Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1980 Dec, 11(4), 441 - 5 Detection of Salmonella C1, D and V1 antigens, by coagglutination, in blood cultures from patients with Salmonella infections; Rockhill RC et al.; Protein A-containing Staphylococcus aureus was coupled to Salmonella C1, D and Vi monovalent antisera to produce C1-, D- and Vi-COAG reagents . The reagents were used to detect their homologous Salmonella antigens in blood cultures (BC) . The D and Vi antigens were detected in 79 of 239 BC from patients with suspected typhoid fever and Salmonella typhi was later isolated from the same 79 BC . The C1 antigen was detected in 8 BC from which only S . oranienburg was later isolated . The COAG test was generally positive at the same time the BC became culture positive . However, because of subculture and biochemical identification requirements the COAG test could be interpreted 1-2 days before culture results were available . The COAG test can be used to presumptively identify Salmonella typhi and Salmonella group C1 in blood cultures before the culture results are available. Cancer Res, 1980 Dec, 40(12), 4775 - 80 Epstein-Barr virus-transformed human lymphoblastoid cells for study of sister chromatid exchange and their evaluation as a test system; Tohda H et al.; Epstein-Barr virus-transformed human lymphoblastoid cell lines are suitable for detection of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induced by mutagens-carcinogens because they have shown a stable chromosome number and stable frequency of spontaneous SCE for more than two years in culture . Their spontaneous and induced SCE frequencies were practically the same as those of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from the same blood donors . The SCE responses of one established cell line, NL3, to 13 typical mutagens and five nonmutagens were examined . This cell line responded to all the mutagens tested but not to the nonmutagens . The SCE-inducing activities of these chemicals were well correlated with their mutagenic activities assayed with the Salmonella system by Ames' and Sugimura's groups, although there were a few but significant deviations. Infect Immun, 1980 Dec, 30(3), 661 - 7 Diversity of Vi-related antigens in the microcapsule of Salmonella typhi; Szewczyk B et al.; Two new antigenic acidic polysaccharides, Vi-P and Vi-C, were isolated from the microcapsule of Salmonella typhi by a very mild procedure . The antigens were purified to serological homogeneity, and it was found that each of them shares with Vi antigen one of its two serological determinants (a different one in each case) . One of the antigens Vi-C, was also isolated from Escherichia coli B, which is not a Vi-producing strain. Med Clin (Barc), 1980 Nov 10, 75(8), 327 - 30 {Sensitivity of Salmonella species to four "classical" antibiotics and seven new beta-lactamic antibiotics (author's transl)}; Roy C et al.; A study of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 200 strains of Salmonella sp . has been performed with the following beta-lactamic antibiotics: mezlocillin and azlocillin (penicillins), cephaclor, cephamandole, cephuroxime and cephotaxime (cephalosporins), and cephoxytine (cephamycin) . The MIC has been compared with that of chloramphenicol, ampicillin, amoxicillin and cotrimoxazole, all of them widely used antibiotics for the treatment of Salmonella infections in Spain . The different species and serotypes of Salmonella studied were all sensitive to all the beta-lactamic antibiotics tested . Of particular relevance is the fact that cephotaxime (HR 756) MIC was extraordinarily low even for strains resistent to the penicillins . The MIC of cephaclor, and oral cephalosporin, was similar to that of the parenteral cephalosporins. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1980 Nov 1, 177(9), 800 - 3 Salmonellosis and arizonosis in the reptile collection at the National Zoological Park; Cambre RC et al.; The prevalence of Salmonella and Arizona organisms in the reptile collection at the National Zoological Park was investigated . Culture of specimens from 311 reptiles, while live or at necropsy, yielded yielded 117 positive results, for an overall infection rate of 37% . Snakes had the highest rate, 55% (69 of 125); lizards had an intermediate rate, 36% (46 of 129); and turtles and tortoises had the lowest rate, 3% (2 of 63) . Twenty-four serotypes of Salmonella enteritidis, 1 of S choleraesuis, and 39 of Arizona hinshawii were represented . While clinical illness was never directly attributed to infection with these organisms, pure cultures of Salmonella and Arizona were recovered at necropsy from some reptiles with gross and/or histologic lesions in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, spleen, and blood vessels . However, numerous other concurrent diseases and management problems were often considered the immediate cause of death, with Salmonella and Arizona being ready and significant opportunistic pathogens contributing to the demise of the reptiles. Am J Clin Pathol, 1980 Nov, 74(5), 657 - 60 An institutional outbreak of Salmonellosis due to lactose-fermenting Salmonella newport; Anand CM et al.; An institutional outbreak of salmonellosis predominantly due to a lactose-fermenting Salmonella newport is described . Control of the outbreak was hampered by delay in the initial recognition of the aberrant strain . On primary culture, salmonellae were detected on bismuth sulfite agar only; colonies that formed on MacConkey agar and Salmonella-Shigella agar could not be differentiated from lactose-fermenting nonpathogenic organisms . The reactions in triple sugar iron were atypical for Salmonella . The lactose-fermenting property was plasmid-mediated and was readily transferable . Phage typing suggested chicken as a possible source of the strain . The need for awareness of the occurrence of such strains of Salmonella that may not be recognized by cultural procedures in common use, the necessity of the routine use of bismuth sulfite agar in procedures for isolation of salmonellae, and the use of lysine iron agar in conjunction with the triple sugar iron agar are emphasized. Am J Pathol, 1980 Nov, 101(2), 245 - 63 The distribution of lipopolysaccharide in normocomplementemic and C3-depleted rabbits and rhesus monkeys; Mathison JC et al.; To examine the role of complement (C3) in determining the fate of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vivo, the distribution of LPS was studied in normocomplementemic (NC) and C3-depleted animals (pretreated with cobra venom factor {CoF}) after intravenous injection of highly purified, radioiodinated Salmonella minnesota R595 LPS . After injection of a lethal (250 micrograms) or nonlethal (5 micrograms) dose of LPS in NC and CoF rabbits and a lethal (5 mg/kg) dose of LPS in rhesus monkeys, the LPS disappeared from blood in a biphasic manner . In all cases, a substantial portion of the dose was removed from blood in an initial disappearance phase (t1/2 < 15 minutes), which, in some cases, was accelerated in CoF-treated animals . LPS remaining in blood beyond 30 minutes persisted with a much increased half-life (> 5 hours) . Liver contained the major portion (40%) of tissue-bound LPS (determined by use of 131I-BSA blood marker) in animals killed 3--5 hours after injection . The distribution of LPS in rabbits was found to be dose-indpendent and only minimally changed by prior depletion of C3 . In addition, the tissue distribution and cellular localization of LPS in monkeys was similar to that we have reported previously for R595 LPS in NC rabbits and was not substantially changed by prior CoF treatment . These results indicate that binding of C3 to intravenously injected LPS is not required for the initial rapid disappearance from blood . Further, the uptake of LPS by cellular targets, notably the hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells), is not altered by in vivo decomplementation. J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Nov, 121(1), 255 - 7 Plasmid-specified sucrose fermentation in Salmonella arizonae; Bartlett KH et al.; Thirty cultures of Salmonella arizonae 47:r:253 (Ar 23:24-25) were isolated over 7 months from the faeces of a captive reptile . All were unusual in their inability to produce a positive o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactosidase reaction, and in their ability to ferment sucrose . These S . arizonae carried a plasmid having a molecular mass of 72 megadaltons which specified tetracycline resistance and a plasmid of 5 megadaltons which coded for the ability to ferment sucrose . The small size of this sucrose plasmid clearly distinguishes it from others which have been reported. Aust Vet J, 1980 Nov, 56(11), 526 - 8 The contamination with Salmonella of bovine livers in an abattoir; Samuel JL et al.; Fifty livers from normal slaughter cattle were examined for surface contamination by Salmonella immediately after evisceration and again after inspection . Salmonella were isolated from 32% at evisceration and from 82% after inspection . Numbers of Salmonella present were low at evisceration, and rose after inspection . In only one liver was the parenchyma infected . The sources of the Salmonella were probably the contents of the gastrointestinal tract and the mesenteric lymph nodes, both of which may show high prevalence of infection in cattle which have been held before slaughter . It was concluded that edible offal should be separated from the viscera at evisceration and inspected by personnel who are not involved with the alimentary tract. Arch Toxicol, 1980 Nov, 46(1-2), 41 - 4 The fluctuation test; Bridges BA; The fluctuation test is an assay for the detection of mutation induction in bacteria by chemicals, carried out in liquid medium, and scored by counting the number out of around 50 tubes or wells that turn yellow . It is suitable for the Ames Salmonella strains or for Escherichia coli WP2 trp and its derivatives . Calcium precipitated microsomes, S9 fraction or freshly prepared hepatocytes can be incorporated for metabolic activation . It is comparable to the Ames test in its ability to detect mutagens and carcinogens and generally shares the limitations of that test as regards extrapolation to animals and man . Its disadvantages are that it is marginally slower and slightly more labour intensive than the Ames protocol . For certain applications, however, these disadvantages may be offset by the advantages of somewhat greater sensitivity, ability to be automated, and facility for using hepatocytes for metabolic activation . The test is particularly suitable for the testing of aqueous samples containing low levels of mutagen. Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980 Nov, 248(2), 202 - 9 {Comparative efficacies of selenite and tetrathionate broth and Leifson- and Wilson-Blair agar for the isolation of salmonellae (author's transl)}; Muller HE; The statistical interpretation of the isolation of 3,581 Salmonella strains belonging to 30 species or serovars (S) shows that the efficacy of selenite and tetrathionate broth as enrichment media was of similar magnitude for 631 strains for 13 S . The tetrathionate broth was better in the case of 2,520 strains from 11 S and the selenite broth in 430 strains from 6 S including the two pathogenetic most important species S . typhi and S . schottmuelleri . Therefore, this point needs the unconditional use of selenite broth (Table 2) . Wilson-Blair agar was more efficient than Leifson agar in the isolation of the most salmonella (Table 2) . Also the percentage of suspicious and false-positive colonies on Leifson agar is higher and is due to more expensive work than on Wilson-Blair agar (Table 3). Arch Toxicol, 1980 Nov, 46(1-2), 31 - 40 Mutagenicity testing with Salmonella microsome test; Greim H et al.; This in vitro mutagenicity test system comprises five different strains of S . typhimurium as target cells with the rat liver S-9 fraction and appropriate co-factors for metabolic activation of the chemical tested . The bacterial tester strains detect both mutations induced by base pair substitutions and intercalation (frame shift mutations) . Usually 10(8)--10(9) cells of an overnight culture or an exponentially growing culture are incubated for 2-3 days with a mixture of S-9, co-factors, soft agar and the chemical on histidine-deficient agar . The S-9 fraction is obtained from the livers of rats pretreated with 500 mg/kg chlorinated biphenyls (Clophen A-50, Aroclor 1254) to obtain high metabolic activity . For reproducibility it is essential to standardize metabolic activity and protein content of the S-9 and to use three different concentrations thereof in the test system . Since solvents inhibit metabolic activation of the chemicals they must not exceed 4% of the final 2.6 ml incubate . Several independent studies have shown that between 85 and 93% of chemical carcinogens are mutagens in the test . Regarding extrapolation to man one has to consider that the test is preferentially adapted for metabolic activation of the chemicals, whereas inactivation processes are absent or are less active than in vivo . Thus, the test provides qualitative rather than quantitative information on mutagenic effects of a chemical. Mutat Res, 1980 Nov, 79(3), 203 - 12 Mutagenicity of constituents identified in pulp and paper mill effluents using the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay; Nestmann ER et al.; About 300 compounds have been reported in the literature as constituents of pulp-mill effluent . Previously, in our screening program, 10 resin acids identified in effluent were examined for potential mutagenicity in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay . Neoabietic acid was the only resin acid which was found to be mutagenic . Now, a program to screen for mutagenicity of 48 additional compounds, belonging to chemical classes of chlorinated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, aldehydes, quinones, and carboxylic acids, has been completed . Only 2 of these compounds, tetrachloropropene and pentachloropropene, were found to be mutagenic, showing dose-related increases in His+ reversion mutations, in the standard Salmonella test . Metabolic activation with a preparation of Aroclor 1254-induced liver homogenate (S9) greatly reduced the mutagenic responses of these 2 compounds . Modifications of the Salmonella test for volatile mutagens enabled the detection of the mutagenicity of 3 additional chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons dichloromethane, dichloroethane and trichloroethane. Mutat Res, 1980 Nov, 79(3), 193 - 202 Identification of primary aromatic amines in mutagenically active subfractions from coal liquefaction materials; Wilson BW et al.; Gas-chromatographic mass spectral (GCMS) analyses were performed on mutagenically active components from the basic, basic tar and neutral tar subfractions of a coal-derived liquid heavy distillate . The latter material is a component fraction of an experimental oil produced in a solvent refined coal process (SRC II) pilot plant . Mutagenicity was determined with the Ames/Salmonella assay system . Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was used to separate mutagenically active components of the basic, basic tar and neutral tar fractions from some of the other compounds contained in these complex materials . For the 3 fractions tested, mutagenic activity was localized in approx . the same TLC regions, with relative mobilities (Rf) ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 . GCMS analysis of the TLC regions showed that the concentrations of primary aromatic amines, as obtained by measuring peak areas for the (M + 1)+ ion as formed in the chemical ionization mode, followed essentially the same distribution as the mutagenic activity . Primary aromatic amines identified in the active regions included aminonaphthalenes, aminoanthracenes, aminophenanthrenes, aminopyrenes and aminochrysenes . With the exception of small amounts of aminonaphthalene, primary aromatic amines were not found in TLC regions that lacked mutagenic activity. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1980 Nov, 40(5), 912 - 6 Simple method for concentration of bacteria from large volumes of tap water; Goyal SM et al.; Membrane adsorption-elution techniques have made it possible to concentrate and detect small numbers of viruses in large volumes of water and wastewater, but no such methods are available for quantitative recovery of bacteria . A number of waterborne disease outbreaks of "unknown etiology" in the United States are suspected to have been caused by pathogens present in numbers too small to be detected by currently available methodology . The present study reports on the use of positively charged depth filters for the concentration and detection of bacteria in large volumes of tap water . In this method, dechlorinated tap water was passed, under positive pressure, through positively charged filter media (Zetaplus, 05S) . More than 90% of seeded bacteria adsorbed to these filters at ambient pH levels . Adsorbed bacteria were eluted by passing a small volume of Trypticase soy broth in the direction opposite of the influent flow . By this method, Escherichia coli and Salmonella serovar B organisms in 20 liters of tap water were concentrated in a final volume of 50 ml, with an average recovery efficiency of greater than or equal to 30%. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1980 Nov, (11), 53 - 6 {Dynamics of the leukocyte enzymatic status during the incubation period in a model of Salmonella infection}; Katosova RK et al.; The activity of several dehydrogenases and acidic phosphatase was studied on S . typhimurium infection, used as a model, in non-inbred white mice by the cytochemical method . This study revealed the strengthening of synchronous conjugations between neutrophils and lymphocytes on the level of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase activity, as well as the appearance of diachronic correlations, both intra- and intercellular, between these 2 enzymes . The discrimitator of NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase activity in lymphocytes and neutrophils was found to be most important for early diagnosis. Toxicol Lett, 1980 Nov, 7(1), 51 - 60 Mutagenicity study of Remsen-Fahlberg saccharin and contaminants; Eckhardt K et al.; Saccharin and contaminants of commercial Remsen-Fahlberg saccharin were studied for mutagenic potential with the use of the Salmonella/microsome test, Basc-test in Drosophila melanogaster and micronucleus test in mice . In none of these tests were mutagenic effects of saccharin observed . Likewise, the ortho- and para-sulfamoylbenzoic acids (OSBA and PSBA) were ineffective . Para-toluenesulfonamide (PTS) and the major contaminant ortho-toluene-sulfonamide (OTS) exhibited weak mutagenic effects in a modified Salmonella/microsome test and in Drosophila . These results do not indicate mutagenic and therewith correlated carcinogenic potential of saccharin, but they emphasize the possible activity of contaminants. J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Nov, 12(5), 637 - 40 Comparison of diffusion-in-gel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with conventional serological methods for detection of class-specific antibodies to Salmonella typhi O antigen; Lange S et al.; The diffusion-in-gel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DIG-ELISA) is a new and simple method for quantitation of antibodies, based on the ability of antibodies to diffuse from wells in gel and adsorb to antigen which is bound to a polystyrene surface . The antigen-antibody reaction is visualized with a color reaction caused by horseradish peroxidase-conjugated class-specific anti-immunoglobins . This method was used to study the immunoglobulin G, A, and M immune response to Salmonella typhi O antigen in individuals immunized with a monovalent heat-inactivated typhoid vaccine . The antibody values obtained by the DIG-ELISA method correlated with those evaluated by conventional direct agglutination (Widal) and indirect hemagglutination methods . The DIG-ELISA method was also found to be sensitive, specific, and economical, as well as suitable for handling large numbers of sera while requiring very simple equipment. Mutat Res, 1980 Nov, 79(3), 185 - 92 Species-dependent effects of dietary lindane and/or zineb on the activation of aflatoxin B1 into mutagenic derivatives; Decloitre F et al.; Sprague-Dawley rats and Swiss mice were given diets containing lindane, 125 ppm, or zineb, 5200 ppm, or a mixture of both at the above-mentioned concentrations for 2 and 4 weeks . The effect of pesticide ingestion on the ability of liver S9 to metabolize aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) into mutagenic derivatives was tested by the Salmonella (TA100)/microsome test according to Ames . Control mouse-liver S9 was less efficient (13%) than the corresponding preparation from control rat liver . The ingestion of lindane produced a similar increase in the activities of both rat- (68%) and mouse-liver S9 (62%) . Pretreatment with zineb inhibited (46%) rat-liver S9 but caused a marked increase (400%) in the activity of mouse-liver S9 . Concomitant exposure to both pesticides showed that lindane released the inhibitory action of zineb on rat-liver S9 and reduced the stimulatory effect of zineb on mouse-liver S9 . The inducing action of zineb in mice was a function of the dietary concentration of the pesticide . No effect was observed at dietary concentrations of zineb up to and including 500 ppm. Drug Metab Dispos, 1980 Nov-Dec, 8(6), 380 - 4 The effect of solvents on drug metabolism in vitro; Kawalek JC et al.; Nine water-miscible organic solvents, methanol, ethanol, acetone, ethoxyethanol, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, and dimethyl sulfoxide were each used with five commonly employed substrates of in vitro microsomal mixed-function oxidase assays containing liver 9,000g supernatant fractions from rats treated with phenobarbital or Aroclor 1254 . When the metabolism of aminopyrine, aniline, 7-ethoxycoumarin, p-nitroanisole, and benzo{a}pyrene was determined in the presence of these solvents, varying degrees of stimulation and inhibition were observed . These effects were dependent on the substrate studied, the particular solvent incorporated into the assay, and the rat liver 9000g supernatant fraction used . These differential effects were also observed when 2-aminoanthracene was metabolically activated in the Ames Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test, but were not as dramatic when benzo{a}pyrene was tested. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1980 Oct 21, 625(2), 291 - 303 In vitro polymerization of polyhook protein from Salmonella SJW880; Aizawa SI et al.; Polyhooks were isolated from Salmonella SJW880, a non-flagellated mutant, and purified by cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation . The polyhooks were disintegrated into protein subunits (monomer) by heat in the absence of salt . The monomer was repolymerized in the presence of moderately high concentrations of sodium citrate at neutral pH . Three types of polymer were produced . One type of polymer, produced at room temperature and at citrate concentrations less than 0.3 M, had no regular shape and no definite thickness . Another type of polymer, produced at room temperature and at citrate concentrations greater than 0.4 M, had a straight shape and a similar thickness to that of polyhook but was easily dissociated into monomer in the absence of salt . A third type of polymer was produced at low temperature, independently of the concentration of citrate, and seemed to be a tubular polymer with a thickness similar to that of polyhook but had no helical curvature . However, this type of polymer was shown to have a structure locally the same as that of polyhook by electron microscopic observation, optical diffraction and circular dichroism measurements. J Wildl Dis, 1980 Oct, 16(4), 475 - 80 Bacteriologic survey of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis); Clausen B et al.; A bacteriological survey was carried out on 30 black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) of which 23 were newly captured and seven were captive . A beta haemolytic Streptococcus, group L was found in skin lesions and various wounds, causing septicaemia and death in two animals . Staphylococcus aureus was found in 3 rhinoceros, and caused the death of one . The bacteria isolated often proved resistant to penicillin . Streptomycin is recommended for treatment . Sixteen other bacteria sp . were isolated, and apart from a Salmonella sp . none were considered to be specific pathogens. Can J Microbiol, 1980 Oct, 26(10), 1241 - 6 Evidence that antibodies to polysaccharide alter platelet responses to endotoxin in tolerant rabbits; Walker RI et al.; When rabbits are made resistant (tolerant) to Salmonella typhi endotoxin by administration of five intraperitoneal injections of small amounts of endotoxin on consecutive days, a plasma factor appears which accelerates the in vitro aggregation response of platelets to endotoxin . Furthermore, in contrast with the reaction in normal animals, this aggregation is often quickly reversible . The present study was undertaken to determine some characteristics of this plasma factor . The humoral factor responsible for altering the platelet aggregation-disaggregation response to endotoxin is apparently antibody against polysaccharide antigen rather than an endotoxin degrading substance because (1) appearance of the factor correlated with presence of antibodies to polysaccharide, (2) the factor was stable at 56 degrees C for 1 h, (3) its effect only took a few seconds to occur, and (4) plasma from tolerant animals reacted only with complete endotoxin, obtained from smooth bacteria, but not lipid A . In fact, lipid A did not induce platelet aggregation unless its specific antibody was also present. Am J Clin Pathol, 1980 Oct, 74(4), 476 - 8 Salmonella pneumonia in a patient with carcinoma of the lung; Berkeley D et al.; A 76-year-old man was hospitalized for pneumonia . Bronchoscopy was performed because of a suspected underlying bronchial malignancy . A squamous cell carcinoma was found on bronchial biopsy, but in addition, culture of the bronchial washings grew Salmonella heidelberg . The infection was successfully treated with tetracycline . Although focal and disseminated infections with S . heidelberg have been reported to occur, pneumonia caused by this organism has not been previously documented. Genetics, 1980 Oct, 96(2), 331 - 52 Temperature-sensitive mutants blocked in the folding or subunit assembly of the bacteriophage P22 tail-spike protein . I . Fine-structure mapping; Smith DH et al.; As part of a study of protein folding, we have constructed a fine-structure map of 9 existing and 29 newly isolated UV- and hydroxylamine-induced temperature-sensitive (ts) mutations in gene 9 of Salmonella bacteriophage P22 . Gene 9 specifies the polypeptide chain of the multimeric tail spikes, six of which form the cell attachment organelle of the phage . The 38 ts mutants were mapped against deletion lysogens with endpoints in gene 9 . They mapped in 10 of the 15 deletion intervals . Two- and three-factor crosses between mutants within each interval indicated that at least 31 ts sites are represented among the 38 mutants . To determine the distribution of ts sites within the physical map, we identified the protein fragments from infection of su- hosts with 10 gene 9 amber mutants . Their molecular weights, ranging from 13,900 to 55,000 daltons, were combined with the genetic data to yield a composite map of gene 9 . The 31 ts sites were distributed through most of the gene, but were most densely clustered in the central third.--None of the ts mutant pairs tested exhibited intragenic complementation . Studies of the defective phenotypes of the ts mutants (Goldenberg and King 1981; Smith and King 1981) revealed that most do not affect the thermostability of the mature protein, but instead prevent the folding or subunit assembly of the mutant chains synthesized at restrictive temperature . Thus, many of these ts mutations identify sites in the polypeptide chain that are critical for the folding or maturation of the tail-spike protein. Biophys J, 1980 Oct, 32(1), 381 - 401 Regulation of coat protein polymerization by the scaffolding protein of bacteriophage P22; Fuller MT et al.; In the morphogenesis of double stranded DNA phages, a precursor protein shell empty of DNA is first assembled and then filled with DNA . The assembly of the correctly dimensioned precursor shell (procapsid) of Salmonella bacteriophage P22 requires the interaction of some 420 coat protein subunits with approximately 200 scaffolding protein subunits to form a double shelled particle with the scaffolding protein on the inside . In the course of DNA packaging, all of the scaffolding protein subunits exit from the procapsid and participate in further rounds of procapsid assembly (King and Casjens . 1974 . Nature (Lond.) . 251:112-119) . To study the mechanism of shell assembly we have purified the coat and scaffolding protein subunits by selective dissociation of isolated procapsids . Both proteins can be obtained as soluble subunits in Tris buffer at near neutral pH . The coat protein sedimented in sucrose gradients as a roughly spherical monomer, while the scaffolding protein sedimented as if it were an elongated monomer . When the two proteins were mixed together in 1.5 M guanidine hydrochloride and dialyzed back to buffer at room temperature, procapsids formed which were very similar in morphology, sedimentation behavior, and protein composition to procapsids formed in vivo . Incubation of either protein alone under the same conditions did not yield any large structures . We interpret these results to mean that the assembly of the shell involves a switching of both proteins from their nonaggregating to their aggregating forms through their mutual interaction . The results are discussed in terms of the general problem of self-regulated assembly and the control of protein polymerization in morphogenesis. Arch Toxicol, 1980 Oct, 45(4), 307 - 14 Mutagenic and cell transforming activities of 1-chlor-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) and squaric-acid-dibutylester (SADBE); Strobel R et al.; In the Salmonella/microsome test, DNCB was mutagenic for TA100, TA1538, and TA98, whereas SADBE did not induce mutations in the test system . The ability of the compounds to transform BHK cells being able to reproduce in semi-solid agar was investigated . DNCB induced a dose-dependent increase in transformed cells, SADBE did not show this effect. Toxicol Lett, 1980 Oct, 6(6), 379 - 83 Formation of mutagenic derivatives from nitrite and two primary amines; Boido V et al.; Sodium nitrite and two primary aromatic amines, viz . amino antipyrine (AAP) and aniline, were preincubated in vitro with human gastric juice . The resulting derivatives -- presumably diazonium salts -- were directly mutagenic in the Salmonella test . The mutagenic response was more pronounced in the case of AAP, while toxic effects narrowed the range of activity of the aniline derivative . These patterns are consistent with the findings of independent colorimetric analyses, showing that the AAP derivative is more stable at 37 degrees C than the aniline derivative. Lipids, 1980 Oct, 15(10), 849 - 52 Microbiological studies investigation mutagenicity of deep frying fat fractions and some of their components; Scheutwinkel-Reich M et al.; In this study, the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test according to Ames et al . (Mutation Res . 31:347, 1975) was performed in order to detect possible mutagenicity of oxidized deep frying fat fractions . Furthermore, the mono-, di-, tri- and tetrahydroxyoctadecanoic acids and the hydroperoxide of linoleic acid were investigated as model test substances . The Ames assay was carried out with and without metabolic activation including preincubation and liquid culture procedures as described by Mitchell (Mutation Res . 54:1, 1978) . The results show no mutagenic effects for the oxidized fractions of deep frying fats nor for the model test substances . At higher concentrations, however, limited test reliability resulted from direct toxic effects on bacterial growth. Infect Immun, 1980 Oct, 30(1), 224 - 30 Cholera toxin-like toxin released by Salmonella species in the presence of mitomycin C; Molina NC et al.; Several serotypes of Salmonella were shown to release increased amounts of a cholera toxin-like toxin during culture in vitro with mitomycin C (MTC) . Filter-sterilized culture supernatants containing the toxin caused elongation of Chinese hamster ovary cells, which could be blocked by heating the supernatants at 100 degrees C for 15 min or by adding mixed gangliosides or monospecific cholera antitoxin . When MTC was not added to the Salmonella cultures, little or no toxin was detected in crude, unconcentrated culture supernatants . Optimal production of toxin was observed in the presence of 0.5 micrograms of MTC per ml in shake flask cultures of Casamino Acids-yeast extract medium, Syncase, or peptone saline at 37 degrees C . Meat infusion media (heart infusion and brain heart infusion) plus MTC resulted in poor toxin yield . Culture filtrates frequently could be diluted 1:8 and still result in elongation of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Clin Pediatr (Phila), 1980 Oct, 19(10), 699 - 703 Unusual aspects of Salmonella meningitis; Geiseler PJ et al.; Two cases of salmonella meningitis that demonstrate unusual clinical and epidemiologic features are reported . The first case was a two-month-old infant with relapsing salmonella meningitis in whom ECHO 2 virus and S . enteritidis grew in mixed culture from cerebrospinal fluid . The second case was a five-month-old with typhoid meningitis . Although this patient eventually responded to chloramphenical, repeated CSF cultures grew S . typhi despite his receiving high dose parenteral therapy with ampicillin and chloramphenicol . Stool cultures disclosed that the patient's mother was an asymptomatic carrier of S . typhi . Nine days after the positive stool culture, the mother developed S . typhi bacteremia. Biochem J, 1980 Oct 1, 191(1), 183 - 91 The action of pepsin on porcine immunoglobulin M and its effect on biological activity; Beale D et al.; Treatment of porcine immunoglobulin M (IgM) with pepsin at pH 4.6 and 37 degrees C was found to gradually remove Fab arms and Cmicro2 domains over a period of 18h . Structural studies failed to find any other change . The main products can therefore be regarded as IgM-like molecules with limited numbers of Fab arms and Cmicro2 domains . Results indicated that this removal of Fab arms is probably a random process . As the average number of Fab arms per molecule was decreased the ability to agglutinate Salmonella oranienburg (mt-H) gradually diminished . Complement fixation by the complexes however, decreased rapidly, and became negligible when the average number of Fab arms was four . This was confirmed by using a preparation containing mainly molecules with three or four Fab arms . The overall results showed that molecules with three or four Fab arms can agglutinate Salmonella but that these complexes do not fix complement . Molecules with five arms probably behave like those with four . Complexes formed by molecules with six arms fix complement quite efficiently . Possible explanations for these results are discussed. Infect Immun, 1980 Oct, 30(1), 289 - 96 Mechanism of cellular suppression induced by oral tilorone treatment of mice; Collins FM; Specific-pathogen-free B6D2 F1 hybrid mice were treated orally with tilorone hydrochloride (100 mg/kg of body weight per day) and infected with sublethal doses of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, Mycobacterium bovis (BCG Pasteur), or M . tuberculosis Erdman . Daily tilorone treatment inhibited the cell-mediated response to all of the intracellular parasites, and most of the mice succumbed to the challenge . Tilorone suppressed delayed hypersensitivity responses to the microbial sensitins as well as to sheep erythrocytes . However, humoral responses (immediate hypersensitivity reactions) were stimulated . The types of growth curves obtained in the tilorone-treated mice were quite different from those observed in T-cell-depleted mice and tended to resemble those seen in sublethally irradiated (400 rads) animals . Leukocyte counts were depressed 10-fold by daily tilorone treatment . Both monocyte and granulocyte (but not large-lymphocyte) counts were depressed . There was an initial drop in small-lymphocyte counts with a later recovery phase . Tilorone treatment reduced the granulomatous response within the Salmonella-infected liver, suggesting that the drug interferes with the mobilization of the mononuclear defenses within the normal host. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1980 Sep 12, 105(37), 1279 - 84 {Atypical course of human salmonellosis (author's transl)}; Freitag V et al.; During the last few years atypical forms of human salmonellosis were observed in 27 patients . Most frequent were acute gastroenteritis with bacteraemia or septicaemia, abscess formations in various organs and septic infections with gastroenteritis Salmonellae but no demonstrable gastroenteritis . In addition there were cases of osteomyelitis, peritonitis, one case of infected hip replacement, one of infected adrenal cortical tumour, and one of infected aortic aneurysm . In 24 of the 27 patients there was an underlying disease likely to have favoured the development of such infections . Diabetes mellitus, cholelithiasis and malignant tumours were the most frequent condition . Isolation of the positive organism was obtained from various materials (blood, abscess pus, gallbladder smear, operative specimen) . Chemotherapy is definitely indicated in such Salmonella infections . Often additional surgical measures, e.g . to control spread of septic foci, were necessary . Prophylactic chemotherapy is recommended for patients with risk factors in order to prevent bacteraemic-metastatic events. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1980 Sep-Oct, 131B(2), 185 - 90 {Supplement No XXIII (1979) to Kauffmann-White scheme (author's transl)}; Le Minor L et al.; In this supplement are given the characters of 31 new Salmonella serotypes recognized in 1979 by WHO collaborating Centre for reference and research on Salmonella: 16 belong to the sub-genus I, 10 to the sub-genus II, 4 to the sub-genus III and 1 to the sub-genus IV . Two new H factors, Z64 and Z65, are recognized. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1980 Sep-Oct, 131B(2), 163 - 74 {Experimental infection by "Salmonella typhi-murium": protective role of homologous ribosomal extracts in calves (author's transl)}; Ivanoff B et al.; Eleven calves, 6 months old, vaccinated or not, have been infected experimentally with 10(7) Salmonella typhi-murium, administered by oral route . The control calves had a serious illness, characterized by a severe diarrhoea, hepatic and renal symptoms and a heavy infestation of the main organs . The other five calves, which were orally and subcutaneously vaccinated with ribosomal extracts of S . typhi-murium and S . dublin showed only a moderate alteration of their health while biochemical disorders at the level of liver and kidneys disappeared . However, salmonella were found in mesenteric lymph nodes, but in much lower amounts than in controls. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1980 Sep, 171(4-5), 388 - 407 The detection of mutagenic air pollutants from filter samples by the Salmonella/Mammalian S-9 mutagenicity test (Ames test) with S . typhimurium TA 98 (Part 1); Hoffmann D et al.; Particulate airborne pollutants, collected in 1977 at an urban point in Wanne-Eickel, G.F.R., were investigated for mutagenic activity in the Ames Salmonella/mammalian S-9 mutagenicity tet with S . typhimurium TA98 . Two kinds of filters were used: Mikrosorbanfilters (polystyrene) and Membranfilters (cellulose nitrate) . Sample preparations obtained following gel chromatography of solutions of the Mikrosorbanfilters showed only weak mutagenic activity . Soxhlet extracts of the Membranfilters gave positive dose-response relations (figs . 3-6), while splitting the initial extract into six fractions resulted in the bacterial reversion rates due to certain sub-fractions increasing over the reversion rates due to the unfractionated preparation (fig . 7) . The highest activities were observed in the fractions of the polar compounds and of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Some (30-50%) of the mutagenic activity was not enzymatically mediated . GC-MS analysis of the samples demonstrated the presence of an average content of around 11 microgram benzo(a)-pyrene/1000 m3 of air. Mutat Res, 1980 Sep, 76(2), 169 - 90 An evaluation of the Escherichia coli WP2 and WP2 uvrA reverse mutation assay; Brusick DJ et al.; The methodology and status of the Escherichia coli WP2 reverse mutation system as it applies to chemical screening were reviewed using the available published literature . 163 documents were reviewed by the Working Group . These included abstracts, research articles, review articles and publicly available contract and grant final reports . From this group, 115 documents were rejected for critical evaluation by the Working Group . 48 documents were reviewed and the test results summarized . The general conclusion of the Working Group was the the E . coli WP2 reverse mutation system is a valuable tool for mutagenesis research, but that there is no evidence from a review of the literature that this assay will contribute significantly to the results obtainable from careful application of the Ames Salmonella assay . Another review of the role of this system in general screening may be warranted after more research and development with the plasmid-containing WP2 derivatives. J Infect Dis, 1980 Sep, 142(3), 421 - 31 Heightened lung bactericidal activity in mice after aerosol immunization with Re 595 Salmonella minnesota: importance of cellular rather than humoral factors; LaForce FM et al.; Intrapulmonary bactericidal activity was enhanced against aerosolized Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus two weeks after aerosol immunization with Re 595 Salmonella minnesota . To define better this nonspecific stimulation of antibacterial lung defenses, mice were simultaneously challenged with S . aureus and S . marcescens up to 30 days after aerosol immunization with Re . Enhanced bactericidal activity against both organisms was noted, although activity against Serratia was more pronounced during the first week after immunization . Repetitive aerosol immunization with Re also resulted in enhanced bactericidal activity . Macrophages harvested from mice after aerosol immunization were "activated" by ultrastructural criteria and had enhanced intracellular bactericidal activity against S . aureus . Aerosol immunization also caused an increase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes in lung lavage fluid, which may have been important in activity against Serratia . Mice systemically immunized with Re developed high antibody titers in serum and lung washings but had no stimulation of lung antibacterial activity. Nord Vet Med, 1980 Sep, 32(9), 361 - 8 Salpingitis in poultry . I . Prevalence, bacteriology and possible pathogenesis in broilers; Bisgaard M et al.; The prevalence of salpingitis in broilers at slaughter seems to be rather constant, constituting 0.02--0.03% of the broilers slaughtered (Table I & Figure 1) . Profuse growth of Escherichia coli in pure culture was obtained from the salpinx of all 123 investigated carcasses with chronic salpingitis . Primary blood agar plates examined showed a pure culture as to O-group as well . Of 22 different O-groups demonstrated, 01, 02, 07 and 053 were most prevalent, constituting 47% of the strains (Table III) . Salmonella spp . were not demonstrated . Etiology, pathogenesis and possible food hygienic consequences are discussed in the light of the present findings. Mutat Res, 1980 Sep, 79(1), 1 - 5 Genotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA-repair test; Williams GM et al.; The genotoxicity of 6 pyrrolizidine alkaloids and 2 related compounds was examined in the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA-repair test and compared to mutagenicity in a modified Salmonella/microsome test . All 6 pyrrolizidine alkaloids were positive in the DNA-repair test, and 4 of these are known to be carcinogenic . Of the 6 positive compounds, only 5 were mutagenic . Thus, the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA-repair test displays a comparable or better capacity than the bacterial mutagenesis test for detecting the genotoxic effects of this class of carcinogens. Toxicol Lett, 1980 Sep, 6(4-5), 243 - 9 Retinol (vitamin A) as an inhibitor of the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B; Busk L et al.; Vitamin A (retinol) was shown to inhibit the mutagenic activity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), when added to the Ames Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay . The inhibition was dose-dependent and not caused by a direct toxic effect on the test bacteria . On the other hand the mutagenicity of diepoxybutane, a mutagen not requiring metabolic activation, was not affected by retinol, indicating that the vitamin does not act as a general scavenger of reactive compounds . The mutagenicity of AFB1 depends on the balance between formation and breakdown of aflatoxin 2,3-epoxide, the presumed ultimate mutagenic/carcinogenic metabolite . Inhibition of AFB1 mutagenicity could thus result from decreased formation or increased breakdown of the 2,3-epoxide. Eur J Immunol, 1980 Sep, 10(9), 685 - 93 Selection of bacterial mutants from Salmonella specifically recognizing determinants on the cell surface of activated T lymphocytes . A novel system to define cell surface structures; Lehmann V et al.; The isolation of bacterial mutants from Salmonella is described with specific binding capacities to allogeneically or concanavalin A-activated T lymphocytes . The enrichment of these mutants was achieved by separation of T cell blasts with adhering mutants from nonresponsive lymphocytes and nonadhering bacteria through 1 x g sedimentation . Binding of the mutants was specific for T cells early after antigen or mitogen stimulation . No adherence was observed with unstimulated T or B lymphocytes and with B cell blasts . Further results suggested that the binding of Salmonella mutants was mediated by the heteropolysaccharide moiety of lipopolysaccharides with a specificity for protein receptor sites on activated T lymphocytes . Significantly, these heteropolysaccharides also inhibited the differentiation of prekiller to killer cells from allogeneic mixed lymphocyte cultures but did not depress the proliferative response or the activity of cytotoxic effector cells . Bacterial adherence, as well as polysaccharide activity in functional tests, showed strain specificity since reactivity could only be obtained with activated T cells from AKR, C57BL/6, C3H but not with BALB/c and A/J strain mice . It is discussed whether the heteropolysaccharides mimic the structure of naturally occurring molecules and thus compete for their receptor sites . Selection of bacterial mutants with adherence properties may become a general procedure for detecting cell surface molecules on lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells. Vet Rec, 1980 Aug 30, 107(9), 191 - 3 Salmonella dublin infection in self contained dairy herds in East Anglia: excretion at calving; Counter DE et al.; Salmonella dublin was isolated from 14 (0.4 per cent) of 3656 rectal swabs taken from adult cattle in 20 self-contained East Anglian dairy herds with a history of the infection in calves . When 1486 calvings in these herds were monitored, the organism was isolated from 10 (0.7 per cent) . Seven cows that had given negative rectal swabs at previous herd tests yielded the organism . These results indicate that latent carriers of S dublin may produce congenitally infected calves or excrete the organism at or soon after parturition and that this may provide the origin of many outbreaks of S dublin infection in self-contained herds. Science, 1980 Aug 29, 209(4460), 1039 - 43 Nitropyrenes: isolation, identificaton, and reduction of mutagenic impurities in carbon black and toners; Rosenkranz HS et al.; Extracts of selected xerographic toners and copies were found to be mutagenic in the Salmonella assay . The activity was independent of the xerographic hardware and process and was traced to nitropyrenes present as impurities in the carbon black, the toner colorant . Manufacturing process changes resulted in a substantial reduction of the nitropyrene content of the carbon black and thus in the mutagenicity of the corresponding toners . Nitropyrenes are potent frameshift mutagens, and possible mechanisms for their biological action are discussed. Science, 1980 Aug 29, 209(4460), 1037 - 9 Mutagenic activity in photocopies; Lofroth G et al.; Extracts from several different photocopies were mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella assay . The mutagenic behavior was similar for extracts from copies and corresponding toners indicating that toners are directly responsible for the mutagenicity . The mutagenicity is caused by at least two classes of compounds which may be present either alone or in combination in any toner. S Afr Med J, 1980 Aug 23, 58(8), 311 - 3 Infectious drug resistance during an outbreak of samonellosis; Botha P et al.; The sudden acquisition of aminoglycoside resistance among Salmonella group C1 isolates causing summer diarrhoea raised the possibility oif plasmid-mediated reistance . The demonstration of circular DNA species in the resistant, but not in the sensitive salmonellae and the transfer by conjugation of antibiotic resistance to a sensitive strain of Escherichic coli, was consistent with plasmid-mediated resistance. Nature, 1980 Aug 7, 286(5773), 628 - 30 Formation of helical filaments by copolymerization of two types of 'straight' flagellins; Kamiya R et al.; Bacterial flagella undergo transition between several discrete types of left-handed and right-handed helical structures when exposed to acidic or alkaline pH, or to mechanical force . Calladine and ourselves have presented models to explain such polymorphism, assuming that protein subunits (flagellin) in a flagellum can be transformed into two conformations (L- and R-states) depending on the species of flagellin and on the environmental conditions . An obvious prediction from these 'two-state' models is that there should be two types of straight flagella (L- and R-types) that are made up exclusively of flagellins in either the L-state or the R-state . We have shown that straight flagella from two species of mutants, Salmonella SJ814 (ref . 6) and Escherichia coli hag 177 (ref . 7), are closely similar to the predicted R- and L-types, respectively . Recently we have isolated 10 strains of straight-flagellar mutants of Salmonella . We show here that their flagella can also be classified into the L- and R-types, and that copolymerization of flagellins from two heterologous types (L and R) makes discrete types of helical filaments, whereas that of homologous pairs of flagellins (L and L, or R and R) makes only straight filaments. J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Aug, 12(2), 156 - 60 Cultural and biochemical characteristics of clinical isolates of unusual colistin-resistant pseudomonads; Oberhofer TR; Biochemical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibilities of 12 strains of colistin-resistant pseudomonads isolated from clinical specimens are reported . The isolates were short, oxidase-positive, nonfluorescing, gram-negative rods that failed to grow on salmonella-shigella or cetrimide agars, to decarboxylate amino acids, and to reduce nitrates . Most strains peptonized litmus milk and grew at 42 degrees C . Glucose, lactose, maltose, xylose, and fructose were slowly oxidized, whereas sucrose was not . Two homogeneous species were found and tentatively listed as Pseudomonas sp . 1 and Pseudomonas sp . 2, and these were differentiated by gelatin and starch hydrolysis, oxidation of mannitol, and alkalinization of allantoin . The two species were shown to differ from the Center for Disease Control Va group biotype CDC Va-1 in both biochemical characteristics and susceptibility to the aminoglycosides. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1980 Aug, 40(2), 223 - 30 Rapid radiometric method for detection of Salmonella in foods; Stewart BJ et al.; A radiometric method for the detection of Salmonella in foods has been developed which is based on Salmonella poly H agglutinating serum preventing Salmonella from producing 14CO2 from {14C}dulcitol . The method will detect the presence or absence of Salmonella in a product within 30 h compared to 4 to 5 days by routine culture methods . The method has been evaluated against a routine culture method using 58 samples of food . The overall agreement was 91% . Five samples negative for Salmonella by the routine method were positive by the radiometric method . These may have been false positives . However, the routine method may have failed to detect Salmonella due to the presence of large numbers of lactose-fermenting bacteria which hindered isolation of Salmonella colonies on the selective agar plates. J Hyg (Lond), 1980 Aug, 85(1), 115 - 24 Growth of Salmonella on chilled meat; Mackey BM et al.; Growth rates of a mixture of Salmonella serotypes inoculated on beef from a commercial abattoir were measured at chill temperatures . The minimum recorded mean generation times were 8.1 h at 10 degrees C; 5.2 h at 12.5 degrees C and 2.9 h at 15 degrees C . Growth did not occur at 7-8 degrees C . From these data the maximum extent of growth of Salmonella during storage of meat for different times at chill temperatures was calculated . Criteria for deciding safe handling temperatures for meat are discussed . Maintaining an internal temperature below 10 degrees C during the boning operation would be sufficient to safeguard public health requirements. Mutat Res, 1980 Aug, 72(3), 373 - 88 Acridine structure correlated with mutagenic activity in Salmonella; Brown BR et al.; The structural basis for direct mutagenicity of acridines was studied by testing 50 different analogs in the Ames Salmonella tester strains without the addition of mammalian activating enzymes . These experiments showed that the single most effective substituent for frameshift mutagenesis in strain TA1537 is an amino group at the "9" position, while an amino group at either the "3" or "1" position is less effective . Other substitutions at the "9" position demonstrate decreased frameshifting activity compared to 9-aminoacridine . Furthermore, all substituents in combination with the amino group of 9-aminoacridine also decrease frameshifting activity, except for the addition of another amino group at the "1" position or a methyl at the ring nitrogen . Nitro substituents at the "1" and "3" positions enhance 9-aminoacridine toxocity . All nitro substituents decrease typical acridine-frameshift mutagenesis for strain TA1537, but they induce mutagenic activity either in the other type of frameshift strain, TA1538, or in the base-pair substitution strain TA1535 . These studies have provided important structure-function relationships for acridine mutagenicity and toxicity in Salmonella . Consequently, this biological system has provided a sensitive means for determining the structural requirements for mutagenic mechanisms. J Environ Pathol Toxicol, 1980 Aug, 4(1), 159 - 67 Enhancing and inhibiting effects of propyl gallate on carcinogen-induced mutagenesis; Rosin MP et al.; The food additive propyl gallate has a significant effect on the mutagenic activities of several carcinogens as measured by the Salmonella/microsome mutagenesis assay . Propyl gallate (10(-2) to 10(-4) M) inhibits the mutagenic activites of the carcinogens N-methyl-N-'nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-acetoxy-AAF) . It also reduces the mutagenic effect of aflatoxin B1, a carcinogen which requires activation with a S-9 microsomal preparation . In contrast, propyl gallate at equimolar concentrations causes an enhancement of the mutagenic activities of the carcinogens N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-hydroxy-AAF) and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) . The enhancement of 4NQO-induced mutagenesis occurs with a range of 4NQO concentrations . Moreover, both frameshift (TA98) and base substitution (TA100) bacteria indicator strains demonstrate an enhanced mutagenesis to 4NQO in the presence of the propyl-gallate . Propylgallate alone has no effect on the spontaneous reversion rate of S . typhimurium to histidine propotrophy. Isr J Med Sci, 1980 Aug, 16(8), 566 - 71 Experimental nephropathy induced in rabbits by immunization with Escherichia coli 055 lipopolysaccharide . 2 . Immunologic findings; Goldstein I et al.; Thirty-seven rabbits were immunized against lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli or Salmonella enteritidis over a period of up to 16 months . The animals developed antibodies against rabbit renal glycoproteins and against bacterial polysaccharide; they also showed signs of kidney lesions . The immunoperoxidase test showed antibody and complement (C3) fixation on the periphery of glomeruli and tubules . Antibodies extracted from the kidneys of the immunized animals reacted with isologous and autologous renal glycoproteins, suggesting that the renal lesions were due to an immunologic response . The cross-reactivity between the bacterial lipopolysaccharide and the renal glycoproteins appears to be responsible for these lesions. Arch Intern Med, 1980 Aug, 140(8), 1097 - 8 Ruptured mycotic aneurysm of a coronary artery . A fatal complication of Salmonella infection; McGee MB et al.; A 53-year-old man with a kidney transplant was hospitalized because of back pain, fever, and an enlarging heart size . Cultures of blood and stool yielded Salmonella enteritidis (group D, serotype enteritidis) . Despite appropriate antibiotic therapy, the patient died of cardiac arrest on the seventh hospital day . Autopsy revealed a ruptured mycotic aneurysm of the right coronary artery with hemopericardium . In addition, a ruptured aneurysm of the abdominal aorta was present . To our knowledge, ruptured mycotic aneurysm involving a coronary artery owing to Salmonella infection has not been described previously. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1980 Aug, 77(8), 4961 - 5 Fecalase: a model for activation of dietary glycosides to mutagens by intestinal flora; Tamura G et al.; Many substances in the plant kingdom and in man's diet occur as glycosides . Recent studies have indicated that many glycosides that are not mutagenic in tests such as the Salmonella test become mutagenic upon hydrolysis of the glycosidic linkages . The Salmonella test utilizes a liver homogenate to approximate mammalian metabolism but does not provide a source of the enzymes present in intestinal bacterial flora that hydrolyze the wide variety of glycosides present in nature . We describe a stable cell-free extract of human feces, fecalase, which is shown to contain various glycosidases that allow the in vitro activation of many natural glycosides to mutagens in the Salmonella/liver homogenate test . Many beverages, such as red wine (but apparently not white wine) and tea, contain glycosides of the mutagne quercetin . Red wine, red grape juice, and tea were mutagenic in the test when fecalase was added, and red wine contained considerable direct mutagenic activity in the absence of fecalase . The implications of quercetin mutagenicity and carcinogenicity are discussed. Immunology, 1980 Aug, 40(4), 547 - 56 Killing of the S and Re forms of Salmonella minnesota via the classical pathway of complement activation in guinea-pig and human sera; Clas F et al.; The S (wildtype) and Re form (heptose-deficient, core-defective mutant) of Salmonella minnesota were killed by treatment with normal guinea-pig serum (GPS) . Using C4-deficient GPS and serum containing 0.02 M ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethylether)-tetraacetic acid and 0.02 M MgCl2 (EGTA-Mg2+) a reduced killing rate was observed . In normal GPS diluted 1:10 containing 0.02 M EGTA-Mg2+ or in C4-deficient GPS diluted 1:10 no killing occurred, whereas the same serum dilution without EGTA-Mg2+ showed a strong bactericidal effect indicating a dependency upon C4 and Ca2+ ions . Furthermore, in contrast to normal human serum (NHS) no killing occurred in a selective complete C1q-deficient human serum . The bactericidal effect, however, could be restored by addition of highly purified C1q; this is a further indication for a dependency upon the classical pathway of C activation . The C-dependent bactericidal activity was totally abolished when phosphate buffer was used, partially reduced in the presence of veronal-buffered saline (VBS), and not affected by tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane(Tris) or thioglycollate-buffered system EGTA-Mg2+ alone slightly reduced the growth rate of the bacteria whereas disodium ethylene diaminetetraacetate (EDTA) had a bacteriostatic effect on the S-form . The inhibition of the growth of the Re-form by EDTA was amplified by the addition of serum . Pre-incubation of bacteria with serum for absorption of antibodies did not increase the killing rate of such pre-treated bacteria excluding an antibody-mediated bactericidal reaction . Furthermore, pre-treatment of the bacteria with GPS at 0 degrees reduced the serum sensitivity of both types of bacteria. J Hyg (Lond), 1980 Aug, 85(1), 125 - 8 Salmonella isolation with Rappaport's medium after pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water using a series of inoculum ratios; Harvey RW et al.; The ability of malachite green/magnesium chloride broth (Rappaport's medium) to isolate salmonellas from 25 ml quantities of sewage-polluted natural water was investigated . Samples were first pre-enriched in buffered peptone water and varying volumes of inoculum from the pre-enrichment culture were inoculated into Rappaport's broth . Inoculum ratios in the range 1:2000 to 1:10 were examined . The inoculum ratio denotes the ratio of the volume of inoculum to the volume of fluid medium into which it is introduced . Optimum results were obtained with the 1:2000 ratio, although the salmonella isolation rate was only slightly less with the 1:500 and 1:100 ratios . The 1:2000 inoculum ratio was obtained with a graduated loop holding approximately 0.005 ml of fluid . Use of a loop for inoculation has advantages in speed of performance and safety of manipulation. J Bacteriol, 1980 Aug, 143(2), 1042 - 5 Growth of Salmonella bacteriophage P22 in Escherichia coli dna(Ts) mutants; Schanda-Mulfinger UE et al.; Salmonella bacteriophage P22 grows in two deoxyribonucleic acid initiation mutants of Escherichia coli under nonpermissive conditions, dnaA and dnaC . Functional products of genes dnaE, dnaZ, lig, dnaK, and dnaG are indispensable for deoxyribonucleic acid replication of P22 . In 11 E . coli dnaB mutants belonging to all phenotypic groups, phage were produced at 42 degrees C. Mutat Res, 1980 Aug, 78(4), 317 - 21 Lack of mutagenicity of some phytoestrogens in the salmonella/mammalian microsome assay; Bartholomew RM et al.; 8 phytoestrogens were tested for mutagenicity using a variation of the Salmonella/mammalian microsome (or Ames) assay . Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by a grain contaminant, Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae) and the isomers of zearalanol are reduced derivatives of this compound . The remaining compounds are all flavonoids which occur naturally at relatively high concentrations in many plants, particularly legumes . 4 of these flavonoids (daidzein, genistein, formononetin and biochanin-a) are isoflavones and the 5th, coumestrol, is a coumestan . Each compound was tested at several concentrations ranging from 1--500 micrograms per plate . The microsomal fracton was obtained from Aroclor 1254 (a PCB)-induced rat livers . None of the compounds tested was mutagenic to Salmonella strains TA1538, TA98 or TA100 at any concentration. Exp Lung Res, 1980 Aug, 1(3), 191 - 9 Lung cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate and adenylate cyclase in endotoxic shock; Klein DM et al.; Cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and adenylate cyclase activity were measured in lungs from guinea pigs in endotoxic shock induced by an intravenous injection of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (10 mg/kg body weight) . Both cyclic AMP content and adenylate cyclase activity were significantly elevated in lung tissue from the endotoxic guinea pigs . There was no apparent change in the affinity of adenylate cyclase for its substrate (ATP); however, the maximum velocity of the enzyme reaction was increased in lungs from the endotoxic group . Endotoxin, in the concentration range of 10(-4) to 10(-2) micrograms/ml, added to lung homogenates did not affect adenylate cyclase activity . Prostaglandins do not seem to mediate the effects of endotoxin in vivo on lung cyclic AMP since treatment of guinea pigs with indomethacin (10 mg/kg body weight) 30 min prior to endotoxin administration did not alter the endotoxin-induced increase in lung cyclic AMP. Infect Immun, 1980 Aug, 29(2), 539 - 44 Immunochemical properties of Vi antigen from Salmonella typhi Ty2: presence of two antigenic determinants; Szewczyk B et al.; Antigen Vi of Salmonella typhi was found to have at least two antigenic determinants . In one of them, O-acetyl moiety played a dominant role . The second antigenic determinant did not involve O-acetyl residues, but both carboxyl and N-acetyl groups were necessary for the antigen-antibody reaction . These results were obtained by performing serological tests with antigen Vi, with its structural analog, polygalacturonic acid, and with the derivatives of both polysaccharides. Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980 Aug, 247(3), 406 - 9 The antigenic relationship between Candida and Salmonella O:6(2), O:7 antigens; Aksoycan N et al.; The immune sera for Candida albicans, C . guilliermondii and C . tropicalis agglutinated Salmonella cholerae-suis (O:6(2),7) . The immune serum for S . cholerae-suis agglutinated C . albicans, C . guilliermondii and C . tropicalis . Absorption and agglutination cross tests demonstrated common antigenic factor between above mentioned yeasts and Salmonella O:6(2), O:7 antigens. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1980 Aug, 88(4), 237 - 42 Quantitative immunoelectrophoretic analysis of Salmonella typhi antigens and of corresponding antibodies in human sera; Espersen F et al.; By quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods, 86 different antigens were found in sonicated preparations of a Salmonella typhi, using corresponding rabbit antiserum . Lipopolysaccharide was identified, and 5 other antigens characterized . Antibodies against a total of 19 S . typhi antigens were found in human sera . The antibody response in patients with typhoid fever was significantly more pronounced compared to that in normal persons . When the antibody response was expressed as a precipitin score, the predictive value of both a positive (precipitin score greater than or equal to 8) test and a negative test was 100%, when sera from patients suffering from typhoid fever were compared with sera from normal persons. Arthritis Rheum, 1980 Aug, 23(8), 921 - 5 Stimulation of prostaglandin E production by bacterial endotoxins in cultured human synovial fibroblasts; Yaron M et al.; E coli, shigella, salmonella, and cholera endotoxins stimulated prostaglandin E (PGE) production by cultured human synovial and foreskin fibroblasts . The minimal effective dose of Shigella endotoxin was 2 micrograms/ml and a maximal response was observed at 10 micrograms/ml . PGE stimulation was first detected 7 hours after addition of cholera endotoxin . Stimulation by shigella endotoxin of both PGE and hyaluronic acid production was inhibited by indomethacin and aspirin . The present results suggest that PGE is a mediator of joint inflammation induced by endotoxins. Eur J Immunol, 1980 Aug, 10(8), 641 - 6 Mechanisms of antigen-induced blockade of immune response and cyclophosphamide-promoted tolerance to Salmonella typhi Vi antigen; Prigozhina TB et al.; Blockade of the immune response, caused by a high dose of Salmonella typhi Vi antigen (200 microgram i.v.) and cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced tolerance to Vi antigen, were analyzed . The results of the study show that blockade of the immune response cannot be attributed to masking of the response resulting from neutralization of antibodies by the excess of non-cell-bound antigen . A high dose of Vi-antigen induced triggering and proliferation of specific B precursors but reversibly suppressed synthesis or secretion of antibody by plaque-forming cells . A single injection of CY (200 mg/kg i.p.) 2 days after a high dose of Vi antigen markedly prolonged the antigen-induced state of unresponsiveness . CY-induced tolerance to Vi antigen is due to elimination or long-term inactivation of specific B precursors . Dissimilarities in the characteristics of immune response blockade and CY-induced tolerance are discussed as well as their possible implications for the mode of action of CY. Wien Med Wochenschr, 1980 Jul 31, 130(13-14), 489 - 91 {Successful treatment of eleven female Salmonella carriers with Co-soltrim (author's transl)}; Sarkis-Kechiche J; Eleven female chronic Salmonella carriers were treated with the chemotherapeutic drug Co-soltrim for an average period of 19.83 weeks . The daily dose was at first twice 2 tablets and later on twice 1 tablet . Before this treatment 4 of the patients had received other chemotherapeutic drugs without lasting curative effect . The cases were in-patients of a mental hospital and it was possible to continue their observation for a follow-up period of up to 29 months after the termination of the therapy . No case relapsed . The therapy did not produce any undesirable side effects. J Clin Lab Immunol, 1980 Jul, 4(1), 41 - 6 Opsonizing antibodies in human typhoid fever; Vilde JL et al.; Factors that promote phagocytosis of Salmonella typhi by polymorphonuclear leukocytes have been detected in sera from patients with typhoid fever . These factors were present between the 10th and the 60th days after the clinical onset . They could be fixed on the bacteria, were heat-stable, and needed the classical pathway of complement to act . They were specific for Salmonella typhi and acted as antibodies directed against the O antigen of the cell-wall . They could be absorbed by a smooth strain of Salmonella typhi, but not by a rough strain . They belonged probably to the IgG class and were different from the "natural antibodies" of normal, non-immune serum, which are of IgM type . Their role in human resistance to Salmonella infection is discussed. Avian Dis, 1980 Jul-Sep, 24(3), 631 - 6 Natural and experimental Salmonella arizonae 18:z4,z32 (Ar . 7:1,7,8) infection in broilers . Bacteriological and histopathological survey of eye and brain lesions; Silva EN et al.; Arizonosis occurred in a flock of 10,000 broilers in the state of Sao Paulo . Among 45 specimens submitted for examination at 15 days of age, there was blindness, and nervous symptoms with ataxia, torticollis, and opisthotonos . Necropsy showed caseous material in the vitreous body of the eyeballs and in the cortical region of the brain; S . arizonae 18:z4,z32 (Ar . 7:1,7,8) was isolated . Both ocular and brain lesions were reproduced by exposure of day-old chicks to the isolate by oral and intraocular dosage, by pen contact, and by intraperitoneal injection . Lesions in the brain were most prominent in the ventricles and consisted of necrotic masses containing eosinophilic cells surrounded by macrophages, and epithelioid and multinucleated cells . Lesions of the eye were most often related to the retina. Xenobiotica, 1980 Jul-Aug, 10(7-8), 483 - 94 Metabolic activation of trp-P-2, a mutagenic amine from tryptophan-pyrolysate, by liver microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-responsive and non-responsive mice; Yamazoe Y et al.; 1 . The metabolic activation of a tryptophan pyrolysate, Trp-P-2 (3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido{4,3-}indole), was studied using liver microsomes from mice of 3-methylcholanthrene-responsive, C57BL/6N (B6) strain and non-responsive, DBA/2N (D2) strain . 2 . The formation of N-hydroxy-Trp-P-2 (3-hydroxylamino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido-{4,3-b}indole) by hepatic microsomes was markedly increased by the pretreatment with 3-methylcholanthrene in B6 mice, but not in D2 mice . 3 . The same treatment increased the activity to convert Trp-P-2 to a mutagen(s) in the Salmonella/microsome test system in B6 mice, but not in D2 mice . 4 . The formation of N-hydroxy-Trp-P-2 corresponded with the increase in the number of the revertants, and with the activities of aromatic hydrocarbon hydroxylase and biphenyl 2-hydroxylase . 5 . Addition of alpha-naphthoflavone to microsomes from control and 3-methyl-cholanthrene-treated B6 mice effectively decreased the activities to convert Trp-P-2 to a mutagen(s) and to N-hydroxylate Trp-P-2 . 6 . These results indicate that N-hydroxy-Trp-P-2 is a proximate or ultimate mutagenic principle of Trp-P-2. Aust Vet J, 1980 Jul, 56(7), 335 - 8 Microbiological quality of Queensland stockfeeds with special reference to salmonella; Smeltzer T et al.; One hundred Queensland stockfeeds were examined for their counts of total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, fungi and salmonellas . The total aerobic bacteria, coliform and fungal counts were significantly higher (P < 0.005) for mashes than for crumbles and pellets and salmonellas were isolated from significantly more (P < 0.005) mashes (64%) than pellets and crumbles (8%) . Counts of less than 1 salmonella per 100 g were found in 36.4% of the 44 positive feeds . The remainder of the counts ranged from 1.2 per 100 g to greater than 147 salmonellas per 100 g feed. Endocrinologie, 1980 Jul-Sep, 18(3), 149 - 54 Action of thymic polypeptides of low molecular weight on some immune reactions at tissular and humoral level in guinea-pigs and mice; Milcu SM et al.; Administration of the TP2 extract containing thymic polypeptides of low molecular weight (under 10,000 daltons) was found to stimulate the delayed hypersensitivity reaction in guinea-pigs injected with BCG . It was also found to reduce the hemagglutination titre in mice injected with the APR 8 influenza virus and to raise the antiflagellar agglutinins titre in rats injected with TH Salmonella vaccine . The cellular type of immune reactions was stronger than the humoral one. Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol, 1980 Jul-Sep, 25(3), 179 - 88 {Resistance to chemotherapeutic agents in strains of Salmonella isolated during the period of 1977-1979}; Lucinescu S et al.; A study was carried out on the incidence and spectrum of resistance to chemotherapeutical agents of 500 Salmonella strains isolated from coprocultures during the period from April 1977 to April 1979 . The 368 strains isolated from patients were tested against 13 agents and the 132 strains isolated from carriers against 7 chemotherapeutical agents, using the Kirby-Bauer method in both categories . A proportion of 58.7% of the patients were resistant to one or several chemotherapeutics, and only 27.2% of the carriers . As regards the entire lot of 500 strains in terms of their resistance to 7 chemotherapeutical agents, 226 (45.2%) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial product . All the strains were sensitive to Polymixin B; 31,4% were resistant to Ampicillin . 20 to 22% resistant to Kanamycin, Chloramphenicol and Tetracyclin . The strains presented the highest resistance to Sulphafurazol (46.2%) . The tested strains belonged to 18 serotypes . S . agona proved highly resistant (100%), followed by S . bovis morbificans (78%) (most of the strains being resistant only to Furazolidon), S . heidelberg 63% and S . typhi murium 32% . Of the resistance patterns, the most frequent was: Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, Cephalotin, Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracyclin, Sulphafurazol encountered in S . agona . The plasmid nature of resistance to antibiotics was tested using as acceptor E . coli Hfr H . The transferable character of resistance was demonstrated in 34 of the 35 experimentally exposed strains . As a rule the transfer of resistance determinants occurred in its totality. Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol, 1980 Jul-Sep, 25(3), 159 - 69 {Epidemiological study of salmonelloses in the Moldavia area}; Bercovici C et al.; A study was carried out on the epizooto-epidemiologic potential of certain domestic and wild animal species (cold-blooded), of the environment (residual waters) and food products, and their role in maintaining Salmonella endemics (others than the typhoid-parathyphoid group) . Account was kept of the incidence of Salmonella and its circulation in subjects exposed to occupational risks and in the mass of the population, including those with clinically manifest salmonellosis and the clinically healthy carriers . The results showed the importance of domestic animals in maintaining the endemic (fowl 15%, swine 10%, bovine 5%) . The isolated serotypes were identical to those found in residual eaters, in patients and in carriers . The sensitivity test to antibiotics revealed resistance to more than two antibiotics in 65%, except for the strains isolated from reptiles . Reorganization measures appear necessary in order to restrict the circulation of Salmonella in farm animals and to reduce the risks of infection in humans. Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol, 1980 Jul-Sep, 25(3), 149 - 58 {"Minor" salmonelloses on the offensive; clinico-epidemiological aspects of Salmonella agona infections}; Hurmuzache T et al.; The incidence of "minor" salmonelloses, (one of the main infantile enteritis), has increased of late, the principal agent in 1977 and 1978 being Salmonella agona . The present paper is a clinico-epidemiological study of the characteristics of a recent episode comprising 46 cases due to Salmonella agona . Most of the cases treated in hospital had a prevalently enterocolitic aspect, without extraenteral complications, but with a reserved prognosis (10% mortality rate in the authors' experience) when associated with other diseases (bronchopneumonia, otitis, otoantritis) or when the child has a deficient constitution (congenital or acquired) . It is difficult to get rid of the germ, of particular importance especially when the children return to children's institutions, by means of an etiotropic therapy, which in many cases may even delay elimination of the salmonellas . In Salmonella infections the carrier excretory state is intermittent rather than permanent . Salmonellosis caused by the agona serotype may be listed, as most of the so-called "minor" cases, in the "central" group according to the classification propossed by Newell and adopted by the World Health Organization in 1959. Lab Anim, 1980 Jul, 14(3), 217 - 9 Salmonella montevideo salmonellosis in laboratory mice: successful treatment of the disease by oral oxytetracycline; Simmons DJ et al.; In an epidemic outbreak of salmonellosis associated with Salmonella montevideo in 6 mouse colonies, most deaths occurred in BALB/c and ASI mice, although the carrier rate was similar in other mouse strains . The salmonella was eradicated from ASI mice of 4-6 weeks old, and the carrier rate considerably reduced at 12-26 weeks of age, by use of oral oxytetracycline in conjunction with strict hygiene measures . Housing mice on wire grids instead of wood shavings did not affect the efficacy of the treatment. Can J Comp Med, 1980 Jul, 44(3), 267 - 74 Sources of salmonellae in an uninfected commercially-processed broiler flock; Rigby CE et al.; Cultural monitoring was used to study the incidence and sources of salmonellae in a 4160 bird broiler flock during the growing period, transport and processing in a commercial plant . No salmonellae were isolated from any of 132 litter samples of 189 chickens cultured during the seven-week growing period, even though nest litter samples from four of the eight parent flocks yielded salmonellae and Salmonella worthington was isolated from the meat meal component of the grower ration . On arrival at the plant, 2/23 birds sampled carried S . infantis on their feathers, although intestinal cultures failed to yield salmonellae . Three of 18 processed carcasses samples yielded salmonellae (S . infantis, S . heidelberg, S . typhimurium var copenhagen) . The most likely source of these salmonellae was the plastic transport crates, since 15/107 sampled before the birds were loaded yielded salmonellae (S . infantis, S . typhimurium) . The crate washer at the plant did not reduce the incidence of Salmonella-contaminated crates, since 16/116 sampled after washing yielded salmonellae (S . infantis, S . typhimurium, S . heidelberg, S . schwarzengrund, S . albany). Am J Ophthalmol, 1980 Jul, 90(1), 63 - 8 Ocular inflammation in Reiter's disease after Salmonella enteritis; Saari KM et al.; We studied characteristics of ocular inflammation in Reiter's disease after Salmonella enteritis in eight patients . After an acute onset with diarrhea, fever in six patients, and headache in three patients, all patients developed arthritis; six patients had myalgia; six patients, urethritis; and one patient, carditis . Sacroiliitis was found in four patients . All patients had HLA-B28 antigen . Conjunctivitis occurred in seven patients . It was mostly mild with no chemosis, follicles, or keratitis, and resolved in ten days . In one case palpebral edema, chemosis in the conjunctiva, and purulent exudate were seen . One patient had transient episodes of keratitis and corneal erosion for two months and episodes of conjunctivitis for 11 months . Three patients developed unilateral acute anterior uveitis with aqueous flare, cells, fine keratic precipitates, and fibrinous exudation from three to four years after the onset of the illness . One of these patients had vitritis and macular and papillary edema. Arch Intern Med, 1980 Jul, 140(7), 943 - 5 An outbreak of Salmonella enteritis and septicemia in a population of uremic patients . A review of four cases, including infection of an arteriovenous fistula; Lockyer WA et al.; An outbreak of enteritis and septicemia caused by Salmonella enteritidis occurred in a population of uremic patients treated in a nephrology unit . In one of the patients, an arteriovenous fistula was infected by this organism . The source of the outbreak was traced to the refrigerator and sink in the unit . This degree of morbidity and mortality far exceeds that previously reported in infections with nontyphoid Salmonella sp and is presumbly related to the decreased immune response seen in uremia. Cancer Lett, 1980 Jul, 10(1), 75 - 81 Induction of DNA repair by some selenium compounds; Russell GR et al.; Selenium compounds were found to induce DNA repair synthesis as a measure of DNA damage in both the isolated rat liver cell system and by Ames' Salmonella assay . In liver cells, DNA repair measured by uptake of {3H}thymidine was found to be greater with sodium selenite and selenate than with selenomethionine . In the bacterial culture system, selenomethionine inhibited the repair-deficient variant more than the selenite and selenate . These in vitro test systems have been used to indicate that selenium has a DNA-damaging potential. Avian Dis, 1980 Jul-Sep, 24(3), 616 - 24 Dissemination of Salmonella in broiler-chicken operations; Bhatia TR et al.; Dissemination of Salmonella from hatchery to broiler farm and from broiler farm to processing plant was assessed . Bacteriological examination of fluff and meconium at the hatchery, feed and litter at the farm, and carcass rinsing at the plant level was conducted . When fluff and/or meconium were contaminated with Salmonella, litter and carcasses were contaminated with the same serotypes . Properly pelleted feed does not seem to be an important source of infection . Stress (feed and water deprivation) and some effect on shedding of Salmonella . Fluff and meconium at hatchery, feces from 3-to-7-day-old chicks, and litter at 3 and 6 weeks can be used as an indicator of flock infection and thus carcass contamination. Can J Comp Med, 1980 Jul, 44(3), 328 - 37 Flock infection and transport as sources of salmonellae in broiler chickens and carcasses; Rigby CE et al.; Cultural monitoring was used to determine the incidence and sources of salmonellae in a 4160-bird broiler flock raised on litter in 32 pens . Twenty-five of the pens remained apparently free of salmonellae during the 49-day growing period . Salmonella johannesburg, first detected in the meat meal component of the starter ration, was recovered from the litter of seven pens and from the intestines of dead or culled chicks from two pens . Salmonella alachua was also recovered from two of these pens . Culture of swabs collected from the plastic crates used to transport this flock for processing showed that 97/112 (86.6%) were contaminated with salmonellae (15 serovars) before the birds were loaded . The crate washer at the plant did not remove salmonellae from these crates: 97/132 (73.5%) crates sampled after washing yielded salmonellae . Eleven serovar were recovered, including S . johannesburg and S . alachua introduced by the infected flock . Twelve of 31 chickens (38.7%) collected when the birds were unloaded at the processing plant were intestinal carriers of S . johannesburg and/or S . alachua and 29 (93.5%) were external carriers . Salmonella johannesburg, S . alachua and four other serovars were isolated from the feathers of these birds . Eleven of 25 (44%) carcasses tested from this flock yielded salmonellae . Salmonella johannesburg or S . alachua, first isolated from the infected flock, were recovered from five carcasses and S . haardt and S . Typhimurium, first isolated from the transport crates were recovered from six carcasses. Mutat Res, 1980 Jul, 71(2), 161 - 8 Structure-function characterization for ethidium photoaffinity labels as mutagens in Salmonella; Yielding LW et al.; The development of photoaffinity probes to characterize the binding process and subsequent biological activity of a drug has recently been emphasized by the synthesis of two ethidium azide analogs . The initial finding showed that one of the azido analogs, the 8-azido-3-amino derivative, was at least 40-fold more mutagenic and toxic in Salmonella tester strain TA1538 than the other analog, the 3.8-diazido derivative . These observations suggested the need to examine the structural requirements of ethidium photoaffinity labels for frameshift mutagenic activity in Salmonella . Thus, the isomer of the monoazide, the 3-azido-8-amino derivative, and two deaminated monoazide derivatives were synthesized and all of the ethidium analogs were screened in two Salmonella frameshift tester strains, TA1537 and TA1538, and in their excision-repair positive isogenic strains . The results presented in this paper demonstrate that two substituents are needed to produce significant mutagenicity and toxicity by the compound . One substituent, usually the amino group, is required for mutagenic activity, perhaps by orienting the phenanthridinium ring into its mutagenic configuration . The other substituent, the azido group, is required for covalent attachment, a requisite for mutagenic activity . Thus, photoaffinity labeling has provided a means of comparing structure with mutagenic activity for ethidium compounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1980 Jul, 77(7), 4196 - 200 Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of an invertible controlling element; Zieg J et al.; The nucleotide sequence of the inversion region responsible for flagellar phase variation in Salmonella was determined . The inversion region is 995 base pairs (bp) in length and is bounded by a 14-bp inverted repeat sequence . A homologous recombination event between the 14-bp inverted repeat sequences would result in the inversion of the DNA segment between them . Sequence homologies with other systems suggest that the 14-bp inverted repeat sequences may have some general significance as sites for specific recombinational events . The gene which specifies H2 flagellin synthesis begins 16 bp outsie the inversion region . Within the inversion region, an open translational frame exists which could encode a low molecualr weight polypeptide (190 amino acids). J Physiol, 1980 Jul, 304, 51 - 7 Contrasting roles of 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline in fever in rats; Ford DM et al.; 1 . We have investigated the effects of endogenous monoamine depletion on the development of fever in rats . 2 . Fever was produced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin or leucocyte pyrogen manufactured from ox blood . 3 . Depletion of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine prevented the rise in rectal temperature produced both by bacterial endotoxin and by leucocyte pyrogen . 4 . On the other hand depletion of noradrenaline (NA) by 6-hydroxydopamine pretreatment resulted in a potentiation of the fever produced by bacterial endotoxin . 5 . These results suggest that 5-HT is involved in mechanisms responsible for the rise in temperature during fever and that NA is involved in mechanisms which serve to attenuate the rise. Infect Immun, 1980 Jul, 29(1), 207 - 14 Genetic and physical evidence for plasmid control of Shigella sonnei form I cell surface antigen; Kopecko DJ et al.; Virulent Shigella sonnei synthesize a surface antigen (form I) which appears to be one of several requirements needed for this host to invade epithelial cells . Upon restreaking on agar media, form I cells readily and irreversibly generate form II cells that lack the form I antigen . All form II cells are avirulent . Plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid of form I and II cells of four different S . sonnei isolates, obtained from different areas of the world, was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis . A large plasmid (approximately 120 megadaltons in three of the strains) that is present in form I cells was always absent from form II derivatives . Attempts to transfer conjugally only this large plasmid from form I to genetically marked form II cells were unsuccessful . However, a composite molecule, apparently formed by recombination between the large form I plasmid and a self-transmissible plasmid, was found to transfer the form I trait . Transconjugant S . sonnei strains acquiring the form I antigen could retransfer this trait to S . sonnei, Shigella flexneri, or Salmonella typhi . These preliminary findings demonstrate that S . sonnei form I antigen synthesis is mediated by a large plasmid which is lost spontaneously at a relatively high frequency from S . sonnei strains. Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1980 Jun 7, 110(23), 920 - 2 {Reiter's disease following salmonella infection in an HL-A-B27 carrier}; Rosenthal M et al.; Reiter's syndrome following salmonella enteritidis (Gartner) infection in an HLA-B27 carrier is described . Some weeks after an episode of fever and diarrhea, a 33-year-old male presented with sacroiliitis, Achilles tendinitis and aphthous stomatitis . During the next few months he developed chronic arthritis, mild conjunctivitis, severe iritis, oligospermia and nonspecific asymptomatic urethritis. Int J Zoonoses, 1980 Jun, 7(1), 58 - 61 The occurrence of salmonellae in rodent, shrew, cockroach and ant; Singh SP et al.; The occurrence of salmonellae in common house-pests viz . rats, house-mice, shrews, cockroaches and ants was investigated during the period of Jan . 1976 to July 1979 . Of 767 samples examined, 43 yielded different Salmonella serotypes . The isolation of salmonellae was made from 16 of 254 rats, 11 of 109 house-mice, 11 of 104 shrews, 3 of 270 cockroaches and 2 of 30 ants . The different Salmonella serotypes isolated included S . saint-paul, S . bareilly, S . newport, S . weltevreden, S . enteritidis, S . typhimurium, S . hvittingfoss, S . anatum, S . metopeni, S . waycross and S . paratyphi B . One shrew yielded three different serotypes of salmonellae, while dual infection was detected in three shrews and one rat. Int J Zoonoses, 1980 Jun, 7(1), 54 - 7 The occurrence of salmonellae in free-flying-avifauna: isolation and antibiogram; Sharma VD et al.; The occurrence of salmonellae in a variety of free-flying birds was investigated . Of 790 intestinal-content-samples examined, 20 yielded different Salmonella serotypes, which included 10 strains of S . saint-paul, 4 of S . bareilly, 3 of S . weltevreden, 2 of S . typhimurium and 1 of Salmonella E1 group . Common Mynah, house-sparrow, swallow, grey-partridge, parrot and crow were found positive for the presence of salmonellae . Antibiogram of the isolates was studied against 14 common chemotherapeutic agents. Int J Zoonoses, 1980 Jun, 7(1), 15 - 8 The occurrence of salmonellae in zoo animals in Uttar Pradesh and Delhi (India); Sethi MS et al.; The occurrence of salmonellae in a variety of zoo animals including carnivores, primates, ruminants, avifauna, rodents etc . was investigated . Of 783 samples collected from Lucknow, Delhi and Kanpur (India) Zoological Parks, only 5 yielded Salmonella serotypes . These included S . typhimurium, from a leopard and a wild cat, S . enteritidis from two black and white rats and a strain of Salmonella group E1 from a leopard. Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980 Jun, 247(1), 43 - 9 The sero-fermentative-phage types of Salmonella weltevreden; Garg DN et al.; A biotyping scheme has been described which is based on the biochemical behaviour of S . weltevreden strains towards 5 substrates (sorbitol, dextrin, malonate, rhamnose, starch) . The 228 S . weltevreden strains examined were grouped into 25 of the 32 theoretical biotypes . Frequently occurring biotypes were: biotype 10 (16.2%), biotype 5 (13.4%) and biotype 11 (11.4%) . No substantial correlation could be established between biotypes and source or geographic distribution of S . weltevreden . Sero-fermentative-phage types were computed for 145 strains, phage-types of which has been described earlier and five predominant sero-fermentative-phage types emerged . The sero-fermentative-phage type 3, 10:r:z6;5;1 (serotype = 3, 10:r:z6; biotype = 5; phagetype =1) occurred most commonly with a frequency of 10.3% . The strains belonging to this pattern were from lizard, guinea-pig and humans in India, Netherlands and United States of America. Clin Orthop, 1980 Jun, (149), 145 - 59 The treatment of severely ill patients with sickle cell anemia and associated septic arthritis; Ebong WW; The clinical features, pathogenesis, and results of conservative treatment of septic arthritis in 8 patients with sickle cell anemia (HbS) and one patient with HbS + C followed for an average of 2.8 years have been reviewed . All but one of the patients were children under 14 years of age . Hematogenous, symmetrical polyarticular arthritis predominated . The hip and the ankle were the joints most often affected . Clinically, the patients fell into 2 groups, namely, those with little or no systemic disturbance, in whom infection was localized to affected joints mainly; and critically ill patients in whom arthritis occurred later during the course of the illness . Gram-negative infection was dominant, and Salmonella was the most common organism cultured . There were no deaths, but the morbidity and complications were quite high . The sensitivity pattern of the bacteria isolated from this small series of patients suggests that a combination of gentamycin and cloxacillin possibly is the antibiotic combination of choice for the critically sick child with HbS complicated by polyarticular septic arthritis in West Africa, provided the child's renal function is adequate. Can J Microbiol, 1980 Jun, 26(6), 725 - 7 Clearance of inflammatory cells from the microcirculation of endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ mice; Walker RI et al.; We studied the deposition of platelets and leukocytes in resistant (C3H/HeJ) and sensitive (C3Heb/FeJ) strains of mice challenged intraperitoneally with 1 mg of Salmonella typhi endotoxin, a dose lethal only for the sensitive strain . Comparable degrees of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were evident at all time periods observed, but in contrast to sensitive mice, leukocytes and platelets were quickly cleared from the pulmonary microcirculation of resistant mice. Pediatrics, 1980 Jun, 65(6), 1125 - 30 Treatment of Salmonella gastroenteritis with ampicillin, amoxicillin, or placebo; Nelson JD et al.; In a randomized, prospective, double-blind study infants and children with uncomplicated Salmonella gastroenteritis were treated with ampicillin (15 patients), amoxicillin (15 patients), or placebo (14 patients) . The dosage of antibiotics was 100 mg/kg/day in four equally divided doses given for five days . There was no significant benefit from antibiotic therapy on the duration of diarrhea (means 8.8, 7.3, and 7.2 days, respectively) or on the duration of recovery of Salmonella from stool cultures (means 41.3, 37.0, and 20.9 days, respectively) . Bacteriologic relapse was not observed in placebo-treated patients but eight patients given ampicillin (53%) and eight given amoxicillin (53%) had relapse (P = .003) . Salmonella isolated in relapse were still susceptible in vitro to the antibiotics . Of the 16 patients with bacteriologic relapse six (38%) had concomitant recurrence of diarrhea . It is concluded that ampicillin or amoxicillin therapy provides no benefit to patients with uncomplicated Salmonella gastroenteritis and substantially increases the risk of bacteriologic and symptomatic relapse. Mutat Res, 1980 Jun, 71(1), 43 - 52 Comparison of rat and guinea pig as sources of the S9 fraction in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test; Baker RS et al.; A highly significant enhancement of mutagenicity occurs with 11 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons when 3-methylcholanthrene-induced guinea pig liver S9 is substituted for Aroclor-induced rat liver S9 in the Ames test . The use of MC-induced guinea pig liver S9 is particularly valuable for detecting the weak mutagenicity of benz{c}acridine, which is barely positive in a standard Ames assay . However, anthracene and phenanthrene, which are generally considered not to be carcinogens, remain non-mutagenic for strain TA100 . This enhancement of mutagenicity does not correlate with arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase activities of the various liver preparations and does not apply to certain other non-PAH mutagens, including beta-naphthylamine, aflatoxin B1 and 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. Am J Clin Nutr, 1980 Jun, 33(6), 1179 - 82 Mutagenicity of dichloroacetate, an ingredient of some formulations of pangamic acid (trade-named "vitamin B15"); Herbert V et al.; Dichloroacetate demonstrates low grade mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella/mammaltan microsome mutagenicity test . This evidence of probable carcinogenicity must be considered in any proposed use of dichloroacetate or of preparations of pangamic acid (trade-named "vitamin B15") CONTAINING DICHLOROACETATE. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1980 Jun, 11(2), 256 - 61 Susceptibility of Salmonella typhi to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and cotrimoxazole; Vongsthongsri U et al.; Salmonella typhi isolated from the patients admitted to the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Bangkok, were tested by the tube dilution method and the disc diffusion method against chloramphenicol, ampicillin and cotrimoxazole . Forty-five percent of the S.typhi were resistant to chloramphenicol (MIC greater than or equal to 50 microgram/ml) while 5% were resistant to ampicillin (MIC greater than or equal to 12.5 microgram/ml) . Only 1% of the S . typhi was found to be resistant to cotrimoxazole (MIC greater than or equal to 168 microgram of trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole per ml.) Based on these results, the drug of choice for typhoid fever would be cotrimoxazole, especially when drug sensitivity test is not immediately available. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1980 Jun, 64(6), 1563 - 9 Mutagenic activation of N-2-fluorenylacetamide and N-hydroxy-N-2-fluorenylacetamide in subcellular fractions from X/Gf mice; Reddy TV et al.; The Salmonella mutagenesis test system was used to evaluate the in vitro mutagenic potency of N-2-fluorenylacetamide (2-FAA) and N-hydroxy-N-2-fluorenylacetamide (N-OH-2-FAA) mediated by liver and kidney subcellular fractions from X/Gf mice, a strain resistant to 2-FAA carcinogenesis . Pretreatment of the mice with the microsomal inducers 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) increased the number of revertants from both liver and kidney fractions . Mutagenicity of N-OH-2-FAA mediated by liver or kidney microsomes was partially inhibited at 0.001--0.1 microM Paraxon (diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate), an inhibitor of deacetylase enzyme, and the inhibition was complete (98%) in microsomes from control mice (100 microM Paraoxon) . Conversely, the liver and kidney microsomal fractions from MCA- and TCDD-treated X/Gf mice were less sensitive to Paraoxon . The inhibition of kidney or liver cytosol-mediated N-OH-2-FAA mutagenicity by Paraoxon was less than that observed with the microsomal fraction (50% inhibition at 1 x 10(-7) and 1 x 10(-5) M Paraoxon, respectively) . The mutagenicity of 2-FAA and N-OH-2-FAA mediated by liver or kidney subcellular fractions from X/Gf mice and its response to inducers and inhibitors of mutagenic activation processes appear similar to those observed in species both resistant (cotton rat) and sensitive (Sprague-Dawley rat, NIH Swiss mice) to 2-FAA carcinogenesis. J Hyg (Lond), 1980 Jun, 84(3), 365 - 79 Genetical relationship between R plasmids derived from Salmonella and Escherichia coli obtained from a pig farm, and its epidemiological significance; Ishiguro N et al.; A total of 475 Salmonella strains belonging to 5 serovars, isolated from a pig farm which had been heavily contaminated with Salmonella for the past 2 years were tested for antibiotic susceptibility and detection of R plasmids . Thirty-three Escherichia coli isolates from the same farm were also examined in a similar way . Out of 475 strains 348 (73.2%) were resistant to one or more antibiotics such as tetracycline (Tc), streptomycin (Sm), sulfadimethoxine (Su), chloramphenicol (Cm) and kanamycin (Km), and 247 (85.2%) out of 290 strains belonging to 3 serovars examined harboured conjugative R plasmids . There was no change in the pattern of drug resistance during this survey nor any variation in the pattern of resistance of R plasmids, whatever the serovar . The antibiogram pattern Tc Sm Su, mainly S . typhimurium, was common among Salmonella strains . Among the transferred resistance patterns, the thermosensitive R plasmids conferring the Tc marker detected in this study were Fi-, and belonged to incompatibility group H1, whereas the R plasmids conferring Sm Su resistances which coexisted in the same host were Fi+, and compatible with the reference R plasmids tested . The I alpha plasmid conferring Cm resistance alone was isolated from S . anatum and the FII plasmid conferring Sm Km resistances was also isolated from S . typhimurium . In contrast, the 33 E . coli strains examined were resistant to three or five antibiotics and most of the resistance markers were located on conjugative R plasmids . I alpha plasmids conferring Cm resistance alone or FII plasmids conferring Cm or Km markers were common in the E . coli strains . H1 and H2 plasmids conferring multiple resistance markers were also found in them . The genetic properties of R plasmids derived from Salmonella or E . coli strains are compared, and the potential spread of R plasmids between strains of Salmonella and E . coli is discussed. Trop Geogr Med, 1980 Jun, 32(2), 138 - 44 Epidemiology of acute gastroenteritis in early childhood in Kenya: aetiological agents; Mutanda LN; In a case-control study of 36 infants and children admitted to Kenyatta National Hospital with acute gastroenteritis and an equal number of age and sex-matched controls, rotavirus was found to be the major aetiological agents; 39% of the 36 children had evidence of rotavirus infection as opposed to 2 (6%) in controls . Six Shigella species were isolated from the test group and none from the control . No significant difference was found between children with diarrhoea and controls wth regard to frequency of isolation of enteropathogenic and enterotoxigenic E . coli, Salmonella species and enteroviruses . Mixed infections occurred between rotaviruses and other enteropathogens . None of the 17 serum pairs obtained from children with diarrhoea showed a significant titre rise to complement-fixing adenovirus group antigen. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1980 Jun, 39(6), 1183 - 90 Isolation and identification of pathogenic microorganisms at wastewater-irrigated fields: ratios in air and wastewater; Teltsch B et al.; Samples of air and corresponding wastewater samples were taken at wastewater spray-irrigated fields . The concentrations of salmonellae and enteroviruses present in these samples were determined and compared with those of coliforms, and the ratios between them were calculated . The most common Salmonella serotype in the air was Salmonella ohio, whereas in the wastewater, Salmonella anatum was the most common . Enteroviruses isolated and identified were poliovirus, echovirus, and coxsackievirus type B . From the ratios of salmonellas to coliforms and enteroviruses to coliforms in the air, as compared to these ratios in the wastewater, it was concluded that the suitability of coliforms as an indication of airborne contamination caused by spray irrigation is questionable. Poult Sci, 1980 Jun, 59(6), 1187 - 92 Combined therapy of Salmonella infection in chickens by antimicrobial agents followed by cultured cecal bacteria; Seuna E et al.; Week-old chickens infected with Salmonella infantis when one day old were treated with antimicrobial drugs either given alone or followed by peroral inoculation of bacterial culture . The bacteria were derived from the cecal contents of adult chickens . The antimicrobial drugs used were: neomycin, neomycin plus oxytetracycline, neomycin plus polymyxin, and sulfadiazine plus trimethoprim . The combined therapy with oxytetracycline plus neomycin and bacterial culture seemed to be the most effective, although the efficacy varied between the parallel trials . Sulfadiazine plus trimethoprim followed by treatment with the bacterial culture decreased the infection rate . The bacterial culture alone also had a slight anti-salmonella effect . When only antimicrobials were given, salmonellae rapidly reappeared in the intestines when the therapy was stopped. Am J Pathol, 1980 Jun, 99(3), 645 - 66 Complement receptors on normal human lymphocytes containing parallel tubular arrays; Payne CM et al.; Membrane complement receptors have been identified on a subpopulation of normal lymphocytes containing cytoplasmic inclusions called parallel tubular arrays (PTA) using two different rosetting techniques . The first technique utilizes as indicator cells erythrocytes that were coated with complement by the classic pathway of complement activation (EAC rosettes) . The second technique utilizes as indicator cells Salmonella typhi, which were coated with complement by the alternate pathway of complement activation (FBC rosettes) . In the latter technique, lipopolysaccharide material in the bacterial cell wall directly activates complement without the use of a sensitizing antibody . This eliminates binding of marker particles by lymphocytes having Fc receptors . The presence of PTA lymphocytes at the center of EAC rosettes and FBC rosettes was demonstrated by electron microscopy, indicating that the PTA lymphocyte has a complement receptor . Examination of FBC rosettes revealed that the adherent complement-coated bacteria were usually partially surrounded by pseudopodal extensions of the PTA lymphocyte . In addition, some PTA lymphocytes phagocytized the complement-coated bacteria but not the complement-inactivated bacteria . These phagocytic cells were placed in the lymphocytic series instead of the monocytic series by virtue of complete lack of endogenous peroxidase activity. S Afr Med J, 1980 May 10, 57(19), 793 - 5 Localized granulomatous mastitis--a