Salmonella

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1980 Dec, 11(4), 441 - 5
Detection of Salmonella C1, D and V1 antigens, by coagglutination, in blood cultures from patients with Salmonella infections; Rockhill RC et al.; Protein A-containing Staphylococcus aureus was coupled to Salmonella C1, D and Vi monovalent antisera to produce C1-, D- and Vi-COAG reagents . The reagents were used to detect their homologous Salmonella antigens in blood cultures (BC) . The D and Vi antigens were detected in 79 of 239 BC from patients with suspected typhoid fever and Salmonella typhi was later isolated from the same 79 BC . The C1 antigen was detected in 8 BC from which only S . oranienburg was later isolated . The COAG test was generally positive at the same time the BC became culture positive . However, because of subculture and biochemical identification requirements the COAG test could be interpreted 1-2 days before culture results were available . The COAG test can be used to presumptively identify Salmonella typhi and Salmonella group C1 in blood cultures before the culture results are available.

Cancer Res, 1980 Dec, 40(12), 4775 - 80
Epstein-Barr virus-transformed human lymphoblastoid cells for study of sister chromatid exchange and their evaluation as a test system; Tohda H et al.; Epstein-Barr virus-transformed human lymphoblastoid cell lines are suitable for detection of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induced by mutagens-carcinogens because they have shown a stable chromosome number and stable frequency of spontaneous SCE for more than two years in culture . Their spontaneous and induced SCE frequencies were practically the same as those of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from the same blood donors . The SCE responses of one established cell line, NL3, to 13 typical mutagens and five nonmutagens were examined . This cell line responded to all the mutagens tested but not to the nonmutagens . The SCE-inducing activities of these chemicals were well correlated with their mutagenic activities assayed with the Salmonella system by Ames' and Sugimura's groups, although there were a few but significant deviations.

Infect Immun, 1980 Dec, 30(3), 661 - 7
Diversity of Vi-related antigens in the microcapsule of Salmonella typhi; Szewczyk B et al.; Two new antigenic acidic polysaccharides, Vi-P and Vi-C, were isolated from the microcapsule of Salmonella typhi by a very mild procedure . The antigens were purified to serological homogeneity, and it was found that each of them shares with Vi antigen one of its two serological determinants (a different one in each case) . One of the antigens Vi-C, was also isolated from Escherichia coli B, which is not a Vi-producing strain.

Med Clin (Barc), 1980 Nov 10, 75(8), 327 - 30
{Sensitivity of Salmonella species to four "classical" antibiotics and seven new beta-lactamic antibiotics (author's transl)}; Roy C et al.; A study of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 200 strains of Salmonella sp . has been performed with the following beta-lactamic antibiotics: mezlocillin and azlocillin (penicillins), cephaclor, cephamandole, cephuroxime and cephotaxime (cephalosporins), and cephoxytine (cephamycin) . The MIC has been compared with that of chloramphenicol, ampicillin, amoxicillin and cotrimoxazole, all of them widely used antibiotics for the treatment of Salmonella infections in Spain . The different species and serotypes of Salmonella studied were all sensitive to all the beta-lactamic antibiotics tested . Of particular relevance is the fact that cephotaxime (HR 756) MIC was extraordinarily low even for strains resistent to the penicillins . The MIC of cephaclor, and oral cephalosporin, was similar to that of the parenteral cephalosporins.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1980 Nov 1, 177(9), 800 - 3
Salmonellosis and arizonosis in the reptile collection at the National Zoological Park; Cambre RC et al.; The prevalence of Salmonella and Arizona organisms in the reptile collection at the National Zoological Park was investigated . Culture of specimens from 311 reptiles, while live or at necropsy, yielded yielded 117 positive results, for an overall infection rate of 37% . Snakes had the highest rate, 55% (69 of 125); lizards had an intermediate rate, 36% (46 of 129); and turtles and tortoises had the lowest rate, 3% (2 of 63) . Twenty-four serotypes of Salmonella enteritidis, 1 of S choleraesuis, and 39 of Arizona hinshawii were represented . While clinical illness was never directly attributed to infection with these organisms, pure cultures of Salmonella and Arizona were recovered at necropsy from some reptiles with gross and/or histologic lesions in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, spleen, and blood vessels . However, numerous other concurrent diseases and management problems were often considered the immediate cause of death, with Salmonella and Arizona being ready and significant opportunistic pathogens contributing to the demise of the reptiles.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1980 Nov, 74(5), 657 - 60
An institutional outbreak of Salmonellosis due to lactose-fermenting Salmonella newport; Anand CM et al.; An institutional outbreak of salmonellosis predominantly due to a lactose-fermenting Salmonella newport is described . Control of the outbreak was hampered by delay in the initial recognition of the aberrant strain . On primary culture, salmonellae were detected on bismuth sulfite agar only; colonies that formed on MacConkey agar and Salmonella-Shigella agar could not be differentiated from lactose-fermenting nonpathogenic organisms . The reactions in triple sugar iron were atypical for Salmonella . The lactose-fermenting property was plasmid-mediated and was readily transferable . Phage typing suggested chicken as a possible source of the strain . The need for awareness of the occurrence of such strains of Salmonella that may not be recognized by cultural procedures in common use, the necessity of the routine use of bismuth sulfite agar in procedures for isolation of salmonellae, and the use of lysine iron agar in conjunction with the triple sugar iron agar are emphasized.

Am J Pathol, 1980 Nov, 101(2), 245 - 63
The distribution of lipopolysaccharide in normocomplementemic and C3-depleted rabbits and rhesus monkeys; Mathison JC et al.; To examine the role of complement (C3) in determining the fate of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vivo, the distribution of LPS was studied in normocomplementemic (NC) and C3-depleted animals (pretreated with cobra venom factor {CoF}) after intravenous injection of highly purified, radioiodinated Salmonella minnesota R595 LPS . After injection of a lethal (250 micrograms) or nonlethal (5 micrograms) dose of LPS in NC and CoF rabbits and a lethal (5 mg/kg) dose of LPS in rhesus monkeys, the LPS disappeared from blood in a biphasic manner . In all cases, a substantial portion of the dose was removed from blood in an initial disappearance phase (t1/2 < 15 minutes), which, in some cases, was accelerated in CoF-treated animals . LPS remaining in blood beyond 30 minutes persisted with a much increased half-life (> 5 hours) . Liver contained the major portion (40%) of tissue-bound LPS (determined by use of 131I-BSA blood marker) in animals killed 3--5 hours after injection . The distribution of LPS in rabbits was found to be dose-indpendent and only minimally changed by prior depletion of C3 . In addition, the tissue distribution and cellular localization of LPS in monkeys was similar to that we have reported previously for R595 LPS in NC rabbits and was not substantially changed by prior CoF treatment . These results indicate that binding of C3 to intravenously injected LPS is not required for the initial rapid disappearance from blood . Further, the uptake of LPS by cellular targets, notably the hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells), is not altered by in vivo decomplementation.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Nov, 121(1), 255 - 7
Plasmid-specified sucrose fermentation in Salmonella arizonae; Bartlett KH et al.; Thirty cultures of Salmonella arizonae 47:r:253 (Ar 23:24-25) were isolated over 7 months from the faeces of a captive reptile . All were unusual in their inability to produce a positive o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactosidase reaction, and in their ability to ferment sucrose . These S . arizonae carried a plasmid having a molecular mass of 72 megadaltons which specified tetracycline resistance and a plasmid of 5 megadaltons which coded for the ability to ferment sucrose . The small size of this sucrose plasmid clearly distinguishes it from others which have been reported.

Aust Vet J, 1980 Nov, 56(11), 526 - 8
The contamination with Salmonella of bovine livers in an abattoir; Samuel JL et al.; Fifty livers from normal slaughter cattle were examined for surface contamination by Salmonella immediately after evisceration and again after inspection . Salmonella were isolated from 32% at evisceration and from 82% after inspection . Numbers of Salmonella present were low at evisceration, and rose after inspection . In only one liver was the parenchyma infected . The sources of the Salmonella were probably the contents of the gastrointestinal tract and the mesenteric lymph nodes, both of which may show high prevalence of infection in cattle which have been held before slaughter . It was concluded that edible offal should be separated from the viscera at evisceration and inspected by personnel who are not involved with the alimentary tract.

Arch Toxicol, 1980 Nov, 46(1-2), 41 - 4
The fluctuation test; Bridges BA; The fluctuation test is an assay for the detection of mutation induction in bacteria by chemicals, carried out in liquid medium, and scored by counting the number out of around 50 tubes or wells that turn yellow . It is suitable for the Ames Salmonella strains or for Escherichia coli WP2 trp and its derivatives . Calcium precipitated microsomes, S9 fraction or freshly prepared hepatocytes can be incorporated for metabolic activation . It is comparable to the Ames test in its ability to detect mutagens and carcinogens and generally shares the limitations of that test as regards extrapolation to animals and man . Its disadvantages are that it is marginally slower and slightly more labour intensive than the Ames protocol . For certain applications, however, these disadvantages may be offset by the advantages of somewhat greater sensitivity, ability to be automated, and facility for using hepatocytes for metabolic activation . The test is particularly suitable for the testing of aqueous samples containing low levels of mutagen.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980 Nov, 248(2), 202 - 9
{Comparative efficacies of selenite and tetrathionate broth and Leifson- and Wilson-Blair agar for the isolation of salmonellae (author's transl)}; Muller HE; The statistical interpretation of the isolation of 3,581 Salmonella strains belonging to 30 species or serovars (S) shows that the efficacy of selenite and tetrathionate broth as enrichment media was of similar magnitude for 631 strains for 13 S . The tetrathionate broth was better in the case of 2,520 strains from 11 S and the selenite broth in 430 strains from 6 S including the two pathogenetic most important species S . typhi and S . schottmuelleri . Therefore, this point needs the unconditional use of selenite broth (Table 2) . Wilson-Blair agar was more efficient than Leifson agar in the isolation of the most salmonella (Table 2) . Also the percentage of suspicious and false-positive colonies on Leifson agar is higher and is due to more expensive work than on Wilson-Blair agar (Table 3).

Arch Toxicol, 1980 Nov, 46(1-2), 31 - 40
Mutagenicity testing with Salmonella microsome test; Greim H et al.; This in vitro mutagenicity test system comprises five different strains of S . typhimurium as target cells with the rat liver S-9 fraction and appropriate co-factors for metabolic activation of the chemical tested . The bacterial tester strains detect both mutations induced by base pair substitutions and intercalation (frame shift mutations) . Usually 10(8)--10(9) cells of an overnight culture or an exponentially growing culture are incubated for 2-3 days with a mixture of S-9, co-factors, soft agar and the chemical on histidine-deficient agar . The S-9 fraction is obtained from the livers of rats pretreated with 500 mg/kg chlorinated biphenyls (Clophen A-50, Aroclor 1254) to obtain high metabolic activity . For reproducibility it is essential to standardize metabolic activity and protein content of the S-9 and to use three different concentrations thereof in the test system . Since solvents inhibit metabolic activation of the chemicals they must not exceed 4% of the final 2.6 ml incubate . Several independent studies have shown that between 85 and 93% of chemical carcinogens are mutagens in the test . Regarding extrapolation to man one has to consider that the test is preferentially adapted for metabolic activation of the chemicals, whereas inactivation processes are absent or are less active than in vivo . Thus, the test provides qualitative rather than quantitative information on mutagenic effects of a chemical.

Mutat Res, 1980 Nov, 79(3), 203 - 12
Mutagenicity of constituents identified in pulp and paper mill effluents using the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay; Nestmann ER et al.; About 300 compounds have been reported in the literature as constituents of pulp-mill effluent . Previously, in our screening program, 10 resin acids identified in effluent were examined for potential mutagenicity in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay . Neoabietic acid was the only resin acid which was found to be mutagenic . Now, a program to screen for mutagenicity of 48 additional compounds, belonging to chemical classes of chlorinated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, aldehydes, quinones, and carboxylic acids, has been completed . Only 2 of these compounds, tetrachloropropene and pentachloropropene, were found to be mutagenic, showing dose-related increases in His+ reversion mutations, in the standard Salmonella test . Metabolic activation with a preparation of Aroclor 1254-induced liver homogenate (S9) greatly reduced the mutagenic responses of these 2 compounds . Modifications of the Salmonella test for volatile mutagens enabled the detection of the mutagenicity of 3 additional chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons dichloromethane, dichloroethane and trichloroethane.

Mutat Res, 1980 Nov, 79(3), 193 - 202
Identification of primary aromatic amines in mutagenically active subfractions from coal liquefaction materials; Wilson BW et al.; Gas-chromatographic mass spectral (GCMS) analyses were performed on mutagenically active components from the basic, basic tar and neutral tar subfractions of a coal-derived liquid heavy distillate . The latter material is a component fraction of an experimental oil produced in a solvent refined coal process (SRC II) pilot plant . Mutagenicity was determined with the Ames/Salmonella assay system . Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was used to separate mutagenically active components of the basic, basic tar and neutral tar fractions from some of the other compounds contained in these complex materials . For the 3 fractions tested, mutagenic activity was localized in approx . the same TLC regions, with relative mobilities (Rf) ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 . GCMS analysis of the TLC regions showed that the concentrations of primary aromatic amines, as obtained by measuring peak areas for the (M + 1)+ ion as formed in the chemical ionization mode, followed essentially the same distribution as the mutagenic activity . Primary aromatic amines identified in the active regions included aminonaphthalenes, aminoanthracenes, aminophenanthrenes, aminopyrenes and aminochrysenes . With the exception of small amounts of aminonaphthalene, primary aromatic amines were not found in TLC regions that lacked mutagenic activity.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1980 Nov, 40(5), 912 - 6
Simple method for concentration of bacteria from large volumes of tap water; Goyal SM et al.; Membrane adsorption-elution techniques have made it possible to concentrate and detect small numbers of viruses in large volumes of water and wastewater, but no such methods are available for quantitative recovery of bacteria . A number of waterborne disease outbreaks of "unknown etiology" in the United States are suspected to have been caused by pathogens present in numbers too small to be detected by currently available methodology . The present study reports on the use of positively charged depth filters for the concentration and detection of bacteria in large volumes of tap water . In this method, dechlorinated tap water was passed, under positive pressure, through positively charged filter media (Zetaplus, 05S) . More than 90% of seeded bacteria adsorbed to these filters at ambient pH levels . Adsorbed bacteria were eluted by passing a small volume of Trypticase soy broth in the direction opposite of the influent flow . By this method, Escherichia coli and Salmonella serovar B organisms in 20 liters of tap water were concentrated in a final volume of 50 ml, with an average recovery efficiency of greater than or equal to 30%.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1980 Nov, (11), 53 - 6
{Dynamics of the leukocyte enzymatic status during the incubation period in a model of Salmonella infection}; Katosova RK et al.; The activity of several dehydrogenases and acidic phosphatase was studied on S . typhimurium infection, used as a model, in non-inbred white mice by the cytochemical method . This study revealed the strengthening of synchronous conjugations between neutrophils and lymphocytes on the level of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase activity, as well as the appearance of diachronic correlations, both intra- and intercellular, between these 2 enzymes . The discrimitator of NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase activity in lymphocytes and neutrophils was found to be most important for early diagnosis.

Toxicol Lett, 1980 Nov, 7(1), 51 - 60
Mutagenicity study of Remsen-Fahlberg saccharin and contaminants; Eckhardt K et al.; Saccharin and contaminants of commercial Remsen-Fahlberg saccharin were studied for mutagenic potential with the use of the Salmonella/microsome test, Basc-test in Drosophila melanogaster and micronucleus test in mice . In none of these tests were mutagenic effects of saccharin observed . Likewise, the ortho- and para-sulfamoylbenzoic acids (OSBA and PSBA) were ineffective . Para-toluenesulfonamide (PTS) and the major contaminant ortho-toluene-sulfonamide (OTS) exhibited weak mutagenic effects in a modified Salmonella/microsome test and in Drosophila . These results do not indicate mutagenic and therewith correlated carcinogenic potential of saccharin, but they emphasize the possible activity of contaminants.

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Nov, 12(5), 637 - 40
Comparison of diffusion-in-gel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with conventional serological methods for detection of class-specific antibodies to Salmonella typhi O antigen; Lange S et al.; The diffusion-in-gel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DIG-ELISA) is a new and simple method for quantitation of antibodies, based on the ability of antibodies to diffuse from wells in gel and adsorb to antigen which is bound to a polystyrene surface . The antigen-antibody reaction is visualized with a color reaction caused by horseradish peroxidase-conjugated class-specific anti-immunoglobins . This method was used to study the immunoglobulin G, A, and M immune response to Salmonella typhi O antigen in individuals immunized with a monovalent heat-inactivated typhoid vaccine . The antibody values obtained by the DIG-ELISA method correlated with those evaluated by conventional direct agglutination (Widal) and indirect hemagglutination methods . The DIG-ELISA method was also found to be sensitive, specific, and economical, as well as suitable for handling large numbers of sera while requiring very simple equipment.

Mutat Res, 1980 Nov, 79(3), 185 - 92
Species-dependent effects of dietary lindane and/or zineb on the activation of aflatoxin B1 into mutagenic derivatives; Decloitre F et al.; Sprague-Dawley rats and Swiss mice were given diets containing lindane, 125 ppm, or zineb, 5200 ppm, or a mixture of both at the above-mentioned concentrations for 2 and 4 weeks . The effect of pesticide ingestion on the ability of liver S9 to metabolize aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) into mutagenic derivatives was tested by the Salmonella (TA100)/microsome test according to Ames . Control mouse-liver S9 was less efficient (13%) than the corresponding preparation from control rat liver . The ingestion of lindane produced a similar increase in the activities of both rat- (68%) and mouse-liver S9 (62%) . Pretreatment with zineb inhibited (46%) rat-liver S9 but caused a marked increase (400%) in the activity of mouse-liver S9 . Concomitant exposure to both pesticides showed that lindane released the inhibitory action of zineb on rat-liver S9 and reduced the stimulatory effect of zineb on mouse-liver S9 . The inducing action of zineb in mice was a function of the dietary concentration of the pesticide . No effect was observed at dietary concentrations of zineb up to and including 500 ppm.

Drug Metab Dispos, 1980 Nov-Dec, 8(6), 380 - 4
The effect of solvents on drug metabolism in vitro; Kawalek JC et al.; Nine water-miscible organic solvents, methanol, ethanol, acetone, ethoxyethanol, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, and dimethyl sulfoxide were each used with five commonly employed substrates of in vitro microsomal mixed-function oxidase assays containing liver 9,000g supernatant fractions from rats treated with phenobarbital or Aroclor 1254 . When the metabolism of aminopyrine, aniline, 7-ethoxycoumarin, p-nitroanisole, and benzo{a}pyrene was determined in the presence of these solvents, varying degrees of stimulation and inhibition were observed . These effects were dependent on the substrate studied, the particular solvent incorporated into the assay, and the rat liver 9000g supernatant fraction used . These differential effects were also observed when 2-aminoanthracene was metabolically activated in the Ames Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test, but were not as dramatic when benzo{a}pyrene was tested.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1980 Oct 21, 625(2), 291 - 303
In vitro polymerization of polyhook protein from Salmonella SJW880; Aizawa SI et al.; Polyhooks were isolated from Salmonella SJW880, a non-flagellated mutant, and purified by cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation . The polyhooks were disintegrated into protein subunits (monomer) by heat in the absence of salt . The monomer was repolymerized in the presence of moderately high concentrations of sodium citrate at neutral pH . Three types of polymer were produced . One type of polymer, produced at room temperature and at citrate concentrations less than 0.3 M, had no regular shape and no definite thickness . Another type of polymer, produced at room temperature and at citrate concentrations greater than 0.4 M, had a straight shape and a similar thickness to that of polyhook but was easily dissociated into monomer in the absence of salt . A third type of polymer was produced at low temperature, independently of the concentration of citrate, and seemed to be a tubular polymer with a thickness similar to that of polyhook but had no helical curvature . However, this type of polymer was shown to have a structure locally the same as that of polyhook by electron microscopic observation, optical diffraction and circular dichroism measurements.

J Wildl Dis, 1980 Oct, 16(4), 475 - 80
Bacteriologic survey of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis); Clausen B et al.; A bacteriological survey was carried out on 30 black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) of which 23 were newly captured and seven were captive . A beta haemolytic Streptococcus, group L was found in skin lesions and various wounds, causing septicaemia and death in two animals . Staphylococcus aureus was found in 3 rhinoceros, and caused the death of one . The bacteria isolated often proved resistant to penicillin . Streptomycin is recommended for treatment . Sixteen other bacteria sp . were isolated, and apart from a Salmonella sp . none were considered to be specific pathogens.

Can J Microbiol, 1980 Oct, 26(10), 1241 - 6
Evidence that antibodies to polysaccharide alter platelet responses to endotoxin in tolerant rabbits; Walker RI et al.; When rabbits are made resistant (tolerant) to Salmonella typhi endotoxin by administration of five intraperitoneal injections of small amounts of endotoxin on consecutive days, a plasma factor appears which accelerates the in vitro aggregation response of platelets to endotoxin . Furthermore, in contrast with the reaction in normal animals, this aggregation is often quickly reversible . The present study was undertaken to determine some characteristics of this plasma factor . The humoral factor responsible for altering the platelet aggregation-disaggregation response to endotoxin is apparently antibody against polysaccharide antigen rather than an endotoxin degrading substance because (1) appearance of the factor correlated with presence of antibodies to polysaccharide, (2) the factor was stable at 56 degrees C for 1 h, (3) its effect only took a few seconds to occur, and (4) plasma from tolerant animals reacted only with complete endotoxin, obtained from smooth bacteria, but not lipid A . In fact, lipid A did not induce platelet aggregation unless its specific antibody was also present.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1980 Oct, 74(4), 476 - 8
Salmonella pneumonia in a patient with carcinoma of the lung; Berkeley D et al.; A 76-year-old man was hospitalized for pneumonia . Bronchoscopy was performed because of a suspected underlying bronchial malignancy . A squamous cell carcinoma was found on bronchial biopsy, but in addition, culture of the bronchial washings grew Salmonella heidelberg . The infection was successfully treated with tetracycline . Although focal and disseminated infections with S . heidelberg have been reported to occur, pneumonia caused by this organism has not been previously documented.

Genetics, 1980 Oct, 96(2), 331 - 52
Temperature-sensitive mutants blocked in the folding or subunit assembly of the bacteriophage P22 tail-spike protein . I . Fine-structure mapping; Smith DH et al.; As part of a study of protein folding, we have constructed a fine-structure map of 9 existing and 29 newly isolated UV- and hydroxylamine-induced temperature-sensitive (ts) mutations in gene 9 of Salmonella bacteriophage P22 . Gene 9 specifies the polypeptide chain of the multimeric tail spikes, six of which form the cell attachment organelle of the phage . The 38 ts mutants were mapped against deletion lysogens with endpoints in gene 9 . They mapped in 10 of the 15 deletion intervals . Two- and three-factor crosses between mutants within each interval indicated that at least 31 ts sites are represented among the 38 mutants . To determine the distribution of ts sites within the physical map, we identified the protein fragments from infection of su- hosts with 10 gene 9 amber mutants . Their molecular weights, ranging from 13,900 to 55,000 daltons, were combined with the genetic data to yield a composite map of gene 9 . The 31 ts sites were distributed through most of the gene, but were most densely clustered in the central third.--None of the ts mutant pairs tested exhibited intragenic complementation . Studies of the defective phenotypes of the ts mutants (Goldenberg and King 1981; Smith and King 1981) revealed that most do not affect the thermostability of the mature protein, but instead prevent the folding or subunit assembly of the mutant chains synthesized at restrictive temperature . Thus, many of these ts mutations identify sites in the polypeptide chain that are critical for the folding or maturation of the tail-spike protein.

Biophys J, 1980 Oct, 32(1), 381 - 401
Regulation of coat protein polymerization by the scaffolding protein of bacteriophage P22; Fuller MT et al.; In the morphogenesis of double stranded DNA phages, a precursor protein shell empty of DNA is first assembled and then filled with DNA . The assembly of the correctly dimensioned precursor shell (procapsid) of Salmonella bacteriophage P22 requires the interaction of some 420 coat protein subunits with approximately 200 scaffolding protein subunits to form a double shelled particle with the scaffolding protein on the inside . In the course of DNA packaging, all of the scaffolding protein subunits exit from the procapsid and participate in further rounds of procapsid assembly (King and Casjens . 1974 . Nature (Lond.) . 251:112-119) . To study the mechanism of shell assembly we have purified the coat and scaffolding protein subunits by selective dissociation of isolated procapsids . Both proteins can be obtained as soluble subunits in Tris buffer at near neutral pH . The coat protein sedimented in sucrose gradients as a roughly spherical monomer, while the scaffolding protein sedimented as if it were an elongated monomer . When the two proteins were mixed together in 1.5 M guanidine hydrochloride and dialyzed back to buffer at room temperature, procapsids formed which were very similar in morphology, sedimentation behavior, and protein composition to procapsids formed in vivo . Incubation of either protein alone under the same conditions did not yield any large structures . We interpret these results to mean that the assembly of the shell involves a switching of both proteins from their nonaggregating to their aggregating forms through their mutual interaction . The results are discussed in terms of the general problem of self-regulated assembly and the control of protein polymerization in morphogenesis.

Arch Toxicol, 1980 Oct, 45(4), 307 - 14
Mutagenic and cell transforming activities of 1-chlor-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) and squaric-acid-dibutylester (SADBE); Strobel R et al.; In the Salmonella/microsome test, DNCB was mutagenic for TA100, TA1538, and TA98, whereas SADBE did not induce mutations in the test system . The ability of the compounds to transform BHK cells being able to reproduce in semi-solid agar was investigated . DNCB induced a dose-dependent increase in transformed cells, SADBE did not show this effect.

Toxicol Lett, 1980 Oct, 6(6), 379 - 83
Formation of mutagenic derivatives from nitrite and two primary amines; Boido V et al.; Sodium nitrite and two primary aromatic amines, viz . amino antipyrine (AAP) and aniline, were preincubated in vitro with human gastric juice . The resulting derivatives -- presumably diazonium salts -- were directly mutagenic in the Salmonella test . The mutagenic response was more pronounced in the case of AAP, while toxic effects narrowed the range of activity of the aniline derivative . These patterns are consistent with the findings of independent colorimetric analyses, showing that the AAP derivative is more stable at 37 degrees C than the aniline derivative.

Lipids, 1980 Oct, 15(10), 849 - 52
Microbiological studies investigation mutagenicity of deep frying fat fractions and some of their components; Scheutwinkel-Reich M et al.; In this study, the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test according to Ames et al . (Mutation Res . 31:347, 1975) was performed in order to detect possible mutagenicity of oxidized deep frying fat fractions . Furthermore, the mono-, di-, tri- and tetrahydroxyoctadecanoic acids and the hydroperoxide of linoleic acid were investigated as model test substances . The Ames assay was carried out with and without metabolic activation including preincubation and liquid culture procedures as described by Mitchell (Mutation Res . 54:1, 1978) . The results show no mutagenic effects for the oxidized fractions of deep frying fats nor for the model test substances . At higher concentrations, however, limited test reliability resulted from direct toxic effects on bacterial growth.

Infect Immun, 1980 Oct, 30(1), 224 - 30
Cholera toxin-like toxin released by Salmonella species in the presence of mitomycin C; Molina NC et al.; Several serotypes of Salmonella were shown to release increased amounts of a cholera toxin-like toxin during culture in vitro with mitomycin C (MTC) . Filter-sterilized culture supernatants containing the toxin caused elongation of Chinese hamster ovary cells, which could be blocked by heating the supernatants at 100 degrees C for 15 min or by adding mixed gangliosides or monospecific cholera antitoxin . When MTC was not added to the Salmonella cultures, little or no toxin was detected in crude, unconcentrated culture supernatants . Optimal production of toxin was observed in the presence of 0.5 micrograms of MTC per ml in shake flask cultures of Casamino Acids-yeast extract medium, Syncase, or peptone saline at 37 degrees C . Meat infusion media (heart infusion and brain heart infusion) plus MTC resulted in poor toxin yield . Culture filtrates frequently could be diluted 1:8 and still result in elongation of Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Clin Pediatr (Phila), 1980 Oct, 19(10), 699 - 703
Unusual aspects of Salmonella meningitis; Geiseler PJ et al.; Two cases of salmonella meningitis that demonstrate unusual clinical and epidemiologic features are reported . The first case was a two-month-old infant with relapsing salmonella meningitis in whom ECHO 2 virus and S . enteritidis grew in mixed culture from cerebrospinal fluid . The second case was a five-month-old with typhoid meningitis . Although this patient eventually responded to chloramphenical, repeated CSF cultures grew S . typhi despite his receiving high dose parenteral therapy with ampicillin and chloramphenicol . Stool cultures disclosed that the patient's mother was an asymptomatic carrier of S . typhi . Nine days after the positive stool culture, the mother developed S . typhi bacteremia.

Biochem J, 1980 Oct 1, 191(1), 183 - 91
The action of pepsin on porcine immunoglobulin M and its effect on biological activity; Beale D et al.; Treatment of porcine immunoglobulin M (IgM) with pepsin at pH 4.6 and 37 degrees C was found to gradually remove Fab arms and Cmicro2 domains over a period of 18h . Structural studies failed to find any other change . The main products can therefore be regarded as IgM-like molecules with limited numbers of Fab arms and Cmicro2 domains . Results indicated that this removal of Fab arms is probably a random process . As the average number of Fab arms per molecule was decreased the ability to agglutinate Salmonella oranienburg (mt-H) gradually diminished . Complement fixation by the complexes however, decreased rapidly, and became negligible when the average number of Fab arms was four . This was confirmed by using a preparation containing mainly molecules with three or four Fab arms . The overall results showed that molecules with three or four Fab arms can agglutinate Salmonella but that these complexes do not fix complement . Molecules with five arms probably behave like those with four . Complexes formed by molecules with six arms fix complement quite efficiently . Possible explanations for these results are discussed.

Infect Immun, 1980 Oct, 30(1), 289 - 96
Mechanism of cellular suppression induced by oral tilorone treatment of mice; Collins FM; Specific-pathogen-free B6D2 F1 hybrid mice were treated orally with tilorone hydrochloride (100 mg/kg of body weight per day) and infected with sublethal doses of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, Mycobacterium bovis (BCG Pasteur), or M . tuberculosis Erdman . Daily tilorone treatment inhibited the cell-mediated response to all of the intracellular parasites, and most of the mice succumbed to the challenge . Tilorone suppressed delayed hypersensitivity responses to the microbial sensitins as well as to sheep erythrocytes . However, humoral responses (immediate hypersensitivity reactions) were stimulated . The types of growth curves obtained in the tilorone-treated mice were quite different from those observed in T-cell-depleted mice and tended to resemble those seen in sublethally irradiated (400 rads) animals . Leukocyte counts were depressed 10-fold by daily tilorone treatment . Both monocyte and granulocyte (but not large-lymphocyte) counts were depressed . There was an initial drop in small-lymphocyte counts with a later recovery phase . Tilorone treatment reduced the granulomatous response within the Salmonella-infected liver, suggesting that the drug interferes with the mobilization of the mononuclear defenses within the normal host.

Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1980 Sep 12, 105(37), 1279 - 84
{Atypical course of human salmonellosis (author's transl)}; Freitag V et al.; During the last few years atypical forms of human salmonellosis were observed in 27 patients . Most frequent were acute gastroenteritis with bacteraemia or septicaemia, abscess formations in various organs and septic infections with gastroenteritis Salmonellae but no demonstrable gastroenteritis . In addition there were cases of osteomyelitis, peritonitis, one case of infected hip replacement, one of infected adrenal cortical tumour, and one of infected aortic aneurysm . In 24 of the 27 patients there was an underlying disease likely to have favoured the development of such infections . Diabetes mellitus, cholelithiasis and malignant tumours were the most frequent condition . Isolation of the positive organism was obtained from various materials (blood, abscess pus, gallbladder smear, operative specimen) . Chemotherapy is definitely indicated in such Salmonella infections . Often additional surgical measures, e.g . to control spread of septic foci, were necessary . Prophylactic chemotherapy is recommended for patients with risk factors in order to prevent bacteraemic-metastatic events.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1980 Sep-Oct, 131B(2), 185 - 90
{Supplement No XXIII (1979) to Kauffmann-White scheme (author's transl)}; Le Minor L et al.; In this supplement are given the characters of 31 new Salmonella serotypes recognized in 1979 by WHO collaborating Centre for reference and research on Salmonella: 16 belong to the sub-genus I, 10 to the sub-genus II, 4 to the sub-genus III and 1 to the sub-genus IV . Two new H factors, Z64 and Z65, are recognized.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1980 Sep-Oct, 131B(2), 163 - 74
{Experimental infection by "Salmonella typhi-murium": protective role of homologous ribosomal extracts in calves (author's transl)}; Ivanoff B et al.; Eleven calves, 6 months old, vaccinated or not, have been infected experimentally with 10(7) Salmonella typhi-murium, administered by oral route . The control calves had a serious illness, characterized by a severe diarrhoea, hepatic and renal symptoms and a heavy infestation of the main organs . The other five calves, which were orally and subcutaneously vaccinated with ribosomal extracts of S . typhi-murium and S . dublin showed only a moderate alteration of their health while biochemical disorders at the level of liver and kidneys disappeared . However, salmonella were found in mesenteric lymph nodes, but in much lower amounts than in controls.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1980 Sep, 171(4-5), 388 - 407
The detection of mutagenic air pollutants from filter samples by the Salmonella/Mammalian S-9 mutagenicity test (Ames test) with S . typhimurium TA 98 (Part 1); Hoffmann D et al.; Particulate airborne pollutants, collected in 1977 at an urban point in Wanne-Eickel, G.F.R., were investigated for mutagenic activity in the Ames Salmonella/mammalian S-9 mutagenicity tet with S . typhimurium TA98 . Two kinds of filters were used: Mikrosorbanfilters (polystyrene) and Membranfilters (cellulose nitrate) . Sample preparations obtained following gel chromatography of solutions of the Mikrosorbanfilters showed only weak mutagenic activity . Soxhlet extracts of the Membranfilters gave positive dose-response relations (figs . 3-6), while splitting the initial extract into six fractions resulted in the bacterial reversion rates due to certain sub-fractions increasing over the reversion rates due to the unfractionated preparation (fig . 7) . The highest activities were observed in the fractions of the polar compounds and of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Some (30-50%) of the mutagenic activity was not enzymatically mediated . GC-MS analysis of the samples demonstrated the presence of an average content of around 11 microgram benzo(a)-pyrene/1000 m3 of air.

Mutat Res, 1980 Sep, 76(2), 169 - 90
An evaluation of the Escherichia coli WP2 and WP2 uvrA reverse mutation assay; Brusick DJ et al.; The methodology and status of the Escherichia coli WP2 reverse mutation system as it applies to chemical screening were reviewed using the available published literature . 163 documents were reviewed by the Working Group . These included abstracts, research articles, review articles and publicly available contract and grant final reports . From this group, 115 documents were rejected for critical evaluation by the Working Group . 48 documents were reviewed and the test results summarized . The general conclusion of the Working Group was the the E . coli WP2 reverse mutation system is a valuable tool for mutagenesis research, but that there is no evidence from a review of the literature that this assay will contribute significantly to the results obtainable from careful application of the Ames Salmonella assay . Another review of the role of this system in general screening may be warranted after more research and development with the plasmid-containing WP2 derivatives.

J Infect Dis, 1980 Sep, 142(3), 421 - 31
Heightened lung bactericidal activity in mice after aerosol immunization with Re 595 Salmonella minnesota: importance of cellular rather than humoral factors; LaForce FM et al.; Intrapulmonary bactericidal activity was enhanced against aerosolized Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus two weeks after aerosol immunization with Re 595 Salmonella minnesota . To define better this nonspecific stimulation of antibacterial lung defenses, mice were simultaneously challenged with S . aureus and S . marcescens up to 30 days after aerosol immunization with Re . Enhanced bactericidal activity against both organisms was noted, although activity against Serratia was more pronounced during the first week after immunization . Repetitive aerosol immunization with Re also resulted in enhanced bactericidal activity . Macrophages harvested from mice after aerosol immunization were "activated" by ultrastructural criteria and had enhanced intracellular bactericidal activity against S . aureus . Aerosol immunization also caused an increase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes in lung lavage fluid, which may have been important in activity against Serratia . Mice systemically immunized with Re developed high antibody titers in serum and lung washings but had no stimulation of lung antibacterial activity.

Nord Vet Med, 1980 Sep, 32(9), 361 - 8
Salpingitis in poultry . I . Prevalence, bacteriology and possible pathogenesis in broilers; Bisgaard M et al.; The prevalence of salpingitis in broilers at slaughter seems to be rather constant, constituting 0.02--0.03% of the broilers slaughtered (Table I & Figure 1) . Profuse growth of Escherichia coli in pure culture was obtained from the salpinx of all 123 investigated carcasses with chronic salpingitis . Primary blood agar plates examined showed a pure culture as to O-group as well . Of 22 different O-groups demonstrated, 01, 02, 07 and 053 were most prevalent, constituting 47% of the strains (Table III) . Salmonella spp . were not demonstrated . Etiology, pathogenesis and possible food hygienic consequences are discussed in the light of the present findings.

Mutat Res, 1980 Sep, 79(1), 1 - 5
Genotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA-repair test; Williams GM et al.; The genotoxicity of 6 pyrrolizidine alkaloids and 2 related compounds was examined in the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA-repair test and compared to mutagenicity in a modified Salmonella/microsome test . All 6 pyrrolizidine alkaloids were positive in the DNA-repair test, and 4 of these are known to be carcinogenic . Of the 6 positive compounds, only 5 were mutagenic . Thus, the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA-repair test displays a comparable or better capacity than the bacterial mutagenesis test for detecting the genotoxic effects of this class of carcinogens.

Toxicol Lett, 1980 Sep, 6(4-5), 243 - 9
Retinol (vitamin A) as an inhibitor of the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B; Busk L et al.; Vitamin A (retinol) was shown to inhibit the mutagenic activity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), when added to the Ames Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay . The inhibition was dose-dependent and not caused by a direct toxic effect on the test bacteria . On the other hand the mutagenicity of diepoxybutane, a mutagen not requiring metabolic activation, was not affected by retinol, indicating that the vitamin does not act as a general scavenger of reactive compounds . The mutagenicity of AFB1 depends on the balance between formation and breakdown of aflatoxin 2,3-epoxide, the presumed ultimate mutagenic/carcinogenic metabolite . Inhibition of AFB1 mutagenicity could thus result from decreased formation or increased breakdown of the 2,3-epoxide.

Eur J Immunol, 1980 Sep, 10(9), 685 - 93
Selection of bacterial mutants from Salmonella specifically recognizing determinants on the cell surface of activated T lymphocytes . A novel system to define cell surface structures; Lehmann V et al.; The isolation of bacterial mutants from Salmonella is described with specific binding capacities to allogeneically or concanavalin A-activated T lymphocytes . The enrichment of these mutants was achieved by separation of T cell blasts with adhering mutants from nonresponsive lymphocytes and nonadhering bacteria through 1 x g sedimentation . Binding of the mutants was specific for T cells early after antigen or mitogen stimulation . No adherence was observed with unstimulated T or B lymphocytes and with B cell blasts . Further results suggested that the binding of Salmonella mutants was mediated by the heteropolysaccharide moiety of lipopolysaccharides with a specificity for protein receptor sites on activated T lymphocytes . Significantly, these heteropolysaccharides also inhibited the differentiation of prekiller to killer cells from allogeneic mixed lymphocyte cultures but did not depress the proliferative response or the activity of cytotoxic effector cells . Bacterial adherence, as well as polysaccharide activity in functional tests, showed strain specificity since reactivity could only be obtained with activated T cells from AKR, C57BL/6, C3H but not with BALB/c and A/J strain mice . It is discussed whether the heteropolysaccharides mimic the structure of naturally occurring molecules and thus compete for their receptor sites . Selection of bacterial mutants with adherence properties may become a general procedure for detecting cell surface molecules on lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells.

Vet Rec, 1980 Aug 30, 107(9), 191 - 3
Salmonella dublin infection in self contained dairy herds in East Anglia: excretion at calving; Counter DE et al.; Salmonella dublin was isolated from 14 (0.4 per cent) of 3656 rectal swabs taken from adult cattle in 20 self-contained East Anglian dairy herds with a history of the infection in calves . When 1486 calvings in these herds were monitored, the organism was isolated from 10 (0.7 per cent) . Seven cows that had given negative rectal swabs at previous herd tests yielded the organism . These results indicate that latent carriers of S dublin may produce congenitally infected calves or excrete the organism at or soon after parturition and that this may provide the origin of many outbreaks of S dublin infection in self-contained herds.

Science, 1980 Aug 29, 209(4460), 1039 - 43
Nitropyrenes: isolation, identificaton, and reduction of mutagenic impurities in carbon black and toners; Rosenkranz HS et al.; Extracts of selected xerographic toners and copies were found to be mutagenic in the Salmonella assay . The activity was independent of the xerographic hardware and process and was traced to nitropyrenes present as impurities in the carbon black, the toner colorant . Manufacturing process changes resulted in a substantial reduction of the nitropyrene content of the carbon black and thus in the mutagenicity of the corresponding toners . Nitropyrenes are potent frameshift mutagens, and possible mechanisms for their biological action are discussed.

Science, 1980 Aug 29, 209(4460), 1037 - 9
Mutagenic activity in photocopies; Lofroth G et al.; Extracts from several different photocopies were mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella assay . The mutagenic behavior was similar for extracts from copies and corresponding toners indicating that toners are directly responsible for the mutagenicity . The mutagenicity is caused by at least two classes of compounds which may be present either alone or in combination in any toner.

S Afr Med J, 1980 Aug 23, 58(8), 311 - 3
Infectious drug resistance during an outbreak of samonellosis; Botha P et al.; The sudden acquisition of aminoglycoside resistance among Salmonella group C1 isolates causing summer diarrhoea raised the possibility oif plasmid-mediated reistance . The demonstration of circular DNA species in the resistant, but not in the sensitive salmonellae and the transfer by conjugation of antibiotic resistance to a sensitive strain of Escherichic coli, was consistent with plasmid-mediated resistance.

Nature, 1980 Aug 7, 286(5773), 628 - 30
Formation of helical filaments by copolymerization of two types of 'straight' flagellins; Kamiya R et al.; Bacterial flagella undergo transition between several discrete types of left-handed and right-handed helical structures when exposed to acidic or alkaline pH, or to mechanical force . Calladine and ourselves have presented models to explain such polymorphism, assuming that protein subunits (flagellin) in a flagellum can be transformed into two conformations (L- and R-states) depending on the species of flagellin and on the environmental conditions . An obvious prediction from these 'two-state' models is that there should be two types of straight flagella (L- and R-types) that are made up exclusively of flagellins in either the L-state or the R-state . We have shown that straight flagella from two species of mutants, Salmonella SJ814 (ref . 6) and Escherichia coli hag 177 (ref . 7), are closely similar to the predicted R- and L-types, respectively . Recently we have isolated 10 strains of straight-flagellar mutants of Salmonella . We show here that their flagella can also be classified into the L- and R-types, and that copolymerization of flagellins from two heterologous types (L and R) makes discrete types of helical filaments, whereas that of homologous pairs of flagellins (L and L, or R and R) makes only straight filaments.

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Aug, 12(2), 156 - 60
Cultural and biochemical characteristics of clinical isolates of unusual colistin-resistant pseudomonads; Oberhofer TR; Biochemical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibilities of 12 strains of colistin-resistant pseudomonads isolated from clinical specimens are reported . The isolates were short, oxidase-positive, nonfluorescing, gram-negative rods that failed to grow on salmonella-shigella or cetrimide agars, to decarboxylate amino acids, and to reduce nitrates . Most strains peptonized litmus milk and grew at 42 degrees C . Glucose, lactose, maltose, xylose, and fructose were slowly oxidized, whereas sucrose was not . Two homogeneous species were found and tentatively listed as Pseudomonas sp . 1 and Pseudomonas sp . 2, and these were differentiated by gelatin and starch hydrolysis, oxidation of mannitol, and alkalinization of allantoin . The two species were shown to differ from the Center for Disease Control Va group biotype CDC Va-1 in both biochemical characteristics and susceptibility to the aminoglycosides.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1980 Aug, 40(2), 223 - 30
Rapid radiometric method for detection of Salmonella in foods; Stewart BJ et al.; A radiometric method for the detection of Salmonella in foods has been developed which is based on Salmonella poly H agglutinating serum preventing Salmonella from producing 14CO2 from {14C}dulcitol . The method will detect the presence or absence of Salmonella in a product within 30 h compared to 4 to 5 days by routine culture methods . The method has been evaluated against a routine culture method using 58 samples of food . The overall agreement was 91% . Five samples negative for Salmonella by the routine method were positive by the radiometric method . These may have been false positives . However, the routine method may have failed to detect Salmonella due to the presence of large numbers of lactose-fermenting bacteria which hindered isolation of Salmonella colonies on the selective agar plates.

J Hyg (Lond), 1980 Aug, 85(1), 115 - 24
Growth of Salmonella on chilled meat; Mackey BM et al.; Growth rates of a mixture of Salmonella serotypes inoculated on beef from a commercial abattoir were measured at chill temperatures . The minimum recorded mean generation times were 8.1 h at 10 degrees C; 5.2 h at 12.5 degrees C and 2.9 h at 15 degrees C . Growth did not occur at 7-8 degrees C . From these data the maximum extent of growth of Salmonella during storage of meat for different times at chill temperatures was calculated . Criteria for deciding safe handling temperatures for meat are discussed . Maintaining an internal temperature below 10 degrees C during the boning operation would be sufficient to safeguard public health requirements.

Mutat Res, 1980 Aug, 72(3), 373 - 88
Acridine structure correlated with mutagenic activity in Salmonella; Brown BR et al.; The structural basis for direct mutagenicity of acridines was studied by testing 50 different analogs in the Ames Salmonella tester strains without the addition of mammalian activating enzymes . These experiments showed that the single most effective substituent for frameshift mutagenesis in strain TA1537 is an amino group at the "9" position, while an amino group at either the "3" or "1" position is less effective . Other substitutions at the "9" position demonstrate decreased frameshifting activity compared to 9-aminoacridine . Furthermore, all substituents in combination with the amino group of 9-aminoacridine also decrease frameshifting activity, except for the addition of another amino group at the "1" position or a methyl at the ring nitrogen . Nitro substituents at the "1" and "3" positions enhance 9-aminoacridine toxocity . All nitro substituents decrease typical acridine-frameshift mutagenesis for strain TA1537, but they induce mutagenic activity either in the other type of frameshift strain, TA1538, or in the base-pair substitution strain TA1535 . These studies have provided important structure-function relationships for acridine mutagenicity and toxicity in Salmonella . Consequently, this biological system has provided a sensitive means for determining the structural requirements for mutagenic mechanisms.

J Environ Pathol Toxicol, 1980 Aug, 4(1), 159 - 67
Enhancing and inhibiting effects of propyl gallate on carcinogen-induced mutagenesis; Rosin MP et al.; The food additive propyl gallate has a significant effect on the mutagenic activities of several carcinogens as measured by the Salmonella/microsome mutagenesis assay . Propyl gallate (10(-2) to 10(-4) M) inhibits the mutagenic activites of the carcinogens N-methyl-N-'nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-acetoxy-AAF) . It also reduces the mutagenic effect of aflatoxin B1, a carcinogen which requires activation with a S-9 microsomal preparation . In contrast, propyl gallate at equimolar concentrations causes an enhancement of the mutagenic activities of the carcinogens N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-hydroxy-AAF) and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) . The enhancement of 4NQO-induced mutagenesis occurs with a range of 4NQO concentrations . Moreover, both frameshift (TA98) and base substitution (TA100) bacteria indicator strains demonstrate an enhanced mutagenesis to 4NQO in the presence of the propyl-gallate . Propylgallate alone has no effect on the spontaneous reversion rate of S . typhimurium to histidine propotrophy.

Isr J Med Sci, 1980 Aug, 16(8), 566 - 71
Experimental nephropathy induced in rabbits by immunization with Escherichia coli 055 lipopolysaccharide . 2 . Immunologic findings; Goldstein I et al.; Thirty-seven rabbits were immunized against lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli or Salmonella enteritidis over a period of up to 16 months . The animals developed antibodies against rabbit renal glycoproteins and against bacterial polysaccharide; they also showed signs of kidney lesions . The immunoperoxidase test showed antibody and complement (C3) fixation on the periphery of glomeruli and tubules . Antibodies extracted from the kidneys of the immunized animals reacted with isologous and autologous renal glycoproteins, suggesting that the renal lesions were due to an immunologic response . The cross-reactivity between the bacterial lipopolysaccharide and the renal glycoproteins appears to be responsible for these lesions.

Arch Intern Med, 1980 Aug, 140(8), 1097 - 8
Ruptured mycotic aneurysm of a coronary artery . A fatal complication of Salmonella infection; McGee MB et al.; A 53-year-old man with a kidney transplant was hospitalized because of back pain, fever, and an enlarging heart size . Cultures of blood and stool yielded Salmonella enteritidis (group D, serotype enteritidis) . Despite appropriate antibiotic therapy, the patient died of cardiac arrest on the seventh hospital day . Autopsy revealed a ruptured mycotic aneurysm of the right coronary artery with hemopericardium . In addition, a ruptured aneurysm of the abdominal aorta was present . To our knowledge, ruptured mycotic aneurysm involving a coronary artery owing to Salmonella infection has not been described previously.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1980 Aug, 77(8), 4961 - 5
Fecalase: a model for activation of dietary glycosides to mutagens by intestinal flora; Tamura G et al.; Many substances in the plant kingdom and in man's diet occur as glycosides . Recent studies have indicated that many glycosides that are not mutagenic in tests such as the Salmonella test become mutagenic upon hydrolysis of the glycosidic linkages . The Salmonella test utilizes a liver homogenate to approximate mammalian metabolism but does not provide a source of the enzymes present in intestinal bacterial flora that hydrolyze the wide variety of glycosides present in nature . We describe a stable cell-free extract of human feces, fecalase, which is shown to contain various glycosidases that allow the in vitro activation of many natural glycosides to mutagens in the Salmonella/liver homogenate test . Many beverages, such as red wine (but apparently not white wine) and tea, contain glycosides of the mutagne quercetin . Red wine, red grape juice, and tea were mutagenic in the test when fecalase was added, and red wine contained considerable direct mutagenic activity in the absence of fecalase . The implications of quercetin mutagenicity and carcinogenicity are discussed.

Immunology, 1980 Aug, 40(4), 547 - 56
Killing of the S and Re forms of Salmonella minnesota via the classical pathway of complement activation in guinea-pig and human sera; Clas F et al.; The S (wildtype) and Re form (heptose-deficient, core-defective mutant) of Salmonella minnesota were killed by treatment with normal guinea-pig serum (GPS) . Using C4-deficient GPS and serum containing 0.02 M ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethylether)-tetraacetic acid and 0.02 M MgCl2 (EGTA-Mg2+) a reduced killing rate was observed . In normal GPS diluted 1:10 containing 0.02 M EGTA-Mg2+ or in C4-deficient GPS diluted 1:10 no killing occurred, whereas the same serum dilution without EGTA-Mg2+ showed a strong bactericidal effect indicating a dependency upon C4 and Ca2+ ions . Furthermore, in contrast to normal human serum (NHS) no killing occurred in a selective complete C1q-deficient human serum . The bactericidal effect, however, could be restored by addition of highly purified C1q; this is a further indication for a dependency upon the classical pathway of C activation . The C-dependent bactericidal activity was totally abolished when phosphate buffer was used, partially reduced in the presence of veronal-buffered saline (VBS), and not affected by tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane(Tris) or thioglycollate-buffered system EGTA-Mg2+ alone slightly reduced the growth rate of the bacteria whereas disodium ethylene diaminetetraacetate (EDTA) had a bacteriostatic effect on the S-form . The inhibition of the growth of the Re-form by EDTA was amplified by the addition of serum . Pre-incubation of bacteria with serum for absorption of antibodies did not increase the killing rate of such pre-treated bacteria excluding an antibody-mediated bactericidal reaction . Furthermore, pre-treatment of the bacteria with GPS at 0 degrees reduced the serum sensitivity of both types of bacteria.

J Hyg (Lond), 1980 Aug, 85(1), 125 - 8
Salmonella isolation with Rappaport's medium after pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water using a series of inoculum ratios; Harvey RW et al.; The ability of malachite green/magnesium chloride broth (Rappaport's medium) to isolate salmonellas from 25 ml quantities of sewage-polluted natural water was investigated . Samples were first pre-enriched in buffered peptone water and varying volumes of inoculum from the pre-enrichment culture were inoculated into Rappaport's broth . Inoculum ratios in the range 1:2000 to 1:10 were examined . The inoculum ratio denotes the ratio of the volume of inoculum to the volume of fluid medium into which it is introduced . Optimum results were obtained with the 1:2000 ratio, although the salmonella isolation rate was only slightly less with the 1:500 and 1:100 ratios . The 1:2000 inoculum ratio was obtained with a graduated loop holding approximately 0.005 ml of fluid . Use of a loop for inoculation has advantages in speed of performance and safety of manipulation.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Aug, 143(2), 1042 - 5
Growth of Salmonella bacteriophage P22 in Escherichia coli dna(Ts) mutants; Schanda-Mulfinger UE et al.; Salmonella bacteriophage P22 grows in two deoxyribonucleic acid initiation mutants of Escherichia coli under nonpermissive conditions, dnaA and dnaC . Functional products of genes dnaE, dnaZ, lig, dnaK, and dnaG are indispensable for deoxyribonucleic acid replication of P22 . In 11 E . coli dnaB mutants belonging to all phenotypic groups, phage were produced at 42 degrees C.

Mutat Res, 1980 Aug, 78(4), 317 - 21
Lack of mutagenicity of some phytoestrogens in the salmonella/mammalian microsome assay; Bartholomew RM et al.; 8 phytoestrogens were tested for mutagenicity using a variation of the Salmonella/mammalian microsome (or Ames) assay . Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by a grain contaminant, Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae) and the isomers of zearalanol are reduced derivatives of this compound . The remaining compounds are all flavonoids which occur naturally at relatively high concentrations in many plants, particularly legumes . 4 of these flavonoids (daidzein, genistein, formononetin and biochanin-a) are isoflavones and the 5th, coumestrol, is a coumestan . Each compound was tested at several concentrations ranging from 1--500 micrograms per plate . The microsomal fracton was obtained from Aroclor 1254 (a PCB)-induced rat livers . None of the compounds tested was mutagenic to Salmonella strains TA1538, TA98 or TA100 at any concentration.

Exp Lung Res, 1980 Aug, 1(3), 191 - 9
Lung cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate and adenylate cyclase in endotoxic shock; Klein DM et al.; Cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and adenylate cyclase activity were measured in lungs from guinea pigs in endotoxic shock induced by an intravenous injection of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (10 mg/kg body weight) . Both cyclic AMP content and adenylate cyclase activity were significantly elevated in lung tissue from the endotoxic guinea pigs . There was no apparent change in the affinity of adenylate cyclase for its substrate (ATP); however, the maximum velocity of the enzyme reaction was increased in lungs from the endotoxic group . Endotoxin, in the concentration range of 10(-4) to 10(-2) micrograms/ml, added to lung homogenates did not affect adenylate cyclase activity . Prostaglandins do not seem to mediate the effects of endotoxin in vivo on lung cyclic AMP since treatment of guinea pigs with indomethacin (10 mg/kg body weight) 30 min prior to endotoxin administration did not alter the endotoxin-induced increase in lung cyclic AMP.

Infect Immun, 1980 Aug, 29(2), 539 - 44
Immunochemical properties of Vi antigen from Salmonella typhi Ty2: presence of two antigenic determinants; Szewczyk B et al.; Antigen Vi of Salmonella typhi was found to have at least two antigenic determinants . In one of them, O-acetyl moiety played a dominant role . The second antigenic determinant did not involve O-acetyl residues, but both carboxyl and N-acetyl groups were necessary for the antigen-antibody reaction . These results were obtained by performing serological tests with antigen Vi, with its structural analog, polygalacturonic acid, and with the derivatives of both polysaccharides.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980 Aug, 247(3), 406 - 9
The antigenic relationship between Candida and Salmonella O:6(2), O:7 antigens; Aksoycan N et al.; The immune sera for Candida albicans, C . guilliermondii and C . tropicalis agglutinated Salmonella cholerae-suis (O:6(2),7) . The immune serum for S . cholerae-suis agglutinated C . albicans, C . guilliermondii and C . tropicalis . Absorption and agglutination cross tests demonstrated common antigenic factor between above mentioned yeasts and Salmonella O:6(2), O:7 antigens.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1980 Aug, 88(4), 237 - 42
Quantitative immunoelectrophoretic analysis of Salmonella typhi antigens and of corresponding antibodies in human sera; Espersen F et al.; By quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods, 86 different antigens were found in sonicated preparations of a Salmonella typhi, using corresponding rabbit antiserum . Lipopolysaccharide was identified, and 5 other antigens characterized . Antibodies against a total of 19 S . typhi antigens were found in human sera . The antibody response in patients with typhoid fever was significantly more pronounced compared to that in normal persons . When the antibody response was expressed as a precipitin score, the predictive value of both a positive (precipitin score greater than or equal to 8) test and a negative test was 100%, when sera from patients suffering from typhoid fever were compared with sera from normal persons.

Arthritis Rheum, 1980 Aug, 23(8), 921 - 5
Stimulation of prostaglandin E production by bacterial endotoxins in cultured human synovial fibroblasts; Yaron M et al.; E coli, shigella, salmonella, and cholera endotoxins stimulated prostaglandin E (PGE) production by cultured human synovial and foreskin fibroblasts . The minimal effective dose of Shigella endotoxin was 2 micrograms/ml and a maximal response was observed at 10 micrograms/ml . PGE stimulation was first detected 7 hours after addition of cholera endotoxin . Stimulation by shigella endotoxin of both PGE and hyaluronic acid production was inhibited by indomethacin and aspirin . The present results suggest that PGE is a mediator of joint inflammation induced by endotoxins.

Eur J Immunol, 1980 Aug, 10(8), 641 - 6
Mechanisms of antigen-induced blockade of immune response and cyclophosphamide-promoted tolerance to Salmonella typhi Vi antigen; Prigozhina TB et al.; Blockade of the immune response, caused by a high dose of Salmonella typhi Vi antigen (200 microgram i.v.) and cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced tolerance to Vi antigen, were analyzed . The results of the study show that blockade of the immune response cannot be attributed to masking of the response resulting from neutralization of antibodies by the excess of non-cell-bound antigen . A high dose of Vi-antigen induced triggering and proliferation of specific B precursors but reversibly suppressed synthesis or secretion of antibody by plaque-forming cells . A single injection of CY (200 mg/kg i.p.) 2 days after a high dose of Vi antigen markedly prolonged the antigen-induced state of unresponsiveness . CY-induced tolerance to Vi antigen is due to elimination or long-term inactivation of specific B precursors . Dissimilarities in the characteristics of immune response blockade and CY-induced tolerance are discussed as well as their possible implications for the mode of action of CY.

Wien Med Wochenschr, 1980 Jul 31, 130(13-14), 489 - 91
{Successful treatment of eleven female Salmonella carriers with Co-soltrim (author's transl)}; Sarkis-Kechiche J; Eleven female chronic Salmonella carriers were treated with the chemotherapeutic drug Co-soltrim for an average period of 19.83 weeks . The daily dose was at first twice 2 tablets and later on twice 1 tablet . Before this treatment 4 of the patients had received other chemotherapeutic drugs without lasting curative effect . The cases were in-patients of a mental hospital and it was possible to continue their observation for a follow-up period of up to 29 months after the termination of the therapy . No case relapsed . The therapy did not produce any undesirable side effects.

J Clin Lab Immunol, 1980 Jul, 4(1), 41 - 6
Opsonizing antibodies in human typhoid fever; Vilde JL et al.; Factors that promote phagocytosis of Salmonella typhi by polymorphonuclear leukocytes have been detected in sera from patients with typhoid fever . These factors were present between the 10th and the 60th days after the clinical onset . They could be fixed on the bacteria, were heat-stable, and needed the classical pathway of complement to act . They were specific for Salmonella typhi and acted as antibodies directed against the O antigen of the cell-wall . They could be absorbed by a smooth strain of Salmonella typhi, but not by a rough strain . They belonged probably to the IgG class and were different from the "natural antibodies" of normal, non-immune serum, which are of IgM type . Their role in human resistance to Salmonella infection is discussed.

Avian Dis, 1980 Jul-Sep, 24(3), 631 - 6
Natural and experimental Salmonella arizonae 18:z4,z32 (Ar . 7:1,7,8) infection in broilers . Bacteriological and histopathological survey of eye and brain lesions; Silva EN et al.; Arizonosis occurred in a flock of 10,000 broilers in the state of Sao Paulo . Among 45 specimens submitted for examination at 15 days of age, there was blindness, and nervous symptoms with ataxia, torticollis, and opisthotonos . Necropsy showed caseous material in the vitreous body of the eyeballs and in the cortical region of the brain; S . arizonae 18:z4,z32 (Ar . 7:1,7,8) was isolated . Both ocular and brain lesions were reproduced by exposure of day-old chicks to the isolate by oral and intraocular dosage, by pen contact, and by intraperitoneal injection . Lesions in the brain were most prominent in the ventricles and consisted of necrotic masses containing eosinophilic cells surrounded by macrophages, and epithelioid and multinucleated cells . Lesions of the eye were most often related to the retina.

Xenobiotica, 1980 Jul-Aug, 10(7-8), 483 - 94
Metabolic activation of trp-P-2, a mutagenic amine from tryptophan-pyrolysate, by liver microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-responsive and non-responsive mice; Yamazoe Y et al.; 1 . The metabolic activation of a tryptophan pyrolysate, Trp-P-2 (3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido{4,3-}indole), was studied using liver microsomes from mice of 3-methylcholanthrene-responsive, C57BL/6N (B6) strain and non-responsive, DBA/2N (D2) strain . 2 . The formation of N-hydroxy-Trp-P-2 (3-hydroxylamino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido-{4,3-b}indole) by hepatic microsomes was markedly increased by the pretreatment with 3-methylcholanthrene in B6 mice, but not in D2 mice . 3 . The same treatment increased the activity to convert Trp-P-2 to a mutagen(s) in the Salmonella/microsome test system in B6 mice, but not in D2 mice . 4 . The formation of N-hydroxy-Trp-P-2 corresponded with the increase in the number of the revertants, and with the activities of aromatic hydrocarbon hydroxylase and biphenyl 2-hydroxylase . 5 . Addition of alpha-naphthoflavone to microsomes from control and 3-methyl-cholanthrene-treated B6 mice effectively decreased the activities to convert Trp-P-2 to a mutagen(s) and to N-hydroxylate Trp-P-2 . 6 . These results indicate that N-hydroxy-Trp-P-2 is a proximate or ultimate mutagenic principle of Trp-P-2.

Aust Vet J, 1980 Jul, 56(7), 335 - 8
Microbiological quality of Queensland stockfeeds with special reference to salmonella; Smeltzer T et al.; One hundred Queensland stockfeeds were examined for their counts of total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, fungi and salmonellas . The total aerobic bacteria, coliform and fungal counts were significantly higher (P < 0.005) for mashes than for crumbles and pellets and salmonellas were isolated from significantly more (P < 0.005) mashes (64%) than pellets and crumbles (8%) . Counts of less than 1 salmonella per 100 g were found in 36.4% of the 44 positive feeds . The remainder of the counts ranged from 1.2 per 100 g to greater than 147 salmonellas per 100 g feed.

Endocrinologie, 1980 Jul-Sep, 18(3), 149 - 54
Action of thymic polypeptides of low molecular weight on some immune reactions at tissular and humoral level in guinea-pigs and mice; Milcu SM et al.; Administration of the TP2 extract containing thymic polypeptides of low molecular weight (under 10,000 daltons) was found to stimulate the delayed hypersensitivity reaction in guinea-pigs injected with BCG . It was also found to reduce the hemagglutination titre in mice injected with the APR 8 influenza virus and to raise the antiflagellar agglutinins titre in rats injected with TH Salmonella vaccine . The cellular type of immune reactions was stronger than the humoral one.

Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol, 1980 Jul-Sep, 25(3), 179 - 88
{Resistance to chemotherapeutic agents in strains of Salmonella isolated during the period of 1977-1979}; Lucinescu S et al.; A study was carried out on the incidence and spectrum of resistance to chemotherapeutical agents of 500 Salmonella strains isolated from coprocultures during the period from April 1977 to April 1979 . The 368 strains isolated from patients were tested against 13 agents and the 132 strains isolated from carriers against 7 chemotherapeutical agents, using the Kirby-Bauer method in both categories . A proportion of 58.7% of the patients were resistant to one or several chemotherapeutics, and only 27.2% of the carriers . As regards the entire lot of 500 strains in terms of their resistance to 7 chemotherapeutical agents, 226 (45.2%) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial product . All the strains were sensitive to Polymixin B; 31,4% were resistant to Ampicillin . 20 to 22% resistant to Kanamycin, Chloramphenicol and Tetracyclin . The strains presented the highest resistance to Sulphafurazol (46.2%) . The tested strains belonged to 18 serotypes . S . agona proved highly resistant (100%), followed by S . bovis morbificans (78%) (most of the strains being resistant only to Furazolidon), S . heidelberg 63% and S . typhi murium 32% . Of the resistance patterns, the most frequent was: Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, Cephalotin, Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracyclin, Sulphafurazol encountered in S . agona . The plasmid nature of resistance to antibiotics was tested using as acceptor E . coli Hfr H . The transferable character of resistance was demonstrated in 34 of the 35 experimentally exposed strains . As a rule the transfer of resistance determinants occurred in its totality.

Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol, 1980 Jul-Sep, 25(3), 159 - 69
{Epidemiological study of salmonelloses in the Moldavia area}; Bercovici C et al.; A study was carried out on the epizooto-epidemiologic potential of certain domestic and wild animal species (cold-blooded), of the environment (residual waters) and food products, and their role in maintaining Salmonella endemics (others than the typhoid-parathyphoid group) . Account was kept of the incidence of Salmonella and its circulation in subjects exposed to occupational risks and in the mass of the population, including those with clinically manifest salmonellosis and the clinically healthy carriers . The results showed the importance of domestic animals in maintaining the endemic (fowl 15%, swine 10%, bovine 5%) . The isolated serotypes were identical to those found in residual eaters, in patients and in carriers . The sensitivity test to antibiotics revealed resistance to more than two antibiotics in 65%, except for the strains isolated from reptiles . Reorganization measures appear necessary in order to restrict the circulation of Salmonella in farm animals and to reduce the risks of infection in humans.

Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol, 1980 Jul-Sep, 25(3), 149 - 58
{"Minor" salmonelloses on the offensive; clinico-epidemiological aspects of Salmonella agona infections}; Hurmuzache T et al.; The incidence of "minor" salmonelloses, (one of the main infantile enteritis), has increased of late, the principal agent in 1977 and 1978 being Salmonella agona . The present paper is a clinico-epidemiological study of the characteristics of a recent episode comprising 46 cases due to Salmonella agona . Most of the cases treated in hospital had a prevalently enterocolitic aspect, without extraenteral complications, but with a reserved prognosis (10% mortality rate in the authors' experience) when associated with other diseases (bronchopneumonia, otitis, otoantritis) or when the child has a deficient constitution (congenital or acquired) . It is difficult to get rid of the germ, of particular importance especially when the children return to children's institutions, by means of an etiotropic therapy, which in many cases may even delay elimination of the salmonellas . In Salmonella infections the carrier excretory state is intermittent rather than permanent . Salmonellosis caused by the agona serotype may be listed, as most of the so-called "minor" cases, in the "central" group according to the classification propossed by Newell and adopted by the World Health Organization in 1959.

Lab Anim, 1980 Jul, 14(3), 217 - 9
Salmonella montevideo salmonellosis in laboratory mice: successful treatment of the disease by oral oxytetracycline; Simmons DJ et al.; In an epidemic outbreak of salmonellosis associated with Salmonella montevideo in 6 mouse colonies, most deaths occurred in BALB/c and ASI mice, although the carrier rate was similar in other mouse strains . The salmonella was eradicated from ASI mice of 4-6 weeks old, and the carrier rate considerably reduced at 12-26 weeks of age, by use of oral oxytetracycline in conjunction with strict hygiene measures . Housing mice on wire grids instead of wood shavings did not affect the efficacy of the treatment.

Can J Comp Med, 1980 Jul, 44(3), 267 - 74
Sources of salmonellae in an uninfected commercially-processed broiler flock; Rigby CE et al.; Cultural monitoring was used to study the incidence and sources of salmonellae in a 4160 bird broiler flock during the growing period, transport and processing in a commercial plant . No salmonellae were isolated from any of 132 litter samples of 189 chickens cultured during the seven-week growing period, even though nest litter samples from four of the eight parent flocks yielded salmonellae and Salmonella worthington was isolated from the meat meal component of the grower ration . On arrival at the plant, 2/23 birds sampled carried S . infantis on their feathers, although intestinal cultures failed to yield salmonellae . Three of 18 processed carcasses samples yielded salmonellae (S . infantis, S . heidelberg, S . typhimurium var copenhagen) . The most likely source of these salmonellae was the plastic transport crates, since 15/107 sampled before the birds were loaded yielded salmonellae (S . infantis, S . typhimurium) . The crate washer at the plant did not reduce the incidence of Salmonella-contaminated crates, since 16/116 sampled after washing yielded salmonellae (S . infantis, S . typhimurium, S . heidelberg, S . schwarzengrund, S . albany).

Am J Ophthalmol, 1980 Jul, 90(1), 63 - 8
Ocular inflammation in Reiter's disease after Salmonella enteritis; Saari KM et al.; We studied characteristics of ocular inflammation in Reiter's disease after Salmonella enteritis in eight patients . After an acute onset with diarrhea, fever in six patients, and headache in three patients, all patients developed arthritis; six patients had myalgia; six patients, urethritis; and one patient, carditis . Sacroiliitis was found in four patients . All patients had HLA-B28 antigen . Conjunctivitis occurred in seven patients . It was mostly mild with no chemosis, follicles, or keratitis, and resolved in ten days . In one case palpebral edema, chemosis in the conjunctiva, and purulent exudate were seen . One patient had transient episodes of keratitis and corneal erosion for two months and episodes of conjunctivitis for 11 months . Three patients developed unilateral acute anterior uveitis with aqueous flare, cells, fine keratic precipitates, and fibrinous exudation from three to four years after the onset of the illness . One of these patients had vitritis and macular and papillary edema.

Arch Intern Med, 1980 Jul, 140(7), 943 - 5
An outbreak of Salmonella enteritis and septicemia in a population of uremic patients . A review of four cases, including infection of an arteriovenous fistula; Lockyer WA et al.; An outbreak of enteritis and septicemia caused by Salmonella enteritidis occurred in a population of uremic patients treated in a nephrology unit . In one of the patients, an arteriovenous fistula was infected by this organism . The source of the outbreak was traced to the refrigerator and sink in the unit . This degree of morbidity and mortality far exceeds that previously reported in infections with nontyphoid Salmonella sp and is presumbly related to the decreased immune response seen in uremia.

Cancer Lett, 1980 Jul, 10(1), 75 - 81
Induction of DNA repair by some selenium compounds; Russell GR et al.; Selenium compounds were found to induce DNA repair synthesis as a measure of DNA damage in both the isolated rat liver cell system and by Ames' Salmonella assay . In liver cells, DNA repair measured by uptake of {3H}thymidine was found to be greater with sodium selenite and selenate than with selenomethionine . In the bacterial culture system, selenomethionine inhibited the repair-deficient variant more than the selenite and selenate . These in vitro test systems have been used to indicate that selenium has a DNA-damaging potential.

Avian Dis, 1980 Jul-Sep, 24(3), 616 - 24
Dissemination of Salmonella in broiler-chicken operations; Bhatia TR et al.; Dissemination of Salmonella from hatchery to broiler farm and from broiler farm to processing plant was assessed . Bacteriological examination of fluff and meconium at the hatchery, feed and litter at the farm, and carcass rinsing at the plant level was conducted . When fluff and/or meconium were contaminated with Salmonella, litter and carcasses were contaminated with the same serotypes . Properly pelleted feed does not seem to be an important source of infection . Stress (feed and water deprivation) and some effect on shedding of Salmonella . Fluff and meconium at hatchery, feces from 3-to-7-day-old chicks, and litter at 3 and 6 weeks can be used as an indicator of flock infection and thus carcass contamination.

Can J Comp Med, 1980 Jul, 44(3), 328 - 37
Flock infection and transport as sources of salmonellae in broiler chickens and carcasses; Rigby CE et al.; Cultural monitoring was used to determine the incidence and sources of salmonellae in a 4160-bird broiler flock raised on litter in 32 pens . Twenty-five of the pens remained apparently free of salmonellae during the 49-day growing period . Salmonella johannesburg, first detected in the meat meal component of the starter ration, was recovered from the litter of seven pens and from the intestines of dead or culled chicks from two pens . Salmonella alachua was also recovered from two of these pens . Culture of swabs collected from the plastic crates used to transport this flock for processing showed that 97/112 (86.6%) were contaminated with salmonellae (15 serovars) before the birds were loaded . The crate washer at the plant did not remove salmonellae from these crates: 97/132 (73.5%) crates sampled after washing yielded salmonellae . Eleven serovar were recovered, including S . johannesburg and S . alachua introduced by the infected flock . Twelve of 31 chickens (38.7%) collected when the birds were unloaded at the processing plant were intestinal carriers of S . johannesburg and/or S . alachua and 29 (93.5%) were external carriers . Salmonella johannesburg, S . alachua and four other serovars were isolated from the feathers of these birds . Eleven of 25 (44%) carcasses tested from this flock yielded salmonellae . Salmonella johannesburg or S . alachua, first isolated from the infected flock, were recovered from five carcasses and S . haardt and S . Typhimurium, first isolated from the transport crates were recovered from six carcasses.

Mutat Res, 1980 Jul, 71(2), 161 - 8
Structure-function characterization for ethidium photoaffinity labels as mutagens in Salmonella; Yielding LW et al.; The development of photoaffinity probes to characterize the binding process and subsequent biological activity of a drug has recently been emphasized by the synthesis of two ethidium azide analogs . The initial finding showed that one of the azido analogs, the 8-azido-3-amino derivative, was at least 40-fold more mutagenic and toxic in Salmonella tester strain TA1538 than the other analog, the 3.8-diazido derivative . These observations suggested the need to examine the structural requirements of ethidium photoaffinity labels for frameshift mutagenic activity in Salmonella . Thus, the isomer of the monoazide, the 3-azido-8-amino derivative, and two deaminated monoazide derivatives were synthesized and all of the ethidium analogs were screened in two Salmonella frameshift tester strains, TA1537 and TA1538, and in their excision-repair positive isogenic strains . The results presented in this paper demonstrate that two substituents are needed to produce significant mutagenicity and toxicity by the compound . One substituent, usually the amino group, is required for mutagenic activity, perhaps by orienting the phenanthridinium ring into its mutagenic configuration . The other substituent, the azido group, is required for covalent attachment, a requisite for mutagenic activity . Thus, photoaffinity labeling has provided a means of comparing structure with mutagenic activity for ethidium compounds.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1980 Jul, 77(7), 4196 - 200
Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of an invertible controlling element; Zieg J et al.; The nucleotide sequence of the inversion region responsible for flagellar phase variation in Salmonella was determined . The inversion region is 995 base pairs (bp) in length and is bounded by a 14-bp inverted repeat sequence . A homologous recombination event between the 14-bp inverted repeat sequences would result in the inversion of the DNA segment between them . Sequence homologies with other systems suggest that the 14-bp inverted repeat sequences may have some general significance as sites for specific recombinational events . The gene which specifies H2 flagellin synthesis begins 16 bp outsie the inversion region . Within the inversion region, an open translational frame exists which could encode a low molecualr weight polypeptide (190 amino acids).

J Physiol, 1980 Jul, 304, 51 - 7
Contrasting roles of 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline in fever in rats; Ford DM et al.; 1 . We have investigated the effects of endogenous monoamine depletion on the development of fever in rats . 2 . Fever was produced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin or leucocyte pyrogen manufactured from ox blood . 3 . Depletion of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine prevented the rise in rectal temperature produced both by bacterial endotoxin and by leucocyte pyrogen . 4 . On the other hand depletion of noradrenaline (NA) by 6-hydroxydopamine pretreatment resulted in a potentiation of the fever produced by bacterial endotoxin . 5 . These results suggest that 5-HT is involved in mechanisms responsible for the rise in temperature during fever and that NA is involved in mechanisms which serve to attenuate the rise.

Infect Immun, 1980 Jul, 29(1), 207 - 14
Genetic and physical evidence for plasmid control of Shigella sonnei form I cell surface antigen; Kopecko DJ et al.; Virulent Shigella sonnei synthesize a surface antigen (form I) which appears to be one of several requirements needed for this host to invade epithelial cells . Upon restreaking on agar media, form I cells readily and irreversibly generate form II cells that lack the form I antigen . All form II cells are avirulent . Plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid of form I and II cells of four different S . sonnei isolates, obtained from different areas of the world, was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis . A large plasmid (approximately 120 megadaltons in three of the strains) that is present in form I cells was always absent from form II derivatives . Attempts to transfer conjugally only this large plasmid from form I to genetically marked form II cells were unsuccessful . However, a composite molecule, apparently formed by recombination between the large form I plasmid and a self-transmissible plasmid, was found to transfer the form I trait . Transconjugant S . sonnei strains acquiring the form I antigen could retransfer this trait to S . sonnei, Shigella flexneri, or Salmonella typhi . These preliminary findings demonstrate that S . sonnei form I antigen synthesis is mediated by a large plasmid which is lost spontaneously at a relatively high frequency from S . sonnei strains.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1980 Jun 7, 110(23), 920 - 2
{Reiter's disease following salmonella infection in an HL-A-B27 carrier}; Rosenthal M et al.; Reiter's syndrome following salmonella enteritidis (Gartner) infection in an HLA-B27 carrier is described . Some weeks after an episode of fever and diarrhea, a 33-year-old male presented with sacroiliitis, Achilles tendinitis and aphthous stomatitis . During the next few months he developed chronic arthritis, mild conjunctivitis, severe iritis, oligospermia and nonspecific asymptomatic urethritis.

Int J Zoonoses, 1980 Jun, 7(1), 58 - 61
The occurrence of salmonellae in rodent, shrew, cockroach and ant; Singh SP et al.; The occurrence of salmonellae in common house-pests viz . rats, house-mice, shrews, cockroaches and ants was investigated during the period of Jan . 1976 to July 1979 . Of 767 samples examined, 43 yielded different Salmonella serotypes . The isolation of salmonellae was made from 16 of 254 rats, 11 of 109 house-mice, 11 of 104 shrews, 3 of 270 cockroaches and 2 of 30 ants . The different Salmonella serotypes isolated included S . saint-paul, S . bareilly, S . newport, S . weltevreden, S . enteritidis, S . typhimurium, S . hvittingfoss, S . anatum, S . metopeni, S . waycross and S . paratyphi B . One shrew yielded three different serotypes of salmonellae, while dual infection was detected in three shrews and one rat.

Int J Zoonoses, 1980 Jun, 7(1), 54 - 7
The occurrence of salmonellae in free-flying-avifauna: isolation and antibiogram; Sharma VD et al.; The occurrence of salmonellae in a variety of free-flying birds was investigated . Of 790 intestinal-content-samples examined, 20 yielded different Salmonella serotypes, which included 10 strains of S . saint-paul, 4 of S . bareilly, 3 of S . weltevreden, 2 of S . typhimurium and 1 of Salmonella E1 group . Common Mynah, house-sparrow, swallow, grey-partridge, parrot and crow were found positive for the presence of salmonellae . Antibiogram of the isolates was studied against 14 common chemotherapeutic agents.

Int J Zoonoses, 1980 Jun, 7(1), 15 - 8
The occurrence of salmonellae in zoo animals in Uttar Pradesh and Delhi (India); Sethi MS et al.; The occurrence of salmonellae in a variety of zoo animals including carnivores, primates, ruminants, avifauna, rodents etc . was investigated . Of 783 samples collected from Lucknow, Delhi and Kanpur (India) Zoological Parks, only 5 yielded Salmonella serotypes . These included S . typhimurium, from a leopard and a wild cat, S . enteritidis from two black and white rats and a strain of Salmonella group E1 from a leopard.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980 Jun, 247(1), 43 - 9
The sero-fermentative-phage types of Salmonella weltevreden; Garg DN et al.; A biotyping scheme has been described which is based on the biochemical behaviour of S . weltevreden strains towards 5 substrates (sorbitol, dextrin, malonate, rhamnose, starch) . The 228 S . weltevreden strains examined were grouped into 25 of the 32 theoretical biotypes . Frequently occurring biotypes were: biotype 10 (16.2%), biotype 5 (13.4%) and biotype 11 (11.4%) . No substantial correlation could be established between biotypes and source or geographic distribution of S . weltevreden . Sero-fermentative-phage types were computed for 145 strains, phage-types of which has been described earlier and five predominant sero-fermentative-phage types emerged . The sero-fermentative-phage type 3, 10:r:z6;5;1 (serotype = 3, 10:r:z6; biotype = 5; phagetype =1) occurred most commonly with a frequency of 10.3% . The strains belonging to this pattern were from lizard, guinea-pig and humans in India, Netherlands and United States of America.

Clin Orthop, 1980 Jun, (149), 145 - 59
The treatment of severely ill patients with sickle cell anemia and associated septic arthritis; Ebong WW; The clinical features, pathogenesis, and results of conservative treatment of septic arthritis in 8 patients with sickle cell anemia (HbS) and one patient with HbS + C followed for an average of 2.8 years have been reviewed . All but one of the patients were children under 14 years of age . Hematogenous, symmetrical polyarticular arthritis predominated . The hip and the ankle were the joints most often affected . Clinically, the patients fell into 2 groups, namely, those with little or no systemic disturbance, in whom infection was localized to affected joints mainly; and critically ill patients in whom arthritis occurred later during the course of the illness . Gram-negative infection was dominant, and Salmonella was the most common organism cultured . There were no deaths, but the morbidity and complications were quite high . The sensitivity pattern of the bacteria isolated from this small series of patients suggests that a combination of gentamycin and cloxacillin possibly is the antibiotic combination of choice for the critically sick child with HbS complicated by polyarticular septic arthritis in West Africa, provided the child's renal function is adequate.

Can J Microbiol, 1980 Jun, 26(6), 725 - 7
Clearance of inflammatory cells from the microcirculation of endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ mice; Walker RI et al.; We studied the deposition of platelets and leukocytes in resistant (C3H/HeJ) and sensitive (C3Heb/FeJ) strains of mice challenged intraperitoneally with 1 mg of Salmonella typhi endotoxin, a dose lethal only for the sensitive strain . Comparable degrees of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were evident at all time periods observed, but in contrast to sensitive mice, leukocytes and platelets were quickly cleared from the pulmonary microcirculation of resistant mice.

Pediatrics, 1980 Jun, 65(6), 1125 - 30
Treatment of Salmonella gastroenteritis with ampicillin, amoxicillin, or placebo; Nelson JD et al.; In a randomized, prospective, double-blind study infants and children with uncomplicated Salmonella gastroenteritis were treated with ampicillin (15 patients), amoxicillin (15 patients), or placebo (14 patients) . The dosage of antibiotics was 100 mg/kg/day in four equally divided doses given for five days . There was no significant benefit from antibiotic therapy on the duration of diarrhea (means 8.8, 7.3, and 7.2 days, respectively) or on the duration of recovery of Salmonella from stool cultures (means 41.3, 37.0, and 20.9 days, respectively) . Bacteriologic relapse was not observed in placebo-treated patients but eight patients given ampicillin (53%) and eight given amoxicillin (53%) had relapse (P = .003) . Salmonella isolated in relapse were still susceptible in vitro to the antibiotics . Of the 16 patients with bacteriologic relapse six (38%) had concomitant recurrence of diarrhea . It is concluded that ampicillin or amoxicillin therapy provides no benefit to patients with uncomplicated Salmonella gastroenteritis and substantially increases the risk of bacteriologic and symptomatic relapse.

Mutat Res, 1980 Jun, 71(1), 43 - 52
Comparison of rat and guinea pig as sources of the S9 fraction in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test; Baker RS et al.; A highly significant enhancement of mutagenicity occurs with 11 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons when 3-methylcholanthrene-induced guinea pig liver S9 is substituted for Aroclor-induced rat liver S9 in the Ames test . The use of MC-induced guinea pig liver S9 is particularly valuable for detecting the weak mutagenicity of benz{c}acridine, which is barely positive in a standard Ames assay . However, anthracene and phenanthrene, which are generally considered not to be carcinogens, remain non-mutagenic for strain TA100 . This enhancement of mutagenicity does not correlate with arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase activities of the various liver preparations and does not apply to certain other non-PAH mutagens, including beta-naphthylamine, aflatoxin B1 and 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene.

Am J Clin Nutr, 1980 Jun, 33(6), 1179 - 82
Mutagenicity of dichloroacetate, an ingredient of some formulations of pangamic acid (trade-named "vitamin B15"); Herbert V et al.; Dichloroacetate demonstrates low grade mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella/mammaltan microsome mutagenicity test . This evidence of probable carcinogenicity must be considered in any proposed use of dichloroacetate or of preparations of pangamic acid (trade-named "vitamin B15") CONTAINING DICHLOROACETATE.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1980 Jun, 11(2), 256 - 61
Susceptibility of Salmonella typhi to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and cotrimoxazole; Vongsthongsri U et al.; Salmonella typhi isolated from the patients admitted to the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Bangkok, were tested by the tube dilution method and the disc diffusion method against chloramphenicol, ampicillin and cotrimoxazole . Forty-five percent of the S.typhi were resistant to chloramphenicol (MIC greater than or equal to 50 microgram/ml) while 5% were resistant to ampicillin (MIC greater than or equal to 12.5 microgram/ml) . Only 1% of the S . typhi was found to be resistant to cotrimoxazole (MIC greater than or equal to 168 microgram of trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole per ml.) Based on these results, the drug of choice for typhoid fever would be cotrimoxazole, especially when drug sensitivity test is not immediately available.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1980 Jun, 64(6), 1563 - 9
Mutagenic activation of N-2-fluorenylacetamide and N-hydroxy-N-2-fluorenylacetamide in subcellular fractions from X/Gf mice; Reddy TV et al.; The Salmonella mutagenesis test system was used to evaluate the in vitro mutagenic potency of N-2-fluorenylacetamide (2-FAA) and N-hydroxy-N-2-fluorenylacetamide (N-OH-2-FAA) mediated by liver and kidney subcellular fractions from X/Gf mice, a strain resistant to 2-FAA carcinogenesis . Pretreatment of the mice with the microsomal inducers 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) increased the number of revertants from both liver and kidney fractions . Mutagenicity of N-OH-2-FAA mediated by liver or kidney microsomes was partially inhibited at 0.001--0.1 microM Paraxon (diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate), an inhibitor of deacetylase enzyme, and the inhibition was complete (98%) in microsomes from control mice (100 microM Paraoxon) . Conversely, the liver and kidney microsomal fractions from MCA- and TCDD-treated X/Gf mice were less sensitive to Paraoxon . The inhibition of kidney or liver cytosol-mediated N-OH-2-FAA mutagenicity by Paraoxon was less than that observed with the microsomal fraction (50% inhibition at 1 x 10(-7) and 1 x 10(-5) M Paraoxon, respectively) . The mutagenicity of 2-FAA and N-OH-2-FAA mediated by liver or kidney subcellular fractions from X/Gf mice and its response to inducers and inhibitors of mutagenic activation processes appear similar to those observed in species both resistant (cotton rat) and sensitive (Sprague-Dawley rat, NIH Swiss mice) to 2-FAA carcinogenesis.

J Hyg (Lond), 1980 Jun, 84(3), 365 - 79
Genetical relationship between R plasmids derived from Salmonella and Escherichia coli obtained from a pig farm, and its epidemiological significance; Ishiguro N et al.; A total of 475 Salmonella strains belonging to 5 serovars, isolated from a pig farm which had been heavily contaminated with Salmonella for the past 2 years were tested for antibiotic susceptibility and detection of R plasmids . Thirty-three Escherichia coli isolates from the same farm were also examined in a similar way . Out of 475 strains 348 (73.2%) were resistant to one or more antibiotics such as tetracycline (Tc), streptomycin (Sm), sulfadimethoxine (Su), chloramphenicol (Cm) and kanamycin (Km), and 247 (85.2%) out of 290 strains belonging to 3 serovars examined harboured conjugative R plasmids . There was no change in the pattern of drug resistance during this survey nor any variation in the pattern of resistance of R plasmids, whatever the serovar . The antibiogram pattern Tc Sm Su, mainly S . typhimurium, was common among Salmonella strains . Among the transferred resistance patterns, the thermosensitive R plasmids conferring the Tc marker detected in this study were Fi-, and belonged to incompatibility group H1, whereas the R plasmids conferring Sm Su resistances which coexisted in the same host were Fi+, and compatible with the reference R plasmids tested . The I alpha plasmid conferring Cm resistance alone was isolated from S . anatum and the FII plasmid conferring Sm Km resistances was also isolated from S . typhimurium . In contrast, the 33 E . coli strains examined were resistant to three or five antibiotics and most of the resistance markers were located on conjugative R plasmids . I alpha plasmids conferring Cm resistance alone or FII plasmids conferring Cm or Km markers were common in the E . coli strains . H1 and H2 plasmids conferring multiple resistance markers were also found in them . The genetic properties of R plasmids derived from Salmonella or E . coli strains are compared, and the potential spread of R plasmids between strains of Salmonella and E . coli is discussed.

Trop Geogr Med, 1980 Jun, 32(2), 138 - 44
Epidemiology of acute gastroenteritis in early childhood in Kenya: aetiological agents; Mutanda LN; In a case-control study of 36 infants and children admitted to Kenyatta National Hospital with acute gastroenteritis and an equal number of age and sex-matched controls, rotavirus was found to be the major aetiological agents; 39% of the 36 children had evidence of rotavirus infection as opposed to 2 (6%) in controls . Six Shigella species were isolated from the test group and none from the control . No significant difference was found between children with diarrhoea and controls wth regard to frequency of isolation of enteropathogenic and enterotoxigenic E . coli, Salmonella species and enteroviruses . Mixed infections occurred between rotaviruses and other enteropathogens . None of the 17 serum pairs obtained from children with diarrhoea showed a significant titre rise to complement-fixing adenovirus group antigen.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1980 Jun, 39(6), 1183 - 90
Isolation and identification of pathogenic microorganisms at wastewater-irrigated fields: ratios in air and wastewater; Teltsch B et al.; Samples of air and corresponding wastewater samples were taken at wastewater spray-irrigated fields . The concentrations of salmonellae and enteroviruses present in these samples were determined and compared with those of coliforms, and the ratios between them were calculated . The most common Salmonella serotype in the air was Salmonella ohio, whereas in the wastewater, Salmonella anatum was the most common . Enteroviruses isolated and identified were poliovirus, echovirus, and coxsackievirus type B . From the ratios of salmonellas to coliforms and enteroviruses to coliforms in the air, as compared to these ratios in the wastewater, it was concluded that the suitability of coliforms as an indication of airborne contamination caused by spray irrigation is questionable.

Poult Sci, 1980 Jun, 59(6), 1187 - 92
Combined therapy of Salmonella infection in chickens by antimicrobial agents followed by cultured cecal bacteria; Seuna E et al.; Week-old chickens infected with Salmonella infantis when one day old were treated with antimicrobial drugs either given alone or followed by peroral inoculation of bacterial culture . The bacteria were derived from the cecal contents of adult chickens . The antimicrobial drugs used were: neomycin, neomycin plus oxytetracycline, neomycin plus polymyxin, and sulfadiazine plus trimethoprim . The combined therapy with oxytetracycline plus neomycin and bacterial culture seemed to be the most effective, although the efficacy varied between the parallel trials . Sulfadiazine plus trimethoprim followed by treatment with the bacterial culture decreased the infection rate . The bacterial culture alone also had a slight anti-salmonella effect . When only antimicrobials were given, salmonellae rapidly reappeared in the intestines when the therapy was stopped.

Am J Pathol, 1980 Jun, 99(3), 645 - 66
Complement receptors on normal human lymphocytes containing parallel tubular arrays; Payne CM et al.; Membrane complement receptors have been identified on a subpopulation of normal lymphocytes containing cytoplasmic inclusions called parallel tubular arrays (PTA) using two different rosetting techniques . The first technique utilizes as indicator cells erythrocytes that were coated with complement by the classic pathway of complement activation (EAC rosettes) . The second technique utilizes as indicator cells Salmonella typhi, which were coated with complement by the alternate pathway of complement activation (FBC rosettes) . In the latter technique, lipopolysaccharide material in the bacterial cell wall directly activates complement without the use of a sensitizing antibody . This eliminates binding of marker particles by lymphocytes having Fc receptors . The presence of PTA lymphocytes at the center of EAC rosettes and FBC rosettes was demonstrated by electron microscopy, indicating that the PTA lymphocyte has a complement receptor . Examination of FBC rosettes revealed that the adherent complement-coated bacteria were usually partially surrounded by pseudopodal extensions of the PTA lymphocyte . In addition, some PTA lymphocytes phagocytized the complement-coated bacteria but not the complement-inactivated bacteria . These phagocytic cells were placed in the lymphocytic series instead of the monocytic series by virtue of complete lack of endogenous peroxidase activity.

S Afr Med J, 1980 May 10, 57(19), 793 - 5
Localized granulomatous mastitis--an unusual presentaton of typhoid: A case report; Campbell FC et al.; A 32-year-old Black woman had a localized granulomatous mastitis . The lesion formed a discrete mass and had the clinical and radiological features of mammary carcinoma . Salmonella typhi was cultured from the lesion and also from the affected breast after excision . A rising Widal titre was demonstrated.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1980 May-Jun, 131(3), 291 - 6
Five new Salmonella serovars of subgenera I, II and III, and three serological variants; Aleksic S et al.; Description of five new serovars of Salmonella subgenera I, II and III and of three serological variants, which have been isolated from stool specimens, intestinal content of reptiles and foodstuff: S . thayngen 1,4,12,27:Z41:1,(2),5; S . potosi 6,14:Z36:1,5; S . jalisco 11:y:1,7; S . ohlstedt var . 15+ 3,15:y:e,n,x; S . II 6,7:z:z39; S., II constantia var . monophasic 17:l,w:-; S . III arizonae 47:r:1,5,7; S . III arizonae var . triphasic 57:c:z:z60.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1980 May-Jun, 131(3), 265 - 70
{Characterization of R plasmids in "Salmonella typhi" and "S . paratyphi B" from Algeria (author's transl)}; Akache W et al.; The distribution of R plasmids in six drug-resistant Salmonella typhi strains and four S . paratyphi B strains isolated from human in Algeria was studied . All strains but one S . typhi harbored one conjugative R plasmid . Plasmids belonging to the incompatibility groups FIme, B, W or P were found in the S . typhi strains and those belonging to groups FIme or B were found in the S . paratyphi B strains . The epidemiological surveillance of R plasmids shows that the drug resistance of these strains is not the result of the epidemic spread of particular strains of Salmonella.

Ann Immunol (Paris), 1980 May-Jun, 131C(3), 289 - 309
Cycling in the idiotypical proliferative response of peripheral blood lymphocytes in normal and Salmonella typhi-immunized rabbits; Seto A; A partially inbred rabbit was immunized with repeated intravenous administrations of Salmonella typhi during a two year period, and three antiidiotypic sera were prepared against anti-S . typhi antibodies . An idiotype which was detectable by a heterologous precipitation reaction with one of the antiidiotypic sera and which was associated with anti-S . typhi antibodies was found using a radiobinding inhibition test in the normal serum from all rabbits examined in the colony, but not in any of unrelated rabbits . Peripheral blood lymphocytes from the idiotypic proband rabbit showed a cycling in the proliferative response with all the three antiidiotypic sera . The response with two of the three antisera subsided following repeated immunizations, with concomitant decline in the idiotype level in the serum, whereas the response with other serum was observed even after the lapse of 6 months after the repeated immunizations, the idiotype persisting in the serum . Peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal rabbits of the colony also showed a fluctuation in the proliferative response with the antiserum against the cross-reactive idiotype and expressed at intervals a suppressive activity on the proliferative response when mix-cultured with the responding lymphocytes in the presence of the antiidiotypic serum.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1980 May-Jun, 131(3), 315 - 9
{Rapid detection and identification of plasmids belonging to the H incompatibility group and infecting epidemic strains of "Salmonella typhi-murium" (author's transl)}; Pohl P et al.; Among 150 strains of Salmonella of various serotypes and from different origins, 64 are resistant to K2TeO3 10(-4) M . In these strains Te resistance always coded by R plasmids which are members of the H incompatibility group . This type of plasmids are very easy to detect and to identify . We suggest that resistance to Te should be examined routinely for Salmonella.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1980 May, (5), 97 - 9
{Dissemination of Bdellovibrio acteriovorus in animals and their interaction with the agents of acute intestinal infections}; Ibragimov FKh; Cows, horses, pigs and ducks have been found to contain Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus in their intestine and to constantly excrete them with feces into the environment . These microorganisms have not been detected in the feces of man, white mice, frogs and fish . Bdellovibrio, if introduced together with Shigella or after them, prevent the development of keratoconjunctivitis in some of the rabbits . No manifestations of the lytic activity of Bdellovibrio in relation to Salmonella and Vibrio cholerae have been observed in the intestine of white mice and young rabbits.

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 May, 11(5), 441 - 4
Biochemical and cultural characteristics of invasive Escherichia coli; Silva RM et al.; The biochemical characteristics of 97 invasive Escherichia coli strains of different O serogroups were studied . Considered as a group, the behavior of the strains was quite variable . However, none of them decarboxylated lysine and all but seven strains, belonging to the O124 serogroup, were nonmotile . The growth of 25 strains obtained on MacConkey, salmonella-shigella, xylose-lysine-desoxycholate, and Hektoen enteric agars was compared . MacConkey and Hektoen enteric agars yielded the highest average growth for these strains, whereas salmonella-shigella agar had the lowest average counts.

Am J Vet Res, 1980 May, 41(5), 809 - 11
In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonellae from animals in Louisiana; Cox HU; A total of 56 Salmonella isolates from animals were tested for susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial agents by the standard disk diffusion and mirodilution methods . All isolates were susceptible to gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, chloramphenicol, crimethoprim and sulfonamide, colistin, and nitrofurantoin . Isolates were most frequently resistant to tetracycline (50%) and kanamycin (36%) . A low prevalence of resistance to ampicillin (16%), carbenicillin (16%), and cephalothin (4%) was found . The differences in susceptibility results between the two methods were minor.

Mutat Res, 1980 May, 75(3), 243 - 77
A review of the genetic effects of naturally occurring flavonoids, anthraquinones and related compounds; Brown JP; Two classes of common phenolic plant pigments, the anthraquinones and the flavonols, contain many members mutagenic in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay . Several reports on the mutagenicity or other genetic or "carcinogenic" effects of these compounds have appeared in the literature or have been presented at various scientific meetings . The object of this review paper is to assess the present state of knowledge with respect to the genetic toxicity of these agents and their dietary intake and metabolic fate in man . Such information is necessary for formulating an assessment of genetic or carcinogenic risk to man posed by these agents.

Farmaco {Sci}, 1980 May, 35(5), 357 - 65
A bacterial test in liquid culture for the detection of mutagenic activity of antibacterial compounds: studies with cephalosporine HR 756; Mazza G et al.; A detailed procedure for the short term evaluation of mutagenic activity in the Salmonella assay in liquid cultures is given for Cephalosporine HR 756 . The essential steps of the test are: a) determination of absence of interference of the pKM101 plasmid present in the bacterial tester strains, b) determination of the doses of the antibiotic required to obtain a limited killing, c) introduction of appropriate controls with known mutagenic compounds active in the presence and in the absence of metabolic activation, d) segregation of mutants . Following this procedure we have determined the absence of any mutagenic activity in the liquid assay of Cephalosporine HR 756.

Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper, 1980 Apr 30, 56(8), 816 - 20
{Mutagenicity of alkylnitrites in the Salmonella test}; Quinto I; It has been shown that five alkylnitrites are mutagens by the Salmonella/microsome assay . n-Propyl-, n-butyl, iso-butyl and amyl-nitrite are direct mutagens on TA 1535; sec-butyl-nitrite is mutagen on TA 1535 only following metabolic activation by Aroclor-induced rat liver homogenate . Because of the known correlation between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, we believe that amyl-nitrite and iso-butyl-nitrite, which are used as human drugs, should be tested for carcinogenicity in animals; in the meanwhile, their use should be allowed only in emergencies.

Br Med J, 1980 Apr 19, 280(6221), 1065 - 6
Epidemic spread of Salmonella hadar in England and Wales; Rowe B et al.; Salmonella hadar is now the second commonest serotype isolated from cases of food poisoning in England and Wales . Turkeys are the main reservoir of the organism and there is an urgent need to eradicate it from the breeding stocks; though this would be expensive, the cost must be balanced against the cost of treating the human disease.

Lancet, 1980 Apr 12, 1(8172), 787 - 91
Intraventricular gentamicin therapy in gram-negative bacillary meningitis of infancy . Report of the Second Neonatal Meningitis Cooperative Study Group; McCracken GH Jr et al.; In a multicentre controlled trial in the U.S.A . and Latin America 52 infants with meningitis and ventriculitis were randomly assigned to receive either systemic ampicillin and gentamicin or intraventricular gentamicin plus systemic antimicrobial agents . The aetiological agents most often encountered were Escherichia coli in the U.S . infants and Salmonella spp . in Latin American infants . Infants receiving systemic antibiotics plus intraventricular gentamicin had a significantly higher mortality rate (42.9%) than those who received systemic therapy only (12.5%) . Duration of positive CSF cultures and morbidity rates were not significantly different in the two treatment groups . The concentrations of gentamicin in ventricular and lumbar CSF 1--6 h after an intraventricular dose of 2.5 mg gentamicin were 10--130 microgram/ml and 8--85 microgram/ml, respectively . The study was terminated early because of the higher mortality rate in the intraventricular-therapy group . Intraventricular gentamicin should not be used as routine treatment for neonatal meningitis caused by gram-negative enteric bacilli.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1980 Apr, 14(2), 117 - 9
{Diagnosis of some yeasts in Metschnikowia genus with the aid of Salmonella cholerae-suis O agglutinating serum (author's transl)}; Aksoycan N; In this paper a common antigenic factor among Salmonella choleraesuis 0 antigen and standard Metschnikowia bicuspidata var . bicuspidata and M . pulcherrima strains is shown . This common factor was not present in M . bicuspidata var . australis, M . bicuspidata var . california, M . krissii and M . reukaufii strains . M . bicuspidata var . chathamia and M . zobellii showed agglutination in the previous experiments . According to these results, the use of S . choleraesuis 0:6,7 agglutinating serum for slide and tube agglutination tests can be a diagnostic aid for typing above mentioned Metschnikowia strains along with the other tests.

Scott Med J, 1980 Apr, 25(2), 129 - 30
Flaccid quadriparesis due to Salmonella enteritis; Reid AC et al.; A case of profound myopathy due to electrolyte disturbances secondary to salmonella enteritis is reported . The relationship between hypomagnesaemia, hypocalcaemia and parathyroid hormone secretion is also demonstrated.

Am J Vet Res, 1980 Apr, 41(4), 463 - 8
Increased susceptibility of lead-exposed swine to Salmonella choleraesuis var kunzendorf; Lassen ED et al.; The effect of oral subclinical lead exposure on the susceptibility of swine to Salmonella choleraesuis var kunzendorf was studied in two experiments . In experiment 1, 18 pigs were exposed to lead acetate and 18 pigs were exposed to sodium acetate for 1, 2, or 3 weeks and then challenge exposed intraperitoneally . In experiment 2, 8 pigs were exposed to lead chloride for 2 weeks, 8 pigs were exposed to lead chloride for 1 week, and 8 pigs were exposed to sodium chloride for 2 weeks . These pigs were then challenge exposed orally . Only one pig (sodium acetate-exposed) died during experiment 1, but clinical signs were more severe in sodium acetate-exposed than in lead acetate-exposed animals . In experiment 2, 93.6% of the lead-exposed pigs died, whereas control pigs had 50.0% mortality . In experiment 2, clinical signs were more severe in lead-exposed pigs, and bacteria were more widespread in the tissues of these animals . Significant reductions of beta- or gamma-globulin concentrations or of agglutinating antibody titers were not observed in lead-exposed pigs in either of the trials . Possible mechanisms of the increased susceptibility in lead-exposed pigs of experiment 2 are discussed.

Poult Sci, 1980 Apr, 59(4), 726 - 30
Potassium sorbate dip as a method of extending shelf life and inhibiting the growth of Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus on fresh, whole broilers; To EC et al.; In two separate plant studies, the refrigerated shelf life of fresh whole broilers at 3 C was extended by dipping freshly chilled carcasses in a 5% (w/w) solution of potassium sorbate for 1 min . After 7 days, control birds had odor and slime formation and psychrotrophic counts of greater than 10(7)/cm2 . Sorbate treated birds showed no spoilage until the 14th or 15th days . Dipping in sorbate also reduced the growth of Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus inoculated onto the broiler carcasses . This study confirmed earlier findings that sorbate is effective in controlling growth of spoilage organisms associated with fresh poultry.

J Hyg (Lond), 1980 Apr, 84(2), 203 - 11
A survey of Plesiomonas shigelloides from aquatic environments, domestic animals, pets and humans; Arai T et al.; We conducted a survey during the period from 1974 to 1976, to determine the distribution of Plesiomonas shigelloides in human faeces, the intestinal contents of cattle, swine, poultry, dogs, cats, fresh water fish, and river water and sludge from wet riverbeds in the vicinity of Tokyo . Isolation of the organisms was performed by using Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar and deoxycholate-hydrogensulphide-lactose (DHL) agar plates . P . shigelloides was isolated from 3 (0.0078%) of 38454 healthy Tokyoites, 37 (3.8%) of 967 dogs, 40 (10.3%) of 389 cats, 25 (10.2%) of 246 fresh water fish, 64 (12;8%) of 497 river water samples, and 2 of 19 (10.5%) sludge samples . Of 302 strains isolated, from dogs, cats, fresh water fish, river water and healthy carriers, 196 were typed to 50 serovars . Most of the serovars were found to be similar to strains isolated from patients with gastroenteritis due to P . shigelloides.

J Dairy Sci, 1980 Apr, 63(4), 523 - 5
Effect of ambient environments on survival of selected bacterial populations in dairy waste solids; Bishop JR et al.; Survival of potentially pathogenic organisms, especially those causing mastitis, indigenous to dairy waste solids was measured over an exposure of 12 days . Selected genera of bacteria were Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, and Escherichia . Random samples were taken from four locations within each pile of dairy waste solids at 4-day intervals in four replicates . The number of streptococci and salmonella markedly decreased after the first 4 days . The pseudomonas and coliform populations decreased a small but significant amount as did the staphylococci . These results could be in part from various factors such as solar radiation, heavy metals in the solids, or the approximate 45 C increase in temperature within the piles.

Mutat Res, 1980 Apr, 77(4), 349 - 55
Mutagenicity of sulphonylureas; Renner HW et al.; The 11 derivatives of beta-cytotropic sulphonylureas commonly used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus were tested in vivo in the highly sensitive sister-chromatid exchange test . Chlorpropamide and tolbutamide gave a positive reaction with a clear dose-response in Chinese hamsters and mice . The two compounds gave a mutagenic response neither in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test (with and without microsomal activation) nor in the chromosomal aberration test . In the micronucleus test, chlorpropamide was positive in 3 strains of mouse, tolbutamide in one strain . In Chinese hamsters and in rats the micronucleus test was negative with both compounds.

Mutat Res, 1980 Apr, 77(4), 327 - 39
Adaptation of the salmonella/mammalian microsome test to the determination of the mutagenic properties of mineral oils; Hermann M et al.; Two techniques allowing the determination of the mutagenicity of lipophilic compounds such as mineral oils with the Ames test have been developed by using benzo{a}pyrene (BP) dissolved in white oil as a synthetic reference oil . The first technique involves prior extraction of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with dimethyl sulfoxide . In the second method, which proved simpler and of more general use, the compounds to be tested are directly dispersed in aqueous medium with Tween 80 . The use of these techniques made possible the study of mutagenicity of various kinds of mineral oil . Mutagenic activity was found in used crankcase oils, and also in petroleum distillates but much less in solvent-refined oils . A good correlation was observed between mutagenic activity and PAH content but not BP content of oils . Because of their peculiar response to the test, petroleum distillates were studied in more detail . When added in low amounts to pure PAH compounds such as BP, they enhanced its mutagenic activity (enhancement) . When added in higher amounts, on the contrary, these oils completely inhibited BP mutagenic activity (inhibition effect) . Both effects correlated well with the PAH content and the mutagenic activity of the petroleum distillates tested . These results explain the abnormal dose-response curves curves obtained with these petroleum distillates and the negative results regarding their mutagenic activity reported in earlier studies . A likely explanation is discussed for the enhancement and inhibition effects.

Mutat Res, 1980 Apr, 77(4), 307 - 15
Effect of human gastric juice on the mutagenicity of chemicals; De Flora S et al.; 10 mutagens were assayed in the Salmonella test after a pre-incubation step with human gastric juice . Such treatment affected the activity of 4 compounds, with different mechanisms, either in the sense of deactivation (sodium azide and sodium dichromate), of stabilization (captan), or even of potentiation (ICR-170) . Conversely, the mutagenicity of other compounds (folpet, sodium nitrite, ICR-191, nitrofurantoin and a related drug) was unchanged . The stability of 2 carcinogens requiring metabolic activation, namely benzo{a}pyrene and aflatoxin B1, provided evidence that pre-incubation of compounds with gastric juice is compatible with the subsequent addition of liver post-mitochondrial preparations, thus reproducing in vitro 2 consecutive metabolic steps occurring in the organism . These findings lead us to report an improved correlation between assays in vivo and in vitro, in particular by explaining the lack of carcinogenicity of some mutagens introduced orally or by gastric intubation . Therefore, the Salmonella/gastric juice test is proposed as an additional assay for predicting the potential health hazards of chemicals.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1980 Apr, 40(1), 8 - 15
Interactive effect of Gm allotypes and HLA-B locus antigens on the human antibody response to a bacterial antigen; Whittingham S et al.; Two hundred healthy adults were immunized with 1 microgram of the bacterial antigen monomeric flagellin from Salmonella adelaide, and grouped as responders and non-responders on the basis of a rise in titre of antibody 2 weeks after immunization . Immunoglobulin allotypes G1m(a), G1m(z) and G3m(g) were more frequent among responders who made immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibody (P less than 0.02), and HLA-B12 was more frequent among responders who made IgM antibody (P less than 0.05) . The mean log titre of IgG antibody was higher in females (P less than 0.001), in subjects with T1m(a), G1m(z) and G3m(g) allotypes (P less than 0.05), and in Gm heterozygotes (P less than 0.01) . The mean log titre of the IgG antibody response in subjects with particular Gm phenotypes was also dependent on the HLA-B locus phenotypes HLA-B7, B8 and B12 (P less than 0.005); for example, among those with the phenotype Gm(a-x-b) subjects with HLA-B7 were low responders and those with HLA-B8 were high responders . These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that there are immune response genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) which interact with Gm-linked genes in determining levels of serum antibodies of different isotypes and specificities.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1980 Apr, 89(4), 468 - 70
{Effect of plasmid pKM101 on the mutability of salmonella strains exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons}; Abdukhalykova GF et al.; The carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been shown to induce frameshift mutations rather than base-pair substitutions in Ames test strains devoid of pKM101 plasmid . This plasmid enhances the frequency of induced frameshift mutations and mediates the induction of base-pair substitutions during the action of these carcinogens . No correlation was observed between the degree of mutagenesis induced in plasmid-containing and in plasmid-free strains by the test agents and their reported carcinogenic activity.

Carcinogenesis, 1980 Apr, 1(4), 363 - 6
The effect of solvents upon the yield of revertants in the Salmonella/activation mutagenicity assay; Anderson D et al.; The effects of dimethylsulphoxide and acetone have been investigated in the Salmonella/activation mutagenicity assay using 2-aminoanthracene and benzo(a)pyrene as test compounds . Varying mutagenic responses were found with the solvents mutagenic responses were found with the solvents after treatment of the bacteria with 2-aminoanthracene . This was observed in two laboratories . Differences were not as evident after treatment with benzo(a)pyrene . In addition, different amounts of dimethylsulphoxide were used to dissolve amounts of dimethylsulphoxide were used to dissolve 2-aminoanthracene and varying mutagenic responses were obtained . These observations suggest that the choice and amount of solvent for individual test compounds may be critical in terms of determining a mutagenic response.

JAMA, 1980 Mar 28, 243(12), 1247 - 9
Turtle-associated salmonellosis in the United States . Effect of Public Health Action, 1970 to 1976; Cohen ML et al.; We examined the effect of state and federal legislative actions on the incidence of human salmonellosis associated with pet turtles . Using the Salmonella Surveillance System of the Center for Disease Control, we identified Salmonella serotypes that were and were not specifically turtle associated . From 1970 to 1976, there was a 77% reduction in frequency of turtle-associated serotypes and no consistent trend among non-turtle-associated serotypes . Decrease in frequency of turtle-associated serotypes correlated best with decrease in total production of pet turtles . Reduction in turtle-associated sertotypes temporally correlated with an 18% reduction in frequency of salmonellosis in children, aged 1 to 9 years . Frequency of turtle-associated serotypes rapidly fell in states importing turtles, in contrast to states producing them . Continued although infrequent occurrence of salmonellosis in children with pet turtles counsels against relaxing legislation concerned with its control.

Br Med J, 1980 Mar 22, 280(6217), 815 - 8
Veterinary surgeons as vectors of Salmonella dublin; Williams E; Salmonella dublin is an important bovine pathogen, causing dysentery, abortion, and death from septicaemia . S dublin dermatitis, a little-recognised occupational hazard for veterinary surgeons, does not cause serious disability or inconvenience . During a survey of brucellosis in south-west Wales four cases of S dublin dermatitis were seen in veterinary surgeons . One surgeon was reinfected three years later . On all five occasions the veterinary surgeons had not worn or had discarded polyethylene gloves . An apparently healthy cow may serve as a latent carrier of S dublin . Thus when disease starts in a closed, protected herd reactivation of infection within the herd is usually blamed and its introduction by extraneous agents considered to be unlikely . Veterinary surgeons should be regarded as potential vectors of S dublin.

Res Vet Sci, 1980 Mar, 28(2), 250 - 3
Effects of Fasciola hepatica infection on responses of rats to reinfection with Salmonella dublin; Aitken MM et al.; The survival rate of rats given potentially lethal doses of 7.6 X 10(8) to 10(9) Salmonella dublin intraperitoneally was enhanced in those which had been infected six weeks previously with 10(2) S dublin by the same route . Fasciola hepatica given six weeks before or one week after 10(2) S dublin did not alter the survival rate of rats reinfected with S dublin . However high levels (10(4) to 10(6) per g) of S dublin persisted in the tissues and faeces of fluke-infected but not of fluke-free rats . Agglutinating antibody responses to S dublin were unimpaired in fluke-infected rats but cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions were slightly reduced . the humoral agglutinating antibody response may be important for survival of the host but other responses may be necessary for elimination of S dublin from the tissues.

Res Vet Sci, 1980 Mar, 28(2), 238 - 41
Isolation of Salmonella from mesenteric lymph nodes of healthy cattle at slaughter; Samuel JL et al.; Salmonella was sought in 100 normal, slaughtered cattle, most of which had been held for at least four days before slaughter . The organism was isolated from 76 cattle: from the rumen contents of 62, the ruminal lymph nodes of two and the mesenteric lymph nodes of 54 . The mesenteric nodes of 35 of the cattle yielded salmonellae by direct plating; plate counts indicated that some nodes contained over 2500 organisms per gram . S typhimurium was the most prevalent serotype in the mesenteric nodes but not in the rumen; up to seven serotypes were isolated from one animal . In animals which have travelled or been held for several days before slaughter, the mesenteric lymph nodes may be a source of contamination for meat and edible offal in the abattoir.

Res Vet Sci, 1980 Mar, 28(2), 212 - 6
An evaluation of the microantiglobulin test in monitoring experimental Salmonella group C infections in chickens; Thain JA; Two groups of chickens were each infected with a common C group Salmonella species--one with S montevideo, the other with S hadar . Serological monitoring of each group was carried out using the microantiglobulin test and this was found to compare favourably with bacteriological monitoring for detecting salmonella-positive birds . It was concluded that the response of an individual bird to a salmonella infection could fall into one of four categories . On exposure to a salmonella infection a bird could remain serologically and culturally negative, or, alternatively, it might develop significant antibodies and also become an excreter of the organism . Some birds developed antibodies but salmonellae were never recovered from cloacal swabs or post mortem; others excreted organisms but remained negative on serological testing throughout the period of the experiment . The overall response of a group of infected chickens might also be influenced by the particular salmonella species and strain involved.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1980 Mar, 11(1), 48 - 54
Salmonella surveillance in Guam; Haddock RL et al.; A high incidence of human Salmonella infections (66/100,000 population for 1978) is reported for the island of Guam in Micronesia . S . waycross, a relatively rare serotype in other areas of the world and first isolated on Guam in 1974, accounted for 39% of all serotyped isolates from human cases in 1978 . The possibility of this organism being introduced in imported products is discussed.

Arch Dis Child, 1980 Mar, 55(3), 175 - 84
Salmonella osteomyelitis in childhood . A report of 63 cases seen in Nigerian children of whom 57 had sickle cell anaemia; Adeyokunnu AA et al.; A review of 63 Nigerian children with salmonella osteomyelitis showed that in all but 2 of them the disease occurred in association with HbS either in the homozygous state (57 patients) or in heterozygous combination with other haemoglobins (4 patients) . Osteomyelitis was most prevalent during the first 2 years of life, and boys were more often affected than girls . In the majority, multiple sites were involved and lesions were usually bilateral and often symmetrical . Salmonella sp . was isolated from blood or pus, or both, in all patients . In some patients additional pathogens were also isolated from blood or pus . Clinical presentation was variable . In many patients the illness was slight and they were treated entirely as outpatients, but serious toxaemia, severe bone lesions with pathological fractures, and chronic suppuration occurred in others . Most patients responded well to chloramphenicol and conservative management . There were 4 deaths . 17 patients recovered with sequelae . It is suggested that the peculiar susceptibility of patients with sickle cell anaemia to salmonella osteomyelitis is due to spread of salmonella from the intestine facilitated by devitalisation of gut caused by intravascular sickling, and that infarcts in bone became infected either by transient bacteraemia or by activation of dormant foci of salmonella in bone marrow when tissues are devitalised . It is further suggested that immunological defects in sicklers may impair host response to infection, while haemolysis and hepatic dysfunction, both of which occur in sickle cell anaemia, favour propagation of salmonellae.

J Clin Microbiol . 1980 Mar;11(3):292.
New Salmonella serovar, Salmonella eingedi {61,62,7:f,g,t:1,(2),7}; Cahan D et al.; A new Salmonella serovar, Salmonella eingedi, was isolated from the intestinal content of a snake, Coluber rhodorhachis, and later also from the diarrheal stools of two children.

Br J Dermatol, 1980 Mar, 102(3), 339 - 40
Salmonella gastroenteritis--another cause of erythema nodosum; Scott BB; Although there are many causes and associations of erythema nodosum, it remains a useful sign often giving a clue to the diagnosis of a puzzling illness . It is therefore important for clinicians to be aware of all the possible causes and associations . The following report is of a patient in whom typical erythema nodosum developed during the course of severe salmonella gastroenteritis.

J Nutr, 1980 Mar, 110(3), 433 - 6
Influence of time of exposure to high levels of minerals on the susceptibility of chicks to Salmonella gallinarum; Hill CH; Mercury, 500 ppm; cadmium, 100 ppm; vanadium, 25 ppm; copper, 1,000 ppm; or selenium, 20 ppm were fed to chicks for various times before and after inoculation with S . gallinarum . These levels have been found to be toxic to chicks as indicated by reduced growth . When the feeding of the elements was discontinued at the time of inoculation, early mortality was increased but the effects tended to diminish as the experiment progressed . The elements had no effect on mortality if the feeding was discontinued 1 week before inoculation . When the elements were fed starting at the time of inoculation, both early (1 week post inoculation) and final mortality were increased . Delaying the administration of the elements for 2 days after inoculation resulted in no effect on mortality 1 week after inoculation but there were increases in final mortality when mercury, cadmium or selenium were fed.

S Afr Med J, 1980 Mar 1, 57(9), 325 - 9
Typhoid fever: A report on a point-source outbreak of 69 cases in Cape Town; Popkiss ME; In 1978, after a party in a Cape Town suburb attended by several hundred people, 69 persons were treated for typhoid fever . The precise source of the infection could not be traced, although it is reasonable to suppose that food eaten at the party had been contaminated by the main caterer . All 57 cultures of Salmonella typhi phage-typed were of phage type 46, including that obtained from the stool of the main caterer, who was asymptomatic . An epidemiological profile of the cases and an account of the management of the outbreak is given . There were no deaths and no patient became a carrier . Although the outbreak was contained, certain problems relating thereto are aired, including in particular the potential hazard of food-borne disease wherever housing and environmental standards are low.

Int Surg, 1980 Mar-Apr, 65(2), 183 - 6
Salmonella septic abortion; Sengupta BS et al.; Two cases of salmonella septic abortion are reported as unusual focal manifestations of salmonellosis . The possible route of infection and the guidelines for its management are discussed.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1980 Mar, 11(1), 40 - 2
Maternal carrier rates of potentially pathogenic organisms in Bangkok, Thailand; Scott RM et al.; One hundred and four healthy women delivering infants at the Royal Thai Army Hospital, Bangkok, were sampled by rectal swab for the laboratory isolation and identification of enteric bacteria of medical importance . Seventeen percent of these women had significant isolates as Salmonella, Shigella and Vibrio species . Serotypically enteropathogenic Escherichia coli were also identified in 31% of the mothers.

Mutat Res, 1980 Mar, 77(3), 215 - 9
Mutagenicity of several pancreatic carcinogenic derivatives of N-nitrosodipropylamine in the Ames assay; Wislocki P et al.; The mutagenic activity of several N-nitrosamines related to the potent hamster pancreatic carcinogen N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) has been investigated using the Ames Salmonella/microsomal mutagenicity test system . S9 from the livers of phenobarbital-pretreated hamsters was the source of activating enzyme, and strain TA1530 was the indicator organism . Mutagenicity assays of BOP, N-nitroso(2-hydroxypropyl)(2-oxopropyl)amine (HPOP), N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP), N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylmorpholine (NDMM) and N-nitrosomorpholine (NM) indicate that only HPOP was strongly mutagenic in the absence of the hamster-liver preparation . In the presence of this activation system, NDMM was the most mutagenic, and cis NDMM was 2-3 times more mutagenic than the trans isomer of this compound . BOP and BHP were considerably less mutagenic than HPOP.

J Dairy Sci, 1980 Mar, 63(3), 358 - 61
Application of mutagenicity test for milk; Green M et al.; Mutagenic activity in milk and milk products was tested by the Salmonella mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test (Ames test) . Salmonella mutants susceptible to base-pair substitution and frame-shift mutagens gave positive results with heat-sterilized milk, particularly after activation by the S-9 fraction of microsomes . Maximum increase of His+ revertants was more than twice the spontaneous increase . The chemical specification of the mutagenic activity was not yet defined, but it was present in the chloroform extract of milk.

Cancer Lett, 1980 Mar, 9(1), 21 - 33
Norharman and ellipticine: a comparison of their albilities to interact with DNA in vitro; Ashby J et al.; The anti-tumor agent ellipticine has been compared in vitro with the bacterial co-mutagen norharman, a compound which it resembles superfically in chemical structure . Ellipticine was shown to stabilize the structure of double stranded calf-thymus DNA, to induce mutations in strain TA153 of Salmonella tryhimurium and to cause BHK cells to transform . Further, the major absorbance in its visible spectrum underwent a red shift of approximately 40 nm in the presence of native DNA . It is concluded that ellipticine intercalates with dna, and from this, that its action as an anti-tumor agent may, as has been previously suggested, be dependent upon this property . In contrast, norharman, a chemical suspected initially of being an intercalating agent, failed to stabilize the structure of DNA, was non-mutagenic to the same strain of S . typhimurium and was inactive as cell-transforming agent . In addition, its visible spectrum was not affected by the presence of DNA . The last observation is contrary to the conclusion of other workers, and an explanation of this difference is given . It is concluded that norharman is not capable of intercalating with DNA, and consequently, its mode of action as a co-mutagen is probably dependent upon its ability to inhibit certain mixed-function oxidase enzymes present in the liver activation system employed with in vitro mutagenicity assays.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1980 Mar, 49(3), 219 - 20
Salmonella typhi facial infection . Report of case; Birnbaum M et al.; The following case report describes the evaluation, assessment, and treatment of a facial infection due to Salmonella typhi, caused by bites from the family's pet dog . The causative agent and the mode of transmission are unique in that there are no reported cases of this nature in the literature at this time.

Am J Med, 1980 Mar, 68(3), 395 - 400
Cardiac aneurysm complicated by Salmonella abscess . A clinicopathologic correlation in two patients; Kortleve JW et al.; Two patients have been documented in whom a preexisting left ventricular aneurysm became complicated by myocardial abscess . Presumptive clinical diagnoses of infected pulmonary infarction and recurrent myocardial infarction were made . In each instance the abscess was revealed at necropsy . Histologic studies suggested that the abscess had occurred through direct spread from an infectious mural endocarditis . This mechanism could be related to the nature of the inner coating, which in both instances revealed evidence of organizing thrombosis with incorporation into the wall of the aneurysms . The observations reemphasize the need to consider the possibility of an infectious cardiac complication in every patient who presents with puzzling and nondiagnostic symptoms but in whom signs of an infectious process are present.

Cancer Res, 1980 Mar, 40(3), 655 - 61
Evaluation of metabolic activation of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in vitro by aroclor 1254-induced rat liver S-9 fraction; Bigger CA et al.; Short-term assays for detection of chemical carcinogens frequently rely on an Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver S-9 fraction for metabolic activation of test compounds . The ability of this in vitro system to reproduce the activation occurring in target tissue was investigated by examining the DNA adducts produced when the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogen, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), was incubated with the S-9 fraction and calf thymus DNA . Analyses by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography of hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside adducts obtained after enzymic digestion of the {3H}DMBA-modified DNA revealed that the products of binding of DMBA to DNA in the presence of the S-9 fraction vary with the relative concentration of DMBA to S-9 fraction . Further analyses of these adducts by high-pressure liquid chromatography in the presence of the diol-epoxide-DNA adduct (isolated from mouse embryo cells exposed to {14C}DMBA) and chemically synthesized ultraviolet-absorbing markers of DMBA 5,6-oxide-deoxyribonucleoside adducts showed that, at high DMBA-S-9 ratios, DMBA 5,6-oxide-deoxyriboiucleoside adducts were prominent among the products while, at low DMBA-S-9 ratios, the products included the diol-epoxide-DNA adduct found in target tissue . However, this adduct was always accompanied by other adducts not found in intact cellular systems . Inclusion of a metabolic inhibitor (1,1,1-trichloropropylene oxide) in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay demonstrated that high levels of revertants can be obtained from rat liver S-9 fraction-activated DMBA under conditions which should prohibit formation of the diol-epoxide . These results suggest that Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver S-9 fraction does not exactly reproduce the metabolic activation of this particular carcinogen in vivo and therefore should not be assumed to do this for other carcinogens.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980 Mar, 246(2), 184 - 90
Why are the killed S . typhi vaccines ineffective; Barber C; The mosaic of proteins synthesized by S . typhi, S . enteritidis and E . coli, induced in immunized rabbits corresponding antibodies that precipitated almost indiscriminately numerous heterologous antigens . Antibodies induced against eventual specific antigens could not be identified unless the sera were absorbed with heterologous proteins . The comparative immunochemical analysis of the total and absorbed sera proved that the proteins from E . coli are mixed with proteins sharing Salmonella specificities while E . coli proteins are present in the mixtures of proteins isolated from S . enteritidis and S . typhi . The absorption of anti S . typhi sera with proteins from different E . coli serotypes, removed a large amount of antibodies, leaving free for reaction those induced against Salmonellae common proteins . The absorption of the anti S . typhi sera with proteins from S . enteritidis eliminated the totality of preciptating antibodies meaning that no specific antibody was induced in the sera of animals immunized with S . typhi proteins . In contrast, the S . enteritidis proteins induced antibodies against a specific S . enteritidis protein, in addition to numerous heterologous determinants; the existence of the specific antibody was evident in all the absorbed sera, notwithstanding the eventual relationship with the heterologous absorbing proteins . Absorptions of the antisera to proteins from E . coli with proteins from either S . typhi or S . enteritidis removed the antibodies induced against the absorbing proteins leaving free for reactions antibodies for the specific E . coli proteins . As the behaviour in vivo of the human pathogen is quite different form that of E . coli or S . enteritidis, the absence of a specific antigen in the material synthesized by S . typhi grown on artificial media provides an explanation for the inefficacy of vaccinations with killed S . typhi.

Rev Infect Dis, 1980 Mar-Apr, 2(2), 153 - 68
Treatment failures secondary to in vivo development of drug resistance by microorganisms; Sugarman B et al.; In two patients development of resistance to antibiotics by initially sensitive infecting organisms was associated with relapse or persistence of active infection . The first patient developed Staphylococcus epidermidis resistant to chloramphenicol during therapy with this agent for an infection that followed a cerebrospinal fluid shunt, and the second patient developed bacteremia due to ampicillin-resistant Salmonella during therapy with ampicillin . Treatment failure resulting from in vivo development of resistance to antimicrobial agents has been described for most of the major classes of antiinfective drugs and for numerous microorganisms . Although in many of these instances reinfection with a resistant organism cannot be excluded, there are many examples of apparent mutation or initial infection with both sensitive and resistant bacterial populations that is followed by selective multiplication of the resistant population or acquisition of resistance by an initially sensitive infecting organism . This phenomenon can be a cause of treatment failure and has appeared in patients in whom, by available tests, drug levels were found adequate . Isolation days after the institution of antimicrobial therapy of what appears to be the same organism as was initially recovered should prompt repeated sensitivity tests, at least to the agents being administered, if the patient's clinical course has not been one of satisfactory improvement.

Arch Dis Child, 1980 Mar, 55(3), 185 - 8
Micro-organisms in outpatient infantile gastroenteritis; Weindling AM et al.; This study reports the results of an examination of the stools of 58 infants with gastroenteritis who were seen as outpatients . The stools were examined by routine bacterial culture, and by electron microscopy for virus particles . The stools of a comparable control group of infants who had no gastrointestinal symptoms were also similarly examined . Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., and rotaviruses, as well as other viruses, particularly adenoviruses and coronaviruses, were isolated.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1980 Mar, 39(3), 659 - 61
Simultaneous concentration of Salmonella and enterovirus from surface water by using micro-fiber glass filters; Rolland D et al.; A method using micro-fiber glass filters (8-micrometers porosity) at pH 3.5 was successfully used for simultaneous concentration of Salmonella and enterovirus from Meurthe River samples, collected 8 km south of Nancy, France . A concentration of 10-liter samples was indispensable and permitted recovery of several enterovirus and Salmonella serotypes in concentrations of 1.3 most probable number of cytopathogenic units per liter and 18 bacteria per liter, respectively.

Mutat Res, 1980 Mar, 77(3), 229 - 40
Detection of mutagenic activity in automobile exhaust; Ohnishi Y et al.; Using the Ames Salmonella-microsome system, we detected mutagenic activity in the exhaust from two kinds of 4-cycle gasoline engines of unregulated and regulated cars, and from diesel engines, as well as in the particulates from air collected in tunnels . The mutagenicity of particulates from a car equipped with a catalyst (regulated car), as compared with that from an unregulated car, was reduced very much (down to 500 from 4500 revertants/plate/m3 in tester strain TA98) . However, the mutagenicity of the ether-soluble acid and neutral fractions from the condensed water of emissions from a regulated car was still high (down to 2880 from 10 900 revertants/plate/m3 in tester strain TA100) . The mutagenic activity of emission exhaust from old diesel car engines was very high; the particulates showed 9140 and 19 600 revertants/plate/m3 from strain TA98 incubated with an activating rat-liver S9 fraction . A small diesel engine of the type used for the generation of electric power or in farm machinery also produced exhaust with highly mutagenic particulates . The mutagenic activity of a methanol extract of particulate air pollutants collected in a highway tunnel showed 39 revertants/plate/m3 toward strain TA98 and 87 toward strain TA100 . The ether-soluble neutral fraction yielded 86 revertants/plate/m3 from strain TA98 and 100 from strain TA100 . This fraction also contained carcinogenic compounds, including benzo{a}pyrene, benzo{e}pyrene, benz{a}anthracene, benzo{ghi}perylene and chrysene . Very high mutagenic activity was detected, especially in the particulate air pollutants collected at night, in another tunnel on a superhighway: 60-88 revertants/plate/m3 from strain TA100 for the sample collected by day, but 121-238, by night . Night traffic includes many more diesel-powered vehicles compared with gasoline-powered automobiles.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1980 Feb 15, 105(4), 139 - 45
{Salmonella's in butcher's block scrapings from butcher's shops (author's transl)}; Smit MP et al.; Samples of scrapings from butcher's blocks in butcher's shops were examined weekly for the presence of Salmonella throughout a period of twelve years (from 1967 up to and including 1978) . At the same time, a so-called hygienogram was made of each sampled butcher's shop using the agar-impression method . Of the total number of 6,874 samples studied, 279 (4.06 per cent) were positive for Salmonella . From 1967 to 1971, the proportion of contaminated samples gradually decreased from 2.14 to 0.90 per cent . This proportion increased again from 1971 to 8.50 per cent in 1976, to be followed, however, by a marked reduction to 2.96 per cent in 1978 . This undulation was also observed when meat-vans were studied by a similar method during the same period . There were only limited seasonal effects on the contamination of samples of scrapings with Salmonella . As was also the case with the study of meat-vans, the three sero-types most frequently isolated were S . typhimurium, S . panama, and S . brandenburg . These serotypes were also isolated several times from samples such as those of minced meat . It is concluded that an unmistakable route of contamination is maintained by meat-vans from the slaughter-houses to butcher's shops . Therefore, strict enforcement of hygienic procedures is indicated . In view of this fact, the supervisory and controlling duties of meat inspection services are stressed.

JAMA, 1980 Feb 8, 243(6), 546 - 7
An epidemic of resistant Salmonella in a nursery . Animal-to-human spread; Lyons RW et al.; A Salmonella heidelberg epidemic in a hospital nursery was traced to infected calves on a dairy farm where the mother of the index patient lived . The Salmonella isolates from all cases were resistant to chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline . Verification of the spread of infection from the farm animals to a hospital population is unusual and raises questions about the hazards of antibiotic animal-feed preparations that may induce infection with resistant organisms in humans.

Poult Sci, 1980 Feb, 59(2), 289 - 92
Prevalence of salmonellae on eggs from poultry farms in New York State; Baker RC et al.; The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of salmonellae on egg shells . One hundred eggs from each of 14 Central New York poultry farms were tested for salmonella contamination of the shell . The egg magma was examined in those eggs that were positive on shell culture . Only .21% or three of the egg shells yielded salmonellae, all three of which were identified as S . typhimurium . No salmonellae were found in the magma of these eggs . Feed samples from 12 farms were also negative for salmonellae . From this study it would appear that the incidence of salmonellae on eggs from Central New York poultry farms is very low.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 116(2), 315 - 22
Crossed immunoelectrophoresis and crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis of Salmonella dublin antigens; Brown GT et al.; Crossed immunoelectrophoresis and crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis were used to detect 62 antigens in extracts of sonicated Salmonella dublin against an homologous anti-serum . Comparison with six extracts of closely related bacteria showed that all but two of these antigens cross-reacted with at least one other extract.

Mutat Res, 1980 Feb, 74(1), 1 - 9
Definition of conditions for the detection of genotoxic chemicals in the adult rat-liver epithelial cell/hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (ARL/HGRPT) mutagenesis assay; Tong C et al.; Conditions for the detection of genotoxic chemicals in the adult rat-liver epithelial cell/hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (ARL/HGPRT) mutagenesis assay have been defined . These included (1) a 3-day exposure to activation-dependent carcinogens; (2) a minimum of 14 days for induced mutant expression; (3) seeding density of 1 x 10(4) cells per cm2 for selection of mutants; (4) use of 6-thioguanine and (5) acceptance of genotoxicity of test chemicals if induced mutant incidence is significantly above that of the parallel run control and beyond the 98% confidence limits of the mean of the population spontaneous mutant incidence . With this protocol, the ARL/HGPRT mutagenesis assay has the capacity to activate representative members of the mycotoxin, aminoazo dye, aromatic amine and nitrosamine-types of carcinogens . This assay, offering additional metabolic parameters through intrinsic metabolic capability and providing a reliable end-point of clear biologic significance serves as a useful supplement to the Salmonella/microsome bacterial mutagenesis assay in a battery for the detection of genotoxic chemicals.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Feb, 25(2), 107 - 9
{Effect of docecyl guanidine acetate on the in vitro activity of penicillin, streptomycin, levomycetin and chlortetracycline}; Pis'ko GT et al.; Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus and gramnegative organisms, such as E . coli, Salmonella, Sh . sonnei and Pr . morganii to penicillin, streptomycin, levomycetin and chlortetracycline, as well as their combinations with dodecylguanidine acetate, a surface active substance from the group of guanidine alkyl derivatives was studied . The activity of the penicillin combination with dodecylguanidine acetate was 16-64 times higher than that of penicillin alone against staphylococci and gramnegative bacteria respectively . Sensitivity of the gramnegative organisms to dodecylguanidine acetate combinations with levomycetin or chlortetracycline was 2-260 or 2-250 times higher respectively than that to the antibiotics alone . Sensitivity of the grampositive and gramnegative organisms to the combination of streptomycin with dodecylguanidine acetate was the same as that to streptomycin alone . Increased sensitivity of the microbes to penicillin, levomycetin and chlortetracycline in the presence of the subbacteriostatic concentrations of dodecylguanidine acetate must be associated with an increase in the antibiotic penetration into the microbes under the effect of the surface active substance.

Am J Epidemiol, 1980 Feb, 111(2), 247 - 53
Epidemic salmonellosis from cheddar cheese: surveillance and prevention; Fontaine RE et al.; On August 3, 1976, ongoing Salmonella surveillance in Colorado first detected an epidemic of Salmonella heidelberg infections that eventually totaled 339 isolates . The majority of the cases occurred between July 23 and August 12 in two widely separated cities: Denver and Pueblo . Epidemiologic investigation successively incriminated 1) recent dining at Mexican-style restaurants (p less than 0.001), 2) eating foods containing cheese in these restaurants (p = 0.029), and 3) consumption of cheddar cheese from a single shipment of a single manufacturer (p less than 0.01) . The prompt investigation enabled an embargo of 2087 kg (41%) of the contaminated cheese . S . heidelberg was isolated from seven production lots of the incriminated cheese . Surveillance and the epidemiologic investigation may have resulted in prevention of 25,000 diarrheal illnesses.

South Med J, 1980 Feb, 73(2), 269 - 70
Meningitis in typhoid fever: an unusual complication; Nevius P et al.; A case of Salmonella typhi meningitis in a 15-month-old child was manifested only by organisms in the CSF, emphasizing the need for spinal tap in children with typhoid fever . The infection responded satisfactorily to special drug therapy.

Am J Dis Child, 1980 Feb, 134(2), 147 - 52
Breast-feeding and Salmonella infection; France GL et al.; Various assays were used to examine chemotaxis, opsonization, phagocytosis, and killing of Salmonella organisms by colostral and breast-milk components . Vigorous responses of colostral a;d milk cells against this organism and nonspecific opsonizing capacity of the aqueous phase of colostrum and milk were demonstrated . An assay with acridine orange was used to directly visualize the phagocytic and killing processes; colostral and milk cells were demonstrated to be more active against Salmonella than blood neutrophils . In a retrospective survey, a diagnosis of Salmonella infection was confirmed in 253 infants less then 1 year of age . Only 12 infants had ever been breast-fed, and only one near the time he had the disease . During the same period of time, 27% of matched control infants were breast-fed.

Toxicol Lett, 1980 Feb, 5(2), 139 - 45
An evaluation of instant and regular coffee in the Ames mutagenicity test; Aeschbacher HU et al.; High concentrations of "home brew" and instant coffe induced revertants 2--3-fold the spontaneous level with the Ames Salmonella tester strain TA 100 but not with the strains TA 98, TA 1535, TA 1537 and TA 1538 . This borderline effect, which may also have been due to non-mutagenic interactions (false positives) occurred only at bacterial levels of coffees and was completely abolished in the presence of the microsomal "metabolic activation system" . Negative results were obtained in host-mediated assays when mice received up to 6 g instant coffee/kg body weight . An extrapolation in respect of possible carcinogenic risks is dubious.

Mutat Res, 1980 Feb, 77(2), 99 - 108
Mutagenic and chemical assay of extracts of airborne particulates; Tokiwa H et al.; The mutagenic activity of extracts of airborne particulates was evaluated in the Salmonella system . The mutagenicity of airborne particulates was not always correlated with the content of benzo{a}pyrene (B{a}P) in the complex mixtures, especially when the samples were collected at different sites . Large-scale fractionation of extracts of airborne particulates was used to determine the content of specific mutagenic chemicals . The neutral fraction of material soluble in cyclohexane and nitromethane contained the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds, which accounted for 27.9% of the mutagenic activity of the whole extracts . 9 kinds of PAH compound were identified quantitatively by thin-layer chromatography . They included, per 1000 m3 of air, 12.6 microgram of benzo{e}pyrene (B}e}P), 10.7 microgram of chrysene (CHRY), 10.0 MICROGRAM OF FLUORANTHENE (FL), 6.43 microgram of benzo{ghi}perylene (B{ghi}P), 5.75 microgram of benz{a}anthracene (B{a}A), 5.33 microgram of B{a}P, 3.38 microgram of pyrene (PYR), 1.83 microgram of coronene (COR), and 1.34 microgram of perylene (PERY) . Mutagenicity of the ether-soluble acidic, basic and methanol-soluble neutral fractions accounted for 10.9, 9.71 and 6.78% of the total mutagenic activity of crude extract, respectively, when assayed in strain TA98 with liver S9 fraction . The total recovery of mutagenic activity after fractionation was 58% . Two acidic fractions (weak and strong ether-soluble acids) and the methanol-soluble neutral fraction reverted strain TA98 dramatically to prototrophy in the presence of rat-lung S9 fraction more than liver . But the mutagenic chemicals in these fractions remain to be clarified . Direct mutagens were present in essentially all fractions . The particulates, which had diameters ranging from 0.3 to 1.0 micron and were able to penetrate alveoli, contained a high content of mutagens.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 116(2), 475 - 84
Studies of temperature-sensitive transfer and maintenance of H incompatibility group plasmids; Taylor DE et al.; The mechanism of temperature-sensitive transfer was studied for plasmids of the H incompatibility group . Transfer depended on the temperature of the mating mixture but the growth temperature of the donor was also important, and donor cells previously grown at 26 degrees C could not facilitate transfer at 37 degrees C . Comparison of transfer characteristics of a non-thermosensitive H plasmid R831b and thermosensitive H plasmids from Salmonella from Ontario during a 2 h mating period showed that the thermosensitive phenotype inhibited transfer by about 200-fold at 37 degrees C and by 10-fold at 42 degrees C . At temperatures between 15 and 30 degrees C, the thermotolerant H plasmid transferred at about the same frequency as the temperature-sensitive plasmid . Elimination of some H plasmids after growth of host cells was also observed and physical evidence of this was obtained . The characteristic of high-temperature elimination (Hte) was limited to plasmids from similar bacterial and geographphical sources . Plasmids from Salmonella spp . isolated in Ontario did not possess this phenotype, whereas plasmids from Serratia marcescens isolated in the United States did . Although the Tra(ts) and Hte phenotypes may both be characteristic of H plasmids, they were shown to be separate and distinct properties . The H plasmids used in this study were isolated and their molecular weights determined by agarose gel electrophoresis . All were large, with molecular weights often exceeding 140 X 10(6) . In contrast, the thermostable H plasmid R831b had a molecular weight on only 49 X 10(6).

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 11(2), 196 - 7
Yersinia enterocolitica in adults with gastrointestinal disturbances: need for cold enrichment; Weissfeld AS et al.; In a survey of hospitalized adults, cold enrichment of feces resulted in an incidence rate of Yersinia enterocolitica equal to that of Salmonella spp . Y . enterocolitica was not recovered by routine procedures.

Mutat Res, 1980 Feb, 77(2), 109 - 16
Rec assay and mutagenicity studies on metal compounds; Kanematsu N et al.; We carried out rec assays on 127 metal compounds with Bacillus subtilis to check their DNA-damaging capacity and mutagenicity . Certain compounds of beryllium, cobalt, cesium, iridium, osmium, platinum, rhodium, antimony, tellurium, thallium and vanadium were newly found to be positive in addition to those of known positive metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, molybdenum and selenium . Reverse mutation assays with Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains showed that compounds of rhodium (RhCl3), tellurium (Na2H4TeO6, Na2TeO3) and platinum (PtCl4, (NH4)2PtCl6) are potent mutagens.

Toxicol Lett, 1980 Feb, 5(2), 109 - 14
Mutagenic epoxide impurities discovered in two new beta-adrenergic blocking agents; Quinto I et al.; Preparations of two new beta-adrenergic blocking drugs, Zami 1305 {1-(2-nitro-3-methyl-phenoxy)-3-tert-butylaminopropan-2-ol} and Zami 1327 {1-(6-nitro-3-methyl-phenoxy)-3-tert-butylaminopropan-2-ol}, were found to be contaminated by expoxides which are direct acting mutagens on TA 100 and TA 1535 in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test . Because of the suggested correlation between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of a chemical {10,11}, beta-adrenergic blocking agents contaminated by mutagenic expoxide impurities may be a health hazard.

Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1980, 27(4), 325 - 32
Salmonella typhi R-plasmids in Hungary; Laszlo VG et al.; The antibiotic sensitivity of 4095 Salmonella typhi strains isolated in Hungary from January, 1974 to June 1979, was tested . Twelve strains derived from one patient and seven chronic carriers were resistant to antibiotics due to R-plasmids . One of the S . typhi strains carried two R-plasmids and the change in the phage type of this strain was caused by one of the plasmids . R-plasmid of the same restrictive property was found in an Escherichia coli strain isolated from the faeces of the corresponding carrier . All of the R-plasmids examined were fi-, E . coli and Shigella flexneri phages were restricted by four R-plasmids, S . typhi phages were restricted by one . R-plasmids belonged to incompatibility groups I1, I2, W and H.

J Immunol Methods, 1980, 39(3), 247 - 56
Diffusion-in-gel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DIG-ELISA): optimal conditions for quantitation of antibodies; Elwing H et al.; In the diffusion-in-gel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DIG-ELISA) the quantitation of antibodies is based on their ability to form a diffusion gradient over an antigen-coated polystyrene surface . The antigen-antibody reaction is then visualized by an enzyme-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin . The enzyme-substrate reaction is finally performed by pouring a substrate-containing gel over the polystyrene surface . In this study with bovine serum albumin as antigen and a corresponding rabbit antiserum, the diffusion time of antiserum was shown to be the most critical variable of the method, while the antigen concentration used for coating, the conjugate binding time and the enzyme-substrate reaction time had a minor influence on the quantitation of antibodies . High antibody levels were measured with greater accuracy than low levels, but the standard deviation was below 10% . It was also shown that different sera containing antibodies to Salmonella typhi O LPS, Klebsiella pneumoniae K1 and O4 LPS, Escherichia coli O2 LPS, Yersinia enterocolitica Y3 LPS, cardiolipin and pneumococcus could be quantitated with the same accuracy.

Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1980, 59(3), 233 - 4
{Mutagenic activity of some oil adjuvants used in vaccine preparations}; Dominici S et al.; Some samples of oil adjuvants used in vaccine formulations are tested for mutagenic activity using the "Salmonella/microsome test" with different concentrations of samples per plate . No positive mutagenic activity has been found in the products experimented in this work.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1980, 172(1-3), 255 - 74
{Water as a vector of infection: waterborne bacteria (author's transl)}; Metz H; The cholera and typhoid epidemics caused by drinking water were still characterized, at the beginning of the century by a high rate of morbidity and lethality . In addition to these micro-organisms, there are yet other pathogens which find their way into the drinking water . Therefore the pathogens causing infection and for which water can serve as a vector, are shown in a survey and for some of them their survival times in the various types of water are mentioned . The remedial measures which were adopted against the big drinking-water epidemics are represented and the course of the typhoid and the cholera epidemics during the period from 1850 to 1930 is also illustrated . The characteristics of drinking-water epidemics, especially in the case of contamination by S . typhi, are described and supplemented by an illustration . Also the problem of the water field and epidemic field as well as the quantitative spread of pathogens causing infection across all strata of the population are dealt with in detail . Extensive epidemiological data concerning the greatest dysentery drinking-water epidemics caused by Sh . sonnei at Ismaning near Munich give an insight into the genesis of this imported plague . It provides further evidence of the inadequacy into the genesis of this imported plague . It provides further evidence of the inadequacy of our laws which permit hygienic evaluation based on the analysis of samples submitted . No local inspections were carried out and this was ultimately the cause of these epidemics -the health officer in charge put his trust in the good bacteriological findings . Finally the paper deals with the bacteria for which water can also play the role of a vector . Mention is made of the cholera vibrio, vibrio parahaemolyticus, NAG vibrios, enteritis Salmonella in drinking and bathing water, as well as in the waste water-fish pond procedure, erysipelas bacteria, anthrax and field fever, as well as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and atypical mycobacteria.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1980 Jan, 14(1), 73 - 6
{Salmonella serotypes isolated in Turkey up to the middle of 1979 (author's transl)}; Aksoycan N; 51 Salmonella serotypes which belong to A, B, C1, C2, C3, D1, E1, F, G1, H, I, M, Q and U groups of Kauffmann-White schema were isolated in Turkey up to the middle of 1979.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1980 Jan, 14(1), 43 - 6
{Antigenic relationships between Debaryomyces strains (author's transl)}; Aksoycan N; The results of the agglutinations between homologous and heterologous Debaryomyces strains and their agglutinating sera are shown in table I . According to these findings, D . hansenii and D . marama are antigenically different from other Debaryomyces strains in this genus . In a previous study Aksoycan et al . have shown a common antigenic factor between D . hansenii, D . marama strains and Salmonella 0:7 antigen . This factor was not present in other six strains of Debaryomyces . These results also show that D . tamarii does not have any antigenic relationship with the other seven species of Debaryomyces in this genus.

Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1980, 34(4), 527 - 41
{Studies of carbohydrate absorption in clinically healthy and diarrheal calves}; Hartmann H et al.; Reported in this paper are results obtained from functional and morphological studies into absorption of carbohydrates by clinically intact and diarrhea calves . In that context, the xylose-stress test was used for functional determination of enteral absorption . Diarrhoea, caused in the calves by several pathogens, such as rotavirus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella dublin, led to significant impairment of carbohydrate absorption in the gastro-intestinal canal . However, glucose absorption was not even fully stopped by lasting severe diarrhoea over several days . Glucose-containing special diet drinks, therefore, may help, at least partially, stabilising the glucose metabolism of calves treated for diarrhoea . A comparison between functional and morphological tests for enteral absorption seemed to suggest that histological findings should not be overestimated regarding information obtainable from them on impaired functionality of intestinal mucosa.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1980, 46(4), 383 - 90
Drug resistance in Salmonellae isolated at Chandigarh (India) during 1972-1978; Agarwal KC et al.; A total of 1316 strains of Salmonella belonging to 20 serotypes isolated at P.G.I . Chandigarh (India) were tested for drug resistance . Drug resistance was noticed in 494 (38.3%) of the strains; 194 (14.8%) of these strains were resistant to one drug, while 300 (23.5%) had multiple drug resistance . All isolated strains were sensitive to gentamicin, furazolidone and nalidixic acid . Resistance to streptomycin was observed in 233 (17.7%), chloramphenicol 197 (14,9%), tetracycline 293 (22.3%), ampicillin 428 (32.5%), kanamycin 206 (15.7%), neomycin 206 (15.7%) and sulphadiazine 215 (19.9%) . Multiple drug resistance was most common in S . bareilly, S . typhimurium and S . anatum serotypes . Increase in incidence of drug resistance in Salmonellae has been noticed during 1972-1978.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1980, 74(4), 479 - 82
Human salmonella carriers in a tropical urban environment; Gracey M et al.; Salmonella sp . were isolated from rectal swab specimens from 39 to 464 (8.4%) of apparently healthy adults and children in central Jakarta, Indonesia . A wide variety of species of Salmonella were found with S . oranienburg predominating . Most of the S . oranienburg isolated were resistant to a wide range of antibiotics, probably because of their previous widespread and inappropriate administration . The yield of carriers identified increased significantly with the use of double enrichment procedures . This study emphasizes the importance of high rates of carriage of Salmonella sp . as potential causes of diarrhoeal disease in overcrowded, unhygienic cities in the tropics.

Oncology, 1980, 37(4), 266 - 71
Mutagenicity--relevance of short-term tests; Pool BL; Short-term tests measuring diverse biological activities of compounds, such as mutagenicity, have been proposed as prescreening methods to determine potential carcinogenicity . High correlations of up to 90% have been found for response in short-term tests versus response in long-term carcinogenicity assays, e.g . for the Salmonella-microsome method developed by Ames and also for the cell transformation test developed by Styles . How these short-term assays may be suited to predict potential carcinogenicity of N-nitrosamines is described . Data on how the mutagenicity of N-nitrosamines in the Salmonella-microsome assay compares to their carcinogenicity shows that correlation factors as high as 90% have not necessarily been obtained . The reasons for this apparent lack of correlation as well as which valuable role the short-term assays play in other fields of chemical carcinogenesis is discussed.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {B}, 1980, 170(5-6), 529 - 38
{Salmonella destruction by heating during the customary preparation of dehydrated food products (author's transl)}; Ruschke R; Defined number of S . Senftenberg W 775 (between 300 000 and 16 000 000 colony forming units in relation to 1 ml of the ready-to-serve-product) were added to 21 different dehydrated ready-to-eat-meals (no baby and junior food) cutomary in trade, of which 11 were cooked for a certain period of time, while 10 were prepared with boiling water only . No surviving salmonellae were found in any of the products ready for consumption . All samples were subject to temperature control . In this paper 6 examples are given to show temperature control during the phase of preparation . More than 1800 examinations performed by us on comparable products revealed no salmonellae in samples between 20 and 50 g . However, in view of the ubiquity of salmonaellae today, incidental positive findings in dehydrated products of this type cannot be excluded; but such findings would not defintely mean degredation of the product . If properly prepared, the food concerned is not dangerous to the consumer.

Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1980, 34(1), 91 - 7
{Suisaloral "Dessau"--a Salmonella cholerae suis live vaccine for oral, parenteral and combined applications}; Scholl W et al.; An account is given of all immune preparations which had been available by summer 1976 and their uses in public disease control, with reference being made to the epizootiological role and detrimental effects of Salmonella cholerae suis (S . c.-s.) . The need for using live Salmonella strains to test their immunogenic properties is derived from a thorough assessment of inactivated S.-c.-s.-vaccine, Salmoporc "Dessau", which had been used in the past . Salmonellae are pathogens of zoo-anthroponoses by their very nature, and the point is made that, therefore, comprehensive attention should be given to all aspects relating to genetic stability and identity of potential live vaccines . An S.-c.-s.-R-strain is described as the point of departure from which to develop a doubly attenuated strain, the basis of Salmonella cholerae suis live vaccine Suisaloral "Dessau" . The live vaccine proper is characterised on the basis of results obtained from bacteriologico-serological, clinical, and epizootiological laboratory tests as well as preclinical and clinical tests applied to the animals (field testing) . Suisaloral "Dessau" is the first Salmonella live vaccine on the basis of a non-reproduction-limited mutant with two independent genetic markers, and it is suitable for both oral and parenteral application . The vaccine also is widely applicable for combination with other live vaccines.

Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1980, 27(1), 47 - 53
In vitro transfer of multiple resistance observed in vivo during a Salmonella london epidemic; Lantos J et al.; Between 1976 and 1978, waves of Salmonella london infections conveyed by raw meat and meat products were observed . The strains isolated during the epidemic were first susceptible then developed multiple antibiotic resistance . The identical antibiotic resistance patterns of the strain and their more frequent occurrence in hospital environments indicated plasmid-mediated resistance . R-plasmid transfer, minimum inhibition concentration and resistance elimination were studied in representative strains . The resistant S . london strain and transconjugants of Escherichia coli rendered resistant were compared . The results proved that multiple resistance was plasmid-mediated.

Can J Microbiol, 1980 Jan, 26(1), 27 - 32
{Experimental study of bacteriophage removal from the lagoon basin}; Walker J et al.; Polluted river water was studied in an experimental lagoon to determine efficiency of removal of bacteriophages injected at the inlet of the lagoon . The bacteriophages were not significantly affected by the purification process and were found to migrate to the outlet in 4 to 5 days . They were detected 143 days after injection although about 80% of the added virus was removed by the lagoon treatment . These results contrast with those obtained with Salmonella, 99.9% of which were removed.

Aust Vet J, 1980 Jan, 56(1), 14 - 7
The role of equipment having accidental or indirect contact with the carcase in the spread of Salmonella in an abattoir; Smeltzer T et al.; Counts of salmonellae were performed by the most probable number technique on steels, aprons, scabbards and on structures within the abattoir with which carcases made accidental contact . Counts on steels ranged from 0-153 salmonellae per steel; aprons from 0-14 per 100 cm2; scabbards from 0-greater than 3667 per scabbard; and carcase bump points from 0-40 per 100 cm2 . Contamination rates were highest for the equipment of workers whose job functions brought them in contact with the hide.

Ann Immunol (Paris), 1980 Jan-Feb, 131C(1), 69 - 77
{Role of the classical and alternative complement pathways in chemotaxis of human C2 deficiency (author's transl)}; Pham Huu T et al.; The roles of the classical and alternative complement pathways in the formation of chemotactic factors were comparatively evaluated in a normal serum and a serum from a child with congenital C2 deficiency . Neutrophil chemotactic index was determined by a direct microscopic observation using serum activated by an immune complex for the classical pathway, and by zymosan A or liposaccharide of Salmonella enteritidis for the alternative pathway . Chemotactic activity was observed only when the C2-deficient serum was activited by the alternative pathway in the presence of zymosan A . But, in comparison to normal serum, the chemotactic activity of C2-deficient serum was impaired by dilution or short incubation time . Addition of purified C2 resulted in the normalisation of chemotactic activity induced by activation of classical and alternative pathways . These results suggest that integrity of the classical pathway of the complement is necessary for the optimal formation of the chemotactic mediators induced by the alternative complement pathway . The implications of the alternative complement pathway alteration with regard to susceptibility to bacterial infections, are discussed.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1980 Jan-Feb, 131(1), 31 - 7
{"Salmonella typhi" resistant to chloramphenicol isolated north of Lisbon (author's transl)}; Pato MV et al.; Thirteen strains of Salmonella typhi phage type A/Tan isolated in a typhoid endemic zone north to Lisbon (November 1977-June 1979) showed a low chloramphenicol resistance (MIC = 32 microgram/ml) . None of these strains could transfer chloramphenicol resistance at 28 or 37 degrees C . Production of chloramphenicol-acetyl-transferase by these strains could not be demonstrated . No extrachromosomal DNA was detected by agarose-gel electrophoresis . A chromosomal resistance mechanism is postulated which could act on the permeation system.

J Pediatr, 1980 Jan, 96(1), 26 - 31
Yersinia enterocolitica gastroenteritis: a prospective study of clinical, bacteriologic, and epidemiologic features; Marks MI et al.; A prospective study was performed to estimate the frequency of gastroenteritis due to Yersinia enterocolitica in Montreal children and their families . Evidence of bacterial infection was correlated with clinical features and serologic responses . YE was isolated from the stools of 181 (index cases) of 6,364 children with gastroenteritis over a 15-month period; Salmonella was isolated from 280 and Shigella from 68 . Median ages were 24, 30, and 41 months, respectively . All but 18 YE isolates were biotype 4, serotype 0:3 . YE was not found in the stools of 545 children without gastrointestinal symptoms . Clinical manifestations of the index cases with YE biotype 4, serotype 0:3 (n = 57) included diarrhea (98%), fever (88%), abdominal pain (64.5%), and vomiting (38.5%) with mean durations of 14, 3.9, 7.7, and 2.4 days, respectively . The duration of excretion of YE in the stool ranged from 14 to 97 days (mean 42) . Spread of YE occurred in 27 of 57 families studied, involving 15 of 41 children and 19 of 117 adult contacts; approximately one-third of infected contacts developed diarrhea . Agglutination titers of greater than or equal to 200 were demonstrated in all index cases infected with serotype 0:3, with the exception of two very young infants . YE is a frequent cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in Montreal children . The illness is characterized by persistent diarrhea and abdominal pain, prolonged YE excretion in the stools, and moderate communicability.

Adv Shock Res, 1980, 4, 89 - 101
Protection of dogs from lethal consequences of endotoxemia with plasma or leukocyte transfusions; Walker RI et al.; The contribution of cellular and humoral factors of normal blood to resistance to endotoxin was evaluated by selectively transfusing them into beagle dogs prior to IV challenge with a lethal (2.75 mg/kg) dose of Salmonella typhi endotoxin . Supplementation of normal host defenses with 250 ml of plasma containing a heatlabile (56 degrees C for one hour) factor protected the dogs from lethal effects of the toxin . A similar volume of heparinized saline or a lesser volume of plasma (100 ml) was ineffective . The presence of 1 X 10(9) platelets and 7 X 10(10) leukocytes from leukapheresed foxhounds in some transfusion preparations did not affect survival . Protection by treatment with plasma was accompanied by severe tissue injury and loss of circulating platelets and leukocytes . Granulocyte concentrates also afforded protection and decreased tissue injury, as indicated by SGPT and taurine levels . Survivor and nonsurvivor animals experienced an early hyperglycemia as well as elevation of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase and taurine levels . Thrombocytopenia was great in all experimental groups but was less marked in dogs transfused with cells . Leukopenia was comparable in all groups until six hours after challenge, at which time numbers of circulating leukocytes began a significant return toward normal levels in the cell-transfused group . Impairment of macrophage function was indicated by the depression of the release of colony-stimulating factor in survivor and nonsurvivor animals . Thus, normal plasma alone can protect dogs from endotoxin, but not without a significant amount of injury to the host.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1980, 46(5), 475 - 81
Salmonella, arizona, Shigella and Aeromonas isolated from the snail Achatina achatina in Nigeria; Obi SK et al.; The Salmonella, Arizona, Shigella and Aeromonas contents of 39 snails (Achatina achatina) were investigated . Serotyping of the Salmonella isolates revealed the presence of S . manhattan, S . ndolo, S . reading, S . uppsala, and S . typhimurium . Six of 18 Shigella isolates were identified as Sh . sonnei while all the Aeromonas proved to be A . hydrophila . Fifty eight percent of these A . hydrophila isolates were enterotoxigenic, and their toxin was shown to be heat labile . All the A . hydrophila strains were both protease positive and haemolytic: 66.7% being both alpha and beta haemolytic while 33.3% showed only alpha haemolysis.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1980, 46(5), 467 - 73
Sub-classification of phage types of Salmonella weltevreden and typing of strains by an extended phage typing scheme; Sood LR et al.; By the use of two adapted phage preparations of Typing phage II the S . weltevreden phage types 4 and 5 could be classified into two sub-types each and phage types 9 and 10 into three sub-types each . the 1094 strains of S . weltevreden could be classified into a total of sixteen phage types including the sub-types . The host range mutants of Typing phage II were distinct from the parent strain . After adaptation to two insensitive strains, one of the new preparations, phi IIA lost its affinity to some strains which were lysed by the parent phage strain but gained lytic affinity for a few others that were originally insensitive . The second preparation phi IIB showed an increase in lytic range as expected . Antigenically these preparations were shown to be related but not identical . The possible reasons for serological non-identity of host range mutants with the parent strain have been discussed.

Vet Med Nauki, 1980, 17(6-7), 95 - 100
{Chemical and physicochemical properties of the H antigen (flagellin) isolated from Salmonella abortus ovis}; Ivanova V; Some chemical and physiochemical properties of H-antigen, obtained through immunoabsorption, were studied . By applying the method of Davis, during a disc electrophoresis in a polyacrylic amide gel, it was proved that the molecule of flagellin is homogenous and is built up of only one polypeptic chain . On the other hand, by applying Weber's and Osborn's method, it was proved that flagellin is a protein having a molecular weight of about 53000 daltons . It showed its isoelectric point at pH 5.2, proved through Heil's and Zillig's method on strips of acetate cellulose (cellogel) . The investigated aminoacidic composition showed the presence of 15 aminoacids wtih an approximative succession and a relative quantity of the separate aminoacids common to the flagellins of the different representatives of the genus Salmonella . No presence of cysteine, tryptophan, methionine and sigma-N-methylated lysin, were proved.

Vet Med Nauki, 1980, 17(6-7), 87 - 94
{Devitalization of salmonellal bacteria in boiled and smoked sausages}; Iordanov I et al.; Laboratory and production experiments were carried for devitalizing bouillon cultures of 7 serological types of salmonella . The laboratory experiments (73) were made in water bath, the bouillon cultures being heated following the thermic curve for the production of boiled-fumigated sausages . The production experiments (11) were carried out on sausages having a diameter of: 30-40 mm, 50-60mm and 80-100 mm . The density of bacterial cells in the bouillon and in the meat mass was 2-42.10(6)/cm3 . It was proved that in vitro the critical temperature for the devitalization of salmonellas was 62 degrees C (S . enteritidis, S . agona, S . typhimurium, S . oranienburg, S . choleraesnis, S . anatum, S . lexington) . During the production experiments on the sausage 'in the Macedonian fashion', the 'Kamchia' sausage (o50-60 mm) and the 'Rousse' sausage, the salmonellas tested (S . typhimurium, S . enteritidis, S . oranienburg, S . choleraesnis ans S . dublin) showed a critical devitalization temperature of 64 degrees C . It was proved that the devitalization of salmonellas depended on the critical temperature reached and was not influenced by the type of salmonella, the diameter and the structure of the sausages . For the isolation of salmonella bacteria from thermically treated meat products a preliminary enrichment in peptone water is necessary during 18-20 hours and a second sowing on hard and in liquid selective food media.

Vet Med Nauki, 1980, 17(6-7), 38 - 43
{Drug resistance of Salmonella strains isolated from poultry}; Giurov B; A study was carried out to investigate the sensitivity of 326 salmonella strains with regard to the antibiotics: penicillin, oxacillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, erythromycin and chloramphenicol and furazolidone . A tendency towards an increase of the salmonella strains resistant to tetracycline was observed . Such a tendency was not found with chloramphenicol, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, carbenicillin and furazolidone . An idea is endorsed, namely, that an increased use of large-spectre antibiotics for prophylaxis ends and treatment in poultry-raising has not brought about the development of a sufficient medicinal resistance with salmonellas . Medicinal preparations are recommended for keeping down the salmonelloses with poultry--namely, a mixture of chloramphenicol and furazolidone . It is pointed out that on the basis of these studies a good effect is to be expected also of the implementation of gentamicin, kanamycin and carbenicillin.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1980, 74(5), 553 - 6
Volunteer studies of typhoid fever and vaccines; Woodward WE; A series of studies evaluated the efficacy of three categories of typhoid vaccines: killed organisms given parenterally and orally and living attenuated mutants given orally . Vaccinees and unvaccinated controls were challenged with a single strain of virulent Salmonella typhi . Control individuals with prior military service (i.e . mandatory parenteral immunization) were significantly protected compared to non-veterans . Clinical protection of vaccinees was greatest (87%) following oral immunization with a mutant strain lacking epimerase.

Cancer Detect Prev, 1980, 3(2), 507 - 11
Mutagenic activity of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee; Kam JK; Two types of coffee (caffeinated and decaffeinated) were tested for their mutagenicity using bacterial strains using TA98 and TA100 in Ames Salmonella/Microsome test . According to the Ames criteria, both were found to be mutagenic in the absence of S-9 . The mutagens did not require liver enzymes to be activated.

Environ Mutagen, 1980, 2(4), 531 - 41
Genotoxic activity in microorganisms of tetryl, 1,3-dinitrobenzene and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene; McGregor DB et al.; N-Methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline (tetryl), 1,3-dinitrobenzene, and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene were subjected to DNA repair assays using the Escherichia coli W3110/polA+, p3478/polA- system, reverse mutation assays with His-Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, and TA100, and mitotic recombinogenic tests with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae D5 . Tests were carried out in the absence of an exogenous activation system and in tissue homogenate-mediated assays using Aroclor 1254-induced, male rat-liver-derived S9 mix . Mutagenic activity of tetryl was demonstrated with S typhimurium strains TA1537, TA1538, TA98, and TA100 . The responses were particularly strong in the absence of S9 mix . Tetryl also induced increases in recombinant numbers and frequencies in the S cerevisiae test without the S9 mix, but not in its presence . 1,3-Dinitrobenzene was demonstrated to be mutagen with S typhimurium strains TA1538, TA98, and TA100 . Slight activity was also seen with TA1537 . The S9 mix reduced the magnitude of the responses . 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene was also demonstrated to be mutagenic with S typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, and TA100 . Again, the S9 mix reduced the magnitude of the responses . In this segment of a programme initiated by military authorities, the genotoxic potential of three nitroaromatic compounds, which have found significant use in explosive preparations, has been demonstrated . Twelve other compounds used in ordnance were not active in any of the test systems . These were octahydro-1-acetyl-3,5,7-trinitro-S-tetramine (SEX), hexahydro-1,3-dinitro-5-acetyl-S-triamine (TAX), ethyl centralite, 2-nitrodiphenylamine, N-nitrosodiphenylamine, diphenylamine, diethyleneglycoldinitrate, nitroguanidine, lead salicylate, lead resorcylate, red phosphorus, and zinc chloride.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1980, 30(12), 2084 - 7
Testing propafenone hydrochloride in the Ames Salmonella microsome system and in mammalian cytogenetic systems (bone marrow, spermatogonia); Rohrborn G et al.; 2'-(2-Hydroxy-3-propylaminopropoxy)-3-phenyl-propiophenone-hydrochloride (propafenone-HCl, Rytmonorm) was tested for mutagenic activity in the Salmonella microsome system (Ames test) and in mammalian cell systems . Neither in the Ames test (62.5-1000 microgram/plate) nor in the bone marrow cells and spermatogonia of Chinese hamster (injected doses: 1.57, 3.13, 6.27 mg/kg) there is any evidence for an enhancement of mutation frequencies or chromosome aberration rates . Also, the micronucleus rates were in the control range . Under the experimental conditions of this investigations propafenone-HCl was not mutagenic.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1980, Suppl 24, 220 - 3
Protective effect of immunization with Salmonella minnesota Re 595 against ascending Escherichia coli O6K13H1 pyelonephritis in rats; Larsson P et al.; Active as well as passive immunization with formalin-killed S . minnesota Re 595 bacteria protected against experimental, ascending pyelonephritis caused by E . coli O6K13H1 in rats . Absorption of the hyperimmune sera with Re antigen before passively given did not eliminate the protective effect . The specificity of protective antibodies is discussed.

Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1980, 168(2), 149 - 51
Use of a transport medium in the search for Salmonella carriers--is it worthwhile?
Korting HC, Stuer D, Sulzbacher F.
The use of transport media has proved valuable in many fields of clinical bacteriology, and so has become quite common . However, this does not apply to the examination of stool in the search for Salmonella carriers . To evaluate its potential efficiency a commercial transport medium, the PortACul, has been tested parallel to the conventional glass tube in 315 cases . The greater detection rate even though not significant makes further examination important.

J Reprod Fertil Suppl, 1980, Suppl 28, 139 - 48
Gorilla diseases and causes of death; Benirschke K et al.; The causes of 48 gorilla deaths were investigated and normal weights for organs ascertained . Half of the gorilla deaths in zoos occurred before maturity at around 8 years of age . Eight of the 48 died in the perinatal period from rejection, stillbirth or abortion . The majority of gorillas succumb to various types of enterocolitis . The most common aetiological agents are Shigella, Salmonella, Balantidia and a variety of parasites, principally Strongyloides . A variety of preventable virus infections and fungal infections are important diseases that must be avoided in the captive maintenance of gorillas . Dental problems emerge as a recently recognized threat for gorillas, as does mycoplasma infection with arthritis.

IARC Sci Publ, 1980, (27), 283 - 301
Mutagenic activity of chemicals previously tested for carcinogenicity in the National Cancer Institute bioassay program; Dunkel VC et al.; Twenty-six chemicals treated in long-term carcinogenicity bioassays were tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome plate assay . Of the eight chemical reported as being noncarcinogenic in animals, five were not mutagenic and three induced a mutagenic response . Thirteen chemicals were carcinogenic in either rats, mice or both species . Ten of these were positive in the mutagenicity assay, and three were negative . Four chemicals were suspect as far as the carcinogenicity results were concerned, and three were negative . The results obtained in vivo with one compound were inconclusive, and the mutagenicity results were negative.

Arch Toxicol Suppl, 1980, 4, 84 - 7
Studies on the detection of chemical carcinogens using a mammalian cell transformation assay . A correlated study of BHK cell transformation and bacterial mutagenicity; Strobel R et al.; Transformation of BHK 21/Cl 13 cells was used as a test system to detect the carcinogenic potential of Busulfan (Myleran) . To correlate carcinogenicity of the compound with its mutagenic activity, bacterial mutagenicity was demonstrated in the Salmonella/microsome test.

Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1980, 34(1), 87 - 9
{Live vaccines for the prevention of intestinal infections}; Sergeev VV et al.; Shigella live vaccine was applied orally, four or five times, to 12000 children, aged between one and seven years . Morbidity in the immunised group was 3.5 times as high (9.3 times after boostering) as that in the non-immunised control group . Immunity could be provided for four months, and it was strictly specific of types . Results so far obtained from animal experiments, such as pulmonary and kerato-conjunctival tests on mice, are likely to support the idea of developing a combination vaccine from streptomycin-dependent Sh . flexnerica and Sh . sonnei mutants . Oral immunisation of mice, using 0.25 mg of dissolved Salmonella (S.) typhimurium antigen provided protection for all animals that had been exposed to 150 times of LD50, while 70 per cent of the mice involved still were protected by one tenth of that dose . More mutants will be tested (Shigella; S . enteritidis; S . typhimurium), and the expected results may give a foundation on which to devise effective vaccines.

Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1980, 34(1), 43 - 50
{Testing of bacterial mutants as potential vaccine strains}; Koch H; The most important expectations made on the development of live vaccines are expounded, before a certain order is proposed according to which mutants should be tested . First, the characteristic features of the mutants should be determined with high accuracy, and the stability of these features should be established by repeated tests . Testing for harmlessness should not be undertaken until in vitro stability of a given mutant is established with certainty . The problems and possibilities associated to such tests are described by examples of Escherichia coli and Salmonella mutants . Immunogenic effectiveness of a given mutant has to be verified, after the harmlessness of the same mutant has been confirmed . Actual choice for potential use as vaccine strain will have to depend primarily on the results of an active protection experiment . The results obtained from Escherichia coli, Shigella, and Salmonella mutants are compared to those recorded from inactivated antigens.

Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1980, 34(1), 19 - 32
{Preparation of stable Salmonella vaccine strains through combination of 2 independently attenuating markers with no limitation on growth}; Linde K; Attenuation by only one single marker with no limitation on propagation (frequency of backmutation being less than 10(-7) will not provide sufficient safety against complications along with vaccination . (This notion, derived from both theoretical considerations and practical experience, does not rule out good stability of certain one-marker mutants under practice conditions.) Two independently attenuating markers with no limitation on propagation, however, do ensure full stability on account of potentiating single frequencies of backmutation (less than 10(-14)) . The second attenuating marker must be measurable, and it must not be allowed to bring about substantive reduction in the one-marker mutant's immunogenicity . The following principle was conceptualised for the purpose of resolving the problem: A pool of attenuated highly immunogenic mutants with one single marker without limitation on propagation was rendered available, such as an S-form auxotrophic set of phenotypes (attenuation by co-mutation) or R-form mutants with the potential of tissue persistence . An attenuated second marker then was rendered available which was highly immunogenic as a "one-marker mutant", for example, mutants with adenine (purine) dependence with attenuation a pleiotropic effect and limited availability of metabolities . The second marker was introduced in a one-maker mutant, with verification of additional attenuation along with remaining immunogenicity . The following results were obtained: --Experimental parameters for attenuation and immunogenicity in mice: one single intraperitoneal immunisation, using 10(5), 10(6), 10(7), and 10(8) mutant germs; challenge on 20th day from intraperitoneal immunsation with about 100 LD50; lethality of controls 95 per cent or more; --S . typhimurium his-155/ade-4 and S . dublin met-91/ade-23: LD50: 10(8) germs; Immunogenicity: 90 per cent or more survived exposure to wild strain; --S . cholerae-suis R Dessau/ade-4: LD50: about 10(9) germs; immunogenicity: about 50 per cent only within endotoxic limits, about 10(8) germs or more; --S . typhimurium his-155/marker 2 (enzyme mutation): LD50 about 10(8) germs; immunogenicity: 90 per cent or more survived exposure to wild strain.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1980, 171(2-3), 269 - 79
Bacteriological contamination in wastewaters from slaughterhouses; de Zutter L et al.; Eighty samples of wastewater from 4 slaugherhouses (A and B pig and cattle, C pig and D cattle slaughterhouse), were examined to determine the bacteriological contamination . At the same time, attention was given to the influence of the types of slaughterhouses and the presence of a guttery on the composition of the bacterial flora in the wastewater . The total viable bacteria at 37 degrees C and 22 degrees C varied from 10(6) to 10(8)/ml . The coliforms and E . coli in the samples of the same slaughterhouse varied widely . The slaughtering of pigs did increase the contamination of wastewater with Salmonella compared with that of the slaughtering of cattle . The cleaning and scraping of the gut increased considerably the number of coliforms, E . coli and Salmonellae . All samples examined were contaminated with Coagulase and/or DNase positive staphylococci of which the maximum number was 1.5 x 1.0(4)/ml . Strains coming from slaughterhouse C belonged to the species Staph, aureus and Staph . hyicus subsp . hyicus and those of slaughterhouse D only to the species Staph . hyicus subsp . hyicus.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1980, 171(2-3), 231 - 55
{Enteritis salmonellae in man and animal from 1953 to 1975 in Southern Bavaria (author's transl)}; Metz H et al.; The present paper gives a survey of the enteritis salmonelloses in man during the years from 1953 to 1975 (19400 first isolations) and in animals in the period from 1965 to 1975 (4600 first isolations and identification) in Southern Bavaria . In Southern Bavaria the number of isolations from enteritis salmonellae in man and animal has strongly increased during the last few years and the same holds good for the number of serotypes (Figs . 1, 2 and tables 1, 2) . The most frequent serotypes in man are S . typhi-murium, S . enteritidis, S . panama, and S . thompson; in animals they are S . typhimurium, S . abortus-ovis, S . infantis, S . enteritidis and S . dublin . Now as before, most isolations in man and animal occur in late summer or in autumn, especially in september . From 59 group infections in man, only in 21 cases could the source, but not the origin, be gathered from the records . In view of the short incubation time of salmonella enteritis and its prevalent incidence in medically controlled installations this is ununderstandable and critical . As to the regional distribution of the salmonelloses, the incidence in man is higher in the uban areas, in animals in rural areas . For more details please refer to the cartograms and tables (Figs . 5, 6, 7, 8) . The regional distributions were analysed under various epidemiological aspects . Thus it was found that roughly a quarter of the salmonella infections in man can be assumed to originate from animals . This is probably due to the fact that selective investigations are missing, although quite frequently in a year far more salmonellae are isolated from animals than from man in some rural districts . Also the present restriction of the inspections to diseased animals is completely inadequate and this is born out by the results obtained e.g . in the Netherlands where animals are slaughtered indiscriminately . The conclusion to be drawn from this and the inadequate entries for samples sent in for analysis is that the health authorities must accelerate and intensify their selective enquiries about the identification and control of the source of infection . This applies particularly to the cooperation with factory physicians and veterinarians.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1980, 171(2-3), 224 - 30
Laboratory induced variations in a standardized Salmonella isolation method; van Schothorst M et al.; Four microbiologists from four European laboratories came together to a single laboratory for two weeks and during that period examined 100 samples of minced meat artificially contaminated with salmonellae and 100 naturally contaminated samples using a standardized technique . No significant differences were found between the results obtained by the different analysts with 92 to 97 of the artificially contaminated and 30 to 42 of the naturally contaminated samples being found positive . Over a further period of eight weeks, these analysts examined the same number of samples in their own laboratories again using an identical procedure . There were no significant containing approximately 100 salmonellae per gram but significant differences (43 to 93) were found in isolation rates from the artificially contaminated samples copntaining approximately 1 salmonella per gram . The differences in findings between the first and the second part of the experiments may have been caused fairly by variations in media preparation, temperature of incubators, storage conditions of media and thawing conditions of samples etc., and secondly by differences in working conditions such as performing only one task during two weeks in contrast to examining the samples as part of the daily routine . At high levels of contamination, these factors do not appear to have an important influence on the performance of a laboratory.

Microbiol Immunol, 1980, 24(7), 603 - 15
Comparison of liquid and agar-solidified defined media regarding the physiological mechanism by which beta-2-thienylalanine inhibits growth of Escherichia, Shigella, and Salmonella cultures; Brown KJ et al.; Growth comparisons were made, using Shigella, Escherichia, and Salmonella cultures, in liquid and agar-solidified defined media containing beta-2-thienylalanine (beta-2-t) . The comparisons were performed to determine the nature of growth inhibition by beta-2-t under different physical growth conditions . In a plate assay, with increasing beta-2-t mixed into the agar, inhibition of Escherichia and Shigella increased . However, Salmonella cultures were not inhibited even at the highest beta-2-t concentrations used . With beta-2-t added to liquid cultures, however, dose-response growth relationships were exhibited by all three genera . The differences occurring in beta-2-t inhibition between liquid and plate assay conditions were not due to composition of culture plates, time of challenge of cultures with beta-2-t, availability of oxygen and associated differences in ratios of volume of media to available surface area, selection of mutants in the plate assay, or to extractable substances from the agar . However, when beta-2-t diffusion into the liquid medium was delayed by using agar plug diffusion cultures, a physiological mechanism was demonstrable which largely protected Salmonella cultures, but not Escherichia and Shigella cultures, from growth inhibition.

Infection, 1980, 8 Suppl 3, S 294 - 8
{Therapy of salmonella enteritis with special reference to lactulose (author's transl)}; Knothe H et al.; Excretion of Salmonellae in two groups of outpatients with Salmonellae is discussed . In one group of 51 adults, a total of 30 different serotypes were isolated . These patients were treated with lactulose and after four weeks the organisms had been eliminated in 68.6% . In a group of 23 adults receiving no treatment whatsoever, 56.5% were still excreting the organism after four weeks . Of the 64 in-patients studied, 37 received various antibiotics, 14 lactulose and in 13 only the symptoms were treated . The length of the excretion period was longer for the group receiving antibiotics (four weeks after onset of illness 67.8% were still excreting the organism) . Treatment with lactulose, however, resulted in a shorter period of excretion for these patients . Special aspects of the various groups - e.g . age structure, pattern of infecting organisms - are reported in detail.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1980, (2), 93 - 8
{Pathogenesis of salmonelloses . Fate of the agent in the early stages of the experimental infectious process}; Tendetnik IuIa et al.; The fate of S . typhimurium was followed during the first 5 hours after infection, and a high invasive activity of Salmonella was revealed . After the oral and enteral infection of the animals with several billion organisms, the latter penetrated the blood and internal organs within 10 minutes . When introduced orally, the organisms disseminated by the hematogenic route primarily in the regional lymph nodes and the lungs, but through the blood the infective agent also penetrated the liver and persisted in this organ for a longer period, accumulating in a considerable amount . 10-30 minutes after infection by introducing Salmonella into the lumen of the duodenum most of the organisms were localized in the intestinal tissue, mesenterial lymph nodes and the liver . The organisms persisted in the mouth cavity and the pharynx during the whole period of observation, but in the contents of the intestine they not only stopped proliferating, but quickly died.

Can J Genet Cytol, 1980, 22(1), 35 - 40
Short-lived mutagen in Salmonella produced by reaction of trichloroacetic acid and dimethyl sulphoxide; Nestmann ER et al.; A chemical reaction occurs when trichloroacetic acid (TCA) is dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), with the production of a short-lived mutagenic derivative which was detected using the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome plate overlay assay . Other interactions between test chemicals and solvents are discussed . Choice of proper solvents in mutagenicity testing is emphasized.

Microbiol Immunol, 1980, 24(2), 141 - 54
Adjuvant action of capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae on antibody response . VIII . Its effect on the size and the number of cells of regional lymph node and other lymphoid organs; Yokochi T et al.; Changes in the number of cells and the weight of various lymphoid organs of mice, such as the regional lymph node (right inguinal node), spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and peripheral blood, were followed after the subcutaneous injection of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPS-K) . For comparison, the changes after injection of various polyclonal lymphocyte activators (PLA) including various preparations of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were concurrently studied . The number of cells of all of the lymphoid organs tested and that of nucleated cells in the peripheral blood decreased significantly within a few days after injection of CPS-K, and increased later . Above all, the increase in the number of cells and in the weight of the regional lymph node was most prominent (about 10 times larger than that of the normal control) . Such a marked increase in the number of cells of the regional lymph node was not induced by the injection of any preparation of LPS or any other PLA tested . The initial decrease in the number of cells after CPS-K injection was most marked and long lasting in the thymus . Although LPS prepared by Westphal's method from Escherichia coli 055 or Salmonella enteritidis exhibited a stronger decreasing effect on the number of cells of the thymus, the effect of LPS prepared by Westphal's method from E . coli O111 or that by Boivin's method from E . coli O55 was similar to that of CPS-K . It is concluded therefore that CPS-K has the ability to decrease the number of cells of various lymphoid organs, especially that of the thymus, initially after injection, which is a property in common with LPS, and CPS-K has a unique ability to increase markedly the cells of various lymphoid organs, especially those of the regional lymph node, at later stages after injection . Considering that CPS-K exhibits a much stronger adjuvant effect on the antibody response than does LPS or other polyclonal lymphocyte activators, it is suggested that this extraordinarily potent activity of CPS-K in increasing the number of cells of the regional lymph node is closely related to its strong adjuvant action.

Pharmacology, 1980, 20(1), 1 - 8
Differing degrees of coal-tar shampoo-induced mutagenesis in the Salmonella/liver test system in vitro; Fysh JM et al.; Hexane extracts of four commercial preparations of coal tar shampoos were studied for their mutagenic properties in the Salmonella/liver test system in vitro . Three of the four shampoos were highly mutagenic, whereas the fourth was not - under our experimental conditions . By high-performance liquid chromatographic, gas-liquid chromatographic, and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analyses, more than 35 distinct fractions could be resolved; seven polycyclic aromatic chemicals believed to be present in coal tar were tentatively assigned as the major component of some of these fractions . The shampoo extract that was most mutagenic had a greater number of distinct fractions and contained approximately 50 times more benzo{a}pyrene, compared with the one shampoo extract that was not mutagenic under our experimental conditions . The possible clinical hazards of this observed mutagenicity of certain coal tar shampoos are presently not known.

J Wildl Dis, 1980 Jan, 16(1), 15 - 8
Salmonella meningoencephalomyelitis in a northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus); Stroud RK et al.; Salmonella enteritidis was isolated from the brain of a neonatal northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) with gross and microscopic lesions of meningoencephalomyelitis . Microscopic lesions in the liver and lung suggested septicemia.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1980 Jan, 77(1), 508 - 12
Model for regulation of the histidine operon of Salmonella; Johnston HM et al.; A model is proposed that accounts for regulation of the histidine operon by a mechanism involving alternative configuration of mRNA secondary structure (the alternative stem model) . New evidence for the model includes sequence data on three regulatory mutations . The first (hisO1242) is a mutation that deletes sequences needed to form the attenuator mRNA stem and causes constitutive operon expression . The second mutation (hisO9654) is a His- ochre (UAA) mutation in the leader peptide gene; the existence of this mutation constitutes evidence that the leader peptide gene is translated . The third mutation (hisO9663) is remarkable . It neither generates a nonsense codon nor affects a translated sequence; yet, it is suppressible by amber suppressors . We believe this mutation causes a His- phenotype by interfering with mRNA secondary structure . The suppressibility of the mutation is probably due to disruption of the attenuator stem by ribosomes that read through the terminator codon of the leader peptide gene . This explanation is supported by the observation of derepression of a wild-type control region in the presence of an amber suppressor . Evidence is presented that hisT mutants (which lack pseudouridine in the anticodon arm of histidine tRNA) may cause derepression of the his operon by slowing protein synthesis in the leader peptide gene.

Microbiol Immunol, 1980, 24(12), 1211 - 22
B cell tolerance: B cells rendered tolerant are present in the immune system in a potentially responsive form; Uchiyama T; The mechanisms of B cell tolerance were studied in an attempt to learn whether B cells rendered tolerant are present in the immune system in a potentially responsive form . The author tested the in vitro anti-trinitrophenyl (TNP) antibody-forming cell (anti-TNP AFC) response to TNP-immunogens and polyclonal B cell activators (PBA) of spleen cells taken from mice injected with a tolerogen, TNP-carboxymethylcellulose (TNP-CMC) . Spleen cells from mice injected 5 days previously with 10 microgram of TNP-CMC did not respond to TNP-sheep red blood cells (TNP-SRBC), T-dependent (TD) antigen or TNP-Ficoll, T-independent (TI) antigen . However, the same spleen cells responded to PBA, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Salmonella enteritidis and purified protein derivative (PPD) of BCG . The results indicate that B cells specific for TNP are present in a potentially responsive form . Spleen cells from mice injected with 500 microgram of TNP-CMC did not respond to either TNP-immunogens or PBA . The state of unresponsiveness to PBA reappeared within the short period of 2 days, whereas unresponsiveness to TNP-immunogens lasted much longer . Unresponsiveness to PBA was relieved considerably by treating tolerant spleen cells with the proteolytic enzyme trypsin before in vitro stimulation . These results indicate that B cells rendered refractory are present in the immune system in a potentially responsive form.

Scand J Rheumatol, 1980, 9(4), 250 - 2
Reiter's disease with childhood onset having special reference to HLA B27 . Report of a case and a review; Friis J; A case of Reiter's disease occurring in a girl aged 7 is reported . It commenced with diarrhoea precipitated by a salmonella infection . The patient has suffered from recurring arthritis accompanied by conjunctivitis, oral lesions and nail changes . The course was protracted, the patients having had two recurrences during a period of 6 1/2 years . The first of these lasted for more than one year, the second for a few months . The patient carries the histocompatibility antigen HLA B27 and a review of the literature would seem to establish that the correlation between Reiter's disease with childhood onset and this tissue antigen is as close as that reported in adults . It is stressed that the patient is now in complete remission and that no radiological changes have been demonstrated despite the protracted course . The patient shows no signs either of spondylitis or of sacro-iliitis.

Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1980, 63(3), 284 - 93
T cell dependent and independent steps in IgE-B memory cell development; Okudaira H et al.; The role of T cells in the IgE antibody response was studied using athymic nu/nu mice which failed to form IgE antibody against either T-dependent or T-independent antigens . Evidence was obtained that hapten-specific B cells can be primed with T-dependent or T-independent antigens in the absence of T cells . Transfer of nu/nu spleen cells primed with alum-absorbed dinitrophenyl (DNP) ovalbumin or DNP derivatives of Salmonella bacilli into irradiated nu/+ mice, together with unprimed T cells, enhanced IgE antihapten antibody response of the recipients to alum-absorbed DNP-KLH . The antigen-primed nu/nu spleen cells, however, did not contain hapten-specific B memory cells directly committed to IgE response, since no antihapten IgE antibody response was obtained when the same DNP-primed nu/nu spleen cells were transferred into irradiated mice, together with KHL-primed nu/+ spleen cells, and the recipients were challenged with DNP-KLH without adjuvant . Once IgE-B memory cells responded to DNP derivatives of both T-dependent and T-independent carriers to form a significant amount of antihapten IgE antibody without participation of T cells . The results indicate that the essential role of T helper cells in the IgE antibody response is in the process of the development of IgE-B memory cells.

Immunology, 1980 Jan, 39(1), 29 - 36
The development of unusual B-cell functions in the testosterone-propionate-treated chicken; Hirota Y et al.; Chickens were treated with 4 mg of testosterone propionate on the twelfth day of embryonic life . Bursal remnants of testosterone-treated chickens were very small in size and had very few or no bursal follicles: the lymphoid tissue was replaced substantially by fibrosis . Testosterone-treated chickens formed almost exclusively IgM antibodies to sheep red blood cells and influenza virus, whereas no IgM or IgG response to Brucella abortus or Salmonella pullorum, and no IgG response to sheep red blood cells was demonstrable . Surgical removal of bursal remnants of testosterone-treated chickens at hatching did not significantly affect IgM response to sheep red blood cells . These B-cell functions of testosterone-treated chickens were not improved by addition of T cells, as shown by adoptive cell transfer experiments . Thus, there appears to be an unusual type B-cell development which is independent of the bursa of Fabricius.

Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1980, 61(2), 165 - 74
Development of delayed hypersensitivity in gnotobiotic mice; Collins FM et al.; Germ-free mice develop low levels of delayed hypersensitivity following exposure to sensitizing doses of sheep erythrocytes, compared to that seen in conventionally raised mice . Infection of the germ-free animal with either Salmonella gallinarum or Salmonella pullorum was followed by extensive growth of the organisms within the intestine and the gut-associated lymphoid organs . As many as 5,000 viable Salmonellae were recovered from the cecal and ileal Peyer's patches as well as the mesenteric lymph nodes . However, neither strain spread significantly beyond the lymph nodes to the blood stream or to the liver and spleen . The gnotobiotic mice developed significant levels of delayed hypersensitivity to the Salmonella protein antigen and could be more readily sensitized to sheep erythrocytes than the germ-free host, despite the fact that Salmonellae were only able to infect the gut-associated lymphoid tissues.

Arch Toxicol Suppl, 1980, 4, 219 - 22
Nephrotoxicity of the flame retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate; Dybing E et al.; The flame retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (Tris-BP) is known to be activated to a potent mutagen in the Salmonella test system and to induce kidney tumors in long-term feeding studies in mice and rats . Administration of Tris-BP to rats leads to extensive tubular necrosis at doses of 250 mg/kg i.p . and higher . The histological lesion is present in most animals 24 h after administration . There is a close correlation between the increase in kidney weights, the degree of kidney damage and the increase in plasma urea levels . A continuous increase in kidney weights with respect to time is seen, 7 days after a dose of 250 mg/kg i.p . the kidney/body weight ratio is 192% of controls . The kidney damage is not altered by previous phenobarbital-treatment, whereas cobaltous chloride, an inhibitor of cytochrome P-450, slightly reduces the kidney damage.

Arch Toxicol Suppl, 1980, 4, 171 - 4
The effect of DDVP, an organophosphorus pesticide on the humoral and cell-mediated immunity of rabbits; Desi I et al.; The effect of daily oral administration of LD50 1/40, 1/20 and 1/10 of an organophosphate pesticide DDVP (Dichlorvos) was studied in rabbits for its effect on the humoral immune response after vaccination with Salmonella typhi, as well as on cell-mediated immunity . Serum antibody titers of treated animals showed a dose-dependent fall compared with the controls . The skin redness measured in the tuberculin test showed the same dose-dependent tendency.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1980 Jan, 64(1), 163 - 7
Induction of cancer of the glandular stomach in rats by an extract of nitrite-treated fish; Weisburger JH et al.; Treatment of a homogenate of the mackerel fish Sanma hirakl with nitrite at pH 3 led to the development of direct-acting mutagenic activity for Salmonella typhlmurium TA-1535 . Repeated gastric intubation three times/week for 6 months of an extract containing this mutagenic activity into noninbred Wistar rats led to the induction of tumors in 8 of 12 rats 12-18 months later . Adenomas and adenocarcinomas were found in the glandular stomach, squamous cell carcinoma was observed in the forestomach, and adenocarcinoma was found in the small intestine and pancreas . Furthermore, precancerous lesions (including intestinal metaplasia and glandular hyperplasia of the glandular stomach as well as squamous cell hyperplasia) were noted in virtually all of the animals at risk . No tumors were seen in 8 control rats given the untreated fish extract alone; 1 rat had glandular hyperplasia and intestinal metaplasia . Thus a mutagenic extract of nitrite-treated fish was demonstrated to induce, in the rat glandular stomach, cancers identical to gastric cancer observed in man . Preventive m:asures, including reduction of the intake of pickled foods and the year-round daily availability of foods containing vitamin C, are discussed.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980, 247(4), 440 - 59
{Results of phage typing of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi-B in the years 1974-1978 from the Federal Republic of Germany including Berlin (West) (author's transl)}; Brandis H et al.; In the period between 1.1.1974 and 31.12.1978 phage typing of 2058 strains of S . typhi and 1672 strains of S . paratyphi-B was carried out . 45 S . typhi phage types were found, 11 of these occurred in a frequency of more than 1% (relevant to foci) . These were E1 a (21.6%), A (17.7%), F1 (5.8%), D1 (5.5%), C1 (4.6%), E1b (4.1%), D2 (2.5%), 40 (1.5%), 29 (1.3%), B2 (1.0%), 46 (1.0%) . Among S . paratyphi-B strains 23 phage types or varieties were observed, 11 of these occurred in a frequency more than 1% (relevant to foci): Taunton (46.9%), 1 m.c . (7.8%), 3aI m.c . (7.7%), B.A.O.R . (6.5%), 3aI var . 1 (5.5%), Dundee (4.4%), 3a m.c . (3.0%), 3b m.c . (2.2%), Beccles m.c . (1.9%), Jersey (1.5%), 1 var . 1 (1.4%) . In the year 1974 two epidemics of typhoid fever occurred, one with 417 cases (phage type A, subtype Tananarive) and the other with 41 cases (phage type E1a) . In the year 1977 there was an outbreak of paratyphoid B fever with 53 cases (phage type 3aI var . 1) . The increasing number of imported cases of typhoid and paratyphoid fever from other countries is remarkable . The age distribution of typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli carriers shows that persons who are older than 60 years represent the age group in which carriers occur most frequently.

Genetika, 1980, 16(7), 1182 - 8
{Effect of plasmids col I and pKM101, alone or in combination, on spontaneous and induced mutability of salmonellae}; Andreeva IV et al.; Comparative studies of plasmids col I and pKM101 effect on lethal and mutagenic response to UV-light and chemical agents (4NQ0, EMS, agent N012074) has been carried out in Salmonella strains used for screening of mutagens (potential carcinogens) . It has been found that the plasmid pKM101 has more pronounced effect as compared with coll plasmid . Contrary to plasmid pKM101-mediated ability to form UV-induced frameshift mutation, colI factor lacks this ability and very slightly enhances the rate of frameshift mutagenesis induced by chemical agents under study . The colicinogenic factor is found to enhance only the rate of base-pair substitutions, whereas plasmid pKM101 enhances the rate of both base-pair substitutions and frameshift mutations . We were unable to demonstrate combined effect of these two plasmids on the rate of either spontaneous or induced mutations . Possible mechanisms of plasmid-mediated bacterial mutagenesis and repair are discussed.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Jan, 141(1), 275 - 92
Deoxyribonucleic acid restriction and modification systems in Salmonella: chromosomally located systems of different serotypes; Bullas LR et al.; With the use of four different phages, Salmonella strains representing 85 different serotypes were examined to determine their restriction-modification phenotype . They fell into one of three groups on this basis: group 1, those which lacked the common LT system; group 2, those in which only the LT system could be recognized; and group 3 . those which possessed the LT system and at least one other system shown with some serotypes to be closely linked to serB . The specificity of the serB-linked restriction-modification system was unique for each serotype, but different strains of the same serotype expressed the same specificity . Two of the systems were shown to behave in genetic crosses as functional alleles of the S . typhimurium SB system . It is possible that these serB-linked restriction-modification systems constitute a large multiallelic series of genes extending throughout the Salmonella genus and Escherichia coli . We suggest that the division of the Salmonella into the three restriction-modification groups may be significant in defining a "biological grouping" of the different serotypes within the genus which may ultimately be useful in describing the Salmonella species . From the genetic relatedness between the genes of some of the Salmonella restriction-modification systems with those of the E . coli systems, we deduce that the restriction endonuclases produced by the Salmonella serB-linked systems are of type 1 . Determination of the nucleotide sequences of the recognition sites of the restriction endonucleases of selected Salmonella systems should further our understanding of specificity with these enzymes.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980, 248(1), 45 - 9
The O antigenic relationships amongst Dekkera, Hanseniaspora, Escherichia coli O:75, Salmonella cholerae-suis and Salmonella aberdeen; Aksoycan N et al.; The immune sera for Dekkera bruxellensis, D . intermedia and Hanseniaspora osmophila agglutinated Salmonella cholerae-suis (O:62,7) and vice versa . The immune serum for H . osmophila also agglutinated E . coli (O:75), S . aberdeen (O:11) and vice versa . Cross agglutination and absorption tests demonstrated common antigenic factor(s) between above mentioned yeasts and Salmonella O:62, O:7 antigens . H . osmophila also showed a common antigenic factor(s) with E . coli (O:75) and S . aberdeen (O:11).

Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol, 1980, 34(1), 53 - 62
Germinal centres and the B cell system . IV . Functional characteristics of rabbit appendix germinal centre (-derived) cells; Opstelten D et al.; Functional capacities of rabbit appendix germinal centre cells were tested in appendectomized, 450 rads X-irradiated rabbits, reconstituted with autologous appendix germinal centre cells, which are obtained by mechanical separation--"stripping"--of the appendix . For comparison, functional capacities of appendix germinal centre derived cells were tested in rabbits, 450 rads X-irradiated with the appendix shielded . In both types of experimental systems, slow restoration of primary IgM responsiveness to Salmonella Java paratyphi-B (PAR) was observed; in contrast, the capacity for memory cell production (of both mu and gamma-type) to PAR was restored very early in both systems . These results suggest germinal centres to be antigen dependent microenvironments for selective as well as non-selective amplification of immature B cells, which after subsequent maturation become part of the pool of either memory or virgin mature B cells respectively.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1979 Dec 29, 109(50), 1995 - 9
{Symptomless enteritis-salmonella excreters in an abbatoir}; Deseo L et al.; Stool checks for Salmonella were carried out daily for several weeks in twelve men working in surroundings heavily contaminated by enteritis Salmonellae . Eleven of the workmen periodically showed salmonella in faeces . Positivity fluctuated from person to person between 2 and 37% and, depending on the day of the week, between 5 and 17% . The time taken for excretion was probably always less then seven days.

C R Seances Acad Sci D, 1979 Dec 17, 289(16), 1271 - 4
{Importance of respiratory route in experimental salmonellosis in Balb/c mice}; Ivanoff B et al.; Infection of Mice with S . typhimurium, was conducted by respiratory, oral and peritoneal routes . The results obtained showed that infection occurred more quickly by i . p . than by other routes . However i . n . inoculation is the more efficient concerning Bacteria concentration per Mousse to obtain the DL 100 . A study of Salmonella growth in vivo was conducted in lungs, spleen, liver and blood . The results are discussed in relation to the calf respiratory Salmonellosis actually observed.

Vet Rec, 1979 Dec 8, 105(23), 526 - 7
The possible involvement of seagulls (Larus sp) in the transmission of salmonella in dairy cattle; Johnston WS et al.; A series of infections in a herd of dairy cows by different salmonella serotypes over a seven year period is described . The source of infection appeared to be the private water supply contaminated by seagulls.

Cancer Lett, 1979 Dec, 8(2), 139 - 45
Volatilization of mutagens from beef during cooking; Rappaport SM et al.; The process of cooking beef substances which are mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella/microsome bioassay {1,2} . In this study, the formation and disposition of basic mutagens produced by cooking beef at different temperatures were examined . Mutagenic activity increased exponentially with cooking temperature between 137 degrees C and 252 degrees C . However, the amount of mutagenic activity remaining in the meat was only 1--7% of that which was volatilized into the air . The ingested dose of mutagens may therefore be significantly influenced by factors which restrict the dissipation of mutagens from the container, as well as by cooking temperature . Inhalation of airborne mutagens from cooking, as an alternative route of exposure, should be investigated when considered in light of some epidemiological data showing an excess of lung and bladder cancer among cooks and kitchen workers.

Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 1979 Dec, 46(4), 185 - 9
Production and application of a live Salmonella gallinarum vaccine; Cameron CM et al.; The production and application of a freeze-dried Salmonella gallinarum vaccine are described in this report . The vaccine is stable when kept at 4 degrees C and a single injection elicits a good immunity for 2 months, though its effect gradually diminishes . Immunity is neither enhanced nor depressed by repeated injections of the live vaccine, and no interference effect was observed in experimentally infected chickens . Furazolidone therapy jeopardizes the immunogenicity of a live vaccine, but its effect can be countered by the administration of either an inactivated or a live vaccine when medication is commenced and this is followed by the application of live vaccine 6 days after cessation of medication.

Can J Microbiol, 1979 Dec, 25(12), 1387 - 93
Sulfur isotope fractionation by Salmonella heidelberg: inverse isotope effects during growth on high concentrations of Na2SO3; McCready RG et al.; During growth on minimal salts - glucose media supplemented with high concentrations of Na2SO3 (10-3 and 10-2 M), Salmonella heidelberg exhibited cytological and growth responses which indicated increased cellular toxicity with increasing sulfite concentrations . The large quantities of sulfide evolved during growth at both SO32- concentrations were accompanied by large normal and inverse isotope effects . Consistent with earlier findings, this organism was found capable of rapidly metabolizing both the sulfane and sulfonate sulfur of thiosulfate . Therefore, the isotope effects do not appear to be caused by extracellular chemical thiosulfate formation.

Am J Surg Pathol, 1979 Dec, 3(6), 483 - 90
Pathology of salmonella colitis; McGovern VJ et al.; Salmonella colitis was encountered in eight patients . In seven, the disorder simulated ulcerative colitis both clinically and radiologically . The salmonella infection in the eighth patient was superimposed upon hitherto unrecognized ulcerative colitis . In mild cases the histological appearances of rectal biopsies were nonspecific, consisting of edema of the mucosa with focal inflammatory cell infiltration . More severe cases were characterized by neutrophils infiltrating the walls of degenerating crypts, and in one case there were microthrombi in the mucosa . One patient who was thought to have fulminant ulcerative colitis had a hemicolectomy . The resected specimen exhibited marked hemorrhage and ulceration . There were crypt abscesses in unulcerated areas but there was also extensive necrosis of the mucosa, hemorrhage in the mucosa and submucosa, and microthrombi extending from small vessels in the mucosa into venules in the submucosa similar to the picture seen in acute ischemic colitis . In this case there was intense edema and inflammation in the submucosa as well as in the mucosa.

J Hyg (Lond), 1979 Dec, 83(3), 451 - 60
Comparison of selenite F, Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate and Rappaport's medium for the isolation of salmonellas from sewage-polluted natural water using a pre-enrichment technique; Harvey RW et al.; Three enrichment broths, selenite F, Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate and Rappaport, were examined for their efficiency in salmonella isolation . The three media, prepared from single ingredients in the laboratory, were compared with their commercial equivalents . Laboratory-prepared media were more efficient for isolating salmonellas from sewage-polluted natural water samples . A pre-enrichment stage using buffered peptone water was employed throughout the investigation . The size of inoculum from the pre-enrichment medium was relevant to successful salmonella isolation . Inocula studied were 1 ml and one loopful (3 mm diameter loop) . The smaller inoculum gave better results with Rappaport, the larger with selenite and tetrathionate . Using the optimal inocula, Rappaport was the most efficient enrichment broth of the three fluid media in this study.

Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 1979 Dec, 57(6), 637 - 9
Inhibition of the growth of Lewis lung carcinoma in syngeneic mice by Salmonella antigens; Ashman LK et al.; Administration of a protein antigen preparation from Salmonella enteritidis 11RX at the site of challenge with Lewis lung carcinoma inhibited tumour development in mice previously immunised with live bacteria, but not control mice . The kinetics of tumour growth indicated that the inhibition of tumour development was due to a reduction of the initial tumour inoculum rather than the development of specific anti-tumour immunity.

Arch Toxicol, 1979 Dec, 43(2), 141 - 5
Lack of enhancement of chemical mutagenesis by saccharin in the Salmonella assay; Rao TK et al.; A purified batch of the artificial sweetener saccharin (S-1022) was assayed for mutagenicity and comutagenicity by the Ames Salmonella assay system . Saccharin was not mutagenic and failed to enhance the mutagenic activity induced by a wide variety of known mutagens . These results do not argue against the tumor-promotor-like activity of saccharin but only indicate that the Ames Salmonella assay is not capable of detecting saccharin as a promoter of mutagenesis.

Mutat Res, 1979 Dec, 63(2), 245 - 58
Some factors determining the concentration of liver proteins for optimal mutagenicity of chemicals in the Salmonella/microsome assay; Malaveille C et al.; In plate assays in the presence of S . typhimurium TA100 and various amounts of liver 9000 X g supernatant (S9) from either untreated, phenobarbitone- (PB) or Aroclor-treated rats, the S9 concentration required for optimal mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB) depended both on the source of S9 and on the concentration of the test compound . In these assays, the water-soluble procarcinogen, dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was mutagenic in S . typhimurium TA1530 only in the presence of a 35-fold higher concentration of liver S9 from PB-treated rats than that required for AFB, a lipophilic compound . In liquid assays, a biphasic relationship was observed in the mutagenicities in S . typhimurium TA100 of benzo{a}pyrene (BP) and AFB and the concentration of liver S9 . For optimal mutagenesis of BP, the concentration of liver S9 from rats treated with methylcholanthrene (MC) was 4.4% (v/v); for AFB it was 2.2% (v/v) liver S9 from either Aroclor-treated or untreated rats . At higher concentrations of S9 the mutagenicity of BP and of AFB was related inversely to the amount of S9 per assay . The effect of Aroclor treatment on the microsomemediated mutagenicity of AFB was assay-dependent: in the liquid assay, AFB mutagenicity was decreased, whereas in the plate assay it did not change or was increased . As virtually no bacteria-bound microsomes were detected by electron microscopy, after the bacteria had been incubated in a medium containing 1-34% (v/v) MC-treated rat-liver S9, it is concluded that, in mutagenicity assays, mutagenic metabolites generated by microsomal enzymes from certain pro-carcinogens have to diffuse through the assay medium before reaching the bacteria . Thus the mutagenicity of BP was dependent on both the concentration of rat-liver microsomes and that of total cytosolic proteins and other soluble nucleophiles such as glutathione . At a concentration of 4.4% (v/v) liver S9, the mutagenicity of BP was about 3.6 times higher than in assays containing a 4-fold higher concentration of cytosolic fraction . Studies on the glutathione-dependent reduction of BP mutagenicity in plate assays has shown that, in the presence of liver S9 concentrations greater than that required for optimal mutagenicity, the reduction in mutagenicity was related directly to the concentration of liver S9 . Thus, in the Salmonella/microsome assay, when the concentration of rat-liver S9 was increased over and above the amount required for the optimal mutagenicity of BP, the mutagenic metabolites of BP were inactivated (by being trapped with cytosolic nucleophiles and/or by enzymic conjugation with glutathione); this effect increased more rapidly than their rate of formation . The concentration of liver S9 for optimal mutagenicity of test compounds requiring activation catalyzed by mono-oxygenases seems, therefore, to be related to the departure from linearity of the relationship between the rate of formation of mutagenic metabolites and the concentration of liver S9.

Mutat Res, 1979 Dec, 63(2), 225 - 32
Ethidium bromide enhancement of frameshift mutagenesis caused by photoactivatable ethidium analogs; Yielding LW et al.; Ethidium azide analogs (3-amino-8-azido-ethidium monoazide and ethidium diazide) have been developed as photosensitive probes in order to analyze directly the reversible in vivo interactions of ethidium bromide . Our preliminary observations {11}, relating the mutagenic potential of the monoazide analog of ethidium, have been extended and refined, using the highly purified ethidium azide analogs {5} . A number of physical-chemical studies indicate that the monoazide analog interaction with nucleic acids, prior to photolysis, resembles remarkably the interaction of the parent ethidium (unpublished) . It was anticipated, therefore, that competition by ethidium for the ethidium monoazide mutagenic sites in Salmonella TA1538 would be observed when these drugs were used in combination . Previous results in fact showed a decreased production of frameshift mutants when ethidium bromide was added to the ethidium monoazide in the Ames assay {1} . However, more extensive investigations, reported here, have shown that this apparent competition was the result of neglecting the toxic effects of ethidium monoazide and its enhanced toxocity in the presence of ethidium bromide . Conversely, an enhancement of the azide mutagenesis and toxicity for both the mono- and diazide analogs was seen when ethidium bromide was used in combination with these analogs.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1979 Dec 1, 104(23), 923 - 7
{Reduction of the number of tetracycline-resistant strains of Salmonella in the Netherlands (author's transl)}; van Leeuwen WJ et al.; Since 1974, tetracycline resistance in salmonellae of human and porcine origin has decreased nation-wide in the Netherlands . This decrease had coincided with the ban on incorporation of tetracycline in animal feeds for growth-promotion.

J Hyg (Lond), 1979 Dec, 83(3), 461 - 8
Salmonella isolation from hospital areas; Harvey RW et al.; Evidence of the presence of salmonellas in a paediatric ward, a special care baby unit, a maternity unit and a hospital kitchen was obtained by culture of sewer swabs, faeces and food samples . The survey was designed to cause as little administrative interference as possible . The technical aspects of the survey did not strain laboratory facilities . Minimal secondary spread of salmonella infection was experienced.

J Infect Dis, 1979 Dec, 140(6), 904 - 13
Experimental syphilis in the rabbit: passive transfer of immunity with immunoglobulin G from immune serum; Titus RG et al.; A preparation of immunoglobulin G isolated from a pool of immune sera derived from rabbits with long-term syphilis was shown to possess a high degree of purity as judged by immunodiffusion and protein electrophoresis . The antitreponemal power of the preparation of immunoglobulin G and that of the immune serum pool from which it was derived were found to be equivalent in both the skin protection and the systemic protection test . The observation that neither normal serum nor a pool of serum derived from animals "immunized" with Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, or zymosan was protective indicates that the protective power of the immune serum studied was due to specific antibodies residing principally, if not entirely, in the immunoglobulin G fraction of the serum.

Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1979 Nov 30, 58(5), 382 - 90
{Modifications of the fluorescence method for detecting salmonella in feces}; Bisicchia R et al.; The Authors illustrate two modifications of the indirect method for identifying Salmonellae on faeces using fluorescent antibodies . They compare a Commercial polyvalent serum with serum containing only the fundamental antigens of groups B, C and D of Kauffmann-White with the aim of reducing the phenomenon of aspecificity . In order to reduce the time required for this test they substitute the enrichment of the specimen in broth by filtering, first the specimen of faeces and then, successively, centrifuging the filtrate . These two modifications have been demonstrated satisfactorily when the test is carried out in children with active gastroenteritis.

Med Klin, 1979 Nov 9, 74(45), 1681 - 5
{Yersinia arthritis (author's transl)}; Herrlinger JD et al.; Clinical picture and differential diagnosis of Yersinia arthritis are shown by means of three own observations . It is an acute oligoarthritis affecting especially knee- and ankle-joints . The involved joints are very painful, swollen and warm . There may be a history of enteritis or suspicion of acute appendicitis because of lower abdominal pain, but this is not obligatory . The laboratory parameters of inflammation (ESR, C-reactive protein, white blood count, serumproteinelectrophoresis) are changed significantly . Diagnosis is made by serum agglutination reaction (Widal-reaction) against ceesurface antigens (O-antigens) of Yersinia enterocolitica . Almost only people with the HL-A antigen B27 tend to get arthritis during Yersinia infection . The differential diagnosis has to consider reactive arthritis during Salmonella or Shigella infections, acute sarcoidosis, Reiter's disease and rheumatoid arthritis.

JAMA, 1979 Nov 9, 242(19), 2096 - 7
Myasthenia gravis and lymphoma . A clinical and immunological association; Davis S et al.; Myasthenia gravis and lymphoma rarely coexist, but the occurrence of myasthenia shortly after the treatment of a patient with poorly differentiated nodular lymphoma suggested that an immunological disorder may have contributed to the development of both diseases; the fundamental defects in this association may be impaired immunological surveillance and impaired regulation of immune responses to autoantigens . The finding of T-cell immunodeificiency, including profound T-cell lymphopenia, impaired delayed hypersensitivity responses, and failure to a thymus-dependent antibody response to Salmonella adelaide flagellin, is consistent with this hypothesis.

Ann Sclavo, 1979 Nov-Dec, 21(6), 863 - 5
{A new serotype of Salmonella: "Salmonella pisa (16:i:l,w)" (author's transl)}; Levre E et al.; A new Salmonella serotype with the antigenic formula 16:i:l,w and named S . pisa is described . The strain was recovered from the feces of a healthy person who had suffered enteritis during a previous sojourn in Ghana . The W.H.O . Salmonella Centre of Paris confirmed the antigenic structure and agreed with this designation.

J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Nov, 10(5), 637 - 40
Bacteriophage typing scheme for Salmonella infantis; Kasatiya S et al.; A bacteriophage typing system is described for Salmonella infantis . Nine phages were selected, of which three were isolated from sewage and six from human feces . All except 7 of the 546 strains collected between 1974 and 1978 could be classified into 23 different phage types . The five most common phage types comprised 26, 13, 9, 9, and 9% of all strains, respectively . Strains from humans, animals, food, and water isolated during nine episodes, or from given patients at different intervals of time, belonged to the same phage type.

Aust Vet J, 1979 Nov, 55(11), 521 - 4
Possible pathways of contamination of meat and bone meal with Salmonella; Bensink JC et al.; Samples taken at various points along the processing line in 2 rendering plants showed that post-processing contamination occurs almost immediately after termination of the heat process in the percolator and surge bin . Further contamination occurs at each processing stage . In plant A 12.5% of the samples collected from material leaving the surge bin, 36% of the samples of product after it has passed the milling stage and 61% of samples collected from the stored product were found to be contaminated with salmonellas . In plant B the results were 15%, 40% and 69% respectively . Heavy contamination of product left overnight in percolators and surge bins, which are not cleaned routinely, was considered an important source of early post-processing contamination . The ecology was found to be similar at both plants despite the fact that in one plant the uncooked and cooked areas were separated completely, whilst this was not the case in the other plant . None of the air samples collected yielded salmonellas, while nearly all the insect samples collected in the rendering plants yielded salmonellas.

Can J Microbiol, 1979 Nov, 25(11), 1328 - 9
{A new Salmonella serotype isolated in Canada:Salmonella sherbrooke (16:d:1,6)}; Gosselin FM et al.; A new Salmonella serotype classified in the Kauffman sub-genus I (Kauffman 1963) has been isolated in Canada from a stock of cacao beans from Nigeria . Salmonella sherbrooke shares the antigenic structure 16:d:1,6.

Br J Surg, 1979 Nov, 66(11), 822 - 3
Salmonellosis associated with late rupture of an aortofemoral bypass graft; Scott AR et al.; Salmonella infection is a rare cause of rupture of the atherosclerotic abdominal aneurysm . A case never previously reported is presented in which salmonella infection occurred involving an aortofemoral bypass graft which had been inserted 10 years previously . The infection caused a leak in the region of the graft which presented as a haematoma in the thigh.

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