ie, prostaglandins) contribute to the pathogenesis of endotoxic shock.

Microbiol Immunol, 1979, 23(5), 369 - 82
Effect of capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae on host resistance to bacterial infections . III . Further study of its effects on interactions between peritoneal leukocytes and virulent Salmonella enteritidis; Kato N et al.; The mechanism for the infection-promoting effect of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPS-K) was investigated using the experimental system in which mice were infected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with a virulent strain of Salmonella enteritidis immediately after i.p . injection of CPS-K . In the peritoneal phagocytes of CPS-K-untreated control mice, approximately 70, 3, and 10% of phagocytized bacteria survived 6, 12, and 24 hr after challenge, respectively, when calculated from the ratio of the number of cell-associated viable bacteria, which was estimated by direct plate count, to the number of phagocytized bacteria, which was estimated by microscopic observation of stained smears . In contrast, almost all of the phagocytized bacteria were viable throughout the experimental period in mice treated with CPS-K . The electron microscopical findings of the phagocytes obtained 12 hr after challenge showed that in the cells of mice treated with CPS-K almost all of the phagocytized bacteria were morphologically intact, with some of them in the stages of cell division, whereas in those of untreated control mice, almost all of the phagocytized bacteria underwent digestive changes . When the reaction product of acid phosphatase was examined by electron microscopy in the phagocytes obtained 12 hr after challenge, the enzyme activity in the phagosomes was very low in mice treated with CPS-K in comparison with that in untreated control mice . Enzyme assays of the lysosomal and extralysosomal fractions of peritoneal cells obtained at various times after challenge also showed that release of acid phosphatase from the lysosomal fraction to the extralysosomal fraction after bacterial challenge was inhibited in peritoneal cells of mice treated with CPS-K.

Avian Dis, 1979 Jan-Mar, 23(1), 62 - 9
Prevalence of certain antibodies to selected disease-causing agents in wild turkeys in Texas; Hensley TS et al.; In Texas in 1976 and 1977, Rio Grande turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia) from seven counties and Eastern turkeys (M . g . silvestris) from one county were tested for antibodies to selected poultry pathogens . Standardized serological tests disclosed reactors to Salmonella pullorum (2.4%), S . typhimurium (2.3%), and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (4.8%) . There were no reactors to Newcastle disease virus or Chlamydia psittaci . Prevalence of M . gallisepticum antibody in wild turkeys was significantly higher for counties with commercial turkey operations than for counties lacking domestic turkeys, whereas the incidence of S . pullorum and S . typhimurium did not differ significantly.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1979 Jan, 130 A(1), 47 - 60
Immunogenic complexes obtained from Salmonella typhi-murium and Salmonella typhi Ty2 by the bacterial acetone powder method; Tato P et al.; An immunogenic complex was isolated from Salmonella typhi-murium and another one from Salmonella typhi Ty2 . Both were prepared by the bacterial acetone powder method which eliminated the cell wall, the DNA almost completely and the membrane phospholipids . The complexes were denominated "New Vaccines" . The S . typhi-murium new vaccine induced, even at doses of 0.5 microgram dry weight per mouse, a high degree of protection against the challenge of the virulent microorganism . By immunoelectrophoresis, 21 antigen-antibody systems could be detected, two of them corresponding to O antigens . The S . typhi Ty2 new vaccine induced better protection than the standard vaccine (heat-phenol inactivated typhoid vaccine) when both vaccines were compared in the relative potency test . Moreover, the new vaccine had very low toxicity when inoculated in humans at doses of 1 microgram dry weight, able to elicite a high antibody titre (1/1,790 mean of 10 sera) in 75% of the tested population, estimated by the complement fixation test . In contrast, the standard vaccine induced a low antibody titre (1/222, mean of 5 sera) in 50% of the humans inoculated with 1 X 10(8) bacterial cells . The new vaccine did not induce undesirable effects whereas the standard vaccine induced an important inflammatory process in 100% of the cases, with intense local pain in 67% after 24 h post-first inoculation as well as other less severe symptoms.

Circ Shock, 1979, 6(1), 1 - 6
Increased insulin responsiveness in endotoxicosis; Filkins JP et al.; The relation of endotoxicosis to insulin responsiveness was evaluated in male Holtzman rats . Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide at 0.5 or 1.0 mg per 300 g rat increased lethality in convulsive seizure deaths to 0.25, 0.50, or 1.0 U insulin sc . The hypoglycemic nadir induced by 0.05, 0.10, or 0.25 U of insulin sc was greater in rats rendered endotoxic with 1 mg of lipopolysaccharide IV . Oxidation of U-14C-D-glucose to 14 CO2 by endotoxic tissues in vitro was augmented in liver slices, epididymal fat pads, hemidiaphragms, and spleen slices; no pronounced glucose oxidation increases occurred in lung, heart, stomach, cerebrum, kidney, or whole blood . Epididymal fat pads from endotoxic rats (100 g) manifested increased basal glucose oxidation as well as an enhanced maximal response to incremental insulin doses of 0.01 to 25 mU/ml . It is suggested that altered tissue responsiveness in concert with hyperinsulinemia underlie the profound alterations in glucose homeostasis during endotoxicosis.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1979 Jan, 76(1), 391 - 5
Phase variation in Salmonella: genetic analysis of a recombinational switch; Silverman M et al.; The alternative expression of Salmonella genes H1 and H2, which specify different flagellar antigens, results in the oscillation of phenotype known as phase variation . This alternation is controlled by the inversion of an 800-base-pair sequence of DNA adjacent to, or including part of, the H2 gene . The invertable region was presumed to regulate the function of a promoter and to include specific sites at which a recombinational event, resulting in the inversion, could occur . Here we report genetic manipulations of hybrid lambda phage carrying the H2 gene that were used to define the H2 promoter region and the recombinational sites . The H2 gene fragment was inserted on a hybrid lambda phage next to the cheW gene, which lacked a promoter element . In the resulting fusion, cheW gene activity was restored, the expression of the H2 and cheW genes was controlled coordinately by the inversion, and the polarity of transcription and location of the H2 gene could be determined . Evidence from this type of gene fusion suggested that the H2 gene promoter is included in the inversion region . Hybrid H2 phage were constructed that contained substitutions for regions of the H2 gene . In contrast to hybrid lambda containing the H2 gene, which alternate between "on" and "off" states, several substituted lambdaH2 were fixed in the "on" state . A site necessary for the recombinational event must have been removed in these fixed lambdaH2.

Mutat Res, 1979 Jan, 66(1), 9 - 24
Mutagenicity of anthraquinone and benzanthrone derivatives in the Salmonella/microsome test: activation of anthraquinone glycosides by enzymic extracts of rat cecal bacteria; Brown JP et al.; Approximately 70 anthraquinones and 20 benzanthrones were assayed for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome test, employing 5 tester strains and Aroclor 1254 induced rat-liver microsomes . About one-third of the anthraquinones were frameshift mutagens, particularly phenolic and nitro anthraquinones . The most potent mutagens detected were of plant origin . Lucidin (1,3-dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethylanthraquinone) and its 2-ethyl ether gave values of 70 and 82 revertants per nmol, respectively, with strain TA100 (and microsomes in the case of the ether) . A number of glycosides of mutagenic hydroxyanthraquinones were found to be nonmutagenic in the standard assay procedure, but could be activated by incorporation of cell-free sonic extracts of rat cecal bacteria, e.g., alizarin-2-O-beta-D-glycoside, emodin-1 (8)-monoglucoside and lucidin-3-O-primveroside . Over one-third of the benzanthrones tested were frameshift mutagens for Salmonella; the most potent response of 64 revertants/nmol was obtained with 3-p-toluidinobenzanthrone and microsomal activation in strain TA98.

Mutat Res, 1979 Jan, 66(1), 45 - 53
Mutagenicity tests of diflubenzuron in the micronucleus test in mice, the L5178Y mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay, and the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation test; Macgregor JT et al.; Diflubenzuron, one of a new class of pesticides believed to act via inhibition of chitin synthesis in the developing insect cuticle, was tested for possible mutagenic activity using the micronucleus test in mice, the L5178Y mouse lymphoma forward mutation test at the thymidine kinase locus, and the Ames Salmonella/microsome reverse mutation test . No mutagenic effect was found.

Scand J Immunol, 1979, 9(1), 87 - 98
Alternation of low and high affinities of secreted and cell-bound antibodies during the anamnestic response of rabbits to Salmonella senftenberg microorganisms; Chaby R et al.; We have investigated at the cellular level the variations in affinities of secreted antibodies and of cell receptors during the anamnestic response of rabbits, by using an immunization schedule made up of administrations, over successive intervals of 40 days, of Salmonella senftenberg vaccine . Affinities of free and membrane-bound antibodies biosynthesized at a given time were measured by inhibition of haemolytic plaque-forming cells (PFC) and rosette-forming cells (RFC) with spleen, lymph node, and peripheral blood cells . The immunodominant monosaccharide, methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (alpha-Me-Glc), was used as inhibitor, and the target cells were coated with the O-specific polysaccharide of the immunogenic microorganisms . We observed that the monosaccharide concentration causing a 50% inhibition (I50) alternated between low and high values in both PFC and RFC assays . Furthermore, when sheep erythrocytes were coated with polysaccharides from other strains of Salmonella bearing the determinants for serotypes 1 or 3 the percentage of cross-reactive PFC obtained exhibited a reverse oscillating pattern of variation . These results demonstrated that affinity of secreted antibodies or of antigen-receptors of cells, directed against different determinants of the antigenic polysaccharide, alternated between low and high values after each new vaccine administration . Possible mechanisms accounting for this phenomenon are discussed.

Clin Chem, 1979 Jan, 25(1), 68 - 70
Immunoradiometric assay of endotoxin in serum; Leibowitz AI et al.; We describe an immunoradiometric assay for the specific detection and quantitation of endotoxin from Escherichia coli 026, with use of 125I-labeled antibody . The sensitivty of this assay is 1 microgram/L.E . coli 026 endotoxin was detected in serum of rats for as long as 24 h after intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 mg of endotoxin per 100 g body weight . The assay is specific for the O-polysaccharide portion of this endotoxin, as confirmed by results after protein digestion and oxidation of the endotoxin, as well as by failure to detect endotoxin in serum after similar injections of E . coli 0127 and Salmonella typhosa 0901 endotoxins.

Anesthesiology, 1979 Jan, 50(1), 9 - 12
Lack of mutagenicity of two possible metabolites of halothane; Waskell L; 1,1-Difluoro-2-bromo-2-chloroethylene, a probable metabolite of halothane, was purified by preparative gas chromatography and tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/mammalian liver system developed by Ames and colleagues . 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-chloroethane which had been isolated from the breath or rabbits anesthetized with halothane was also tested for mutagenicity in a similar manner . Both compounds were found to be nonmutagenic in this bacterial system . Although neither this study nor any other has yet been able to demonstrate that halothane or any of its metabolites is genetically active, nevertheless, unnecessary occupational exposure to the drug should be avoided due to the possibility that future studies could reveal adverse effects secondary to halothane.

Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 1979 Jan-Feb, 36(1), 9 - 14
{Institutional epidemic gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella enteritis Worthington type in 1976}; Gosset Osuna G et al.; An outbreak of gastroenteritis that occurred in a boarding school in Mexico is described . The attack rate was 100% since all of 151 pupils were involved . Salmonella enteritidis serotype Worthington was identified as the only etiologic agent . This microorganism was isolated from 60% of the samples studied . Due to the delay in notification the food ingested during the outbreak could not be analyzed.

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1979 Jan-Jun, 71(1-6), 41 - 6
{Transferable antibiotic resistance of Salmonellae isolated at the Novara General Hospital in 1977}; Molinari GL et al.; Of 74 strains of Salmonella isolated by the Laboratory of Microbiology of the Hospital of Novara in 1977 and belonging to 20 different serotypes, transfer of antibiotic-resistance, mostly multiple (Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, Kanamycin, Tetracycline, Ampicillin) has been detected in 78,5% of 28 antibiotic-resistant strains . As in previous investigations made by the same Laboratory, the highest percentages of transfer of resistance have been observed in some serotypes (S . typhi murium, S . panama), while that was observed only in S . enteritidis isolated in 1977 . At last in this period was S . wien able to transmit multiple resistance isolated only once.

J Med Virol, 1979, 4(2), 81 - 7
Human rotavirus in an adult population with travelers' diarrhea and its relationship to the location of food consumption; Vollet JJ et al.; The role of human rotavirus in adult diarrhea was evaluated in 164 newly arrived US students attending summer school at an urban Mexican university . Rotavirus was identified in stool samples by electron microscopy . Rotavirus was found in 26 of 109 students with diarrhea (24%) and in 8 of 55 asymptomatic control students (15%) . Although bacterial pathogens were recovered from virus positive students with diarrhea, viral shedding also occurred independently of other agents . Clinical disease in students excreting only rotavirus tended to be mild and was accompanied by a low density of viral shedding . Food consumption in the home and at public eating establishments was examined the week before illness . While the location of food consumption was found to be important in the acquisition of diarrhea, there was no apparent relationship of the site where meals were eaten and the acquisition of rotavirus by students newly arrived in Mexico . These data support our previous study in a US student population residing in a rural setting in Mexico and implicate rotavirus as a cause of diarrhea among students traveling to Mexico from the United States . The present study offers additional evidence that rotavirus infection in this population might be spread by a nonfood vehicle of transmission which differs from spread of enterotoxigenic E coli, Shigella, or Salmonella strains in the same population.

Bull World Health Organ, 1979, 57(3), 453 - 9
Oral rehydration and maintenance of children with rotavirus and bacterial diarrhoeas; Nalin DR et al.; PIP: The outcome of administering ORT (oral rehydration therapy) to 62 infants admitted to a Costa Rican hospital with acute rotavirus or bacterial diarrheas and with 5-10% dehydration was described . 94% of the infants were successfully treated by administering only ORT . There were no significant differences in the success rates for rotavirus diarrhea patients and for various bacterial diarrhea patients . Success rates were 92% for rotavirus patients, 93% for Escherichia coli patients, 96% for idiopathic diarrhea patients, and 100% for salmonella and shigella patients . Upon admission, the average duration of diarrhea was 2.9 days, vomiting was present 88% of the cases, and all patients exhibited some signs of dehydration . The infants were administered the oral formula recommended by the World Health Organization . Patients received 400 ml of oral solution followed by 200 ml of water . The treatment was repeated until skin tuger was normal . 34% of the infants were rehydrated within 6 hours and 76% within 20 hours . Patients were admitted with a variety of electrolyte abnormalies . 24% had hyponatraemia, 27% had hypokalaemia, and 23% had hypernatraemia . Sodium levels were improved within 24 hours for all patients except for 5 hyponataemia patients . Although rotavirus patients had higher stool glucose concentrations than the other patients, they apparently absorbed enough of the solution to rehydrate successfully . Specific data on changes in weight, plasma protins, hematocrit, blood composition, and stool composition and on therapeutic failures was provided . Investigators concluded that ORT was a safe and effective form of therapy for both rotavirus and bacterial diarrhea and for severe cases of dehydration .

Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1979 Jan, 33(1), 87 - 98
{Stress and immunity in cattle}; May I et al.; Stress of variable length may be caused in calf by parenteral administration of supercortisol and application of acute thermal load . Hormonal or thermal stress may have negative impact on postvaccinal immunity to paratyphoid (Salmonella dublin 81), as may be interpreted with reference to the O-agglutination titre of blood serum . The extent to which immunity is suppressed by stress was found to depend on the moment of stress application, duration of stress, and age of the calf.

Jikken Dobutsu, 1979 Jan, 28(1), 49 - 56
{Rearing of germfree guinea pigs and establishment of an SPF guinea pig colony}; Syukuda Y; New born guinea pigs of Hartley strain derived by hysterectomy were fed commercial pellets, cow's milk, egg yolk and vitamin mixture since 0 days of age, when they were kept at 31 +/- 1 degrees C . Out of 33 animals, 30 were reared for 40 days under aseptic state and they were transfered to a barrierred facility to establish an SPF colony free from Bordetella bronchiseptica, Streptococcus zooepidemicus (Animal C), Salmonella spp., Tyzzer's organisms, Mycoplasma spp., Reo 3 virus, Sendai virus, Eimeria spp., Chirodiscoides caviae and Gliriocola porcelli.

Parasite Immunol, 1979 Autumn, 1(3), 179 - 96
Protection of mice against Babesia microti with cord factor, COAM, zymosan, glucan, Salmonella and Listeria; Clark IA; Cord factor (trehalose 6-6' dimycolate) . COAM (chlorite-oxidized oxyamylose), zymosan, glucan, Salmonella enteritidis 11RX and Listeria monocytogenes were found to protect mice against subsequent infection with Babesia microti, an intra-erythrocytic protozoan parasite . This protection was not observed after injection of Staphylococcus epidermidis, a viridans group Streptococcus, thioglycollate, or colloidal carbon . All the agents which protect against B . microti have also been reported to induce non-specific protection against experimental tumours . The parasites appear to die inside circulating red cells . This implies that these can exert non-specific protection against this parasite through the mediation of a soluble factor.

Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1979, 26(4), 321 - 4
Development of specific cellular immunoreactivity in typhoid fever; Nyerges G et al.; Development of cellular immunoreactivity to Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi-A was studied by the leukocyte migration inhibition test in 9 patients with typhoid fever and in 2 patients with paratyphoid fever . Cellular reactivity could be demonstrated from the first days of the disease in all the subjects . The most pronounced migration inhibition was observed during the febrile period . It is suggested that specific cellular reactivity may play a pathogenetic role in typhoid fever.

Microbios, 1979, 26(103), 25 - 30
Salmonella choleraesuis proteins and their relation to proteins from bacteria of heterologous sero-groups; Barber C et al.; A diversity of proteins was identified in the material isolated from S . choleraesuis with the help of sera prepared in rabbits with this material . The sera displayed, in agar-gel diffusions, numerous superimposed precipitation lines against proteins from: Salmonellae, Shigellae and E . coli . In contrast to proteins from S . paratyphi C, sharing identical identical 'O' 'factors, the serological activity of the S . choleraesuis proteins was impaired by heating . The immunochemical analysis of the sera before and after exhaustive absorptions with heterologous proteins exhibited a stronger relation of S . choleraesuis with S . thyphimiurium and S . Newport than with S . paratyphi C . The antibodies induced against free proteins with S . paratyphi C specificity, present in the mosaic of proteins isolated from S . choleraesuis, were removed by the respective absorption without substantial modifications of the homologous precipitation . In contrast, the absorption of the serum with proteins from either S . newport or S . typhimurium removed almost all the homologous induced antibodies . The strong relations found among species belonging to different serogroups underline the non-conformity of the empirical established serofactors.

Contrib Microbiol Immunol, 1979, 5, 50 - 63
The relationship between the protective and cross-reacting antigens of Brucella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica 0:9 and Salmonella serotypes of Kauffmann-White group N; Corbel MJ; Vaccination with killed cells of Brucella abortus, Yersinia enterocolitica 0:9 and Salmonella neusdorf evoked cross-reacting antibodies in guinea pigs but only the homologous antigen effectively produced protective immunity to Br . abortus . None of these preparations induced protective immunity to Y . enterocolitica in gerbils but all stimulated protective immunity to S . landau in Balb/c mice . The antigenic determinants responsible for protective immunity to salmonella infection were located on the cross-reacting lipopolysaccharide-peptide agglutinogens of the brucella, yersinia and salmonella organisms . The protective effect could be passively transferred by serum and was probably mediated by IgM antibodies.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1979, 23(1), 25 - 34
Surface K antigen in Salmonella paratyphi B; Stepanova LK; It was established by agar immunoelectrophoresis that Salmonella paratyphi B lysate contains a large number of soluble antigens which display a varying degree of serological specifity as well as different diffusion and electrophoretic mobility . Salmonella paratyphi B was found to possess, apart from specific O and H antigens, a surface K antigen . This is a distinct antigen having strict serological specificity . Purified K antigen displayed anodic mobility in immunoelectrophoresis . A detailed study of K antigen properties in cultures treated by different methods as well as immunochemical investigations of purified K antigen showed that the surface K antigen of S . paratyphi B differs from its O, M, Vi, H and other known antigens in terms of basic characteristics.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1979, 27(1-2), 79 - 87
Effect of Listeria monocytogenes lipids on the course of infections with some gram-negative bacilli in mice; Jakoniuk P et al.; The effect of Listeria monocytogenes lipids on the course of infections with Salmonella enteritidis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae was studied in mice . The lipids were extracted with chloroform and methanol and used in various doses before and after infection with the bacilli . The lipids significantly increased mouse resistance toward the examined bacteria . The protective effect depended, to a large extent on the applied dose of lipids and its timing.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1979, (19), 42 - 5
Endotoxins of anaerobic gram-negative rods; Hofstad T et al.; Endotoxic lipopolysaccharides (LPS) isolated from Fusobacterium are similar to those of Salmonella with respect to chemical composition, O-antigenic specificity and endotoxic activity . Bacteroides LPS are highly atypical with respect to the chemical composition, and their endotoxic activity is low . O-Antigenic specificity is present . B . fragilis LPS is chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro and in vivo . The chemotactic activity is brought about by activation of the alternative complement pathway.

Acta Microbiol Pol, 1979, 28(1), 29 - 37
Genetic properties of the Salmonella enteritidis R404 plasmid aggregate . IV . Reconstruction in R404 plasmid aggregate and separation of twelve genetically distinct derivative forms; Cebrat S et al.; R404 plasmid aggregate is composed of two conjugative and two nonconjugative plasmids . Plasmid aggregate reconstructed from separated plasmids had the same genetic properties as the original R404 plasmid aggregate . It was found that plasmids of R404 factor could be transferred in conjugation in twelve different sets . These twelve genetically distinct classes of transconjugants formed only six groups differing in phenotypic characters.

J Immunol Methods, 1979, 25(4), 323 - 35
Coupling of acid labile Salmonella specific oligosaccharides to macromolecular carriers; Svenson SB et al.; A coupling method for covalent attachment of acid labile oligosaccharides isolated from S . typhimurium O-polysaccharide to macromolecular carriers is described . Arylamine groups were introduced into the terminal reducing end of oligosaccharides by reacting them with 2-(4-aminophenyl)-ethylamine . After subsequent conversion to the corresponding saccharide-phenylisothiocyanato derivatives saccharides were covalently linked to free epsilon-lysylamine groups of different carrier proteins . The resulting conjugates were highly immunogenic and elicited in rabbits both anti-harptenic and anti-carrier protein specific antibodies . Some of the advantages of this coupling procedure are: (i) it can be used with oligosaccharides containing highly acid or alkali labile structures and/or glycosidic linkages, (ii) it produces conjugates with high degrees of substitution at low saccharide/protein molar input ratios, (iii) it does not grossly affect the immunogenic specificities of the carrier protein, and (iv) it is suitable for preparation of highly substituted affinity columns, e.g., coupling to a polyacrylamide matrix.

Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1979, 58(1), 11 - 9
Immunochemistry of Salmonella O-antigens . Specificity and cross-reactivity of factor O9 serum and of antibodies against tyvelose (Formula: see text) mannose coupled to bovine serum albumin; Jorbeck H et al.; The octasaccharide Galp (Formula: see text) Rhap, the synthesized disaccharides methyl 3-O-a-tyvelopyranosyl-a-D-mannopyranoside, methyl 3-O-a-tyvelopyranosyl-beta-D-mannopyranoside and methyl alpha-tyveloside, in order of decreasing effectiveness, inhibited the precipitation of S . typhi T2 alkali-treated lipopolysaccharide by O-factor 9 serum . On a molar basis the relative inhibiting activities of the glycosides were by O-factor 9 serum . On a molar basis the relative inhibiting activities of the glycosides were 100:22:8:2 . With rabbit aniserum raised against 3-O-a-tyvelopyranosyl-D-mannopyranosyl covalently linked to bovine serum albumin the relative inhibitory activities of the four glycosides were 11:100:26:3 . These data establish that the 3-O-a-tyvelopyranosyl-a-D-mannopyranosyl structure is immunodominant in the Salmonella O-antigen 9 . The specificity of the antigen-antibody interaction was high: glycosides in which the tyvelose (3,6-dideoxy-D-arabino-hexose) residue had been replaced by abequose (3,6-dideoxy-D-xylo-hexose) or paratose (3,6-dideoxy-K-ribo-hexose), had less than one fiftieth of the activity of the most active inhibitor in either of the two precipitation systems used . Moreover, the results show that 3-O-a-tyvelopyranosyl-D-mannopyranosyl coupled to bovine serum albumin elicits O-antibodies of higher specificity than those obtained by absorption of antibacterial immune serum.

Vet Med Nauki, 1979, 16(3), 95 - 8
{Purification of Salmonella abortus ovis H antigen by using immunoadsorption}; Ivanova V; OH-antiserum was first produced in rabbit immunization with Salmonella abortus ovis cultures and was later used for obtaining an immunoadsorbent after the method of Avrameas and Thernynck . The raw (not purified) H-antigen produced after the method of McCoy et al., was purified by the immunoadsorbent and its activity and specificity were studied serologically by the reaction of Ouchterlony . It was established that the antigen reacts with the anti-H-salmonella serum, but does not react with normal sheep serum, which is an indication that it is purified and active . It was established also that immunoadsorption is a method suitable for H-antigen production from bacterial cilia.

Poult Sci, 1979 Jan, 58(1), 50 - 4
Evaluation of organic acids and other compounds as Salmonella antagonists in meat and bone meal; Smyser CF et al.; Twelve compounds were evaluated as salmonella antagonists in commercial meat and bone meal . The test organism was a nalidixic acid-resistant strain of Salmonella infantis . Adequate moisture to support salmonella growth was assured by the addition of 40% water to each 50 g test sample . Compounds were tested at levels permitted for food additives except formalin which has not been approved . Salmonella counts were determined every few days by spread plates and the pH was recorded from the initial 1:10 dilution . Although the salmonella population initially declined in the presence of several additives, none of the compounds were effective in preventing salmonella multiplication in the MBM except formalin at levels greater than .1%.

Poult Sci, 1979 Jan, 58(1), 135 - 8
Effect of pH on eggshell penetration by Salmonellae; Sauter EA et al.; Experiments were conducted to study effects of pH on penetration of eggs by three species of Salmonella . Eggs having an average specific gravity of 1.078 were subjected to challenge by either S . typhimurium, S . st . paul, or S . derby . Challenge solutions ranged from pH 5.0 to 9.5 in .5 pH increments and contained an average of 7.5 x 10(3) Salmonella/ml . Egg temperature was 22 C and solution temperature 4.4 C when challenged . Tartaric acid (10%) or 1 N . NaOH were used to adjust solution prior to adding challenge organisms . Eggs were challenged for 3 min then allowed to dry and held at 22 C for 24 hr, after which they were opened aseptically . Salmonella penetration was determined by swabbing the inner shell membrane and incubating in selenite cystine and tetrathionate enrichment broths for 24 hr followed by plating on MacConkey and SS agars . Penetration rates for all three organisms were significantly less at pH 5.0 than at any higher pH tested . There was an increase in penetration from pH 5.5 to 7.0 for all species . Maximum penetration rates were 42% of eggs challenged at pH 7.5, 22% at pH 8.5, and 34% at pH 7.0 for S . typhimurium, S . derby, and S . st . paul, respectively . In no case was penetration of eggs at pH 9.0 significantly different from pH at maximum penetration of challenge eggs . Penetration by S . st paul, at pH 9.5 was significantly less (P less than .05) than at pH 7.0 . Decalcification of the eggshell was less than .01%/min at pH 4.0 . Shell losses at pH 3.5 and 3.0 were .03% and .33%/min, respectively.

Vet Rec, 1978 Dec 23-30, 103(26-27), 577 - 82
Diseases of chelonians: (2) necropsy survey of terrapins and turtles; Keymer IF; A total of 122 terrapins (freshwater chelonians) of 36 species and seven turtles (marine chelonians) represented by three species, all of which had died in captivity, were necropsied . In terrapins, bacterial infections were a common cause of death (15.5 per cent) . Although salmonella infections appear to be less common in Great Britain than in the USA, terrapins are a potentially important source of infection to humans . Fungal infections amounted to only 3.3 per cent . Nutritional disorders, especially hypovitaminosis A and osteodystrophies, were common (19.7 per cent), particularly in pets . Parasitism appeared to be less prevalent than in tortoises . Nematodes were found in 18.9 per cent . No other helminths were found . Protozoan infections amounted to at least 33.6 per cent, but most protozoa are seldom pathogenic . In 33.6 per cent of cases, no diagnosis was made . Bacterial and fungal diseases were diagnosed in turtles.

Vet Rec, 1978 Dec 16, 103(25), 548 - 52
Diseases of chelonians: (1) Necropsy survey of tortoises; Keymer IF; The results of necropsies of 144 tortoises of 17 species that died in captivity are presented . Intestinal and nutritional disorders (27.0 and 22.2 per cent respectively) were the most common causes of death . Nematode infestations were found in 43.8 per cent, but with exception of a few species the parasites were seldom pathogenic . Infestations with other helminths appear to be very unusual . Protozoan infections were relatively common (at least 22.9 per cent) but protozoa are probably seldom pathogenic . Bacterial infections occurred in 7.6 per cent and no fungal infections were diagnosed . It was tentatively concluded that infections with Salmonella spp are less important in tortoises than in other reptiles in this country . In 34.7 per cent of cases no diagnosis was made.

Quad Sclavo Diagn, 1978 Dec, 14(4), 586 - 93
{Incidence of salmonellosis in the Province of Trento in the past 3 years}; Sartori R et al.; 72 strains of Salmonella, belonging to 23 different serum types have been isolated during the last three years . These strains come from adult patients admitted to the Infective department of St . Chiara hospital in Trento and from three asymptomatic carriers found among the hospital staff, who have been regularly submitted to microbiological checks . Among the most frequent strains the AA . have found: S . enteritidis and S . typhi murium . Salmonellas, never isolated before, have spread, but they have shown poor adaptation to the environment: among these S . panama, S . infantis, S infantis, S . munchen . S . wien has not found, in the Province of Trento, environing conditions fit for its colonization . S . agona has shown a certain tendency to create a situation of asymptomatic carrier.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1978 Dec, 9(4), 576 - 80
Co-trimoxazole in the treatment of typhoid fever in children with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; Lexomboon U et al.; The efficacy and possible adverse reactions of co-trimoxazole in the treatment of typhoid fever with G-6-PD deficiency were investigated in 68 typhoid children aged 2 to 14 years old . Salmonella typhi was isolated from 45 patients but all had a significant rise of Widal agglutinin titres during the course of the disease . Decrease in G-6-PD activity of the red blood cells was found in 37 out of 51 patients tested . A daily dose of 6--10 mg of trimethoprim plus 30--50 mg of sulfamethoxazole per kg body weight was given for 14 days . Patients with G-6-PD deficiency were closely observed for evidence of intravascular hemolysis . All patients responded well and the mean period of defervescence after starting therapy was approximately 8 days . One patient with G-6-PD deficiency developed acute hemolysis on the second day of medication . The hemolytic symptoms subsided within 14 days with the continuation of co-trimoxazole therapy . No other major side-effect of the drug was observed . It is concluded that co-trimoxazole can be used successfully in the treatment of typhoid fever in G-6-PD deficient children with little risk of serious adverse reaction.

J Hyg (Lond), 1978 Dec, 81(3), 353 - 60
Salmonella pollution of surface waters; Smith PJ et al.; Surface waters in 14 selected sites were examined for the presence of salmonella using modified Moore's swabs . The sites included an upland impounding reservoir, 3 rivers and 10 streams within Lancashire and Cheshire, selected because of their accessibility to farm livestock . Salmonellas were isolated from 22 out of the 57 swabs examined representing 10 sites . The probable source of pollution was shown to be sewage or farm effluent and an examination of sites over a wider area may be expected to produce similar results . The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the epidemiology of salmonella infections and the possible disinfection of effluent discharges.

J Immunol, 1978 Dec, 121(6), 2566 - 72
The binding of activated C3 to polysaccharides and immunoglobulins; Capel PJ et al.; The nature of the acceptors for activated C3 present on immunoglobulins was studied by using the fixation of C3 to Sepharose beads after activation with trypsin as a model system . C3 fixation to Sepharose is a property exclusively linked to the short active state of C3 . This binding could be inhibited by various carbohydrates and their affinity for C3 was calculated from the extent of the inhibition of the binding of C3 to Sepharose . Mono-, di-tri- and tetrasaccharides showed on a molar basis an increasing but still weak affinity for active C3 . The C3 fixation of Sepharose could be inhibited by immunoglobulins and the degree of inhibition was proportional to the hexose content of the immunoglobulin preparations . The isolated polysaccharide moiety of IgG gave the same inhibition as the intact IgG . In addition cell wall polysaccharides of Salmonella abortus equi were found to have a high affinity for active C3 . Thus, the more complex polysaccharides such as those present on immunoglobulins and cell walls might function as acceptor for activated C3.

Quad Sclavo Diagn, 1978 Dec, 14(4), 494 - 9
{A rapid method for the isolation of Salmonellae from faeces (author's transl)}; Ruffini G et al.; A rapid and simple method for detecting Salmonellae in faeces was developed . It was based on the motility of Salmonellae through a semi-solid medium in a U-tube . The migration of other intestinal bacteria was retarded by means of a magnesium salt concentration . 474 stool specimens were examined for Salmonellae in parallel with the usual isolation method . A total of 39 Salmonella strains were isolated, 37 (94.9%) by means of the selective migration procedure, 26 (66.7%) when the routine method was applied . Two strains of patients in chemo-therapy were missed by the rapid method, which was moreover inefficient in detecting S . typhi, due to its slow motility . However, the rapid method is recommended in addition to conventional mediums in screening of carriers for its higher frequency of positive isolations compared with multistep procedure (+27.3%).

Jpn J Exp Med, 1978 Dec, 48(6), 511 - 7
Membrane receptors of human erythrocytes for bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS); Yokoyama K et al.; The binding specificity of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was investigated by inhibition experiments of the binding of 3H-labelled Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) AND 3H-labelled Salmonella minnesota R595 glycolipid and lipid A to human erythrocytes using various glycoproteins as inhibitors . PAS-1 glycoprotein and band-3 glycoprotein of human erythrocyte membranes exerted strong inhibitory activity . To characterize membrane receptors for LPS, solubilized membranes of human erythrocytes were subjected to affinity chromatography with an affinity adsorbent prepared by coupling S . minnesota R595 glycolipid to activated Sepharose 4B . Band-3 and PAS-1 glycoproteins were identified as major receptor sites.

J Clin Invest, 1978 Dec, 62(6), 1313 - 24
The modification of biophysical and endotoxic properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharides by serum; Ulevitch RJ et al.; Normal rabbit serum reduces the buoyant density of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 (d = 1.44 g/cm3) and Salmonella minnesota R595 (d = 1.38 g/cm3) to a value less than g/cm3 . This density shift is associated with the inhibition of a number of endotoxic activities of the LPS; namely, the pyrogenic activity, the ability to produce an immediate neutropenia in rabbits, lethality in adrenalectomized mice, and anticomplementary activity . A qualitatively similar change in buoyant density was observed to occur after intravenous injection of the LPS into rabbits . Preliminary evidence suggests that the density shift does not occur as a result of the degradation of the glycolipid backbone of the LPS . These data suggest that the interactions of LPS with plasma (or serum) components leading to reduction in buoyant density may account for a major pathway of LPS detoxification.

Immunology, 1978 Dec, 35(6), 889 - 99
The role of the thymus for maturation of transferred bursa cells into immunocompetent B cells in chickens treated with cyclophosphamide; Hirota Y et al.; Chickens injected with cyclophosphamide and X-ray irradiated in the newly hatched period were immunized with a mixture of sheep red blood cells, Brucella abortus and Salmonella pullorum at 4, 5 and 6 weeks of age, and were examined for serum antibody titres, serum immunoglobulin concentration and bursal and splenic structures at 7 weeks of age . The neonatal treatments suppressed completely or almost completely antibody responses, immunoglobulin production and formation of bursal follicles and splenic germinal centres . The transplantation of bursa cells into the chickens immunologically impaired by the treatments restored these functions and structures . In contrast, the transfer of bursa cells into chickens thymectomized, cyclophosphamide-treated and X-ray irradiated did not result in efficient restoration of the bursa-dependent immune system; 10-day-old bursa cells hardly restore the system, although 4-week-old bursa cells did so slightly . The chickens thymectomized, cyclophosphamide-treated, X-ray irradiated and repopulated with 10-day-old bursa cells were examined for the existence of functional B cells with the use of a syngeneic cell transfer system . The experiments verified that immunocompetent B cells had not developed in the chickens thus treated.

J Hyg (Lond), 1978 Dec, 81(3), 343 - 51
Resistance to chloramphenicol and ampicillin Salmonella johannesburg in Hong Kong: observations over a five-year period 1973-1977; Chau PY et al.; Salmonella johannesburg has been prevalent in Hong Kong since 1973 and most strains were resistant to a multiplicity of antibiotics . The susceptibility of S . johannesburg strains isolated in a 5-year period from 1973 to 1977 to eight antimicrobial drugs including ampicillin (A), streptomycin (S), tetracycline (T), chloramphenicol (C), Kanamycin (K), sulphadiazine (Su), trimethoprim (Tm) and gentamicin (G) was tested by the agar dilution method . The proportion of strains resistant to chloramphenicol and ampicillin increased steadily during the 5-year period while those resistant to tetracycline decreased dramatically . This change was associated with an alteration of predominant patterns of antibiotic resistance: strains with the resistance pattern A.S.T.C.K.Su predominated in years 1973, 1974 and 1975 while those with the resistance pattern A.S.C.K.Su predominated in years 1976 and 1977 . Analysis of the resistance patterns of S . johannesburg strains isolated from the same cases showed that the resistance pattern A.S.C.K.Su was more stable, and changed less frequently to other patterns of resistance than strains with the resistance pattern A.S.T.C.K.Su . In donor salmonella strains with the A.S.T.C.K.Su resistance pattern, transmissible factors carrying resistance to A.S.T.C.K.Su in toto, to A.S.T.C.Su,A.T.C.K.Su and to A or T alone were demonstrated . In donor salmonella strains with the A.S.C.K.Su resistance pattern, transmissible factors carrying resistance to A.S.C.K.Su in toto and to A.S.K.Su were detected . The significance of the carriage of such transmissible resistance factors by this Salmonella is briefly discussed.

Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 1978 Dec, 56(6), 695 - 701
Effect of Salmonella enteritidis 11RX infection on two-stage skin carcinogenesis in mice; Ashman LK et al.; S . enteritidis 11RX infection inhibits the growth of a number of transplantable tumours in mice . In addition, oral infection of mice with S . enteritidis 11RX inhibits colon carcinogenesis by 1,2 dimethylhydrazine . This study has examined the effect of S . enteritidis 11RX infection on two-stage skin carcinogenesis in mice using 7,12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) as initiator and croton oil as promoter . No protection was observed in either LACA or (BALB/c x C57Bl/6J)F1 mice when live 11RX was repeatedly administered i.v . during promotion . When a protein antigen extract from S . enteritidis 11RX was administered i.v . to previously immunised mice during skin carcinogenesis, significant protection was observed both in terms of the number of mice with papillomas and the number of papillomas per mouse . However, the protection was weak and transient . LACA mice were much more susceptible to skin carcinogenesis by DMBA and croton oil than were (BALB/c x C57B1/6J)F1 mice . A preliminary study indicated that BALB/c, C57B1 and CBA mice were also relatively resistant to skin carcinogensis.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1978 Dec, 242(4), 547 - 54
Postnatal development of resistance against infection in an experimental model; Wirsing von Konig CH et al.; The postnatal development of resistance against infection was monitored by the treatment of juvenile mice with a virulent strain of Listeria monocytogenes . It could be shown that until day 10 after birth, young mice succumbed to an infection with even minimal doses of bacteria . Between day 15 and 30, the resistance against infection gradually increases until the rather constant level of grown-up animals is reached (Fig . 1) . Juvenile mice that survive the primary infection are able to build up a state of immunity, which is rather similar to that of grown-up mice (Fig 3) . Immunity against L . monocytogenes is mainly expressed by a functionally active T-cell system; the maturity of these cells in 15 days old mice could be demonstrated by the transfer of cells to "nude"-mice, which lack a thymus (Fig . 4) . A significant increase of the non-specific resistance can be achieved even in 10 days old mice by the injection of adjuvants like pertussis organisms or endotoxin of Salmonella typhi some days before infection (Fig . 5, Fig . 6) . Our findings suggest that a deficiency of functionally active macrophages is responsible for the insufficient resistance against infection with L . monocytogenes in young mice.

Scand J Work Environ Health, 1978 Dec, 4(4), 336 - 8
Risk of infection from heavily contaminated air; Grunnet K et al.; In a factory processing shea nuts the dust concentrations were found to be up to 145 mg/m3 {80% respirable (1--5 micrometer)} . Bacterial examination of the dust revealed that under the worst conditions observed a worker might inhale 350,000 bacteria per 8 h . Of these, 3,000 were Ps . aeruginosa and 1,500 Salmonella spp . of nine different types . The possible health effects of these findings are discussed.

Infect Immun, 1978 Dec, 22(3), 640 - 3
Immunity to antigenically related salmonellae: effects of humoral factors on the bactericidal activity of normal and immune peritoneal exudate cells; Melendez M et al.; Immunity against Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes was studied by measuring in vitro the bactericidal activity of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) of control (normal PEC) and S . typhi Ty2-immune (immune PEC) mice . Specific immune serum, anti-S . tyhphi Ty2, heat inactivated at 56 degrees C for 30 min, significantly inhibited the growth of S . enteritidis only with immune PEC . These opsonic factors had no effect upon the activity of normal PEC . That such inhibition could not be demonstrated in Listeria experiments, either with immune or normal PEC, suggests that S . enteritidis was specifically recognized, in vitro, by the thermostable opsonin anti-S . typhi Ty2 and that macrophages from immune PEC were more efficient in inhibiting bacterial growth than those from normal PEC . Thus, the interaction between macrophages and the microorganism seems to play an essential role in cell-mediated as well as humoral immunity.

Eur J Biochem, 1978 Nov 15, 91(2), 545 - 52
N-Acetylneuraminic acid: a constituent of the lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella toucra; Kedzierska B; The composition of lipopolysaccharide and polysaccharides isolated after acidic or alkaline degradation of lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella toucra has been investigated . The following analytical methods were used in this study: gel-filtration and ion-exchange techniques, paper and gas-liquid chromatography as well as spectrophotometric analysis . The products of the lipopolysaccharide degradation were fractionated on the Sephadex G-25 and Sephadex G-50 columns . Lipopolysaccharide and products of its degradation besides glucosamine, galactose, glucose, heptose(s) and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate described as 'basal' sugars, also contained N-acetylneuraminic acid and an unidentified amino sugar.

Mol Gen Genet, 1978 Nov 9, 166(3), 233 - 43
lambdaimm P22dis: a hybrid of coliphage lambda with both immunity regions of Salmonella phage P22; Yamamoto N et al.; Genetically marked lambda and P22 phages were recombined in Escherichia coli-Salmonella typhimurium hybrid WR4028, a host sensitive to infection by both of these phages . Hybrid phages that acquired the immC region of P22, but retained the genes for the lambda protein coat were selected on WR4027 (lambda), a lambda-immune, P22-resistant derivative of WR4028 . In these lambdaimmP22 hybrids, at least the c through P genes of lambda were replaced with functionally related P22 genes . Phage recombinants with more extensive regions of the P22 genome were selected on the double lysogen WR4027 (lambda, lambdaimmP22) . One such hybrid, lambdaimmP22dis, was determined by heteroduplex analysis to contain approximately 40% of the P22 genome . Genetic studies established that lambdaimmP22dis possesses the two widely separated immunity control regions of P22 (immC and immI) and that these loci are expressed in E . coli K-12 lysogenic for lambdaimmP22dis . In addition, lambdaimmP22dis contains the P22 a 1 locus responsible for somatic 0--1 antigen conversion in Salmonella . Although the lambdaimmP22dis phage particle has the lambda head and tail, the phage genome also carried P22 tail gene 9 as evidenced by the production of free P22 tails . It also has the P22 att site as indicated by the integration of the lambdaimmP22dis prophage near the proA locus on the bacterial chromosome.

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