Pseudomonas aeruginosa

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1983 Jul-Dec, 76(7-12), 239 - 45
{Comparative study of the in vitro activity of dibekacin, piperacillin, cefotaxime and cefuroxime on gram-negative bacteria}; Carlone NA et al.; The activity in vitro of the dibekacin was compared with that of piperacillin, cefotaxime and cefuroxime against 266 recently isolated gramnegative pathogens . Dibekacin was consistently more potent than cefotaxime, cefuroxime and piperacillin, with MIC50 and MIC90 values lower than the others . Dibekacin and cefotaxime were essentially similar in activity against all the bacteria, with the singular exception of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which was markedly more susceptible to the former drug.

FEBS Lett, 1983 Jun 27, 157(1), 46 - 50
A rapid stimulation of phosphatidylinositol metabolism in rabbit leukocytes by pseudomonal leukocidin; Hirayama T et al.; The time course experiments of 32Pi-labelling and breakdown of phospholipids in rabbit leukocytes exposed to leukocidin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa suggested that the initial action of this toxin was to stimulate phosphatidic acid production, presumably by causing a rapid metabolic change of phosphatidylinositol (PI response) correlating with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C and 1,2-diacylglycerol kinase . It appears that a rapid formation of phosphatidic acid and degradation of polyphosphoinositides in leukocytes treated with the toxin might be related a Ca2+-movement from extra- and intracellular spaces, resulting in the activation of Ca2+-dependent enzymes involved in the leukocidic process.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1983 Jun 15, 113(2), 526 - 30
Comparative studies of monohemic bacterial C-type cytochromes . Redox and optical properties of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Norway cytochrome C553(550) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome C551; Bianco P et al.; Redox properties of cytochrome c553(550) from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Norway (Eo' = 0.04 + 0.02 V/NHE) and cytochrome c551 from P . aeruginosa (Eo = 0.25 +/- 0.02 V/NHE) are compared with those of some monohemic c-type cytochromes . The pK value for the equilibrium between the pH-dependent forms of cytochrome c553(550) (pK = 10.3 +/- 0.1) has been also determined . It is to be noted that the difference between redox potentials can extend to nearly 250 mV, though the axial heme ligands are identical . Structural reasons have to be invoked to explain these variations.

Lancet, 1983 Jun 11, 1(8337), 1318 - 20
Nosocomial bacterial eye infections in intensive-care units; Hilton E et al.; A cluster of ten nosocomial eye infections occurred in three intensive-care units during an 18-month period . Nine of the ten patients were intubated, all were obtunded, and all had copious sputum production . The bacteria isolated from the patients' sputum samples and from the eyes were identical in nine cases . Pseudomonas aeruginosa caused six of the infections, including all those with complications (three corneal ulcers, two hypopyon, one opaque cornea, two corneal rupture) . Three patients lost their sight . Only the left eye was infected in nine cases . In a prospective study of bacterial dispersion during tracheal suctioning of twenty intubated patients, patients with copious secretions had significantly higher bacterial colony counts on settle plates than those without . Colony counts were higher on the side opposite to the hand the nurse used to withdraw the catheter than on the same side . Nurses tended to withdraw the catheter diagonally across the patient's face, which may explain the selective involvement of the left eye.

Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg), 1983 Jun, 62(6), 276 - 9
{Malignant otitis externa}; Koch U; Malignant otitis externa represents a special form of inflammatory alteration of the external ear . The inflammation can spread to surrounding bones (temporal bone, skull base - to the foramen magnum), as well as to neighbouring tissue, such as the parotid gland, the temporo-mandibular joint and soft tissue near the skull base . Most patients are elderly, latent or manifest diabetics . The causative organism was always proved to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The disease is called "malignant" because of its high mortality rate . Decreasing this mortality is possible - as demonstrated in 6 patients - via early diagnosis, sufficient surgery, as well as local and systemic antibiotics.

Am J Vet Res, 1983 Jun, 44(6), 1135 - 40
Experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa ulcerative keratitis model in the dog; Wyman M et al.; Primary Pseudomonas aeruginosa ulcerative keratitis and accompanying secondary ocular disease were induced bilaterally in 12 of 12 dogs subjected to corneal trephination and intrastromal inoculation . Successful experimental infection was based on recovery of viable Pseudomonas organisms from the lesions, as well as gross and biomicroscopic appearance of the corneas.

J Lab Clin Med, 1983 Jun, 101(6), 940 - 54
DNA hybridization studies of the association of Pseudomonas maltophilia with inflammatory bowel diseases; Graham DY et al.; An infectious etiology has been suggested for the inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and an association of cell wall-defective variants of Pseudomonas maltophilia and Pseudomonas-like group Va bacteria with Crohn's disease has been reported by Parent and Mitchell . Seven of the Parent-Mitchell isolates were compared by using DNA hybridization and six were identical and similar, but not identical, to a type strain of P . maltophilia . The seventh isolate showed extensive homology with VARC, a reference strain of group Va organism, but not with P . maltophilia . Pseudomonas DNAs were radiolabeled by nick translation and used as probes for homologous DNA in hybridization experiments involving 48 different tissues . The presence of DNA with sequences homologous to those of P . maltophilia was detected in three of 23 Crohn's disease samples, two of 10 ulcerative colitis samples, and none of 15 control samples . There was no hybridization with VARC or Pseudomonas aeruginosa probes . We were unable to culture cell wall-defective organisms from patients' tissues but have detected pleomorphic organisms in hypertonic cultures of 14 of 53 Crohn's disease specimens, none of six ulcerative colitis specimens, and none of 11 control specimens . None reverted to normal bacteria . These results do not support an exclusive association of P . maltophilia with Crohn's disease but rather suggest a possible association of P . maltophilia with IBD . Technical limitations currently preclude definitive conclusions regarding the significance of this association . Although we demonstrated the presence of DNA sequences with homology to P . maltophilia DNA in tissues of some patients with IBD, the role, if any, of these bacteria in the pathogenesis of IBD has yet to be established.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1983 Jun, 23(6), 874 - 80
Effects of AC-1370, a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, on phagocyte functions; Ohnishi H et al.; The effects of a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, AC-1370, on phagocyte functions were compared with those of cefoperazone . AC-1370 augmented phagocytosis by mouse macrophages in vitro and in vivo, by mouse neutrophils in vivo, and by human neutrophils in vitro . Cefoperazone suppressed phagocytosis by mouse macrophages and neutrophils . Random migration and chemotaxis of mouse and human neutrophils were increased by the addition of AC-1370 . Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction by human neutrophils was enhanced by the addition of AC-1370 . Intracellular killing of bacteria by macrophages was also enhanced by AC-1370 . Further, bactericidal effects of AC-1370 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were augmented when they were each cultured with mouse or human leukocytes . These results suggest that AC-1370 is an unique beta-lactam antibiotic which has a potentiating effect on phagocyte functions as well as a bactericidal effect.

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 1983 Jun, 1(2), 159 - 62
Morphologic aberration associated with colonial tenacity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Bottone EJ et al.; A blood isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was encountered which produced, on subculture to Mueller-Hinton agar, markedly adherent, tenacious colonies which were characterized microscopically by the presence of serpentine rows of interlocking bacilli . Factors accounting for the observed morphologic aberration, which was lost upon subculture, remain unknown.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Jun, (6), 72 - 7
{Protective cross activity of the extracellular mucus of Pseudomonas aeruginosa}; Stanislavskii ES et al.; Extracellular slime was isolated from 15 P . aeruginosa typing strains of different O-serotypes (immunotypes) . The isolated slime, partially purified by ethanol precipitation, was later referred to as crude slime . Glycolipoprotein was obtained from crude slime and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was obtained from acetone-dried microbial cells by the method of aqueous-phenol extraction . All these antigenic preparations were studied in the active mouse cross-protection tests: immunized mice were challenged with 7 strains of different immunotypes, strain No . 170 019 or toxigenic strain PA-103 . In experiments on mice the slime of different P . aeruginosa serotypes (immunotypes) was found to stimulate immunity to intraperitoneal infection with P . aeruginosa, both homologous or heterologous in respect to their immunotype, including toxigenic strains . Slime glycoprotein also stimulated active cross-immunity in mice, but the level of this immunity was higher than that of immunity stimulated by crude slime . LPS showed mostly weak protective activity in experiments on mice.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Jun, (6), 69 - 72
{The effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin on various nonspecific factors of immunologic reactivity in an experiment}; Dziubak ST; The main characteristics of the nonspecific responsiveness of the body have been studied on the model of acute P . aeruginosa intoxication . An increase in phagocytic and lysozyme activity and in the bactericidal properties of blood serum have been shown to occur during the first 6 hours after the introduction of P . aeruginosa exotoxin . The titer of complement and beta-lysin activity decrease . At a later period of observations a sharp drop in all the characteristics under study (except lysozyme activity) occurs.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Jun, (6), 100 - 3
{Antibodies against Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin in preparations of normal human immunoglobulin}; Ianishevskaia MN et al.; Some lots of commercial normal human immunoglobulin have been found to contain antibodies neutralizing the action of P . aeruginosa exotoxin . The content of antibodies in human immunoglobulin preparations correlates to a certain degree with their protective activity determined in the passive protection test in white mice . Certain lots of normal human immunoglobulin have been found to possess protective activity, but contain no specific antitoxins . The clinical testing of these immunoglobulin preparations used for treating patients with Pseudomonas infections has yielded promising results.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1983 Jun, 11(6), 511 - 5
In-vitro susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to old and new beta-lactam antibiotics and aminoglycosides; Van der Auwera P et al.; In-vitro, activities of gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin, amikacin, cefsulodin, latamoxef (moxalactam), carbenicillin, ticarcillin and piperacillin were compared against 147 randomly selected strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Tobramycin was the most active aminoglycoside (MIC 90:4 mg/l), complete cross resistance with gentamicin (MIC 90:8 mg/l) was observed . Amikacin was the best alternative aminoglycoside (MIC 90:12 mg/l) Netilmicin showed only moderate activity (MIC 90:16 mg/l) . Cefsulodin was the most active beta-lactam antibiotic (MIC 90:8 mg/l) but significant cross-resistance was observed with ticarcillin (MIC 90:32 mg/l) and piperacillin (MIC 90:12 micrograms/ml) . Carbenicillin was two dilutions less active than ticarcillin, latamoxef showed a good activity (MIC 90:64 mg/l) . Having the highest ratio between serum achievable concentration and MIC 90, piperacillin could be the best alternative drug to the aminoglycosides, of the tested antibiotics.

Can J Microbiol, 1983 Jun, 29(6), 732 - 3
FP2 plasmid curing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Potter AA et al.; A procedure for the elimination of the IncP-8 plasmid FP2 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 1 was developed . The procedure consists of freezing cells, competent for transformation, in 15% glycerol at -70 degrees C for at least 48 h and screening survivors for loss of mercuric chloride resistance . Curing frequencies of 0.5% were achieved only in host cells carrying a dht mutation (unable to convert thymine to dihydrothymine).

Can J Microbiol, 1983 Jun, 29(6), 700 - 3
Competitive adherence as a mechanism of bacterial interference; Bibel DJ et al.; To determine whether competition among bacteria for specific attachment sites on host cells can explain bacterial interference, Staphylococcus aureus strain 502A was tested in turn against two different nasal coryneforms, a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a virulent strain of S . aureus, all in the presence of nasal mucosal cells . Particularly examined was the influence of sequence in which bacteria were presented to the nasal cells in comparison with initial mixtures and individual suspensions . Results paralleled those observed in clinical prophylaxis: the bacterium first to adhere to the epithelial cells was able, under uniform conditions, to interfere with the colonization of subsequently added bacteria . Secondary adherence was not eliminated but substantially reduced, and was probably related to steric blockage by the initial colonizer and its particular ability to dissociate from the host cell.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1983 Jun, 31(6), 471 - 5
{Sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to beta-lactam antibiotics and effects of beta-lactamases}; Avril JL et al.; The activities of carbenicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin, cefsulodin, ceftriaxone, azlocillin, ceftazidime and apalcillin were evaluated against 128 hospital isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Against the 85 isolates that were susceptible to carbenicillin, apalcillin had the best minimal inhibitory concentrations, the median MIC being 1, 1 microgram/ml . Against the 43 isolates resistant to carbenicillin, ceftazidime inhibited 90% of organisms at a concentration of 16 micrograms/ml . A constitutive beta-lactamase, was found in 27 of the 43 resistant isolates . All the 128 isolates, but one, were producers of an inducers of an inducible beta-lactamase . Ceftriaxone, piperacillin and azlocillin were highly antagonized by cefoxitin . The extent of antagonism was lower with ticarcillin and carbenicillin.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Jun, 17(6), 1054 - 6
4-h Identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 9-chloro-9-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-10-phenylacridan; Davis JR et al.; A total of 361 gram-negative bacilli were evaluated for their ability to grow in the presence of 9-chloro-9-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-10-phenylacridan . The minimum time required for the production of visual turbidity in brain heart infusion broth was determined to be 4 h in shake cultures at 35 degrees C . The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 9-chloro-9-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-10-phenylacridan in brain heart infusion broth was determined for 174 isolates . The MICs for all 40 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates tested were greater than 50 micrograms/ml . The MICs for the other 53 pseudomonads tested were less than or equal to 5 micrograms/ml . Among 81 other gram-negative bacilli tested, the MICs for 4 were 15 micrograms/ml, the MICs for 15 were 10 micrograms/ml, the MICs for 21 were 5 micrograms/ml, and the MICs for 41 were less than or equal to 1 micrograms/ml . Based on these data, 361 gram-negative bacilli were inoculated into brain heart infusion broth containing 15 micrograms of 9-chloro-9-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-10-phenylacridan per ml and incubated on a shaker for 4 h . The only bacteria that produced visual turbidity were identified as P . aeruginosa (170 of 170 isolates).

Am J Hosp Pharm, 1983 Jun, 40(6), 998 - 1001
Growth of bacteria in intravenous fluids under stimulated actual-use conditions; Hugbo PG et al.; The growth of microorganisms in nonnutritive intravenous solutions under simulated actual-use conditions was studied . Small quantities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (final concentration 200-400 cells/ml) were injected into 500-ml containers (glass bottles and plastic bags) of 5% dextrose injection, 0.9% sodium chloride injection, and 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride injection . Additives (ampicillin, vitamin K, lidocaine, and vitamin B complex) were included in some i.v . solutions . Administration sets were attached to the i.v . containers, and the solutions were run into collection bottles; samples were withdrawn at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 hours after contamination and plated for viable counts . Staph . aureus and K . pneumoniae remained viable in 5% dextrose injection and in 0.9% sodium chloride injection, but the numbers of these bacteria did not increase . The number of Ps . aeruginosa declined in all three solutions . In 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride injection, the number of K . pneumoniae declined but Staph . aureus maintained viability . The type of container and the drug additives had no effect on microbial growth, except that ampicillin was bactericidal to Staph . aureus . Low-level contamination of these bacteria in nonnutritive i.v . solutions under actual-use conditions does not result in large numbers of organisms within the time frame in which most solutions are administered.

J Trauma, 1983 Jun, 23(6), 530 - 4
Anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa activity of an intravenous human IgG preparation in burned mice; Collins MS et al.; A commercially available human IgG chemically modified for intravenous infusion (IGIV) was tested in burned mice for activity against eight strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . An 8.7 to 9.6% full-thickness burn was made with a gas flame on the shaved backs of anesthetized mice . A suspension of P . aeruginosa in 0.5 ml saline was then injected subcutaneously in the burn site . Inocula included seven American Type Culture Collection reference strains representing the seven Fisher-Devlin-Gnabasik immunotypes plus an additional strain of immunotype 1 . IGIV immunotherapy did not significantly reduce mortality in burned mice challenged with immunotypes 5 and 6 but was highly protective against immunotypes 1-4 and 7 . Groups of mice challenged with these five types and treated with approximately 100 or 400 mg IGIV/kg body weight had cumulative mortality rates at 15 days ranging from 0 to 30%, versus an overall mean 84.3% mortality in human serum-albumin treated controls . IGIV was protective if given up to 12 hours after challenge . These data indicate that IGIV has significant in vivo activity against P . aeruginosa and suggest that IGIV immunotherapy may be of value in the treatment of major thermal trauma in man.

J Hyg (Lond), 1983 Jun, 90(3), 489 - 98
Otitis externa by Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with whirlpools; Havelaar AH et al.; Over a period of about 1 year, otitis externa occurred in at least 300 visitors to a recreational park . The infections were associated with the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in insufficiently chlorinated whirlpools.

Am J Med, 1983 Jun, 74(6), 980 - 7
Clinical significance of serum antibody responses to exotoxin A and type-specific lipopolysaccharides in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections; Pollack M et al.; Serum antibodies to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A and immunotype-specific lipopolysaccharides were evaluated as diagnostic and prognostic markers in patients with Pseudomonas disease . Hemagglutination titers to exotoxin A were 1:1,024 or higher and/or showed a fourfold acute-to-convalescent increase in 17 of 25 (68 percent) patients infected with Pseudomonas compared with only one of seven (15 percent) colonized (p = 0.01) and two of 24 (8 percent) culture-negative patients (p less than 0.001) . By comparison, hemagglutination titers to the lipopolysaccharide of patients' Pseudomonas isolates were 1:1,024 or higher or showed a fourfold increase in only four of 17 (24 percent) infected patients and in none of six (0 percent) colonized patients (p = 0.96) . Serial antibody titers to exotoxin A provided serologic confirmation of invasive disease, distinguished infection from colonization, and, in the case of decreasing titers, indicated successful therapy . It is concluded that serum antibodies to exotoxin A are useful serologic markers for the clinical assessment of Pseudomonas infections in man.

J Lab Clin Med, 1983 Jun, 101(6), 896 - 902
Ticarcillin-tobramycin-rifampin: in vitro synergy of the triplet combination against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Zuravleff JJ et al.; MICs of ticarcillin, tobramycin, and rifampin alone and in combination were determined by a three-dimensional checkerboard method for 33 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Twenty-nine of 33 isolates were affected synergistically (FIC index less than 1.0) by the combination of ticarcillin-tobramycin, including 13 of the 16 isolates resistant to ticarcillin and/or tobramycin alone . However, despite fulfilling the criteria for synergy, the MIC of the ticarcillin and/or tobramycin when in combination still exceeded attainable serum concentrations for 12 of the 13 resistant isolates . When rifampin was added to ticarcillin-tobramycin, a synergistic interaction was observed for all 33 isolates . Furthermore, of the 16 isolates resistant to ticarcillin and/or tobramycin, eight were inhibited by attainable concentrations of all three antibiotics in combination . If these results can be confirmed in the clinical situation, application of the three-drug combination of ticarcillin-tobramycin-rifampin might improve survival in selected patients with serious P . aeruginosa infections.

J Infect Dis, 1983 Jun, 147(6), 1090 - 8
Antibody activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in immune globulins prepared for intravenous use in humans; Pollack M; Twenty-seven lots of human immune globulin for intravenous use (IGIV) from seven different producers, including one hyperimmune preparation, were examined for immunologic reactivity and opsonic and protective activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . All IGIVs contained hemagglutinating antibodies to seven immunotype-specific lipopolysaccharides of P . aeruginosa (geometric mean titer +/- SE, 14 +/- 3 for nonhyperimmune preparations and 420 for the hyperimmune product) and to exotoxin A (77 +/- 15) . All IGIVs tested demonstrated opsonic activity against P . aeruginosa in an in vitro granulocyte-dependent bactericidal assay . All IGIVs conferred dose-dependent protection (hyperimmune more so than nonhyperimmune) against fatal burn-wound infections due to P . aeruginosa in mice . In contrast, single lots of hyperimmune and nonhyperimmune IGIV conferred limited protection against infections due to P . aeruginosa in granulocytopenic mice . These studies indicate the potential prophylactic efficacy of IGIV in human pseudomonas disease, and the possible need for high doses of hyperimmune IGIV in granulocytopenic patients.

Eur J Biochem, 1983 Jun 1, 133(1), 119 - 25
Purification and properties of 2-aminoethylphosphonate:pyruvate aminotransferase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Dumora C et al.; 2-Aminoethylphosphonate aminotransferase has been purified to homogeneity with a yield of 15% from cell extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated by gel filtration to be 65000 +/- 2000 . Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis yielded a molecular weight of 16500 +/- 1000, suggesting a tetrameric model for this protein . The absorption spectrum exhibits maxima at 280 nm, 335 nm and 415 nm which are characteristic of a pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent enzyme: 4 mol of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate/mol of enzyme have been found . This aminotransferase catalyzes the transfer of the amino group of 2-aminoethylphosphonate (ciliatine) to pyruvate to give 2-phosphonoacetaldehyde and alanine . A pH optimum between 8.5-9 and an activity increasing from 30 degrees C to 50 degrees C have been observed . The reaction follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics with Km values of 3.85 mM and 3.5 mM for ciliatine and pyruvate respectively . This enzyme shows a very high specificity since ciliatine and pyruvate are the only amino donor and acceptor respectively . Methyl, ethyl and propylphosphonic acids are better competitors towards ciliatine than their alpha-amino derivatives . 3-Aminopropylphosphonate, the higher homologue of ciliatine, is recognized neither as a substrate nor as an inhibitor . The enzyme activity is significantly affected by carbonyl reagents and by HgCl2 . Transamination of 2-aminoethylphosphonate is the first step of a double-step pathway which leads to the cleavage of its C-P bond.

Ann Ophthalmol, 1983 Jun, 15(6), 559 - 61
Successful management of Pseudomonas endogenous endophthalmitis; Cowan CL Jr et al.; A 38-year-old man acquired a Pseudomonas aeruginosa wound infection after transplant nephrectomy . After an initial response to therapy, Pseudomonas sepsis developed, and he was readmitted to the hospital . Two days after admission, blurred vision developed . Ocular examination revealed a severe vitritis and exudate in the pupillary space on the right side . Endogenous endophthalmitis was suspected, and a diagnostic vitreous aspiration yielded P aeruginosa on culture . The patient was treated with intravitreal, subconjunctival, and topical antibiotics as well as periocular steroids, and was able to achieve useful vision before his death from his systemic illness.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Jun, 17(6), 1032 - 8
Quality control of moxalactam susceptibility disks; Barry AL et al.; In vitro evaluation of two types of moxalactam disks revealed significant performance differences when Staphylococcus aureus was being tested . The differences were traced to the amount of decarboxylated moxalactam present in the disks . The decarboxylated analog was much more active than the parent compound against S . aureus, not active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and approximately as active as the parent compound against Escherichia coli . A nine-laboratory coordinated study was performed to establish quality control parameters for 30-micrograms moxalactam disks . Problems with the establishment of interpretive standards for moxalactam disk tests were evaluated in the light of differences between disks utilized in earlier studies and those that are now commercially available . The type of disk greatly influences standards for tests with S . aureus but has insignificant influence on testing gram-negative bacilli.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1983 Jun, 49(2), 173 - 82
Protective activities of ribosomal ribonucleic acid and lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a comparative study; Gonggrijp R et al.; Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from P . aeruginosa were compared with respect to their protective activities in mice against an infection with P . aeruginosa . This study is concentrated on the protective activity of RNA . RNA isolated from purified ribosomes did not contain LPS as determined with the Limulus test . Injection of RNA with the adjuvant dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) protected mice against P . aeruginosa without inducing LPS-specific antibodies . C3H/HeJ mice which are relatively insensitive to the protective activity of LPS could be protected with RNA . The protective activities of RNA and LPS from a mutant strain of P . aeruginosa, PAC 605, containing defective lipopolysaccharide, were compared with the protective activities of RNA and LPS from the parent strain, PAC IR . The protective activity of LPS from PAC 605 was 1000 fold lower than the protective activity of LPS from PAC IR . RNA preparations of both strains induced similar percentages of survival . The protective activity of ribosomal RNA from P . aeruginosa was nonspecific since mice were also protected against a heterologous serotype of P . aeruginosa and against Escherichia coli . RNA from ribosomes of P . aeruginosa, E . coli and the non-lipopolysaccharide containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae had similar protective activities . No protection was obtained with the ribonucleic acid from the E . coli phage MS2 . It is concluded that ribosomal RNA has protective activities distinct from those of LPS.

FEBS Lett, 1983 May 30, 156(1), 113 - 8
The motile and tactic behaviour of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in anaerobic environments; Armitage JP et al.; ATP generated by the anaerobic metabolism of L-arginine in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used to maintain the membrane potential . Although both the ATP concentration and membrane potential were lower than in aerobically incubated bacteria, motility and chemotaxis were almost normal . Venturicidin stopped anaerobic motility by abolishing the membrane potential . The addition of venturicidin to aerobic bacteria caused an increase in the membrane potential, but a decrease in internal ATP concentration, resulting in bacteria which were motile but non-chemotactic . The membrane potential was the only requirement for continued motility but ATP was required in addition for chemotaxis.

J Biol Chem, 1983 May 25, 258(10), 6405 - 9
Interaction of cytochrome c with the blue copper proteins, plastocyanin and azurin; Augustin MA et al.; Bimolecular rate constants have been determined for the reactions of native horse cytochrome c, eight 4-carboxy-2,6-dinitrophenyl (CDNP-) cytochromes c singly modified at lysines 7, 13, 25, 27, 60, 72, 86, or 87 and one 2,3,6-trinitrophenyl cytochrome c singly modified at lysine 13, with the blue copper proteins, plastocyanin (from parsley leaves) and azurin (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa) . Plastocyanin, a protein having a negative charge of about -7, yields a bimolecular rate constant with native ferrocytochrome c of 1.5 x 10(6) M-1 S-1, which decreases with the modified cytochromes c to a minimum of 7.5 x 10(5) M-1 S-1 for the CDNP-lysine 13 derivative . Conversely azurin, a protein with an overall negative charge of only about -1 to -2, exhibits bimolecular rate constants with native ferrocytochrome c of 6.6 x 10(3) M-1 S-1 at pH 6.1 and 4.0 x 10(3) M-1 S-1 at pH 8.6, which increase upon modification of the cytochrome c to a maximum of 4.1 x 10(4) M-1 S-1 at pH 6.1 and 2.7 x 10(4) M-1 S-1 at pH 8.6, for the CDNP-cytochrome c modified at lysine 72 . This behavior indicates that: 1) the reaction of cytochrome c occurs at a negatively charged site on plastocyanin, whereas azurin behaves as a positively charged reactant, the electrostatics governing to a large extent the relative reactivities of the modified cytochromes c; 2) in both cases the interaction domain on cytochrome c is located on the "front" surface of the protein and encompasses the solvent accessible edge of the heme prosthetic group, as is the case for all the reactions of cytochrome c with its mitochondrial protein redox partners, as well as for small inorganic redox complexes; and 3) the bimolecular rate constants for plastocyanin and azurin are orders of magnitude slower and the effects of lysine modifications far smaller than for the reactions with physiological systems, indicating that: (a) the electric fields generated by the reactants do not align them, prior to electron transfer, as effectively as for the physiological reaction partners of cytochrome c; and (b) there is an absence of a precise molecular fit between cytochrome c and the nonphysiological redox partners.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1983 May, 23(5), 766 - 73
In vitro study of bacterial growth inhibition in concentrated sugar solutions: microbiological basis for the use of sugar in treating infected wounds; Chirife J et al.; The use of sugar for the treatment of infected wounds was investigated in in vitro experiments with bacteria pathogenic to humans, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus . Studies showed that solutions of appropriate sugar concentration incubated at pH 7.0 and 35 degrees C were lethal to the bacterial species studied . On the basis of these results, it is proposed that an important function of sugar in the treatment of infected wounds is to create an environment of low water activity (aw), which inhibits or stresses bacterial growth.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 May, 17(5), 864 - 9
Microbiological and clinical evaluation of the isolator lysis-centrifugation blood culture tube; Henry NK et al.; In a controlled evaluation of 6,010 blood cultures, the yield of clinically significant microorganisms was greater from a lysis-centrifugation system (Isolator, Du Pont Co.) than from a nonvented vacuum bottle containing tryptic soy broth with sodium polyanetholesulfonate and CO2 and a vented bottle containing biphasic brain heart infusion medium with sodium polyanetholesulfonate . The Isolator significantly increased the frequency of isolation of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp . and significantly decreased the time required for the detection of S . aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida spp.; however, anaerobic bacteria were recovered significantly more frequently from nonvented bottles with tryptic soy broth, and pneumococci were recovered significantly more frequently from both bottle systems . Contamination of cultures was significantly greater with the Isolator system than with either bottle system . Regardless of the number of blood cultures obtained per septic episode, the Isolator detected microbiologically proven bacteremia or fungemia in a significantly greater number of patients and significantly decreased the time required for detection.

J Infect Dis, 1983 May, 147(5), 918 - 32
Once-daily vs . continuous aminoglycoside dosing: efficacy and toxicity in animal and clinical studies of gentamicin, netilmicin, and tobramycin; Powell SH et al.; The dosing frequency of aminoglycoside antibiotics may alter efficacy and toxicity independent of total daily dose . Once-daily tobramycin dosing was compared with continuous infusion in three models of efficacy . Acute pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in guinea pigs responded better to once-daily dosing, and chronic pneumonia in rats and endocarditis in rabbits responded equally to both regimens . Dogs given gentamicin, tobramycin, or netilmicin once daily, with maximum serum concentrations of greater than 100 mg/liter, had less nephrotoxicity than dogs given continuous infusions . Tobramycin was given once daily or continuously to 52 patients with cystic fibrosis who in 10 days had no change in creatinine clearance or hearing despite maximum serum tobramycin concentrations of 40 mg/liter . Intermittent dosing of aminoglycosides, causing infrequent large maximum serum concentrations, may be less toxic and equally efficacious as frequent dosing.

J Infect Dis, 1983 May, 147(5), 910 - 7
Impact of dosing intervals on activity of gentamicin and ticarcillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in granulocytopenic mice; Gerber AU et al.; The influence of dosing intervals on the activity of gentamicin and ticarcillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied in vivo . Granulocytopenic mice infected with P . aeruginosa in the thigh muscle were treated with 1-hr or 3-hr injections of gentamicin, ticarcillin, or gentamicin-ticarcillin . Plasma pharmacokinetics of the drugs were correlated with antibacterial activity . Gentamicin injected every 1 hr tended to be less active than gentamicin injected at longer intervals . In contrast, ticarcillin given every 1 hr was significantly more efficacious than equivalent total doses injected every 3 hr . The dosing schedule of gentamicin-ticarcillin was again important for ticarcillin but did not appreciably affect the antibacterial activity of gentamicin . Thus, antimicrobial chemotherapy of P . aeruginosa infections in the granulocytopenic host might be improved by administering ticarcillin rather than gentamicin as a constant infusion.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1983 May, 11 Suppl B, 175 - 81
Comparative clinical evaluation of azlocillin and gentamicin; Sabbaj J et al.; Forty-four patients with severe systemic bacterial infection were treated with azlocillin (20) or gentamicin (24) . The commonest sites of infection were skin and soft tissue, lungs and bone . Thirty-eight patients had received previous antimicrobial therapy . The commonest infecting organism was Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The overall response rate in the azlocillin group was cure or partial cure in 18 patients and failure in one patient, and in the gentamicin group 15 cures or partial cures and six failures . Four patients, one on azlocillin and three on gentamicin, could not be evaluated . Azlocillin was an effective and safe therapy for the treatment of Ps . aeruginosa infections.

Infect Immun, 1983 May, 40(2), 659 - 64
Passive protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in an experimental leukopenic mouse model; Cryz SJ Jr et al.; An experimental leukopenic mouse model was used to evaluate the protective capacities of immunoglobulin G (IgG) fractions directed against toxin A (AT-IgG), elastase (AE-IgG), and lipopolysaccharide (ALPS-IgG) against fatal Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection . Statistically significant protection, as measured by long-term survival, was observed only when mice were treated with serotype-specific ALPS-IgG . The mean lethal dose for P . aeruginosa could be increased by as much as 6,600-fold for mice given ALPS-IgG as compared to mice which received only normal rabbit IgG . ALPS-IgG afforded high levels of protection, even when administered up to 6 h postchallenge . Experiments designed to monitor the growth and spread of a locally administered challenge showed that ALPS-IgG prevented bacteremia and organ colonization, which were pronounced in control animals . The effectiveness of combined antibiotic and immune therapy was tested . Gentamicin alone or in combination with AT-IgG or AE-IgG provided no detectable protection . However, its use with ALPS-IgG afforded substantially higher levels of protection than ALPS-IgG alone.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1983 May-Jun, 134A(3), 281 - 94
A complement-sensitive mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Offredo-Hemmer C et al.; The role of complement in the bactericidal activity of human serum against a mutant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa used as a model was demonstrated . The involvement of complement in the bacterial destruction of P . aeruginosa, and the contribution of the alternative and classical pathways of the complement system were directly evidenced by using sera from complement-deficient patients.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1983 May-Jun, 134A(3), 255 - 66
{Utilization of various omega-guanidoalkylphosphonic acids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa}; de Tinguy-Moreaud E et al.; Bacterial growth was studied in synthetic media containing guanidomethyl-, 2-guanidoethyl-, 3-guanidopropyl- or 4-guanido-1-aminobutyl-phosphonic acid, as a possible nitrogen or phosphorus source . Among these four compounds, 2-guanidoethylphosphonic acid (2-GEPh) appeared to be the only efficient nitrogen nutrient . Our results are discussed in light of recent data on Pseudomonas aeruginosa amidinohydrolases . In addition, 2-GEPh proved to be a valuable source of phosphorus; the phosphorus group of its higher homologue 3-guanidopropylphosphonic acid was also used, but the linear bacterial growth curve reflected a limited rate of phosphate release . The characterization of ethylguanidine and propylguanidine in the corresponding culture filtrates suggests a hydrolytic process similar to that described for 3-aminopropylphosphonic acid.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1983 May, 31(5), 387 - 91
{Pseudomonas aeruginosa: acquired in vitro resistance to beta-lactams}; Thabaut A et al.; The development of resistance acquired in vitro to 5 semi-synthetic penicillins: carbenicillin, ticarcillin, azlocillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin and to 5 cephalosporins: cefotaxime, cefoperazone, moxalactam, cefsulodin and ceftazidime, was compared in 6 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The strains were selected on the basis of their phenotypic resistance: 3 were susceptible to all the betalactam antibiotics tested, 1 was resistant to carbenicillin and ticarcillin but remained susceptible to the others, 2 were susceptible to cefsulodin and ceftazidime but resistant to the others . The development of resistance was investigated by subsequent passages in liquid medium: up to 15 passages or up to an MIC of 4 096 mg/l for a penicillin or 512 mg/l for the cephalosporins . Irrespectively of the phenotypic resistance, for all cephalosorins the MIC became greater than or equal to 64 mg/l and very often greater than or equal to 512 mg/l after 1 to 3 passages . For the penicillin susceptible strains very high MICs were obtained more rapidly with azlocillin and piperacillin (1-2 passages) than with carbenicillin or ticarcillin (5-9 passages) . These results are not in favour of a monotherapy with betalactam antibiotics, especially cephalosporins, in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, but suggest the preferential use of carbenicillin and especially ticarcillin for sensitive isolates.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1983 May, 31(5), 383 - 6
{Comparative bactericidal activity of cefsulodin and ceftazidime on Pseudomonas aeruginosa}; Delisle-Mizon F et al.; This research concerns the bacteriostatic and the bactericidal activity of two beta-lactams (cefsulodin and ceftazidime) on ten strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa affected by carbenicillin . Additionally to classical approaches in the broth and agar technics, a method of culture on filter membrane is used . The results obtained after a 2 hours and 24 hours contact are reported . The resulting values of minimum inhibitory concentrations are comparable . As far as minimum bactericidal concentrations values are concerned, there is no significant difference between the two methods or between the two antibiotics . The analysis of the bactericidal effect of a 2 hours contact allows no inference relative to the comparative effect of the two antibiotics . Each strain of P . aeruginosa has its specific behaviour, and there seems to be no way to extrapolate from their minimum inhibitory concentrations the bactericidal effect of cefsulodin and ceftazidime.

Mikrobiologiia, 1983 May-Jun, 52(3), 392 - 5
{Population dynamics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa capable of assimilating p-xylene}; Gorlatova NV et al.; The paper describes the dynamics of clones in the population of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2x, which appear spontaneously as the result of variability in the capacity to use aromatic compounds . A culture growing on p-xylene is most homogeneous, which may be attributed to the selective action of the medium . However, the greatest number of cells capable of growth on p-xylene is found in a culture grown in a medium containing glucose.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1983 May, 11 Suppl B, 33 - 8
Synergy of azlocillin with aminoglycosides; Chin NX et al.; The combination of azlocillin and the aminoglycosides amikacin, gentamicin, netilmicin, sisomicin, and tobramycin was synergistic . The FIC index was less than or equal to 0.5 for 28 to 42% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates tested and with an additive FIC index greater than 0.5-1 for 53 to 63% of the isolates . Antagonism was not encountered . Isolates resistant to azlocillin (MIC greater than 100 mg/l) were more often synergistically inhibited by the combination of azlocillin and an aminoglycoside . The concentrations of antibiotics that synergistically inhibited Pseudomonas were those readily achieved in man . The combination of azlocillin and aminoglycosides prevented regrowth of isolates that grew after initial suppression by the antibiotics alone.

Antibiotiki, 1983 May, 28(5), 341 - 5
{Morphological study of the organs and tissues of mice infected after a burn with a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain and treated with a Pseudomonas aeruginosa polyvalent corpuscular vaccine and tobramycin}; Moroz AF et al.; The effect of tobramycin and polyvalent corpuscular Ps . aeruginosa vaccine on the infectious process in mice with grade III burns inoculated with Ps . aeruginosa 1312 was studied . The highest percentage of the survival (100 per cent) among the animals was observed, when the vaccine was applied locally every day for 7 days . With the use of tobramycin administered intramuscularly for 2 times 95 per cent of the animals survived . When the vaccine was administered subcutaneously, 96.6 per cent of the animals survived . Morphological investigation of the organs and tissues of the mice showed that the vaccine applications to the infected burns promoted rapid elimination of microorganisms in the wounds and prevented development of sepsis due to Ps . aeruginosa . At the same time early epithelization of the wounds was observed (by the 4th-7th day) . Intramuscular injections of tobramycin and subcutaneous injection of vaccine also prevented development of sepsis due to Ps . aeruginosa and protected the animals from death . Still no epithelization of the wounds by that period was observed . Microscopic examinations revealed necrosis of the epiderma and derma elements and microbial swarms on the skin surface.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 May, (5), 25 - 8
{Electron microscope study of the intracellular development of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage phi KZ}; Smirnova TA et al.; The study of the ultrathin sections of cells infected with virulent phage phi KZ has confirmed the presence of a specific cylindrical formation, an inner body, in the head of this phage and revealed the spiral structure of this inner body . The formation of DNA condensates whose structure resembles a spring wound around the core (the inner body) has been shown to occur in the cells in the process of the ultracellular development of phage phi KZ . This development leads to characteristic changes in the cellular structure, and in particular in the cell walls and the nucleoid.

Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1983 May-Jun, 19(3), 347 - 52
{A strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa growing on petroleum hydrocarbons}; Porits AL et al.; The strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa BS313 was used to isolate mutants that are capable to utilize octane as the sole carbon source . By means of conjugation plasmids of camphor (CAM) and naphthalene (pBS2) biodegradation were inserted into one of the mutant strains P . aeruginosa BS316 . The resultant strain P . aeruginosa BS315 shows the capacity to degrade aliphatic, aromatic and cyclic oil hydrocarbons.

Pediatr Infect Dis, 1983 May-Jun, 2(3), 209 - 11
Efficacy of inhaled tobramycin in the treatment of pulmonary exacerbations in children with cystic fibrosis; Stephens D et al.; Two forms of treatment of acute pulmonary exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis were compared: intravenous ticarcillin (300 mg drug per kg per day) and tobramycin (10 mg drug per kg per day) versus the same intravenous antibiotic therapy plus inhaled tobramycin (80 mg three times per day) . The 16 patients in the intravenous plus inhaled tobramycin group were similar to the 12 control patients in age, sex, Schwachman scores, pulmonary function and pretreatment colony counts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sputum . Treatment resulted in significant improvement in clinical status and pulmonary function without any apparent differences in the two groups . However, intravenous plus inhaled tobramycin resulted in temporary eradication of P . aeruginosa in 63% of the patients compared to 25% in the intravenous only group (P = 0.03) . Suppression of P . aeruginosa in sputum cultures did not correlate with clinical response to treatment . No renal toxicity or elevations of serum tobramycin were observed in the intravenous plus inhaled tobramycin group.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1983 May, 80(10), 2870 - 3
Pseudomonas exotoxin A: toxoid preparation by photoaffinity inactivation; Marburg S et al.; A method for toxoid preparation has been developed in which toxins expressing enzymatic activity can be detoxified by photoaffinity labeling techniques . In the case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, the method relies on the affinity of azido-substituted analogs of the substrate (NAD) for the proenzyme form of the toxin . Photolysis of the putative toxin-analog complex results in irreversible inactivation of the toxin without loss of antigenic character . It is proposed that this occurs by nitrene insertion into a chemical bond on the toxin molecule . This affinity photoinactivation process should be applicable to other ADP-ribosylating toxins.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1983 May, 127(5), 605 - 8
The relationship of phenotype changes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the clinical condition of patients with cystic fibrosis; Penketh A et al.; Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, isolated from the sputum of relatively fit patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) who had been recently colonized by the organism, showed typical cultural and serologic characteristics . The majority of strains of P . aeruginosa isolated from CF patients with chronic bronchopulmonary infection had 3 distinctive features, loss of 0 serotype reaction, expression of a new somatic antigen, and sensitivity to normal human serum . Patients with organisms with one or two of these features were more severely affected by the disease . The appearance of these variants may represent a critical stage in the progression of CF.

J Bacteriol, 1983 May, 154(2), 780 - 6
Chemotaxis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: involvement of methylation; Craven RC et al.; The involvement of a protein methyl transfer system in the chemotaxis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated . When a methionine auxotroph of P . aeruginosa was starved for methionine, chemotaxis toward serine, measured by a quantitative capillary assay, was reduced 80%, whereas background motility was unaffected or increased . When unstarved bacteria were labeled with L-{methyl-3H}methionine, a labeled species of 73,000 molecular weight which was methylated in response to stimulation by L-serine was identified . Under appropriate electrophoretic conditions, the 73,000 molecular weight species was resolved into two bands, both of which responded to stimulation by L-serine, L-arginine, and alpha-aminoisobutyrate (AIB) with an increased incorporation of methyl label . Arginine, which elicited the strongest chemotactic response in the capillary assay, also stimulated the greatest methylation response . Methylation of the 73,000 molecular weight species reached a maximum 10 min after stimulation by AIB and returned to the unstimulated level upon removal of the AIB . In vitro labeling of cell extracts with S-adenosyl{methyl-3H}methionine indicated that the 73,000 molecular weight species are methylated by an S-adenosylmethionine-mediated reaction . These results indicate that chemotaxis of P . aeruginosa toward amino acids is mediated by dynamic methylation and demethylation of methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins analogous to those of the enteric bacteria.

Infect Immun, 1983 May, 40(2), 670 - 4
In vitro response of human T cells to Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Porwoll JM et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative bacillus that is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients, burn patients, and patients with cystic fibrosis . Although immunity to these bacteria has been associated with serum antibody, more recent evidence suggests that T-cell-mediated immunity may also be important . To evaluate human T-cell responsiveness to these bacteria, the optimal conditions were determined for in vitro proliferation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes to Fisher-Devlin immunotype 1 P . aeruginosa . The proliferative response of normal adult peripheral blood lymphocytes to heat-killed P . aeruginosa was studied in 34 subjects (range, 7,600 to 111,500 net cpm) . Analysis of cell subpopulations indicated that T-lymphocytes are the major proliferating cells and that this response is enhanced by the presence of adherent cells . Data from fetal cord lymphocyte responses suggest that the proliferation seen in normal adult lymphocytes is induced by antigenic and not mitogenic stimulation.

Infect Immun, 1983 May, 40(2), 506 - 13
Protease production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis; Hastie AT et al.; The temporal appearance of extracellular proteases produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was analyzed by pH 9 and pH 4 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE . Ammonium sulfate precipitates of culture supernatants from various stages of growth revealed a time-dependent increase in number and amount of proteolytically active proteins . One mucoid P . aeruginosa clinical isolate and its derived nonmucoid variant, as well as two other nonmucoid variant P . aeruginosa strains (all from cystic fibrosis patients), showed similar production of five differently migrating proteases (P1 to P5, numbered according to increasing net negative charge) in pH 9 PAGE and one protease in pH 4 PAGE . P2, P3, and P5 increased to maximum concentrations at 24 to 48 h, decreasing thereafter, whereas P4 continued increasing even at 83 h, and P1 fluctuated . P3 was identified as an elastase . P2 was possibly composed of polypeptide chains bridged by disulfide bonds, since without reduction it migrated in sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE as a single protein, and with reduction it migrated as three protein bands . Two-dimensional PAGE revealed multiple molecular weight species within protease-positive bands in pH 9 gel strips . Isoelectric focusing gave a pattern of protein separation that correlated with two-dimensional PAGE analysis . Thus, greater heterogeneity of active proteases than previously reported has been demonstrated in all P . aeruginosa clinical isolates studied by sensitive two-dimensional PAGE analysis.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1983 May, 31(5), 366 - 9
{A study of pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone in children}; Begue P et al.; A study of the pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone (CPZ), used as the sole antibiotic, was performed in 17 children and neonates . The types of infections treated were 7 UTI, 2 otitis media, 2 RTI, 4 septicemia or severe neonatal infections . Causative bacteria included 6 E . coli, 3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 1 C perfringens, 1 Klebsiella pneumoniae and 2 Staphylococcus aureus . Cefoperazone was administered by means of rapid IV injections (over 5 min) or IV infusions BID . The blood samples were taken by means of capillary microtubes at time 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours after the end of the first injection . After centrifugation and freezing at -80 degrees DEG method using modified Difco M2 Agar (Nall plus sodium citrate) and stock organinism Bacillus subtilis Atcc 6633 . The results achieved in children and neonates were compared, in the 11 children (mean age 6.5 years) . The mean single dose was 53 mg/kg . The mean maxima concentration was 145 mcg/ml and was obtained at 0.5 h . Mean serum half-life is 2.4 h . For the neonates mean age was 16 days and the dosage was 47 mg/kg, the maxima concentration was 232 micrograms/ml and was obtained at 0.6 h . The mean serum half-life was 3.4 h in the 2 groups, serum levels at 12 h were still high with a mean of 6.2 micrograms/ml for the 17 children . It appears that doses of 25-50 mg/kg given BID would be satisfactory.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1983 May, 11 Suppl B, 205 - 14
Comparative efficacy and tolerance study of azlocillin and carbenicillin in patients with cystic fibrosis: a double blind study; Huang NN et al.; Azlocillin, a new acylureidopenicillin, has been compared to carbenicillin in a controlled, double-blind study for acute exacerbations of pulmonary infections in 29 patients with cystic fibrosis . Twenty-six patients were valid for final analysis of their therapeutic results; 12 treated with azlocillin (group I) at mean dosage of 252 mg/kg/day for a mean duration of 13.2 days of treatment, and 14 treated with carbenicillin (group II) at mean dosage of 505 mg/kg/day for a median duration of 12.6 days . Except for one patient of group I who had Staphylococcus aureus in sputum culture, the remaining patients all had Pseudomonas aeruginosa of mucoid colonial morphology with or without the same organism of rough variety in their sputum culture . Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated according to our scoring system of ten clinical factors, five radiological and five pulmonary function factors with 5 points each and 100 points total if perfect . The percentage of patients who improved by 20% or greater in clinical scores was found in 91.7% of patients in group I and 64.3% of patients in group II, which was statistically significantly different . The percentage of patients who improved by 20% or greater in total scores was found in 80% of group I and 45.5% of group II patients, which was less significant than the evaluation of clinical scores alone . Azlocillin was well tolerated and safe in the dosage employed . Its optimal dosage for patients with cystic fibrosis should be established.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1983 May, 11 Suppl B, 195 - 203
Randomized, double-blind evaluation of azlocillin for the treatment of pulmonary exacerbations of cystic fibrosis; McLaughlin FJ et al.; Patients with cystic fibrosis hospitalized because of deterioration in their pulmonary disease were randomly assigned to receive ten days of intravenous antibiotic therapy with either ticarcillin plus tobramycin (previously the standard regimen at our hospital), azlocillin plus tobramycin or azlocillin plus placebo . Pulmonary function and microbiological responses were similar in the three treatment groups, although patients receiving azlocillin and placebo tended to have a smaller reduction in the concentration of bacteria in the sputum and a greater rate of acquisition of antibiotic-resistant organisms . Overall, in-hospital treatment was associated with a significant improvement in Shwachman score, pulmonary function tests, and PO2 . Improvement was noted by day 5 of therapy, continued through day 10, and was partially maintained at follow-up clinic visit one month after discharge . There was also a statistically significant reduction in sputum bacterial concentration, but patients cultured at the conclusion of antibiotic therapy still had a mean of 10(7) cfu/ml in sputum . Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the principal pathogen recovered from sputum cultures in this study, was transiently suppressed to sub-detectable levels in only one patient . There was no correlation between microbiological response and change in any parameter of pulmonary function . By follow-up clinic visit, sputum bacteria had returned to pre-treatment levels, and antibiotic-resistant organisms persisted in all patients from whom they had been recovered during hospitalization.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1983 May, 11 Suppl B, 169 - 74
A comparison of azlocillin and gentamicin in the treatment of serious infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Gonzalez MA; A randomized controlled clinical trial to compare the efficacy and safety of azlocillin and gentamicin was conducted in 42 patients with serious infections, primarily of the skin or skin structure and lower respiratory tract . Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from each of the 25 infection sites in the azlocillin group and 18 in the gentamicin group; most of the sites were also infected by other pathogens . After a mean of 13 days of treatment with azlocillin at 18 g/day, a good clinical response was attained in 96% of the cases, and nearly 90% of the causative organisms were eradicated . In the gentamicin group, administration of 180 mg/day for a mean of 11 days provided a good clinical response in 95% of the cases, and eradication of 92% of the causative pathogens.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1983 May, 11 Suppl B, 159 - 67
A comparative study of the efficacy and safety of azlocillin and gentamicin in the treatment of serious infections; del Rosal PL; Azlocillin, a new semisynthetic ureidopenicillin, has increased in-vitro activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and good activity against other Gram-negative organisms . In a comparative clinical study, azlocillin was administered intravenously at 18 g/day to 24 patients and gentamicin intramuscularly at 3 to 5 mg/kg/day to 25 patients, most of whom had infections of the skin and skin structure, intra-abdominal cavity, or lower respiratory tract . Gram-negative organisms, usually Ps . aeruginosa or Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, were isolated most frequently . At the end of therapy, 18/24 (75%) of the patients with one infection site had an excellent clinical response after azlocillin, as compared with 7/20 (35%) after gentamicin (P = 0.014) . The overall response to treatment was cure in 17/24 (70.8%) of the azlocillin patients and 9/24 (37.5%) of the gentamicin patients (P = 0.042) . Bacteriological response was in the azlocillin group 28/33 or 84.8% as compared to the gentamicin group 38/51 or 74.5%.

J Gen Microbiol, 1983 May, 129 (Pt 5), 1527 - 36
Identification of Tn2401, a transposon encoding multiresistance to aminoglycosides; Schmidt F et al.; A transposable element, Tn2401, was found in a clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Tn2401 had a size of 7190 nucleotides and encoded aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase and aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase . The sequence encoding the former enzyme was homologous with that of Tn903 . Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains harbouring this transposon were resistant to kanamycin, neomycin, lividomycin, ribostamycin, paromomycin, netilmycin, tobramycin, dibekacin, gentamicin, sisomicin, and butirosin.

Infect Immun, 1983 May, 40(2), 665 - 9
Demonstration of an iron-siderophore-binding protein in the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Sokol PA et al.; Outer membranes prepared from Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown in low-iron medium bind three times as much {59Fe}pyochelin as do membranes from cells grown in high-iron medium . The deletion of pyochelin reduced 59Fe binding to background levels . Autoradiographic analysis of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretograms of outer membrane preparations previously incubated with {59Fe}pyochelin revealed that the iron-siderophore complex bound to a low-molecular-weight protein of approximately 14,000.

J Reprod Med, 1983 May, 28(5), 337 - 40
Treatment of serious obstetric and gynecologic infections with cefoxitin; Hager WD et al.; In order to evaluate the efficacy of cefoxitin, 25 patients with serious pelvic infections admitted to a community hospital were treated with the drug . Twenty-one patients (84%) responded to this therapy . Three of the four failures (75%) had a pelvic abscess . Resistant organisms included Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and enterococci . The adverse reactions encountered were due to localized phlebitis, which occurred in three patients (12%) . The study demonstrated that cefoxitin was successful as a single agent in the treatment of serious soft-tissue pelvic infections.

J Bacteriol, 1983 May, 154(2), 623 - 31
Hidden overflow pathway to L-phenylalanine in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Fiske MJ et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa is representative of a large group of pseudomonad bacteria that possess coexisting alternative pathways to L-phenylalanine (as well as to L-tyrosine) . These multiple flow routes to aromatic end products apparently account for the inordinate resistance of P . aeruginosa to end product analogs . Manipulation of carbon source nutrition produced a physiological state of sensitivity to p-fluorophenylalanine and m-fluorophenylalanine, each a specific antimetabolite of L-phenylalanine . Analog-resistant mutants obtained fell into two classes . One type lacked feedback sensitivity of prephenate dehydratase and was the most dramatic excretor of L-phenylalanine . The presence of L-tyrosine curbed phenylalanine excretion to one-third, a finding explained by potent early-pathway regulation of 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase-Tyr (a DAHP synthase subject to allosteric inhibition by L-tyrosine) . The second class of regulatory mutants possessed a completely feedback-resistant DAHP synthase-Tyr, the major species (greater than 90%) of two isozymes . Deregulation of DAHP synthase-Tyr resulted in the escape of most chorismate molecules produced into an unregulated overflow route consisting of chorismate mutase (monofunctional), prephenate aminotransferase, and arogenate dehydratase . In the wild type the operation of the overflow pathway is restrained by factors that restrict early-pathway flux . These factors include the highly potent feedback control of DAHP synthase isozymes by end products as well as the strikingly variable abilities of different carbon source nutrients to supply the aromatic pathway with beginning substrates . Even in the wild type, where all allosteric regulation in intact, some phenylalanine overflow was found on glucose-based medium, but not on fructose-based medium . This carbon source-dependent difference was much more exaggerated in each class of regulatory mutants.

Med J Aust, 1983 Apr 16, 1(8), 381 - 3
Pseudomonas folliculitis associated with the use of health-spa whirlpools; Gibson AR et al.; The occurrence of pustular folliculitis in eight people after the use of health-spa whirlpools is described for the first time in Australia . The lesions were discovered ad identified during the peak season in two resorts in the Snowy Mountains area near Jindabyne, New South Wales . Pseudomonas aeruginosa, identified as serotype 0:6, was isolated from pus swabs of the lesions, water in the spa pools and pool filters.

S Afr Med J, 1983 Apr 9, 63(15), 562 - 3
Treatment of otitis externa with miconazole nitrate . A comparative study involving 85 cases; Bak JP et al.; The hazards of neomycin in local preparations have recently been re-emphasized . Eighty-five patients with otitis externa were treated with one of two preparations between August 1980 and April 1982 -- 54 were treated with a cream containing miconazole nitrate and hydrocortisone (Daktacort; Janssen) and 31 with a preparation containing neomycin (Kenacomb; Squibb); Sixty eight per cent of the patients were cured within 1 week with both preparations . Most treatment failures were due to a resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The miconazole cream proved as effective as the preparation containing neomycin in the first-line treatment of otitis externa . A gentamicin-containing steroid ointment was effective against the Pseudomonas infection.

Br J Dis Chest, 1983 Apr, 77(2), 179 - 84
Ticarcillin compared with carbenicillin in the treatment of exacerbations of bronchopulmonary infection in cystic fibrosis; Penketh AR et al.; Sixteen adults with cystic fibrosis and chronic bronchopulmonary infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, admitted to hospital for chemotherapy, were randomized to treatment with either carbenicillin or ticarcillin . In addition all patients received gentamicin . Both antibiotic treatments produced clinical improvement and significant improvement in respiratory function, but there was no difference between them . Pseudomonas aeruginosa was not eradicated from sputum with either treatment regimen.

Br J Exp Pathol, 1983 Apr, 64(2), 231 - 7
Therapeutic significance of nocardicin A stimulation of phagocyte function in experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection; Banks RM et al.; Nocardicin A, a monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic with modest anti-pseudomonal activity in vitro, controlled an otherwise fatal Pseudomonas infection in mice when given in doses which produced blood levels well below the minimum bactericidal concentration . In even smaller doses, it converted the partial protection afforded by modest doses of carbenicillin into full protection . Human polymorphonuclear leucocytes exposed to low concentrations of the drug in vitro and peritoneal macrophages recovered from mice treated with nocardicin A exhibited an unusually specific form of enhanced activity . Chemotaxis and phagocytosis were not affected, but intracellular killing of Ps . aeruginosa was significantly increased . This was shown to be due to an effect on the phagocyte and not to facilitated killing of organisms damaged by extracellular exposure to the antibiotic . It is argued that the effect on phagocyte function is sufficient to contribute materially to the therapeutic effect of nocardicin A.

Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1983 Apr, 172(4), 488 - 91
Dominant susceptibility effect on the murine corneal response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Beisel KW et al.; Natural host resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa corneal infection is regulated by two complementing dominant genes PsCR1 and PsCR2 (RS Berk, MA Leon, LD Hazlett . Infect Immun 26:1221-1223, 1979) . In this study we have demonstrated a third dominant gene, which determines susceptibility to P . aeruginosa-induced eye damage . This gene was designated as PsCS . The F1 progeny from matings between the resistant DBA/2J strain and the susceptible strain C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ displayed the susceptibility phenotype . Backcross and F2 studies using the C3H/HeJ and DBA/2J strains suggested the presence of two linked PsCS loci.

Ann Thorac Surg, 1983 Apr, 35(4), 436 - 41
Valve replacement for left-sided endocarditis in drug addicts; Mammana RB et al.; Eighteen drug addicts with left-sided valvular endocarditis requiring operation are reviewed . Gram-positive bacteria were the most common organisms cultured (61%), with Staphylococcus aureus present in 7 of 11 patients . Gram-negative bacteria, exclusively Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were cultured in the remaining 39% . Indications for operation included sepsis (61%), heart failure (78%), and systemic emboli (22%) . Abscesses formed in 6 of 11 patients with gram-positive endocarditis, while only one abscess was present with gram-negative endocarditis . Normal valves were infected in 17 of 18 patients (94%) . Early surgical mortality (less than 30 days) was 11% . There were major complications in 79% of these patients, including persistent sepsis (50%), valvular dehiscence, prosthetic endocarditis or perivalvular leakage (37%), and mycotic aneurysms (22%) . These complications were directly related to a late mortality of 44%, yielding an overall mortality of 50% in the first nine months after operation . Contrary to previous reports of acceptable surgical survival for valvular endocarditis, these data suggest that endocarditis involving the aortic or mitral valve in a drug addict is a highly lethal disease due to the virulence of the organisms, the severity of the complications encountered, and the predisposition to continued addiction.

J Gen Microbiol, 1983 Apr, 129 (Pt 4), 981 - 8
Effect of substrate on the regulation of exoprotease production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145; Whooley MA et al.; Exoprotease production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145 was growth-associated when cultures were grown on complex substrates such as proteins but it occurred during the decelerating growth phase when the organism was grown on amino acids, mixtures of amino acids or simple carbon sources . NH4Cl and simple carbon sources caused repression . Exoprotease was produced in chemostat cultures in response to growth under any of the nutrient limitations studied (carbon, nitrogen or phosphate) . Furthermore, by growing at rates less than approximately 0.1 h-1, the repression of enzyme production could be overcome to a large degree . At low growth rates there was an inverse relationship between growth rate and exoprotease production . Thus, exoprotease production was depressed by available energy sources and was increased in response to any nutrient limitation.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Apr, (4), 45 - 50
{Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria isolated from surgical infection patients}; Iskhakova KhI et al.; The ecological structure of infections in surgical patients with different postoperative complications (suppurative wounds, abscesses, peritonitis, etc.) and suppurative lung diseases were studied . During the period of 6 years (1975-1980) 5401 samples of clinical material were studied . 1380 samples (25.6%) were sterile, from 2254 samples (41.7%) monocultures were isolated, in 1767 samples (32.7%) microbial associations were detected . Of 5962 isolated cultures, 1816 (30.5%) were Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), 3532 (59.2%) were Gram-positive bacteria (GPB) and 614 (10.6%) were yeastlike fungi . The tendency towards the increase of the role of GNB in the etiology of postoperative complications was observed . Among GNB Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were prevalent (36.2%) . In the group of GPB coagulase-negative staphylococci were rather frequently found to be the causative agents of surgical infections.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Apr, (4), 30 - 3
{Antibiotic sensitivity of different antigenic variants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in a hospital}; Sheina EP et al.; The serological typing of 96% of P . aeruginosa strains isolated in hospitals has been carried out by means of agglutinating sera, and the tendency towards the prevalence of the strains of group V (25.3%) and serovar O11 (18.1%) has been revealed . The determination of the antibiotic sensitivity of different variants has shown that the strains of groups I, V and serovar O11 possess pronounced resistance to a wide spectrum of antibiotics, their resistance to gentamycin and polymixin being higher than in the strains of other serotypes . The determination of antibiotic resistance can serve only as an additional test in the serological typing of P . aeruginosa.

J Clin Lab Immunol, 1983 Apr, 10(4), 221 - 4
Inhibition of bacterial binding to mouse macrophages by Pseudomonas alginate; Oliver AM et al.; Alginate, an acetylated polymer of D-mannuronic and L-guluronic acid obtained from a mucoid strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was shown to inhibit the binding of an isogenic non-mucoid revertant to mouse peritoneal and pulmonary macrophages . Inhibition of bacterial binding by the alginate was also demonstrated in tests with other non-mucoid P . aeruginosa strains and a strain of Staphylococcus albus . Since the mucoid form of P . aeruginosa eventually predominates in chronic P . aeruginosa infection in patients with cystic fibrosis, it is postulated that the alginate's inhibition of binding gives mucoid forms a selective advantage over non-mucoid forms against macrophage defence mechanisms in the lung.

Can J Microbiol, 1983 Apr, 29(4), 448 - 56
Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoproducts as pulmonary virulence factors; Cash HA et al.; An experimental animal model of chronic pseudomonas pneumonia was used to document the production of potential virulence factors by Pseudomonas aeruginosa during the infection . The production of exotoxin A, proteolytic enzymes, and the serotype-specific lipopolysaccharide and slime-layer antigens during the infection was examined by solid-phase radioimmunoassay of serum from infected rats and by indirect immunofluorescence tests of their lung tissue . Rats inoculated intratracheally with purified bacterial exoproducts, delivered alone or in combination, developed pulmonary histopathology similar to that induced by the experimental infection . The results indicate that these exoproducts are produced during the course of the pulmonary infection and suggest that they are involved in the observed lung pathology.

Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1983 Apr, 172(4), 449 - 56
In vivo adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to rat bladder epithelium; Vardi Y et al.; To date, the study of bacterial adherence to uroepithelial cells has utilized considerable variation in methodology, resulting in highly divergent conclusions . In an attempt to standardize methodology, a modified method is described to more accurately measure the in vivo bacterial adherence to rat bladder uroepithelium utilizing Pseudomonas species labeled with 2-{3H}adenine . Two isolates of P . aeruginosa were selected for more intensive study; one showed consistently good adherence; the second strain always adhered poorly, thus providing a negative control . Maximum adherence was detected after 60 min of incubation . Neither of the two Pseudomonas isolates when examined by transmission electron microscopy showed evidence of pili formation . The morphological features of Pseudomonas adherence to bladder mucosa as studied by scanning electron microscopy are described.

J Infect Dis, 1983 Apr, 147(4), 744 - 50
Proteases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis; Doring G et al.; Radioimmunoassays were used to determine titers of antibody to alkaline protease (AP) and elastase (Ela) produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sera and bronchial secretions, in vitro production of AP and Ela by P . aeruginosa isolates, and occurrence of these enzymes in bronchial secretions from patients with cystic fibrosis . Titers of serum antibodies to AP ranging from 1:10 to 1:545 and to Ela ranging from 1:10 to 1:725 were found in 83%-88% of patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic lung infections due to P . aeruginosa . Antibody titers in liquified bronchial secretions were approximately 10% of the serum titers . Thirty-one (93%) of 34 isolates produced both proteases in vitro in comparable amounts (concentration of protease in culture supernatant: AP, 0.01-480 micrograms/ml; Ela, 0.02-490 micrograms/ml) . AP and Ela were detected in vivo when antibodies to the enzymes were absent . The results suggest that specific immune responses in patients with cystic fibrosis neutralize proteases of P . aeruginosa.

J Bacteriol, 1983 Apr, 154(1), 383 - 6
Locus of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin A gene; Hanne LF et al.; The gene for Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin A has been mapped in the late region of the chromosome of strain PAO . Strain PAO-PR1, which produces parental levels of toxin A antigen that is enzymatically inactive and nontoxic, was used as the donor for R68.45 plasmid-mediated genetic exchange . Strain PAO-PR1 (toxA1) was mated with toxin A-producing strains, and exconjugates for selected prototrophic markers were tested for the transfer of toxA1 . The toxA1 gene was located between cnu-9001 and pur-67 at approximately 85 min on the PAO chromosome.

J Surg Res, 1983 Apr, 34(4), 298 - 302
Prostacyclin in experimental septic acute respiratory failure; Steinberg SM et al.; Manipulation of prostaglandins (PG) in animal models of sepsis and acute respiratory failure (ARF) is promising . Prostacyclin (PGI2), a short-acting vasodilator, was evaluated in a porcine model of ARF produced by continuous infusion of live Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ps.) . Cardiopulmonary parameters were monitored in three groups of spontaneously breathing animals that received 0.1 micrograms PGI2/kg/min begun 20 min after baseline (Group I); 2 X 10(8) Ps./20 kg/min (Group II); identical Ps . infusion and then PGI2 begun at 20 min (Group III) . The decrease in mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac index with Ps . infusion was improved by PGI2 treatment . In Groups II and III, mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) doubled (P less than 0.005) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) tripled (P less than 0.01) by 15 min . Both PAP and PVR were decreased significantly with PGI2 treatment . In both Ps . groups, significant hypoxemia occurred . PGI2 improves cardiac output and acts as a pulmonary vasodilator, but does not improve oxygenation in this porcine model of severe ARF.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1983 Apr, 254(2), 253 - 60
{Cefoperazone, cefsulodin and ceftazidime--3 cephalosporins active against Pseudomonas in comparison with their monobactam analogs}; Baumgartner M; This study compares the in vitro activity of three cephalosporins - ceftazidime, cefoperazone, cefsulodin and their monobactam analogues for 144 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Media variation studies are performed and the effect of human serum and anaerobic conditions on MIC is investigated . A significant inoculum effect is considered as a sign of instability against beta-lactamases . Ceftazidine inhibits nearly all pseudomonads at concentrations between 2 and 4 micrograms/ml being significantly more active than the other antibiotics tested . The level of activity of all monobactams tested is lower than that of the homologous cephalosporins . The counterpart of ceftazidine is also the most effective monobactam but the counterpart of cefsulodin shows no activity against pseudomonads.

J Gen Microbiol, 1983 Apr, 129 (Pt 4), 989 - 96
The protonmotive force in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its relationship to exoprotease production; Whooley MA et al.; In Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145 a negative correlation was observed between the protonmotive force (delta P) and the amount of exoprotease produced, with a decrease in delta P resulting in an increase in exoprotease . The two components of delta P, the transmembrane pH gradient (delta pH) and the membrane potential (delta psi) were examined independently and it was observed that delta psi varied very little under the conditions which influenced the activities of exoprotease . However, a positive correlation existed between pH and exoprotease production although the intracellular pH varied very little with either changes in growth rate or changes in extracellular pH . It was observed that with a decrease in growth rate, delta pH became more alkaline and increased exoprotease activities were recorded . Furthermore, an increase in extracellular pH to give an artificial alteration in delta pH, and, consequently, a decrease in delta P, increased exoprotease production, thus confirming the importance of delta pH in exoprotease production.

Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd, 1983 Apr, 43(4), 217 - 9
{Determination of concentration of an antibiotic (Cefotaxim) in the vaginal mucosa after preoperative intravenous administration}; Hagele D et al.; In 11 patients in whom an antibiotic (Cefotaxim) had been applied preoperatively, the tissue concentration was determined in the vaginal mucosa where postoperative infections after gynaecological operations are most common . The tissue concentration is compared with the minimum inhibition concentration of the pathogens identified directly before the operation in the cervicovaginal flora . In the case of the aerobic pathogens--with the exception of Pseudomonas aeruginosa--the concentration is far in excess of the necessary MIC, whereas with the anaerobic pathogens the concentration is only partly greater than the MIC . Resistance exists against Bacteroides fragilis.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1983 Apr, 93(4), 1137 - 44
Membrane-bound respiratory chain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown aerobically . A KCN-insensitive alternate oxidase chain and its energetics; Matsushita K et al.; There was found to be a KCN-insensitive, alternate oxidase chain branching from the ordinary oxidase chain in the respiratory chain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown aerobically . The alternate oxidase activity was highly resistant to KCN, and had a lower affinity for oxygen than ordinary cytochrome oxidase did . The branching point of the alternate oxidase chain from the ordinary oxidase chain was shown to be localized behind cytochrome b . The KCN-insensitive alternate oxidase chain was inhibited slightly with antimycin A and intensively with 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone . The former inhibited the respiration behind cytochrome b and the latter before cytochrome b . N,N,N',N'-Tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine oxidase-negative mutant (T105) was prepared from P . aeruginosa . The mutant clearly lacked a functional ordinary cytochrome oxidase, but had the KCN-insensitive alternate oxidase chain and could grow aerobically . The KCN-insensitive alternate oxidase chain had a H+/O ratio of 4, suggesting the existence of two energy-coupling sites in the chain . Under the conditions where both ordinary oxidase and alternate oxidase chains were functioning, the H+/O ratio of the parent strain was 5.6 . From these data, we also discuss the energetics of the ordinary oxidase chain in the respiratory chain of aerobic P . aeruginosa.

Gene, 1983 Apr, 22(1), 95 - 101
Characterization of the phospholipase C gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cloned in Escherichia coli; Lory S et al.; We have cloned a 4.9-kb fragment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa DNA containing the structural gene of phospholipase C (PLC), by inserting it into the BamHI site of plasmid pBR322 . Strains of Escherichia coli carrying this recombinant plasmid produce PLC, but expression of the gene differs from that in P . aeruginosa in two respects: (i) synthesis of the enzyme appears to be constitutive, i.e., not repressible by the presence of inorganic phosphate in the growth medium, and (ii) most of the enzyme remains associated with the outer membrane instead of being secreted . Insertion mutagenesis at a unique restriction site within the PLC gene destroyed the ability of the plasmid to code, in maxicells, for phospholipase C activity and for an Mr 80000 polypeptide.

JAMA, 1983 Mar 25, 249(12), 1615 - 7
Stimulatory effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on mucin secretion by the respiratory epithelium; Adler KB et al.; Cell-free filtrates of broth cultures from 11 of 18 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) (or from patients without CF) increased substantially the secretion of mucin by explants of trachea from guinea pigs and human tracheal tissue obtained at autopsy . The effect was not related to the mucoid nature of the isolates, was not destroyed by heating at 90 degrees C for 30 minutes, and was not dependent on serotype . As P aeruginosa commonly infects the respiratory tracts of persons with CF, elaboration of an extracellular product that stimulates mucin secretion could play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease in the airways.

J Biol Chem, 1983 Mar 25, 258(6), 4007 - 11
On the DNA binding protein II from Bacillus stearothermophilus . II . The amino acid sequence and its relation to those of homologous proteins from other prokaryotes; Kimura M et al.; The complete amino acid sequence of DNA binding protein II from Bacillus stearothermophilus has been determined . The protein contains 90 amino acid residues and has a calculated Mr of 9716 . The sequence is compared to homologous molecules from Escherichia coli, Thermoplasma acidophilum, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (where only a partial sequence is available) . The B . stearothermophilus molecule has 58% and 59% residues identical with the two forms of the E . coli protein and 32% with the T . acidophilum protein . There are totally conserved residues at positions 46-48 and 61-65 with an intervening cluster of basic amino acids in all four proteins.

Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir, 1983 Mar-Apr, 19(2), 151 - 61
Pseudomonas respiratory infection in cystic fibrosis: a possible defect in opsonic IgG antibody?
Fick RB, Reynolds HY.
Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections of the respiratory tract of people with cystic fibrosis (CF) usually are impossible to eradicate and greatly influence their health and longevity . General mechanisms of host defense are not impaired in this disease, except that serum does not support optimal phagocytosis of pseudomonas bacteria by alveolar macrophages and lung ciliary clearance is diminished, perhaps because of the accumulation of tenacious, purulent secretions in bronchiectatic airways and not by a defect in cilia structure or inhibitors of ciliary function . To investigate the defect in phagocytosis, we postulated that opsonic antibody might not be functioning well . Samples of purified IgG antibody against the typical strain of mucoid pseudomonas were prepared on immunoadsorbents, using CF sera and normal sera from volunteers previously immunized with a pseudomonas vaccine . CF IgG opsonin was found to agglutinate and coat well pseudomonas, but not to adhere or attach well to the surface of human alveolar macrophages, hence a defect in the function of the Fc portion of IgG was noted . In extending this analysis to CF lung secretions obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage, IgG antibody was purified exactly as from serum . Although this IgG had good agglutinating activity, much of it was fragmented (5 S size) and found to lack its Fc portion . It was evident that proteolytic enzymes in the purulent lavage secretions could cleave IgG . This activity was localized to a metallo-proteinase elaborated by the mucoid strain of pseudomonas . Thus, CF IgG may have reduced opsonic antibody function because of a molecular change in the Fc portion; this defect is magnified in the infected CF lung where a bacterial protease can actually fragment IgG and further impair its opsonic activity which is already marginal.

Infect Immun, 1983 Mar, 39(3), 1428 - 40
Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigens; Collins MT et al.; By crossed immunoelectrophoresis, 85 different antigens were demonstrated in sonicated preparations of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (Lp1) . The precipitin patterns of 82 anodic-migrating antigens were numbered and were designated the Lp1 reference system . Eleven antigens were stable to boiling, and seven of these were shown to be surface antigens . One heat-stable surface antigen (antigen no . 61) was highly reactive with limulus amoebocyte lysates and formed a precipitin resembling lipopolysaccharide . Serum from an isolation confirmed case of Lp1 infection and serogroup-specific rabbit antiserum reacted specifically with antigen no . 61, which was designated the serogroup-specific antigen . Normal human and rabbit sera commonly had antibodies to antigen no . 66 of the Lp1 reference system . This antigen is antigenically related to the "common antigen" of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Arch Surg, 1983 Mar, 118(3), 310 - 20
Wound healing accelerated by Staphylococcus aureus; Levenson SM et al.; While comparing the effects on wound healing of a heated scalpel with those of the cold scalpel, we discovered that inoculation of rat skin incisions with a strain of Staphylococcus aureus dramatically accelerated the gain in wound strength . The accelerating effect was evident four days postoperatively, was maximal at seven to ten days, and was still present at 28 days . The accelerating effect was correlated with the number of S aureus organisms introduced into the wound, and was found in conventional rats and rats germ free up to the time of monocontamination with S aureus . There was no evidence of infection on gross examination; on histologic examination an occasional microabscess was seen in some rats . There may be both local and systemic mechanisms underlying the S aureus accelerating effect . Seven strains of S aureus with varying characteristics demonstrated the wound-healing accelerating effect . In sharp contrast, Staphylococcus epidermidis (three strains), Staphylococcus hominis (one strain), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (two strains) did not show this effect . The increases in wound healing due to S aureus were substantially greater than reported previously for any nutritional supplement, drug, or other chemical or physical agent.

Arch Surg, 1983 Mar, 118(3), 291 - 4
Subeschar treatment of burn-wound infection; McManus WF et al.; Within a 24-month period, 454 patients were admitted with burns (average size, 33% of the total body surface {TBS}) . Wound infection developed in 19, who subsequently were treated with subeschar antibiotics . The average burn size in those 19 patients was 63% of the TBS, with an average full-thickness injury of 47% . Five (26%) of the 19 survived, and five others died without evidence of wound infection, giving a would clearance rate of 52.6% . The five surviving patients (average burn size, 59% TBS) underwent excision of infected tissue, with split-thickness cutaneous autograft closure of the burn wound, after the course of subeschar antibiotic infusion . All surviving patients were infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Subeschar infusion of semisynthetic penicillins, therefore, is an effective adjunct in the care of the patient with Pseudomonas burn-wound infection.

Infection, 1983 Mar-Apr, 11(2), 87 - 96
Studies of lung infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice treated with cyclophosphamide; Mayer P et al.; An experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection was induced by aerosol exposure in mice which had been pretreated with cyclophosphamide . A single dose of 200 mg/kg cyclophosphamide resulted in leukopenia which lasted for three days . At the lowest PMN levels, the mice were exposed to aerosols containing varying doses of bacteria . The survival time of the mice and the number of viable bacteria in their lungs were determined . A dramatic rise in the viable counts of Pseudomonas organisms was found between 18 and 24 hours after infection . Mice which had not been pretreated with cyclophosphamide remained healthy and did not show any lung lesions . The number and phagocytic function of the alveolar macrophages remained unaltered after cyclophosphamide treatment . Thus, PMNs seem to play an important role in the lung's early defence mechanisms against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . This animal model could be of use in evaluating additional therapies for lung infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Antibiotiki, 1983 Mar, 28(3), 199 - 204
{Ultrastructural changes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells as affected by gentamycin in in vitro and in vivo experiments}; Seleznev AS et al.; Morphological changes in phagocytosed cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa under the effect of gentamicin were studied with electron microscopy using ultrathin slices . Peritoneal macrophages induced by irritation of the peritoneum with medium 199 followed by inoculation with a 1-milliard suspension of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used . Gentamicin was administered intramuscularly in single doses of 10, 20 and 50 mg/kg . The effect of gentamicin was also studied in vitro . The in vitro studies showed that gentamicin induced rarefaction of the cytoplasm in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, elimination of the nuclear material, formation of membrane structures and separation of the cytoplasmic membrane from the cell wall . The studies with exposure of phagocytosed bacteria to gentamicin showed that the phagocytosed bacterial cells had the most pronounced changes in their ultrastructure . Under the effect of gentamicin in a dose of 50 mg/kg there appeared 2 types of the cells with changes not observed in vitro . Investigation of the digestive capacity of phagocytes demonstrated that gentamicin favoured an increase in the phagocytic activity and digestive capacity.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Mar, (3), 78 - 83
{Experimental study of the dynamics of the formation of protective antibodies to the antigens of the slime of Pseudomonas aeruginosa}; Iushkova NA et al.; Extracellular slime has been isolated, and partially purified, from P . aeruginosa 170006 (O3a, 3d, 3e: H1), a museum typing strain . The isolated strain has been used as immunogen . Extracellular slime has been found to stimulate the formation of circulating antibodies in rabbits, detected in the passive hemagglutination (PHA) test and in the passive mouse protection test . The subcutaneous immunization of rabbits with a large nontoxic dose of the antigen in Freund's adjuvant and the subsequent intravenous immunization with two large doses of the slime stimulate the intensive synthesis of protective antibodies and antibodies detected in the PHA test . The subcutaneous immunization of rabbits with small doses of the antigen in Freund's adjuvant and the subsequent intravenous injections of the slime also stimulate the synthesis of protective antibodies, but the level of antibodies detected in the PHA test remains low . Rabbit antiserum to P . aeruginosa 170006 slime antigens protects mice also from the intraperitoneal infection with the heterologous strain P . aeruginosa 170015 (O7a, 7b: H2a, 2c).

Rev Infect Dis, 1983 Mar-Apr, 5(2), 314 - 21
Current problems in the treatment of infective endocarditis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Reyes MP et al.; Mortality from pseudomonas infective endocarditis remains high despite optimal use of available antibacterial agents . Infection of the tricuspid valve is subacute, but involvement of the mitral or aortic valve precipitates more serious disease . Most valvular infections are due to a single pseudomonad immunotype, but 20% of cases are mixed infections . Antimicrobial susceptibility tests and tests of synergy by beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics in combination were performed on 30 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Azlocillin was the most effective beta-lactam in combination with an aminoglycoside; MKO 787 was least effective . Among the aminoglycosides tested, netilmicin was the most effective . Medical treatment combined with valvulectomy (without valve replacement) is now standard treatment for refractory right-sided endocarditis at this medical center . A high dose of aminoglycoside in combination with a beta-lactam has proved efficacious . For left-sided infection, immediate valve replacement accompanied by a six-week course of the high dose-combined drug regimen is recommended . Newer beta-lactam antibiotics, such as piperacillin, may be limited in usefulness due to beta-lactamase inactivation.

Rev Infect Dis, 1983 Mar-Apr, 5(2), 279 - 313
Infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Bodey GP et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa has emerged as an important pathogen during the past two decades . It causes between 10% and 20% of infections in most hospitals . Pseudomonas infection is especially prevalent among patients with burn wounds, cystic fibrosis, acute leukemia, organ transplants, and intravenous-drug addiction . P . aeruginosa is a common nosocomial contaminant, and epidemics have been traced to many items in the hospital environment . Patients who are hospitalized for extended periods are frequently colonized by this organism and are at increased risk of developing infection . The most serious infections include malignant external otitis, endophthalmitis, endocarditis, meningitis, pneumonia, and septicemia . The likelihood of recovery from pseudomonas infection is related to the severity of the patient's underlying disease process . The introduction of the antipseudomonal aminoglycosides and penicillins has improved substantially the prognosis of these infections . Ticarcillin and carbenicillin have been especially beneficial in neutropenic patients; however, prompt institution of therapy is mandatory for optimal benefit . Many new drugs with antipseudomonal activity, including penicillins, cephalosporins, and other beta-lactams, have been introduced in recent years and offer the potential for new approaches to therapy for these infections.

Infect Immun, 1983 Mar, 39(3), 1441 - 56
Cross-reactions between Legionella pneumophila (serogroup 1) and twenty-eight other bacterial species, including other members of the family Legionellaceae; Collins MT et al.; Cross-reactions between Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 and 28 other bacterial species were studied by various quantitative immunoelectrophoretic techniques . A sonicated L . pneumophila antigen and purified homologous rabbit antibody were used as a reference system . Few antigens (0 to 6) cross-reacted with non-Legionellaceae, but two were found in nearly all gram-negative bacteria tested (antigens no . 1 and 66) . Antigen no . 66 of the L . pneumophila reference system was shown to be antigenically similar to the "common antigen" of Pseudomonas aeruginosa reported in many gram-negative bacteria . Greater than 85% of the antigens from L . pneumophila serogroup 1 cross-reacted with the other six serogroups of L . pneumophila . By contrast, Fluoribacter (Legionella) bozemanae, F . (L.) dumoffii, F . (L.) gormanii, and Tatlockia (Legionella) micdadei cross-reacted with only 45, 53, 39, and 43% of the reference system antigens, respectively . The antigenic relatedness of members of the Legionellaceae, expressed as a matching coefficient, is discussed in terms of its taxonomic significance . Serogroup-, genus-, and family-specific antigens are identified in the L . pneumophila reference system.

Infect Immun, 1983 Mar, 39(3), 1403 - 10
Chronic colonization of rat airways with Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Boyd RL et al.; Colonization of the airways of rats by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was established by treating the animals with hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) and inoculating with P . aeruginosa . Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given tap water (controls) or HMPA in the drinking water at 2 or 4 mg/ml . The ciliated cells of the airway epithelium were denuded, and microulcerative lesions in the epithelium were induced in the HMPA-treated rats . After 2 weeks of treatment, the rats were inoculated by transoral intratracheal instillation with 5 X 10(7) CFU of P . aeruginosa obtained from a cystic fibrosis patient . Two weeks after inoculation, P . aeruginosa was cultured from the airways, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed bacilli adhering to or invading the injured airway epithelium . P . aeruginosa was present in tracheal and intrapulmonary tissue homogenates of 9% of the P . aeruginosa-inoculated control rats (n = 22) as compared with 61% of the 2-mg/ml (n = 18) and 65% of the 4-mg/ml (n = 20) HMPA-treated rats (P less than 0.05) . No dose-response relationship was found between 2 and 4 mg of HMPA per ml and colonization . Contamination of 47% of all of the rats with Mycoplasma pulmonis, as indicated by a positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin G, had no discernible significant effect on colonization by P . aeruginosa . These results indicate that colonization of the rat airway by P . aeruginosa can be achieved experimentally by treating the animals with HMPA . This research supports the hypothesis that colonization by P . aeruginosa may occur in airways where the ciliated epithelium has been injured and epithelial lesions exist.

Infect Immun, 1983 Mar, 39(3), 1377 - 84
Protective immunization against chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infection in rats; Klinger JD et al.; Rats were immunized systemically with various doses of the polyvalent Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine PEV-01 . After a series of two or three doses (25 to 50 micrograms each) at 8- to 11-day intervals, animals were challenged intratracheally by the agarose bead technique with a serotype 5 P . aeruginosa strain at periods of 9 to 42 days . Immunized animals developed circulating antibodies (primarily immunoglobulin M) against vaccine components at levels significantly higher than challenged, nonimmunized controls (P less than 0.005) . Eight to ten days postinfection, histological sections of lungs from immunized animals showed only minimal inflammation associated with infectious foci (agarose beads) as compared with the extensive pathological changes of airways and parenchyma seen in infected nonimmunized control animals . However, no significant reduction in bacterial numbers was observed . Such protection lasted at least 6 weeks after the final immunization . It is speculated that the vaccine may contain components of cell surface proteins and virulence exoproducts.

Infect Immun, 1983 Mar, 39(3), 1275 - 9
Enhancement of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung clearance after local immunization with a temperature-sensitive mutant; Sordelli DO et al.; We investigated the capacity of the temperature-sensitive mutant strain A/10/25 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ts-Psa) to induce enhancement of lung defenses against wild type P . aeruginosa (wt-Psa) . Mice of the DBA/2J inbred strain were immunized by aerosolization with a single dose of 2 x 10(5) to 4 x 10(5) CFU of ts-Psa and were challenged 7, 14, and 21 days later with wt-Psa . The uncleared bacteria ratio was determined 4 h after aerosol exposure; significant enhancement in lung clearance of wt-Psa (P less than 0.01) was evident as early as 7 days after immunization and detectable for at least 21 days . Aerosol immunization with Staphylococcus aureus did not enhance lung clearance of wt-Psa; however, slight but significant enhancement in S . aureus clearance was observed in mice immunized 7 days before with ts-Psa . No enhancement of S . aureus clearance was seen in ts-Psa immunized animals after 14 and 21 days . Analysis of the cell composition of lung lavage fluids revealed a transient cell response characterized by rapid increase in the absolute number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, followed later by an increase in alveolar macrophages . The characteristics of lung lavages returned to base-line values 6 days after aerosol immunization, and a second exposure to a ts-Psa aerosol produced a response of similar magnitude and quality . We conclude that aerosol immunization with a temperature-sensitive mutant of P . aeruginosa enhances specific pulmonary defense mechanisms against the parental pathogen in mice.

Infect Immun, 1983 Mar, 39(3), 1072 - 9
Protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a murine burn wound sepsis model by passive transfer of antitoxin A, antielastase, and antilipopolysaccharide; Cryz SJ Jr et al.; The protective capacity of passively transferred immunoglobulin G (IgG) fractions from antitoxin (AT-IgG), antielastase (AE-IgG), and antilipopolysaccharide (ALPS-IgG) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection was evaluated in a murine burn wound sepsis model . Complete protection was afforded by homologous ALPS-IgG against intermediate challenge doses (10 50% lethal doses) of P . aeruginosa PA220, whereas AT-IgG and AE-IgG offered no significant protection (P less than 0.5) . The simultaneous transfer of AT-IgG or AE-IgG with ALPS-IgG gave no additional protection above that seen with ALPS-IgG alone . The transfer of ALPS-IgG did not dramatically alter bacterial multiplication in the skin at the site of infection . However, bacteremia and infection of the liver were prevented . In parallel experiments, AT-IgG or AE-IgG did not significantly alter either the course of the infection or the number of bacteria seen in the blood, liver, or skin when compared with controls . ALPS-IgG administered 24 h before infection, at the time of infection, or 4 h postinfection provided complete protection . Even when ALPS-IgG was transferred at a time when the infection was well established locally in the skin (8 h postinfection), highly significant protection (P greater than 0.999) was obtained . Protection afforded by ALPS-IgG was serotype specific . These results indicate that antibody to lipopolysaccharide is of critical importance for protection against P . aeruginosa challenge in a relevant animal model.

Infect Immun, 1983 Mar, 39(3), 1067 - 71
Simple model for the study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in leukopenic mice; Cryz SJ Jr et al.; A simple, reproducible model of fatal Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis in mice during immunosuppression was developed . Mice were rendered leukopenic (less than or equal to 800 leukocytes per mm3 of blood) for a period of 5 days by multiple injections of cyclophosphamide . Mice were challenged at the onset of leukopenia by instilling the bacteria onto a 0.5-mm incision made into the back . The mean lethal dose (LD50) for P . aeruginosa PA220 and M-2 was less than 20 bacteria . The mean time to death for these strains ranged from 46 to 59 h . Leukopenic mice were comparatively resistant when challenged with Klebsiella pneumoniae (LD50 = 1.5 x 10(6)) or Staphylococcus aureus (LD50 greater than 10(6)) . Infection with P . aeruginosa was characterized by rapid bacterial multiplication in the skin at the site of infection, producing ecthyma gangrenosum . Bacteremia and colonization of the liver were pronounced 21 h postinfection . This model should prove to be a useful tool for studying the pathogenesis of P . aeruginosa infections under immunosuppressed conditions.

J Lab Clin Med, 1983 Mar, 101(3), 441 - 9
Experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis: absence of synergy between ticarcillin and tobramycin; Chusid MJ et al.; An in vivo model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis was developed with normal and neutropenic guinea pigs injected intravenously with a strain of Pseudomonas demonstrated in vitro to be synergistically susceptible to ticarcillin and tobramycin . Therapy with ticarcillin, tobramycin, or a combination of the two starting 4 hr after intravenous injection of microorganisms was administered every 2 hr for periods up to 40 hr . Each therapy was associated with significant reductions in bacterial counts in blood, liver, spleen, and kidney compared with untreated animals . In no tissue in either normal or granulocytopenic animals did therapy with a combination of ticarcillin and tobramycin reduce bacterial counts significantly more effectively than did the better single antibiotic agent alone . These findings suggest that when ticarcillin and tobramycin are administered to animals at doses equivalent to therapeutic doses given in humans, a synergistic effect in reduction of bacterial counts in parenchymal organs and blood is not observed . These studies may help explain clinical reports in humans describing a lack of synergistic activity of combination antibiotic therapy in patients with Pseudomonas sepsis.

J Bacteriol, 1983 Mar, 153(3), 1272 - 81
Genetic mapping of bra genes affecting branched-chain amino acid transport in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Hoshino T et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO mutants defective in the transport systems for branched-chain amino acids were isolated and characterized . Two mutations in strains selected for trifluoroleucine resistance, braA300 and braB307, were mapped in the met-9020-dcu-9108 and the nar-9011-puuC10 region, respectively . The mutation loci in strains selected for azaleucine resistance, braC310 and bra-311 through bra-314, were all located near the fla genes, with an order of region I fla-bra-region II fla . Strains with braA300 showed a marked reduction in the high-affinity branched-chain amino acid transport system (LIV-I) and a considerable decrease in the lower-affinity system (LIV-II) . Strains with braB307 were found to be defective in the LIV-II system . Strains selected for azaleucine resistance were all defective only in the LIV-I system and fell into three phenotypically distinct classes . Strains with braC310 produced a binding protein for leucine, isoleucine, valine, alanine, and threonine (LIVAT-BP) altered in binding ability, indicating that the braC gene is the structural one for the LIVAT-BP . Strains with bra-311 or bra-312 showed a complete loss of production of the LIVAT-BP . Strains with bra-313 or bra-314 produced normal levels of functional LIVAT-BP, suggesting that these mutations are located in a gene(s) other than braC.

Acta Paediatr Scand, 1983 Mar, 72(2), 283 - 7
Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in cystic fibrosis . A longitudinal study of immune complex activity and inflammatory response in sputum sol-phase of cystic fibrosis patients with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections: influence of local steroid treatment; Schiotz PO et al.; A double blind controlled trial of Becotide (beclomethasone diproprionate) inhalations was carried out for treating cystic fibrosis patients with chronic P . aeruginosa lung infection to determine its efficacy and safety . The aim of the treatment was to diminish the inflammatory response in the lungs of these patients, a response which is initiated by an allergic type III reaction . Pulmonary inflammation was evaluated by measurements of proteolytic activity, albumin concentration and immune complex activity in the sputum sol-phase before, during, and after the 16 weeks the trial lasted . 26 cystic fibrosis patients participated (13 received Becotide and 13 placebo) and the results showed that local steroids have no effect on the inflammatory response in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients with chronic P . aeruginosa lung infection . No adverse effects were demonstrated . There was, however, a significant increase in the inflammatory parameters for all 26 cystic fibrosis patients when the trial period was over, compared to the insidious pulmonary destruction which takes place in the lungs of these patients, and it corresponded to a significant decrease (p less than 0.05) in forced vital capacity which took place at the same time . Therefore, chronic P . aeruginosa lung infection in these patients should be treated as efficiently as possible.

J Gen Microbiol, 1983 Mar, 129 (Pt 3), 785 - 99
Genetic mapping in Methylophilus methylotrophus AS1; Moore AT et al.; Prime plasmids have been isolated from Methylophilus methylotrophus AS1 using the IncP-1 plasmid pMO172 . Such plasmids can complement mutant function when transferred to appropriate strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO . From the range of particular functions complemented by each prime plasmid, a preliminary map of the M . methylotrophus AS1 genome with four groups of linked markers was obtained . Physical examination of two of these prime plasmids showed that each had acquired an additional DNA segment . Southern hybridization experiments showed there was sequence homology between the additional DNA segments and M . methylotrophus AS1 DNA, confirming that these prime plasmids carried a segment of the M . methylotrophus AS1 genome . Mapping by complementation may be applicable to other bacteria in which mutants suitable for selecting recombinants are not readily available.

Biochem J, 1983 Mar 1, 209(3), 701 - 7
Pseudomonas cytochrome C-551 peroxidase . A purification procedure and study of CO-binding kinetics; Foote N et al.; A procedure is described for the purification of cytochrome c peroxidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa involving extraction by sonication, followed by acid precipitation and chromatography on only two types of gel . The final preparation had a purity ratio A407/A280 of 4.2, and was found to be essentially pure by isoelectric focusing . The enzyme was shown to be unstable during degassing under vacuum except in the presence of detergent . The kinetics of CO binding to dithionite-reduced peroxidase were studied with stopped-flow and flash-photolysis techniques, and the results obtained between pH 5 and 7 suggest the existence of two forms of dithionite-reduced enzyme in slow equilibrium.

Anal Biochem, 1983 Mar, 129(2), 318 - 25
Purification of Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase (or nitrite reductase) by immunological methods; Silvestrini MC et al.; A new purification procedure for the cytochrome oxidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on immunoaffinity chromatography has been compared with the biochemical method and shown to be (i) fully competitive in terms of chemical homogeneity and enzymatic properties of the purified protein (ii) slightly less efficient in terms of total recovery and (iii) much more convenient in terms of the time required . A further evolution of the method that minimizes the number of purification steps and any stress to the native structure of the protein is suggested.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1983 Mar, 23(3), 435 - 9
Serum bactericidal activity of ceftazidime and cefoperazone alone or in combination with amikacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae; Van Laethem Y et al.; Sera of volunteers receiving ceftazidime (2 g) or amikacin (500 mg), alone or in combination, or cefoperazone (2, 4, or 6 g) or cefoperazone (2 g) with amikacin (500 mg) were evaluated for bactericidal activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Serum bactericidal activities were similar for ceftazidime and ceftazidime plus amikacin, but were definitely lower for amikacin alone . Against P . aeruginosa, a 6-g dose of cefoperazone resulted in a higher frequency of peak serum bactericidal activities greater than or equal to 1:8 than a 2-g dose of cefoperazone plus amikacin . Killing studies, performed in 1:8 diluted serum, demonstrated a higher killing rate for cefoperazone plus amikacin than for a 6-g dose of cefoperazone, the more resistant P . aeruginosa excepted . Emergence of resistance was found with a 2-g dose of cefoperazone for K . pneumoniae and with a 6-g dose of cefoperazone for P . aeruginosa, but not with cefoperazone plus amikacin.

Rev Infect Dis, 1983 Mar-Apr, 5 Suppl 1, S173 - 80
A randomized, controlled trial of cefoperazone vs . cefamandole-tobramycin in the treatment of putative, severe infections with gram-negative bacilli; Warren JW et al.; Cefoperazone was compared with the combination of cefamandole and tobramycin in a prospective, randomized study of putative, severe, gram-negative bacillary infections . We attempted to exclude patients with granulocytopenia or infections due to Pseudomonas species . A total of 118 isolates (94 gram-negative bacilli and 24 gram-positive cocci) caused infection in 99 of the 120 patients studied . Cefoperazone (16 micrograms/ml) was active against 93% of the organisms tested; cefamandole (16 micrograms/ml) and/or tobramycin (4 micrograms/ml) was active against 95% . Infection was cured or improved in 77% of cefoperazone-treated patients and 81% of cefamandole-tobramycin-treated patients . Bacteremia was cured or improved in 61% of cefoperazone-treated patients and in 63% of cefamandole-tobramycin-treated patients . Adverse reactions included five cases of probable antibiotic-associated nephrotoxicity in the cefamandole-tobramycin group; there were no such cases in the cefoperazone group . One patient given cefoperazone plus eight other drugs became granulocytopenic, but the condition resolved when all medications were stopped . This analysis suggests that cefoperazone alone may be as effective as cefamandole plus tobramycin in the treatment of severe infections with gram-negative bacilli and is less nephrotoxic . The role of cefoperazone in patients with granulocytopenia or infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa was not evaluated.

Rev Infect Dis, 1983 Mar-Apr, 5 Suppl 1, S161 - 4
Use of cefoperazone in the empiric treatment of serious skin infections; Rosenberg EW; This report summarizes the results of a six-center clinical trial of cefoperazone as empiric therapy for hospitalized patients with serious infections of the skin and skin structures . Cefoperazone was administered in doses of 2-4 g once every 12 hr by iv infusion over 15-30 min or im injection . Results of therapy were evaluated for 39 of the 46 patients enrolled in the study . Of these 39 patients, 30 had a satisfactory clinical response to cefoperazone therapy, six had a partly satisfactory response, and three had an unsatisfactory response . A total of 78 pathogens were isolated from infected sites of the 39 patients, and MICs were determined for 62 of these pathogens . Of the 78 isolated pathogens, 63 (including five of eight isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were eradicated by cefoperazone . It is concluded that cefoperazone is a suitable antibiotic for empiric therapy for infections of the skin and skin structures of hospitalized patients.

J Infect Dis, 1983 Mar, 147(3), 494 - 503
Immunochemical characterization of the mucoid exopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pier GB et al.; Alginic acid-like mucoid exopolysaccharide was isolated from three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from the sputa of patients with cystic fibrosis . Purified mucoid antigens were greater than 99% uronic acid . With a hemagglutination assay, antibody responses to the mucoid exopolysaccharide were documented after immunization of rabbits with either whole mucoid organisms or purified mucoid exopolysaccharide . The mucoid antigen from one strain (no . 2192) was composed predominantly of a single serologic epitope shared among 40 alginate exopolysaccharides from different clinical isolates . The mucoid exopolysaccharide from the other two strains (nos . 1 and 258) had a serotype-specific determinant in addition to the common epitope . Analyses of antibody in sera from normal adults, children, and patients with cystic fibrosis culture-positive and culture-negative for mucoid P . aeruginosa showed a highly significant (P less than 0.001) association between increased hemagglutination titers and positive cultures for mucoid P . aeruginosa.

Am J Med, 1983 Mar, 74(3), 396 - 400
Treatment of serious infections with moxalactam; Ribner BS et al.; In 93 hospitalized patients, 111 bacterial infections were treated with moxalactam . Eighty-three infections responded well to therapy, nine infections failed to respond to therapy or relapsed, and nine infections showed superinfection with resistant bacteria . The great majority of bacteria isolated had mean inhibitory concentrations below levels readily achieved in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, bile, abscess fluid, and peritoneal fluid . Among the commonly identified bacteria, only Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci, and Staphylococcus epidermidis had variable sensitivity to moxalactam.

J Hosp Infect, 1983 Mar, 4(1), 31 - 40
Epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and the role of contamination of the environment in a cystic fibrosis clinic; Zimakoff J et al.; In order to identify the possible reservoirs and routes of cross-infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, samples from patients, staff, and the environment of a cystic fibrosis centre and two control wards at an infectious disease clinic were collected during a two-week period in 1980 . All the Ps . aeruginosa strains were phage and serotyped . Ps . aeruginosa was isolated from 90 (51%) of the cystic fibrosis patients and most belonged to the 0-3/9 complex, characteristic of strains from patients in the centre . Some of the patients were able to spread Ps . aeruginosa into the air and to their hands by coughing, and Ps . aeruginosa in dried sputum could survive for at least one week . Strains of the same epidemiological types as found in the cystic fibrosis patients were isolated from sinks, soap, baths, toys, tables, brushes, cloths, and air in the clinic . In contrast, Ps . aeruginosa of the same epidemiological types were only found in a few of the sinks in one of the control wards where a few cystic fibrosis patients were regularly treated in isolation cubicles . The precautions employed to prevent future cross-infection include segregation of Ps . aeruginosa-infected from non-infected patients in separate wards and arranging for visits on separate days in the out-patients clinic . The survival of cystic fibrosis patients treated in the centre is much longer than those treated outside the centre despite the problems of cross-infection.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1983 Feb 28, 743(1), 23 - 30
Properties and function of the two hemes in Pseudomonas cytochrome c peroxidase; Ellfolk N et al.; The oxidation-reduction potentials of the two c-type hemes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome c peroxidase (ferrocytochrome c:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase EC 1.11.1.5) have been determined and found to be widely different, about +320 and -330 mV, respectively . The EPR spectrum at temperatures below 77 K reveals only low-spin signals (gz 3.24 and 2.93), whereas optical spectra at room temperature indicate the presence of one high-spin and one low-spin heme in the enzyme . Optical absorption spectra of both resting and half-reduced enzyme at 77 K lack features of a high-spin compound . It is concluded that the heme ligand arrangement changes on cooling from 298 to 77 K with a concomitant change in the spin state . The active form of the peroxidase is the half-reduced enzyme, in which one heme is in the ferrous and the other in the ferric state (low-spin below 77 K with gz 2.84) . Reaction of the half-reduced enzyme with hydrogen peroxide forms Compound I with the hemes predominantly in the ferric (gz 3.15) and the ferryl states . Compound I has a half-life of several seconds and is converted into Compound II apparently having a ferric-ferric structure, characterized by an EPR peak at g 3.6 with unusual temperature and relaxation behavior . Rapid-freeze experiments showed that Compound II is formed in a one-electron reduction of Compound I . The rates of formation of both compounds are consistent with the notion that they are involved in the catalytic cycle.

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1983 Feb, 24(2), 237 - 42
Role of complement in murine corneal infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Cleveland RP et al.; The role of complement components C3 and C5 was examined in murine corneal infection induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa . DBA/2 and Swiss-Webster mice are naturally resistant to experimental P . aeruginosa corneal infection . Mice of these two strains are able to restore a clear cornea within 4-6 weeks following Pseudomonas corneal challenge and are genetically deficient in the fifth component of complement . In contrast, ocular infection of congenic C5-deficient B10.D2o/Sn or normocomplementemic B10.D2n/Sn mice results in an identical pattern of susceptibility in which corneal perforation and phthisis bulbi occur . Taken together, these results indicate that C5 plays little or no role in susceptibility or resistance to Pseudomonas eye infection . In contrast, depletion of C3 in normally resistant DBA/2 mice using cobra venom factor (CoVF) diminishes the ability of these mice to restore a clear cornea following Pseudomonas infection . A single inoculation of CoVF, 24 hours prior to ocular challenge, is as effective in altering the response of DBA/2 mice as is continuous depletion of C3 during the course of infection using multiple inoculations of CoVF . Mice that are unable to clear Pseudomonas ocular infection following CoVF treatment regain this ability when the contralateral eye is infected after recovery of normal levels of C3 . Depletion of C3 by CoVF treatment of DBA/2 mice, which had previously restored a clear cornea following Pseudomonas eye infection, again renders these mice susceptible.

Mayo Clin Proc, 1983 Feb, 58(2), 99 - 102
The aminoglycosides . Streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, netilmicin, sisomicin; Edson RS et al.; Despite their toxicity, the aminoglycosides remain useful and are often the first choice in the treatment of serious infections due to gram-negative bacilli . Nephrotoxicity has restricted the indications for neomycin to topical and oral use . Emergence of resistant organisms has limited the use of streptomycin to a few specific conditions . Gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin are effective against a broad spectrum of gram-negative bacilli including Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Amikacin is the aminoglycoside of choice when gentamicin resistance is prevalent.

HNO, 1983 Feb, 31(2), 49 - 52
{The pathogenesis of otitis externa}; Mann W et al.; In otitis externa the formerly grampositive colonization of the auditory canal changes towards a gramnegative microbial flora . Pseudomonas aeruginosa plays a major role in recurrent infections and in swimmer's ears . Various serotypes of ps . aeruginosa i.e . type 1;6 and 5 could be isolated . In swimmer's ears ps . maltophilia was identified twice . There was no correlation between the severity of the disease and the protease and lipase activity of pseudomonas isolates . Exoenzyme activity seemed to bear influence on the chronicity of the disease . Therapeutic success led to a decline of enzymatic activity.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Feb, (2), 17 - 20
{Role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the etiology of postoperative suppurative inflammatory complications in patients with chronic suppurative lung diseases}; Agasarian TV et al.; The study of P . aeruginosa strains isolated from patients and various objects of the environment in one of the clinics of Yerevan, carried out by the methods of serotyping, pyocin typing and phage typing, has allowed the authors to establish the circulation of hospital strains and their role in the appearance of post-operative suppurative inflammatory complications in patients with chronic suppurative diseases . The study has also allowed them to reveal the sources of infection which is spread by patients serving either as its reservoirs or as intermediate hosts.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Feb, 17(2), 317 - 22
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lipopolysaccharides; Kusama H; A double-antibody sandwich method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to detect lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from the eight most prevalent Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotypes (O1, O2,5,16, O3, O4, O6, O9, O10, and O11) . Immunoglobulin M fractions from rabbit antisera were used as the coating antibody and as the antibody to be conjugated to an enzyme . When two fractions of LPS (I and II) obtained by Sepharose 2B column chromatography were assayed, LPS II showed 10 to 100 times more activity than LPS I; the detection level of LPS II was 0.1 ng/ml . When LPS in purified preparations or in culture filtrates was examined with both homologous and heterologous antibody systems, the same specificity pattern was demonstrated, suggesting that, in crude filtrates, antigens other than LPS do not interfere in the assay . The method described can be used to detect LPS in biological fluids.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Feb, 17(2), 312 - 6
Comparative evaluation of the micro-media system, sceptor, and MIC-2000 microdilution methods for testing Pseudomonas aeruginosa against gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin; Woolfrey BF et al.; Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for selected strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa versus gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin were replicated in parallel with MMS (Micro-Media Systems, Potomac, Md) . Sceptor (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md), and matching MIC-2000 (Dynatech Laboratories, Inc., Alexandria, Va.) twofold dilution panels and with MIC-2000 panels with dilutions differing by small arithmetic increments . The three microdilution systems produced comparable modal MICs . However, dispersion about modal values was greater for MMS than for either Sceptor or comparable MIC-2000 twofold panels . MICs were best define by MIC-2000 panels with dilutions differing by small arithmetic increments, for which 72.9% of MICs were modal, 95.4% were one small increment step or less from the modal value, and 100% were two small-increment steps or less form the modal value . The similarity of MIC replication for Sceptor and MIC-2000 twofold panels suggests the possibility of using small increment dilutions by Sceptor.

South Med J, 1983 Feb, 76(2), 260 - 2
Primary Pseudomonas pneumonia in a previously healthy man; Fishman H et al.; A 29-year-old previously healthy man had a Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia and bacteremia . Early recognition of the organism and institution of appropriate antibiotic therapy led to rapid clinical response and recovery . Although Pseudomonas is rarely the cause of pneumonia in a healthy host, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis.

J Bacteriol, 1983 Feb, 153(2), 909 - 15
Cloning, and expression in Escherichia coli K-12, of the chromosomal hemolysin (phospholipase C) determinant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Coleman K et al.; A hemolysin determinant was cloned from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA103 by inserting Sau3a-generated DNA fragments between the BamHI sites of the lambda replacement vector WL47.1 . A 9.5-kilobase HindIII fragment encoding the hemolysin was subcloned from this phage and inserted into the plasmid vector pHC79 to generate the recombinant plasmid pKC95 . Escherichia coli K-12 strains harboring pKC95 exhibited zones of hemolysis after several days of growth on blood agar plates . Hemolysis was shown to be due to phospholipase C activity by using the chromogenic substrate p-nitrophenylphosphorylcholine . Deletion mutants of pKC95 were isolated, and polypeptides expressed from these plasmids were examined by using the E . coli minicell system . A polypeptide of 78,000 daltons was associated with phospholipase C activity . The hemolytic activity was cell associated when expressed in E . coli.

J Bacteriol, 1983 Feb, 153(2), 1018 - 26
Transductional analysis of the flagellar genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Tsuda M et al.; Complementation in bacteriophage E79 tv-l-mediated transduction and the phenotypic properties of the flagellar genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO were investigated by using 195 flagellar mutants of this organism . A total of 15 fla . 1 mot, and 2 che cistrons were identified . At least 5 fla cistrons (fla V to flaZ) and one mot cistron resided in one region, and at least 10 fla cistrons (flaA to flaJ) and two che cistrons (cheA and cheB) resided in another . The flaC mutants exhibited cistron-specific leakiness on motility agar plates . The flaE cistron may be the structural gene for the component protein of the flagellar filament . The cheA mutations, which resulted in pleiotropic phenotypes for flagellar formation, motility, and taxis, belonged to the same complementation group as the flaF mutations; that is, we inferred that cheA and flaF are synonymous.

Arch Surg, 1983 Feb, 118(2), 161 - 6
Mechanisms of in vitro sensitivity to sulfadiazine silver; McManus AT et al.; Sulfonamide-resistant organisms have been reported as a frequent consequence of the clinical use of sulfadiazine silver . At this burn center, sulfonamide resistance occurred in more than 80% of gram-negative isolates . We tested the requirement for the individual antimicrobial activities of sulfadiazine and silver for the vitro activity of sulfadiazine silver . The sulfadiazine component is not necessary for in vitro sensitivity . In vitro sensitivity to sulfadiazine silver does not consistently predict the presence of therapeutic activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected rats with burns . We describe an example of a transferable multiple-antibiotic resistance plasmid that contains selectable sulfonamide resistance . The use of sulfadiazine silver can, therefore, lead to the selection of organisms that are resistant not only to sulfonamides but to antibiotics of clinical consequence, and this possible risk must be considered in electing to use the agent.

J Surg Res, 1983 Feb, 34(2), 151 - 8
Comparison of live bacteria infusions in a porcine model of acute respiratory failure; Dehring DJ et al.; Acute respiratory failure (ARF) related to sepsis continues to have a high mortality and uncertain pathogenesis . With a reproducible live Pseudomonas aeruginosa infusion pig model, the gas exchange, hemodynamics, and pulmonary clearance of this organism were compared with live Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli . Lightly anesthetized, male, mixed-breed pigs, 15-30 kg, were intubated, allowed to breathe spontaneously, and had femoral artery, central venous, and Swan-Ganz catheterization through cutdowns . After baseline data were collected, approximately 1 X 10(9) organisms/20 kg/min were infused into a central vein for 4 hr with frequent monitoring of the variables . Immediate autopsies were done for related quantitative tissue culture studies . S . aureus pigs maintained a high rate of lung bacterial clearance with pulmonary hypertension, a nonsignificant decrease in PaO2, and relatively normal lungs at autopsy . Ps . aeruginosa and E . coli animals developed systemic hypotension, pulmonary hypertension, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, hypoxemia, and decreased pulmonary clearance . Their lungs had gross congestion and edema . These studies confirm the suitability of E . coli and Ps . aeruginosa infusion into pigs as a model of sepsis-induced ARF in man . The findings also indicate that neither pulmonary hypertension nor bacterial clearance by the lungs is sufficient to cause ARF.

J Gen Microbiol, 1983 Feb, 129 (Pt 2), 509 - 17
Alteration of susceptibility to EDTA, polymyxin B and gentamicin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by divalent cation regulation of outer membrane protein H1; Nicas TI et al.; Induction of outer membrane protein H1 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa results in decreased susceptibility to aminoglycosides, polymyxin B, and EDTA . We have previously shown that protein H1 can become the major cellular protein in cells grown in low (0.02 mM) Mg2+ . The induction of protein H1 was prevented by supplementation of low Mg2+ medium with Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, or Sr2+ (each at 0.5 mM), but not with Zn2+, Ba2+, Sn2+, Al3+ or Na+ (each at 0.5 mM) . Only cells grown in the presence of those cations which failed to prevent H1 induction were resistant to the cationic antibiotics, polymyxin B and gentamicin, and to chelators of divalent cations . Cells grown in Ca2+, but not in Mg2+, were susceptible to outer membrane permeabilization by the Ca2+ specific chelator EGTA, whereas both were susceptible to EDTA . In agreement with this, cells grown in Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, or Zn2+ showed enhanced levels of these cations respectively as their major cell envelope-associated cation . When cells were shifted from low to high Mg2+ medium, the time course of the decrease in the levels of protein H1 correlated well with the increase in sensitivity to EDTA and polymyxin B . These results support the hypothesis that protein H1 acts to replace divalent cations at a critical outer membrane site attacked by cationic antibiotics and chelators of divalent cations, and suggest that only a small proportion of the total divalent cation-binding sites in the outer membrane are susceptible to attack by these agents.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1983 Feb, 11(2), 169 - 79
Kinetics and significance of the activity of the Sabath and Abrahams' beta-lactamase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa against cefotaxime and cefsulodin; Livermore DM; All Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains produce Sabath and Abrahams' (SA) enzyme, as inducible beta-lactamase . Hydrolysis of cefotaxime by this enzyme, although slow in terms of Vmax was efficient when the parameter Vmax/Km (physiological efficiency (Pollock, 1965)) was considered . Hydrolysis of cefsulodin was not detectable in assays used and enzyme binding (Ki) was poor, ensuring a very low physiological efficiency . Physiological efficiency represents a measure of enzyme function under low substrate (antibiotic) conditions, as apply in the periplasm; consequently SA enzyme might protect the cell against cefotaxime, but not cefsulodin . This depends on enzyme induction and retention within the periplasm . Agar checkerboard studies indicated the SA inducer cephaloridine antagonized the activity of cefotaxime against most (12/14) Ps . aeruginosa strains but cefsulodin against only a minority (2/14) . Cephaloridine/cefotaxime antagonism was lost in uninducible (SAI-) or constitutive (SAIcon) mutants where SA expression was independent of cephaloridine concentration . This indicated the antagonism was SA dependent . Cefotaxime plate MICs against parent SAI+ and uninducible SAI- organisms were similar indicating cefotaxime did not induce SA enzyme in these tests . Cefotaxime was however much less active against the SAI+ organism than the SAI- when log phase broth cultures were exposed to antibiotic and incubation was extended to 30 h . This correlated with observed SA induction in the SAI+ organism . Cefsulodin MICs against SAI+ and SAI- organisms were similar and no difference existed in activity, over long periods against broth cultures . Overall, results indicated that SA enzyme, if induced, constituted a defense against cefotaxime but not cefsulodin and this correlated with the physiological efficiency results . To what degree induction occurs in vivo during cefotaxime therapy of pseudomonal infections remains unknown.

J Bacteriol, 1983 Feb, 153(2), 1008 - 17
Ordering of the flagellar genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by insertions of mercury transposon Tn501; Tsuda M et al.; The flagellar genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO cluster on the chromosome at two distinct regions, region I and region II . The order of the flagellar cistrons in this organism was established by using transducing phage G101 and plasmids FP5 and R68.45 . A method to insert transposon Tn501 near the fla genes was devised . We obtained two strains in which Tn501 was inserted at sites close to the flagellar cistrons in region II . We isolated Fla mutants in which the chromosomal segment between the two Tn501 insertion sites was deleted . Using Tn501-encoded mercury resistance as an outside marker, we determined the order of 9 of the 11 flagellar cistrons in region II as follows: puuF-region I-flaG-flaC-flaI-flaH-flaD-flaB-flaA-flaF-flaE-pur-67 . By using phage G101-mediated transduction, the mutation converting monoflagellated bacteria into the multiflagellated (mfl) form was closely linked to the five fla cistrons in region I . Using mfl as an outside marker, we determined the order of the five cistrons as follows: puuF-flaV-flaZ-flaW-flaX-flaY-region II . The mfl mutation was shown to be either located within the flaV cistron or linked very closely to this cistron . No linkage was observed in transductions between any of the fla cistrons in region I and any of the fla cistrons in region II.

Infect Immun, 1983 Feb, 39(2), 630 - 7
Suppression of in vitro lymphocyte DNA synthesis by killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Rubin HR et al.; Whole antibiotic-killed classic Pseudomonas aeruginosa organisms elicited human lymphocyte {3H}thymidine (TdR) uptake in vitro after 5 days in culture . However, high concentrations of the same preparation did not elicit {3H}TdR incorporation . The investigation of this lymphocyte unresponsiveness revealed that a high dose of P . aeruginosa, when added to lymphocyte cultures together with optimal concentrations of lymphocyte activators (e.g., plant lectins or whole killed Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1), caused a potent, nonspecifically expressed inhibition of lymphocyte {3H}TdR uptake in response to these mitogens . High doses of P . aeruginosa were not cytotoxic to lymphocytes, and the inhibition caused was reversed when lymphocytes were washed free of bacteria . The inhibition of {3H}TdR uptake by high-dose P . aeruginosa did not require the generation of adherent suppressor cells or prostaglandin-mediated, steroid-sensitive or radiation-sensitive suppressor mechanisms . At optimal lymphocyte stimulatory concentrations of P . aeruginosa, the addition of indomethacin or the depletion of adherent cells caused an increase in lymphocyte {3H}TdR incorporation . This is consistent with an adherent-cell population regulating {3H}TdR uptake in response to P . aeruginosa via a prostaglandin-dependent pathway . This population was not involved in the inhibition of lymphocyte {3H}TdR uptake by high concentrations of P . aeruginosa.

J Am Acad Dermatol, 1983 Feb, 8(2), 225 - 8
Gram-negative bacterial toe web infection: successful treatment with a new third generation cephalosporin; Eaglstein NF et al.; Fifteen patients with gram-negative bacterial toe web infections were treated for 1 week with intramuscular cefoperazone, a broad-spectrum third generation cephalosporin . Initial bacterial cultures in eleven patients (73%) grew more than one gram-negative organism . Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequent isolate . All bacteria isolated were sensitive to cefoperazone (Cefobid) . Swelling, redness, and flow of exudate resolved within 1 week of antibiotic administration . By day 7 there was no evidence of inflammation, and denuded areas had begun to re-epithelialize . Side effects were mild and did not require cessation of therapy . This antibiotic causes rapid resolution of a disease which previously required prolonged hospitalizations.

J Am Acad Dermatol, 1983 Feb, 8(2), 157 - 70
Allergic contact dermatitis to 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol in a hydrophilic ointment; Storrs FJ et al.; Seven patients are described who developed acute allergic contact dermatitis after using Eucerin cream on previously dermatitic skin for periods of time varying from 5 weeks to 2 years . Eucerin was preserved with 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (BNPD) in 1978 to assist in controlling a problem with Pseudomonas aeruginosa contamination . All of our patients were BNPD and Eucerin patch test-positive . None of them was allergic to formaldehyde or to any other preservative known to be a formaldehyde donor . This was in contrast to other BNPD and other formaldehyde-releaser--sensitive patients we saw in 1979-1980, who often had positive patch test reactions throughout this group of preservatives . BNPD is difficult to patch test with because it is often an irritant, even in low concentrations . We discuss some patch test "lessons" which our experiences with these patients accentuated for us.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Feb, (2), 92 - 6
{Cell-free Pseudomonas vaccine . III . Immunochemical analysis of purified Pseudomonas aeruginosa protein antigens and protective properties of antisera against these antigens}; Chekan LV et al.; The immunochemical analysis of isolated and purified antigens A and B obtained from P . aeruginosa, strains 868 (serogroup O3 according to Lanyi or immunotype 3/7 according to Fisher) and 170015 (serogroup O7 or immunotype 2), was carried out . Rabbit antisera to proteins A and B, as well as to the initial aqueous extracts and partially purified aqueous extracts, were obtained . Cross activity between the protein antigens of different strains was established by the methods of immunodiffusion and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis . Isolated proteins A and B contained both common and specific antigenic determinants detected by the method of two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis . The immunization of rabbits with proteins A and B was found to stimulate the synthesis of protective, probably species-specific, antibodies.

J Bacteriol, 1983 Feb, 153(2), 1107 - 10
GDPmannose dehydrogenase and biosynthesis of alginate-like polysaccharide in a mucoid strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pugashetti BK et al.; GDPmannose dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.132) in a mucoid strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from a patient with cystic fibrosis was identified by demonstrating the NAD-linked formation of GDPmannuronate from GDPmannose mediated by a cell extract of the organism . Nonmucoid mutant strains did not contain GDPmannose dehydrogenase, which suggests that the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of alginate-like polysaccharide by P . aeruginosa.

Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 1983 Jan 29, 286(6362), 341 - 4
Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonisation in an intensive therapy unit: role of cross infection and host factors; Noone MR et al.; Despite the sparsity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the environment colonisation and infection with this organism was found at several sites by selective culture in 20 out of 46 patients in an intensive therapy unit . Three patients developed Ps aeruginosa pneumonia . Serial serogrouping and phage typing identified multiple strains in the unit and in the same patient . Rectal carriage occurred in 16 patients but rectal strains did not subsequently appear in tracheal aspirates; strains varied in their affinity for the upper respiratory tract . Colonisation was not directly related to length of stay and was detected in 16 of those colonised within 24 hours of admission . In intubated patients, who were colonised more frequently than those not intubated, upper respiratory tract colonisation correlated strongly with low initial arterial pH values . Personnel were probably responsible for cross infection among patients when the unit was busy . Strain differences and the susceptibility of patients also influenced colonisation and infection . Elimination of major reservoirs of Ps aeruginosa and compliance with procedures to control cross infection remain essential if patients in hospital are to escape colonisation by the organism.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1983 Jan 27, 110(2), 694 - 700
DNA gyrase (Topoisomerase II) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Miller RV et al.; DNA gyrase (Topoisomerase II) has been purified from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO . This enzyme is inhibited by novobiocin and nalidixic acid . DNA gyrase from P . aeruginosa is resistant to a much higher level of nalidixic acid than is Escherichia coli DNA gyrase . This increased level of resistance may explain, at least in part, the higher levels of natural resistance exhibited by P . aeruginosa toward nalidixic acid.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1983 Jan 12, 742(1), 162 - 8
Magnetic susceptibility measurements on Pseudomonas cytochrome cd1; Timkovich R et al.; The magnetic susceptibilities of cytochrome cd1 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (American Type Culture Collection 19429) have been measured by a nuclear magnetic resonance technique . In the oxidized form both heme c and heme d1 are in the low-spin state with an average magnetic moment of 2.6 Bohr magnetons . At 25 degrees C and pH 8.0, the ascorbate-reduced cytochrome contains one low-spin and one high-spin heme per subunit . Based on previous reports in the literature, the high-spin ferrous heme has been assigned to the heme d1 group . At pH 8.0 the ascorbate-reduced heme d1 has a magnetic moment of 5.3 Bohr magnetons . This value decreases to 4.9 at pH 5.5, but is still indicative of a high-spin ferrous system . The paramagnetic susceptibility of the ferricytochrome demonstrated a temperature dependence consistent with Curie's law, but the ferrocytochrome showed an increase in paramagnetic susceptibility with increasing temperature.

Acta Med Scand, 1983, 213(5), 407 - 10
Angioleiomyoma of the common bile duct; Ponka A et al.; An 80-year-old woman with angioleiomyoma in the common bile duct is described . Apart from weakness and jaundice, the patient had no signs or symptoms until after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, when cholangitis and septicaemia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa developed . X-ray during endoscopy revealed a tumour obstructing the common bile duct and was assumed to be malignant . Because the patient was so old and her general condition had deteriorated, no treatment was given . Autopsy revealed a benign angioleiomyoma of the common bile duct and suppurative cholangitis, the latter obviously caused by the endoscopy.

Chemotherapy, 1983, 29(4), 303 - 12
Therapy of experimental Pseudomonas endocarditis with high-dose amikacin and ticarcillin; Choi C et al.; Right-sided infective endocarditis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa was induced in 130 rabbits . Animals received either: (1) no therapy (controls); (2) standard-dose amikacin (AMK) (15 mg/kg/day) plus ticarcillin (300 mg/kg/day), or (3) high-dose AMK (20 or 25 mg/kg/day) plus ticarcillin, for 20 days . Animals in each treatment group were evaluated at 10 days after therapy for bacteriologic relapse . Both standard- and high-dose AMK regimens significantly decreased mortality and Pseudomonas aeruginosa vegetation titers versus controls (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.05, respectively) . Despite significantly higher serum AMK levels at 25 mg/kg/day, there was no significant difference in mean vegetation titers, percent of vegetations sterilized, or posttherapy bacteriologic relapse in the three treatment groups . AMK at 20 or 25 mg/kg/day (but not at 15 mg/kg/day) significantly reduced the incidence of pulmonary infarction versus untreated controls (p less than 0.01).

Arch Ophthalmol, 1983 Jan, 101(1), 117 - 20
Ocular penetration of amikacin following intramuscular injection; Wingfield DL et al.; Amikacin sulfate was given intramuscularly (IM) (7.5 mg/kg) to study its ocular penetration in man . Seventy-three patients with cataracts received a single dose and 35 received two doses given 5 1/2 to 12 hours apart . After a single dose the aqueous humor levels of the antibiotic between two and ten hours ranged from 0.15 to 3.10 mg/L (average and median, 1.0 mg/L) . Two doses given 5 1/2 to eight hours apart produced an average level of 3.5 mg/L (range, 0.91 to 8.31 mg/L) . When the second dose was given nine to 12 hours after the first, the aqueous humor levels were similar to those found for a single dose . Aqueous humor concentrations of 1.0 mg/L of amikacin would be expected to be bactericidal for most gram-negative bacterial pathogens, whereas levels of 3.5 mg/L would inhibit most strains of Staphylococcus aureus and many strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1983 Jan-Feb, 134A(1), 79 - 90
{Changes in the activity of antibiotics by fatty acids in bone tissue}; Sirot J et al.; The C14 to C18 fatty acid content of spongious bone was measured by gas-liquid chromatography . Palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2) represented 20 to 40% of the total free fatty acid concentration (30 mM/l) . Linoleic acid was found to have the greatest bacteriostatic activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains . The effect of linoleic acid-gentamicin combination was synergistic against S . aureus . In contrast, both gentamicin and colistin activities were highly antagonized by linoleic and oleic acids against E . coli and P . aeruginosa strains . These different effects of free fatty acids on antibiotic activity could be explained, in part, by a change in permeability of bacterial cells . The clinical implications of these results in bone infections are discussed.

Rev Infect Dis, 1983 Jan-Feb, 5(1), 1 - 8
Pseudomonas folliculitis: an outbreak and review; Gustafson TL et al.; In November 1980, an outbreak of folliculitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa occurred in members of a health spa in Tennessee . The source of infection was traced to the health spa swimming pool, which had not been chlorinated for two days due to equipment malfunction . Thirty-seven (62%) of 60 members who used the swimming pool on these two days developed a papulopustular rash within eight hours to five days after swimming in the pool . The rash had a characteristic distribution, predominantly involving the buttocks, hips, and axillae . Other manifestations of infection included otitis externa (49%) and mastitis (11%) . P . aeruginosa serogroup 0-11 was isolated from pustules of six people . A swab from the edge of the swimming pool also grew P . aeruginosa serogroup 0-11 . With the rising popularity of home whirlpools and hot tubs, physicians may expect to encounter this disease with increasing frequency.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1983, 31(4), 511 - 5
Effect of experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection on the activity of mouse phagocytes; Izdebska-Szymona K et al.; It has been stated that experimental infection with 0.01 LD50 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 74 decreases the phagocytic activity of mouse neutrophiles and peritoneal macrophages in relation to latex particles . In the course of infection suppression of phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages was delayed for two days as compared with that of neutrophiles . During the dying out of infection phagocytic activity of neutrophils and macrophages returned to the control values . Possible mechanisms of these events were discussed.

Ann Med Interne (Paris), 1983, 134(7), 629 - 35
{Bacterial septicemia in neutropenia patients}; Vernant JP et al.; Two hundred bacterial septicemia occurring in neutropenic patients (PMN less than 1,000 microliter) were analyzed . Most of these patients had hematologic malignancies . The underlying disease, the degree of neutropenia the association of septic focus with the bacteremia, the responsive microorganisms and their evolution during hospitalization were studied as prognosis factors . The overall mortality was 32.5 p . 100 . The mortality was higher in patients whose granulocyte count was lower than 500 microliter . The occurrence of major septic focus (pulmonary, perineal infection, diarrhea with abdominal distension, ORL, or cutaneous extensive focus) during bacteremia was a highly significant factor of bad prognosis . The mortality of bacteremias with and without major septic focus was respectively 62 p . 100 and 15 p . 100 . A study of the distribution of the bacterias was performed in terms of mortality and duration of hospitalization . "Escherichia coli" and gram positive cocci were predominant during the two first days and mortality was then low . After that time, others Gram-negative bacterias appeared, especially "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" and the mortality was increasing until the twentieth day . Therefore, the authors raise the opportunity of antibiotic therapy according to the duration between the beginning of the hospitalization and the occurrence of sepsis in neutropenic patients . The role of the extensive use of a curative antibiotic association using colistine and nalidixic acid between 1974 and 1976 is discussed in the emergence of more gram positive cocci bacteremias between 1976 and 1978 than between 1974 and 1976 in the same intensive care unit.

Arkh Patol, 1983, 45(10), 9 - 14
{Pathologic anatomy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in children}; Krasnogorskii IN et al.; Examinations of 143 autopsy observations of P . aeruginosa infection in children were performed . Among them, 119 patients had pneumonia, 16 affections of the alimentary tract, 8 sepsis with various localizations of the primary focus . Morphologically the affected organs presented foci of necrosis of different size with tremendous numbers of bacteria, poor leukocyte reaction, and deep circulatory disorders in the periphery . A more manifest leukocyte infiltration in foci of lesions was observed in the cases where other bacterial microflora, in addition to P . aeruginosa, was present . P . aeruginosa isolated from the organs of dead children, as a rule, belonged to immune type 1 or 2 (according to Fisher's scheme) . Microbiological studies on these strains showed the most marked necrotic changes to have been caused by microbes having such factors of pathogenicity as protease and plasmocoagulase.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1983, 31(2), 199 - 207
Resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia in mice after transfer of immune spleen cells; Marlsz-Babczyszyn J et al.; The resistance to P . aeruginosa septicemia was studied in mice after transfer of immune spleen cells from donors vaccinated with P . aeruginosa slime-extract . The protective capacity of these cells appeared in donors within 3 days after immunization and reached a maximum between day 4 and 6 . Then it rapidly declined and disappeared on the 9th day after vaccination . This capacity of spleen cells from donors immunized several times with slime-extract was lasting longer than in the former group and decreased on day 9-11 after the last vaccination . However, the recipients were not protected against infection if the donor immune spleen cells were pretreated with anti-Thy 1.2 monoclonal antibodies . Moreover, it was found that the transfer of cells from vaccinated donors to nonimmune mice inoculated with P . aeruginosa enhanced a steady decrease of the number of viable organisms in the spleens of the recipients . The immunity conferred on the recipient mice was highly specific.

Infection, 1983, 11 Suppl 1, S12 - 5
The current state of cephalosporin antibiotics: microbiological aspects; Knothe H et al.; An increasing number of new cephalosporins continue to become available in the clinic so that the clinician requires something akin to Ariadne's thread to work through the labyrinth of confusing names and product claims . The parenteral cephalosporins may be grouped on the basis of structure, antimicrobial activity and metabolic stability as follows: 1 . cephacetrile, cephalothin, cefapirin; 2 . cefotaxime; 3 . cephaloridine, cefazedone, cefazolin, cefotiam; 4 . cefamandole, cefoperazone, cefsulodin, cefuroxime, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, lamoxactam . Groups 2 and 4 contain the most interesting compounds in terms of their biological activity and therapeutic significance . Even carbenicillin-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are inhibited by one of the recent broad-spectrum cephalosporins . In the clinic, minor differences between the highly active cephalosporins are not likely to be of therapeutic significance.

Dermatologica, 1983, 167(3), 148 - 51
Acute gangrene of the scrotum and penis in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia . A case of acute necrotizing gangrene; Patrizi A et al.; The authors describe a case of Fournier's gangrene in a young man affected with acute promyelocytic leukemia . They emphasize the rarity of this disease especially in a patient affected with leukemia . Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the same strict antibiotic sensitivity has been found in cutaneous lesions and in several blood cultures . The Fournier's gangrene etiology is discussed.

Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1983, 411, 105 - 9
The role of topical dimethyl sulfoxide in burn wound infection: evaluation in the rat; Raskin DJ et al.; The results of this study indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between the effectiveness of 1% silver sulfadiazine in DMSO and 1% silver sulfadiazine in a hydrophilic base (Silvadene), when these formulations were used as antimicrobials applied topically to thermal burn wounds . The antimicrobial efficacy of silver sulfadiazine was not destroyed by mixing this agent with DMSO, since the recovery of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was significantly lower in all animals treated with silver sulfadiazine, whatever the formulation, when compared to animals not treated with silver sulfadiazine . Further studies with higher concentrations of silver sulfadiazine in DMSO may be useful . Although the concept of DMSO as a medicinal "carrier" is not novel, with further investigation, it may prove to be germane in the treatment of eschar-covered thermal burns.

Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1983, 62(6), 489 - 494
Pseudomonas aeruginosa beta-lactamases; Savoia D et al.; Forty recently isolated hospital strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were assayed to determine the part played by the production of beta-lactamase in their resistance to beta-lactamic antibiotics, together with the relative importance of constitutive and inducible enzymes in such resistance in the case of carbenicillin (CB) . 62.5% were CB-resistant . In 56% of cases, this resistance was due to the production of a class Vd constitutive enzyme, whereas it was ascribable to intrinsic resistance in the other 44%.

Acta Microbiol Hung, 1983, 30(3-4), 255 - 8
Resistance to bacteria of plastics used in dental practice; Orsos M et al.; The resistance to bacteria of composition filling materials (Evicrol, Isopast, Micromix and Superlux), of acrylic base-plate used for removable dentures and of acrylic (Medident) teeth has been examined . Out of the 6 samples tested with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in accordance with the Hungarian standard, Evicrol, Superlux and the base-plate proved to be resistant; Isopast was attacked moderately and Medident teeth and Micromix showed intermediate results.

Infection, 1983, 11 Suppl 2, S81 - 2
The combined action of azlocillin and sisomicin in a model simulating the in vivo serum kinetics; Haller I; The in vivo serum kinetics of azlocillin and sisomicin were simulated in a new in vitro test model . A strong synergistic effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa resulted when both compounds were administered simultaneously and eliminated according to their individual half-life values, even when the decreasing drug concentrations exceeded the MICs for only a short period of time . When applied at intervals, neither pretreatment with azlocillin nor with sisomicin blocked the antibacterial activity of the combination partner.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1983, 31(4), 517 - 21
Anti-Pseudomonas immunoglobulin . III . Preliminary clinical evaluation; Sakiel S et al.; Preliminary clinical evaluation of sheep anti-Pseudomonas immunoglobulin was performed on 20 burn injured patients . The patients were divided into two comparable groups of ten persons . One group was treated with the immunoglobulin shortly after thermal injury (in about two days) . The patients of the second group received this preparation in about 18 days post thermal injury . It was concluded that the sheep anti-Pseudomonas immunoglobulin is well tolerated by patients . The results of clinical observations show that, in respect to incidence of sepsis and survival, only early administration of immunoglobulin can prevent further development of infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Acta Microbiol Hung, 1983, 30(2), 131 - 7
Incidence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa serogroups in drinking water: use of serotyping in the control of water supplies; Kiss P et al.; From 26,568 drinking water samples collected in the years 1977-1981 from deep well supplies in Csongrad county, Hungary, 1269 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were isolated . The most frequent serogroups (Lanyi-Bergan scheme) were O6 (9.5-69.2%), O1 (5.5-35.5%) and O9 (2.2-36.2%) . Predominance of a given serogroup varied with, and was characteristic of geographic areas of the county, water plants and distribution systems . Bacteriological monitoring has shown that serotyping of P . aeruginosa may be useful for evaluating the mechanical condition of the water supply.

Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki, 1983, (10), 94 - 9
{Regulation of the enzyme activity of para-xylene catabolism in a spontaneous para-xylene-negative variant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2x79}; Gorlatova NV et al.; A spontaneous variant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2x unable to grow on p-xylene as the sole source of carbon and energy has been isolated . p-Xylenenegative variant of P . aeruginosa 2x79 differs from the wild type strain by the character of growth on the p-xylene oxidation intermediates p-toluate and protocatochuate . The cell of 2x79 variant inability to grow on p-xylene has been shown to be accompanied by the elimination of the activities of three enzymes - p-xylene methylhydroxylase, p-cresol methylhydroxylase and metapyrocatechase and by the considerable alteration in the regulation of orto-cleavage aromatic ring enzymes activity pyrocatechase and protocatechuate-3,4-dioxygenase . Possible reasons for appearing spontaneous variants 2x79 in the population of P . aeruginosa 2x growing on the p-xylene are being discussed.

Ann Fr Anesth Reanim, 1983, 2(4), 317 - 24
{Role of a hygiene department in the control of respirator disinfection}; Zourbas J et al.; Different methods of disinfection of ventilators are used in hospitals . They are chosen according to the type of apparatus, the configuration of its internal circuit, the system of disinfection available and the degree of contamination . There are three types of disinfection: a) partial disinfection, b) partial internal disinfection by connection to an apparatus of disinfection with liquid formaldehyde, c) total automatic internal and external disinfection with formaldehyde powder . The hospital public health team controls the different disinfection procedures . Samples were taken from 13 places on four ventilators (Engstrom, Bennett, Servo 900, RPR) . They were taken on polyvalent and on three selective culture media (gram positive, gram negative and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) . Three criteria were defined: absence of contamination, limited contamination and widespread contamination . After disinfection, satisfactory results were always observed . However, these results were observed only immediately after disinfection and before stocking and transport . The results of these controls, communicated within 48 h to the doctors, allow us to check the reliability of the method used.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1983, 15(3), 271 - 6
Treatment of chronic pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis patients with ceftazidime and tobramycin; Heilesen AM et al.; 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ceftazidime, cefsulodin, cefotaxime, moxalactam, azlocillin, carbenicillin, netilmicin and tobramycin against 90 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients were determined by means of the agar plate dilution method . Ceftazidime was most active of the antibiotics in vitro; the geometric mean of IC50 was 0.2 and of MIC 0.4 micrograms/ml . 11 CF patients suffering from P . aeruginosa infection were treated with 14 day courses of ceftazidime (100 mg/kg/24 h) and tobramycin (10 mg/kg/24 h) . P . aeruginosa was only temporarily eradicated in one of the patients, but a significant improvement of respiratory function and a significant fall in white blood cell count was recorded in the patients during chemotherapy . There was no development of resistant strains against ceftazidime during treatment and no side-effects were observed . Ceftazidime is a promising new antimicrobial agent with high in vitro activity which deserves further in vivo evaluation in CF patients.

Microbios, 1983, 38(152), 99 - 105
Sensitivities of wild-type and envelope-defective strains of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antibacterial agents; El-Falaha BM et al.; The sensitivities of Escherichia coli DCO (wild type) and DC2 (envelope mutant) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 799 (wild-type) and 799/61 (envelope mutant) to preservatives and antibiotics have been determined . The outer membrane appears to play an important role in limiting the penetration of some, but not all, antibacterial agents.

Dev Comp Immunol, 1983 Summer, 7(3), 423 - 34
Transfer of immunity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa P11-1 in Galleria mellonella larvae; De Verno PJ et al.; Larvae of Galleria mellonella may be immunized against Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the transfer of whole hemolymph, cell-free hemolymph or hemocytes from insects previously immunized with the lipopolysaccharide of the homologous organisms . Whole immune hemolymph injected as early as 3 hours after vaccination confers protection which persists as long as 40 hours . Hemocytes alone confer good protection when transferred as early as 30 minutes after, and up to about 4 hours after immunization . Transferred protection does not appear to be due to excess immunogen in the hemolymph.

Microbiol Immunol, 1983, 27(7), 575 - 88
Crystallization and some properties of leukocidin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Hirayama T et al.; A leukocidin was isolated and purified from autolysates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 158 by a combination of procedures such as column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, and zone electrophoresis on pevikon . The purified preparation showed a single band in each experiment using electrophoreses in the presence or absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and the agar-gel Ouchterlony immunodiffusion test . The purified pseudomonal leukocidin was crystallized by salting out with saturated ammonium sulfate at pH 7.0 in a needle-leaf like form . The molecular weight of the leukocidin was estimated to be 42,500 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 40,000 by gel filtration, and 44,700 (3.3 S20,W) by sucrose density gradient centrifugation . The isoelectric point of the leukocidin was estimated to be at pH 6.3 by isoelectrofocusing . Morphological studies of a leukocidin-treated leukocyte showed that the formation of vacuoles of cytosolic granules and the swelling of the lobulated nuclei occurred prior to leukocyte enlargement . In a slide adhesion test with rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (1 X 10(6}, the minimum cytotoxic dose for the destruction of all leukocytes was 13-20 ng of the crystallized toxin . Rabbit lymphocytes were one-thirtieth as sensitive as rabbit leukocytes . Leukocidin did not act on rabbit erythrocytes or on platelets.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1983, 33(7), 913 - 5
Criteria for the interpretation of the pipemidic acid agar diffusion test by the Kirby-Bauer method; Grimm H; The antibiotic sensitivity of 296 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 294 isolates of other species was measured by the agar diffusion test with 20 micrograms pipemidic acid (Deblaston) discs on Mueller-Hinton agar by the Kirby-Bauer method . The correlation between inhibition zone diameter and minimal inhibitory concentration was worked out by regression analysis . In all bacterial species investigated, an inhibition zone of 14 mm or more indicates sensitivity to pipemidic acid . For Pseudomonas aeruginosa an intermediate zone of 11 to 13 mm is recommended.

Mol Gen Genet, 1983, 191(2), 334 - 7
Construction of recombination-deficient strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Fruh R et al.; The rec-102 mutation had pleiotropic effects in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: low recombinational proficiency in conjugation and transduction; high UV sensitivity; inability to induce pyocin R2 by mitomycin C; and increased susceptibility to mitomycin C and nalidixic acid . The rec-102 locus was mapped by R68.45-mediated conjugation in the 45 min region of the PAO chromosome, between argF and thr-9001 . By selection for a marker in this region, rec-102 can be introduced into a P . aeruginosa strain of interest using an R68.45 rec-102 donor . The recombination-deficient strains constructed in this way were phenotypically similar to Escherichia coli recA mutants.

Int J Tissue React, 1983, 5(2), 135 - 40
Inhibition of lymphocyte transformation by a factor from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Patt LM et al.; Extracts of the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa contain a specific inhibitor of lymphocyte transformation . Considerable purification of this inhibitor was possible by a) smashing the bacteria with glass beads, and b) extracting the soluble components with phosphate buffered saline, c) partial purification with ethanol fractionation, d) ion-exchange column chromatography (DEAE-Sephacel) and e) final purification by elution from Ultrogel . The inhibitor was active at a concentration of approximately 10 ng/ml in inhibiting two-way mixed lymphocyte culture of histoincompatible murine splenic lymphocytes in vitro . The inhibitor was also capable of suppressing the proliferation of the murine leukaemic cell line L1210.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1983, 31(1), 79 - 83
Kinetics of humoral response and mechanism of the protection in mice vaccinated with slime-extract from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Maresz-Babczyszyn J et al.; The in vivo experiments on the immunity of mice to P . aeruginosa showed that the vaccination with slime-extract or transfer of immune anti-slime serum enhances the resistance of mice to these organisms . Immunity against P . aeruginosa appears early after vaccination, is long-lasting and very effective since the challenging organisms are eliminated from the mouse spleens within 4 days.

Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1983, 172(1), 41 - 5
Epidemiological studies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in leg ulcers; Urbano P et al.; A 6-month prospective study was carried out in an angiology ward on patients with leg ulcers . Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from about half of the samples from the patients . Of the isolates, 85 were serotyped, fingerprinted as to passive pyocin sensitivity and characterized for antibiotic susceptibility pattern . According to all criteria, the isolates belonged to six strains, two of which were clearly epidemic: one infected 11 patients yielding 52 identical isolates, the other infected 4 patients (19 isolates).

Mol Gen Genet, 1983, 189(3), 375 - 81
Genetic determinant of pyocin R2 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO . I . Localization of the pyocin R2 gene cluster between the trpCD and trpE genes; Shinomiya T et al.; Thirty-seven mutants defective in pyocin R2 production in the P . aeruginosa PAO strain were subjected to fine mapping of pyocin R2 genes by transduction with phage F116L . Sixteen complementation groups (designated prtA through prtP) involved in pyocin R2 production were tentatively identified by complementation tests using phage F116L . Their linkages to trpC and trpE markers and fine mapping by three point crosses demonstrated that most of the mutations (prtA through prtN) were located in between trpC and trpE, and that the prtP mutation was localized outside this major prt cluster but in the proximity of the rifA and strA region.

Br J Dis Chest, 1983 Jan, 77(1), 71 - 7
Tobramycin and carbenicillin compared with gentamicin and carbenicillin in the treatment of infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in adult patients with cystic fibrosis; Hodson ME et al.; Treatment with gentamicin or tobramycin given intravenously with carbenicillin is compared in the treatment of bronchopulmonary infection in older patients with cystic fibrosis . All patients improved on both regimens and there was no observed difference in the two treatments . Pseudomonas aeruginosa could still be isolated from the sputum 3 months after completion of treatment with both treatments . No toxic or allergic side-effects were noted.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1983, 27(1), 69 - 76
Characteristics, isolation and role in the infectious process of Pseudomonas aeruginosa protease; Brodinova NS et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces the extracellular enzyme protease, which plays an important role in the development of the infectious process caused by this microorganism . Protease is produced in three types, I, II and III, with protease II being responsible for 75% of the total proteolytic activity of protease . The molecular mass of protease II has been determined by different methods; the values obtained are 23000 and 39500 . This discrepancy may be associated with an autodigestion of the enzyme or with the presence in the periplasm of its producer of a nonactive precursor whose activation may lead to a change in the molecular mass . Pseudomonas aeruginosa protease is capable of cleaving high-molecular proteins into low-molecular ones, which are taken up by the microbial cell and serve as a source of nutrition . When injected into the bloodstream of animals, purified protease produces haemorrhagic lesions in internal organs; its subcutaneous injection provokes haemorrhage in the skin and subcutaneous tissues . Manifestation of high P . aeruginosa virulence on a model of burnt mouse skin requires that not only exotoxin A but also protease be produced . The protease is immunogenic and has, in toxoid form, been used experimentally in a multicomponent vaccine.

Biochem J, 1983 Jan 1, 209(1), 229 - 33
The inhibition of class C beta-lactamases by boronic acids; Beesley T et al.; Aromatic boronic acids are reversible inhibitors of the recently classified class C beta-lactamases . The boronic acids studied include ortho-, meta- and para-methyl-, -hydroxymethyl- and -formyl-phenylboronic acid . The beta-lactamases were chromosomally-encoded enzymes, one from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the other specified by the ampC gene of Escherichia coli . The inhibition may be correlated with our finding that these beta-lactamases are serine enzymes, i.e . their function entails the hydroxy group of a serine residue acting as a nucleophile.

Mikrobiologiia, 1983 Jan-Feb, 52(1), 94 - 7
{Role of emulsification in the process of hydrocarbon absorption by Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells}; Koronelli TV et al.; Lipophilic biopolymers from the cell walls of saprophytic mycobacteria were shown to stimulate the process of hydrocarbon assimilation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells . This should be attributed to the fact that bacterial peptidoglycolipids emulsify a hydrocarbon facilitating the contact between it and the cells . It has been found experimentally that P . aeruginosa cells growing in the medium with n-alkanes release a factor into the medium . The factor appears to contain peptide chains and is responsible for hydrocarbon emulsification.

Mikrobiologiia, 1983 Jan-Feb, 52(1), 27 - 32
{Thermosensitivity of naphthalene biodegradation plasmids}; Kochetkov VV et al.; The object of the work was to study the functional expression of naphthalene and salicylic acid catabolism systems and the stability of naphthalene biodegradation plasmids NAH, pBS2, pBS3 and NPL-41 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO . The catabolic systems of the plasmids were shown to be thermosensitive, with a slight variation between one another . The plasmids became unstable at a high temperature; the temperature of effective elimination was 41 degrees C for plasmids NPL-41 and pBS3, and 42 degrees C for plasmids NAH and pBS2 . NAH and pBS2 produced a weak inhibiting effect while NPL-41 and pBS3 caused a strong inhibition of the PAO strain growth at 42 degrees C . As a result, many anomalous filamentous cells (partly in the state of lysis) appeared in the cultural broth . Only PAO cells that had lost their plasmid were capable of normal growth in a medium with MPA at an elevated temperature; this creates a convenient system for selection of clones that have lost the plasmids of naphthalene biodegradation . Some of these plasmids can inhibit growth of Pseudomonas strains at an elevated temperature; this fact should be taken into account when the capability of Pseudomonas to grow at a high temperature is used as a taxonomic feature.

Jpn J Med, 1983 Jan, 22(1), 40 - 4
A survived case of diabetes with nonclostridial gas gangrene; Tanaka S et al.; A 56-year old diabetic patient of over 20 years duration was admitted with gangrene of right foot . About a month prior to admission he injured the fourth toe of the right leg when he cut the toe nail . Two weeks later necrotic ulcer was present on it with cellulitis and 2nd, 3rd and 5th toes were also affected . Then his entire right leg was swollen and he developed fever . In spite of the treatment with antibiotics and insulin, gangrenous lesions progressed and subcutaneous emphysema was palpable beneath the inflamed area . On the 9th hospital day amputation was carried out below the knee . He had a good recovery 6 weeks after the amputation . Aerobic and anerobic cultures from the foot yielded bacteroides and pseudomonas aeruginosa . Clostridia were not isolated . A review was also carried out on ten diabetic cases of nonclostridial gas gangrene in the lower limb in Japan.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Jan, 36(1), 194 - 8
{Inactivation of aminoglycoside antibiotics by clinically isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa}; Sato K et al.; Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of micronomicin (MCR) and gentamicin (GM) against clinically isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa F 4150 were 1.56 mcg/ml and 6.25 mcg/ml, respectively . Sisomicin, dibekacin, amikacin, netilmicin, tobramycin ribostamycin and kanamycin did not inhibit the strain at the concentrations less than 25 mcg/ml . Each aminoglycoside antibiotic was incubated in Tris-HCl buffer solutions (pH 7.8) containing cell free crude enzyme preparations obtained by sonic oscillation of intact cells of P . aeruginosa F 4150, coenzyme A and adenosine-5'-triphosphate . The residual activity at 3 hours of incubation at 37 degrees C was 88% for MCR and 33.6% for GM, while all of the other aminoglycoside antibiotics tested were completely inactivated under this condition.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1983 Jan, 93(1), 61 - 71
Isolation and characterization of a new bacteriophage, KF1, immunologically cross-reactive with F-type pyocins; Kuroda K et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain NIH S produced a bacteriophage, KF1, immunologically cross-reactive with F-type pyocins . Phage KF1 was neutralized by both anti-pyocin F1 and anti-pyocin F3 sera, although the efficiency was very low . About eleven polypeptides were detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the phage . Most of the subunit proteins were different from those of F-type pyocins, but the molecular weights of minor subunit proteins P3 and P6 seemed to be the same as those of band 1 and band 5 of F-type pyocins, respectively . The head of the phage appeared to have an icosahedral structure, approximately 63 nm in diameter, with a long (190 nm, 11 nm wide and about 45 striations) flexuous tail connected to a fiber structure (about 53 nm in length) . The density in CsCl and the sedimentation coefficient of the phage were 1.54 g/ml and 392S, respectively . Some other biochemical properties were described . The nucleic acid of the phage was linear, double stranded DNA of molecular weight 4 x 10(7) . The density of the DNA in CsCl was 1.719 g/ml, the melting temperature was 95.4 degrees C . The guanine plus cytosine content was calculated to be 60 to 64%.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Jan, (1), 45 - 7
{Biological properties of melanin (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)}; Rozhavin MA; Melanin synthetized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been found to protect these bacteria from hyper- and hypoxia, as well as from the lethal action of ultraviolet radiation . The author believes that melanin-synthetizing P . aeruginosa strains are more dangerous in hospitals than P . aeruginosa strains incapable of synthesizing this pigment.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Jan, (1), 36 - 9
{Lipopolysaccharide identification in aqueous extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by an immunoenzyme method}; Edvabnaia LS et al.; To determine the content of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in P . aeruginosa aqueous extracts the ELISA was used . Membrane filtration and ultracentrifugation followed by precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 80% saturation and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 have proved to be the most effective methods for purification of the aqueous extract from LPS.

J Gen Microbiol, 1983 Jan, 129 (Pt 2), 93 - 8
BCG-induced susceptibility of mice to challenge with Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Lal S et al.; Mice infected with Mycobacterium bovis, BCG, were shown to be highly susceptible to subsequent challenge with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The susceptibility was characterized by the enhanced mortality and shortened survival after challenge with P . aeruginosa . BCG-treated mice did not show any enhanced susceptibility to challenge with Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or Listeria monocytogenes . BCG-treated mice eliminated P . aeruginosa from their organs in a pattern similar to that in untreated mice . There was no significant difference in the bactericidal activities of polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages between BCG-treated and untreated mice . An equal amount of endotoxin was detected by the Limulus lysate assay in the blood of both BCG-treated and untreated mice after challenge with P . aeruginosa . The enhanced susceptibility induced by BCG pretreatment could be decreased when the mice were rendered LPS-tolerant by injections of small amounts of LPS . These results suggest that BCG-induced susceptibility to P . aeruginosa can be ascribed to an enhanced susceptibility to the lethal effect of LPS produced by challenge bacteria, and not to the impairment of the ability to eliminate infected bacteria.

Infect Control, 1983 Jan-Feb, 4(1), 36 - 40
Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Stratton CW; P . aeruginosa is widely distributed in nature and in the hospital environment with a predilection for moist areas . Its inherent resistance to many antimicrobials and its ability to produce many enzymes contribute to its pathogenic potential as both a primary and a secondary cause of infection . It is easily grown and identified in the microbiology laboratory . However, susceptibility testing remains a problem . Currently, the best approach to treatment is an aminoglycoside and an antipseudomonal beta-lactam antimicrobial . Typing can differentiate strains, but should be reserved for specific epidemiologic problems.

Infection, 1983, 11 Suppl 1, S16 - 9
The in vitro activity of ceftazidime against a multi-resistant serotype 12 Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Ninane G et al.; Highly resistant isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype 12 accounted for 42.2% of the pseudomonads isolated from patients in a 600-bed hospital over a period of 18 months . In vitro studies showed that this organism was resistant to tobramycin, gentamicin, apalcillin, piperacillin, azlocillin, ticarcillin, cefotaxime and cefsulodin . All serotype 12 isolates were completely sensitive to ceftazidime . Its geometric mean MIC was 3.4 mg/l . This new cephalosporin seems promising for the treatment of patients infected with pseudomonas, especially when a resistant strain such as serotype 12 is involved.

Cancer Lett, 1983 Jan, 17(3), 347 - 52
Promoting effect of intestinal Pseudomonas aeruginosa on gastric tumorigenesis in rats with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine; Morishita Y et al.; The effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonizing in the gut on the development of gastrointestinal tumors was studied in rats treated orally with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) . The animals were inoculated with or accidentally colonized by P . aeruginosa after MNNG treatment . In 3 serial experiments, P . aeruginosa-positive, MNNG-treated rats consistently showed a significantly higher incidence of gastric tumors than P . aeruginosa-negative, MNNG-treated animals . The total incidence of gastric tumors was 40% (34/86) in the former, and only 11% (7/61) in the latter . The development of tumors in the small intestine was not likely to be influenced by P . aeruginosa colonization . It is concluded that P . aeruginosa in the gut plays a promoting role in gastric tumorigenesis in rats orally administered with MNNG.

Burns Incl Therm Inj, 1983 Jan, 9(3), 218 - 21
Management of the acutely burned ear; Goel TK et al.; One hundred patients with burns of the ears were reviewed . Most had second-degree burns and did well . Loss of the external ear occurred in 15 patients, or 22 ears, due to the presence of very deep burn with full thickness injury . Chondritis developed in nine ears (5 per cent) with severe destruction of the ear in 8 . Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an especially destructive organism to cartilage and was associated with all our cases of chondritis . Progression of deformity and development of infection can be minimized by avoidance of pressure, regular cleansing and application of topical antibiotics . Careful debridement and skin grafting of any third-degree burn areas are required and should be carried out as soon as possible.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Jan, 17(1), 55 - 9
Protease phenotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis; Jagger KS et al.; The protease phenotypes expressed by isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients were evaluated . The majority of isolates tested produced elastase (65%) or alkaline protease (64%) or both . The mucoid phenotype expressed by many CF isolates of P . aeruginosa did not absolutely restrict the expression of protease activity, although a higher percentage of nonmucoid isolates was proteolytic . When isolates from CF patients chronically infected with P . aeruginosa were compared to isolates from CF patients colonized with this organism, both groups were found to contain comparable percentages of elastase-producing strains and mucoid strains . However, the group of isolates from colonized patients contained a higher percentage of strains producing alkaline protease and expressing general protease activity . In addition, the group of isolates from chronically infected patients contained more weakly proteolytic isolates than either the group from colonized CF patients or a group of isolates from pediatric patients without CF . These data suggest that protease production may be important in the initial colonization of the respiratory tract of CF patients by P . aeruginosa.

J Clin Microbiol . 1983 Jan;17(1):159.
Acetamide broth for isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients with cystic fibrosis; Kelly NM et al.; The recovery of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was enhanced by incubating specimens in acetamide broth before subculture on cetrimide agar . This finding is of particular value in screening pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis for carriage of P . aeruginosa.

Eur J Biochem, 1983 Jan 1, 129(3), 697 - 702
Carbamoylphosphate synthetase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Subunit composition, kinetic analysis and regulation; Abdelal AT et al.; Carbamoylphosphate synthetase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is subject to repression by pyrimidines and significant derepression by limitation of arginine or pyrimidines . Carbamoylphosphate synthetase was purified to homogeneity from a derepressed strain of P . aeruginosa . The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 168 000 by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation . Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate showed that the enzyme is composed of two non-identical subunits with molecular weights of 122 000 and 44 000 . Cross-linking the enzyme prior to electrophoresis yielded an additional band corresponding to a molecular weight of 165 000, showing that the enzyme is composed of one of each subunit . The enzyme utilized either glutamine (Km 0.15 mM) or NH3 (Km 17 mM) and requires free Mg2+ for maximal activity with the optimal level between 4 mM and 10 mM . Hill plots of MgATP saturation data yielded coefficients of 1.2 and 1.4 at pH 8.0 and 8.5, respectively . A Hill equation was derived on the assumptions that MgATP binds at the same time to two distinct sub-sites as was shown to be the case for carbamoylphosphate synthetase from Escherichia coli and that these sub-sites are strictly non-interacting . The resulting theoretical Hill coefficients correspond very closely to the experimental coefficients . Carbamoylphosphate synthetase activity was subject to activation by ornithine and N-acetylornithine and feedback inhibition by UMP . Carbamoylphosphate synthetase from P . aeruginosa does not associate under all conditions examined, establishing that self-association does not play a role in regulation of enzyme activity as suggested by other workers for the enzyme from E . coli.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1983 Jan, 45(1), 328 - 32
Distribution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a riverine ecosystem; Pellett S et al.; The distribution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in navigation pool 8 of the upper Mississippi River was investigated by acetamide broth enrichment of water, sediment, and swab (solid-water interface) samples . Among the 152 P . aeruginosa isolates, serological type 1 was most prevalent (34.2%), and a small number (13.2%) showed carbenicillin resistance . Pigmentation was variable, with only 44.7% elaborating typical blue-green pigment . P . aeruginosa was most commonly isolated from sediment, with solid-water interfaces (aufwuchs samples) also exhibiting high frequencies of isolation . Current velocity, oxygen and nutrient availability, surface tension, desiccation, and negative phototropism were important factors in the riverine distribution of this epibacterium.

J Trauma, 1983 Jan, 23(1), 7 - 12
The effects of splenectomy and splenic implantation on alveolar macrophage function; Shennib H et al.; The effect of splenectomy on the ability of alveolar macrophages of young and adult rats to phagocytize Pneumococci, Types 3 and 14, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied . Young animals showed a significant (15%) decrease in the phagocytosis of pneumococci type 14, 4 weeks after splenectomy . This depression increased to 30% in 6 weeks' time . Such depression was also noted when young splenectomized rat alveolar macrophages were challenged with Pseudomonas aeruginosa but not with type 3 pneumococci 6 weeks postsplenectomy . Three months following splenectomy in young animals, the rats were grown and they seemed to regain their normal phagocytic activity against pneumococci type 14 . Adult rats also showed no alteration in their phagocytic activity against type 3 pneumococci . Autoimplantation of the spleen had a protective effect on the phagocytosis of type 14 pneumococci, and a nonsignificant effect on that of type 3 . The present study postulates a modulatory role of the spleen on alveolar macrophage function . Splenectomy may cause the impairment of local lower respiratory immune function, making lungs vulnerable to specific bacterial invasion . Such splenic modulatory effect on alveolar macrophage phagocytic function seems to be age and antigen specific.

Infect Immun, 1983 Jan, 39(1), 198 - 201
Evaluation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A and elastase as virulence factors in acute lung infection; Blackwood LL et al.; Acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia was established in guinea pigs by intratracheal instillation of bacteria . Challenge strains included PAO-1, a strain known to produce exotoxin A, alkaline protease, and elastase, and several PAO-1 mutants deficient in either biologically active exotoxin A or elastase production . Survival, intrapulmonary killing of bacteria, and blood cultures were compared among the groups . Strains of P . aeruginosa deficient in active elastase production appeared to be less virulent than the parent strain and were more easily cleared from the lung . Opposite results were obtained for the exotoxin A-deficient mutants . These data suggest that elastase, but not exotoxin A, was an important virulence factor during acute pneumonia due to P . aeruginosa.

Am J Med, 1983 Jan, 74(1), 73 - 7
Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype 0:9 . New cause of whirlpool-associated dermatitis; Khabbaz RF et al.; In a five-day period, dermatitis developed in nearly one fourth of the guests staying at a large Georgia hotel . Dermatitis was associated with use of the hotel's whirlpool (p less than 0.001) and indoor swimming pool (p less than 0.001) . Attack rates were highest among persons more frequently exposed to the whirlpool, in persons under 10 years of age, and during periods of heaviest bather load . Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from skin lesions of 13 of 20 patients from whom culture specimens were taken . Ten isolates were serotype 0:9 . The whirlpool's water grew P . aeruginosa serotype 0:9; however, the whirlpool's automatic chlorinator was functioning properly, the pH of the water was 7.2, and the free chlorine level was 0.6 mg/liter . This is the first report of a whirlpool-associated outbreak caused by P . aeruginosa serotype 0:9 . Our findings suggest that this strain may not be readily sensitive to recommended chlorine concentrations.

Vutr Boles, 1983, 22(4), 11 - 7
{Current problems in the pathology of burns}; Zagurov G; +The results obtained from the study on thermal trauma were summarised on the base of histological, electron microscopic, immunologic and toxicological investigation methods . Shock during burning induces disturbances in the microcirculation . The great clinical significance of the alterations in lungs are stressed upon, manifested in a disorder of blood-gas barrier, permeability of the membranes of capillaries and cells, leading to acute pulmonary insufficiency . One of the probable mechanisms of anemia advancing after burns is described, that is due to the toxic effect of serum . Complement-fixation antibodies are found in the patients with burns, suggesting the involvement of autoimmune mechanisms in the course of the disease . The disturbed microcirculation has an unfavourable effect on the regeneration of wounds, leading to destruction of epithelial regeneration, disturbing the processes of revascularization of skin transplant, having an effect on the immune reactions of organism . Sepsis is discussed, with particular attention paid to that induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa . In would cachexia some changes in the wounds are pointed to as well as sclerotic and atrophic processes in some internal organs, being usually irreversible . The reversibility if sclerosis in hypertrophic cicatrix and keloid is discussed, stressing on the cellular and extracellular mechanisms, involved in that process.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr Suppl, 1983, 14, 7 - 14
Prophylaxis of bacterial infections with oral antibiotics in neutropenic patients . Lessons from the last two EORTC trials and prospects for the future; Zinner SH; It is well known that patients with granulocytopenia due either to bone marrow failure, acute leukemia or its treatment, or as a result of other intensive chemotherapy are at enhanced risk of serious infection . Several approaches have been designed to minimize the risk of infection in these patients by means of suppression of gastrointestinal flora . A retrospective review of infection in febrile neutropenic patients revealed a significant decrease in bacteremia in patients who had received some oral antimicrobial regimen compared with those who did not . In one large series, infection due to the four most common infecting organisms in neutropenic patients (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species) occurred in 28% of 380 patients receiving some oral antibiotic regimen compared with 44% of 426 receiving no oral prophylaxis . Aminoglycosides alone or in combination with vancomycin or polymyxin and bacitracin and other agents have been utilized in gut decontaminating regimens . More recently, selective decontamination with a variety of oral agents including nalidixic acid, cotrimoxazole, colistin, etc . have been shown to be effective in some trials . Although cotrimoxazole initially was thought to be beneficial in reducing infection and bacteremia in neutropenic patients, the recently completed EORTC trial did not show a significant difference in incidence of infection or bacteremia in acute leukemia patients attendant upon the use of oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole . There was a significant reduction in infections and bacteremia in patients with malignancies other than acute non-lymphocytic leukemia . Thus, there is a need for infection prevention in neutropenic patients but the optimal method for achieving this goal remains to be determined.

Infection, 1983, 11 Suppl 1, S35 - 8
Criteria for the assessment of susceptibility to ceftazidime using the disc diffusion procedure; Grimm H; Using regression analyses, we have determined criteria for the assessment of ceftazidime using the agar diffusion test with a 10 micrograms disc . With the ICS procedure, inhibition zones of greater than or equal to 15 mm on Mueller-Hinton agar, greater than or equal to 17 mm on Iso-sensitest agar and greater than or equal to 18 mm on DST agar indicate susceptibility (MIC less than or equal to 16 mg/l) . Using the Kirby-Bauer procedure, Mueller-Hinton agar and the same discs, inhibition zones of greater than or equal to 12 mm indicate susceptibility . Minor discrepancies between these results and those found in the literature are due in part to differences in methodology, in particular, however, to differences in the bacteria tested . Mean MIC values for ceftazidime on DST agar were 0.25, 2.83 and 1.0 mg/l, respectively, for the international reference strains Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853.

Mol Gen Genet, 1983, 192(3), 416 - 23
Insertion and replication of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutator phage D3112; Rehmat S et al.; D3112 is a temperate bacteriophage of P . aeruginosa with heterogeneous sequences at one extremity of the virion DNA molecule . Infection of strain PAOl with phage D3112 results in a 40- to 65-fold increase in the frequency of ami mutants resistant to fluoroacetamide . Nine ami::D3112 prophages have been mapped to distinct sites within the ami locus by Southern blotting experiments with a cloned ami+ probe . All prophages have the same restriction map as the D3112 genome extracted from phage particles . The position of D3112 insertions correlates with the phenotype and reversion behavior of the ami mutants . Induction of D3112cts prophages results in amplification of internal prophage segments as discrete restriction fragments before the terminal viral fragments are visible as sharp hybridizing species . This indicates that D3112 replication is accompanied by recombination of prophage termini to numerous sites in the bacterial genome . Chromosomal junction fragments of an ami::D3112cts prophage are maintained through most of the replication cycle but are cleaved shortly before cell lysis, apparently by the viral encapsidation system.

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 1983, 220(5), 245 - 7
Penetration of cefotaxime into the aqueous humour of the human eye after intravenous application; Quentin CD et al.; The penetration of cefotaxime, a new semi-synthetic cephalosporin, into human aqueous humour was investigated . Doses of 1 g (17 patients) and 2 g (19 patients) were administered intravenously at time intervals varying from 45 min to 4 h prior to routine cataract surgery . After the 2 g dosage the average concentration of cefotaxime in the aqueous humour was higher (P less than 0.05) and lasted longer than after the 1 g dosage . The highest average concentration in the aqueous humour after the 1 g dosage was 1.85 microgram/ml, 3.95 micrograms/ml after the 2 g dosage . Therapeutic levels were consistently found in both groups for the organisms most commonly responsible for bacterial endophthalmitis, except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Mol Gen Genet, 1983, 189(3), 382 - 9
Genetic determinant of pyocin R2 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO . II . Physical characterization of pyocin R2 genes using R-prime plasmids constructed from R68.45; Shinomiya T et al.; The chromosome segment which contains the genes responsible for production of pyocin R2 in P . aeruginosa PAO was defined physically using R-prime plasmids constructed in vivo from R68.45 . The previous conclusion from genetic mapping that the cluster of pyocin R2 genes is located in between trpC and trpE genes was confirmed by deletion mapping of various R prime plasmids bearing the trpC gene . The pyocin R2 gene cluster was further localized on two contiguous HindIII fragments of 16 kb and 8.0 kb . PML14 strain, in which R-type pyocin genes were completely deleted, had only one 11 kb HindIII fragment instead . Heteroduplexes between this 11 kb fragment with the two HindIII fragments of PAO revealed that the cluster of pyocin R2 genes was an insertion 13 kb long.

Gene, 1983 Jan-Feb, 21(1-2), 133 - 43
A broad-host-range cloning vector transposable to various replicons; Grinter NJ; A system is described for the stable insertion of cloned DNA sequences into the chromosomes of Gram-negative bacteria . Two broad-host-range plasmids form the basis of the system: one (the "carrier") contains a transposable DNA sequence into which foreign DNA can be cloned; the second (the "helper") provides transposition functions in trans . Both plasmids can be readily transferred between Gram-negative bacteria by conjugation . Instability of the carrier allows enrichment for the products of transposition to the chromosome of the new host, following which the insertion can be stabilised by elimination of the helper . The system was successfully tested in Escherichia coli, Methylophilus methylotrophus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the insertions were stable in each case (less than 0.02% loss per generation).

Plasmid, 1983 Jan, 9(1), 42 - 52
Spontaneous deletions of the chromosome-mobilizing plasmid R68.45 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO; Haas D et al.; In Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO the chromosome-mobilizing IncP-1 plasmid R68.45 was unstable whereas the parent plasmid R68 was stable . The instability of R68.45 was observed in rec+ and rec strains within about 100 generations after conjugal transfer of the plasmid and, to a lesser extent, in established R68.45 donor strains . Two phenotypically distinct classes of R68.45 derivatives were obtained: (i) CbR (carbenicillin-resistant), TcR (tetracycline-resistant), KmR (kanamycin-resistant), Tra+ (transfer proficient), Cma- (chromosome-mobilizing ability), lacking the duplicated IS21 copy typical of R68.45 and indistinguishable from R68 by restriction enzyme analysis; (ii) CbR TcR KmS Tra- Cma-, due to deletion of one IS21 copy, the adjacent KmR gene, and a variable part of the Tra-1 region including, in most cases, the origin of transfer (oriT) . Both types of deletion derivatives were stable . R68.45 derivatives lacking the Tra-2 region were not recovered spontaneously, but could be constructed in vitro and were stable in strain PAO . Deletion formation of type ii as well as Cma did not depend on homologous recombination and can be ascribed to functions of the duplicated IS21 . Chromosome mobilization does not appear to require obligatory transfer of the entire R68.45 plasmid . Four ClaI restriction sites were mapped on R68 extracted from P . aeruginosa . One of these sites was cryptic, presumably because of methylation, when the plasmid was prepared from Escherichia coli (dam+).

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1983 Jan, 80(2), 402 - 6
Cloned restriction/modification system from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Gingeras TR et al.; DNA fragments from Pseudomonas aeruginosa carrying the PaeR7 restriction/modification genes have been cloned in the plasmid vector pBR322 and propagated in Escherichia coli . A subclone (pPAORM3.8) has been constructed that contains the complete restriction/modification system on a 3.8-kilobase DNA fragment . Digestion of the pPAORM3.8 plasmid with nuclease BAL-31 has yielded two types of clones . One type contains an active methylase gene but no active endonuclease gene; such clones will modify the DNA but not restrict the growth of incoming phage in vivo . The second type contains an active endonuclease gene but no active methylase gene, as judged both by in vivo tests and by the activity of the cell extracts in vitro . Although extracts of cells containing these plasmids display restriction endonuclease activity, these bacteria are unable to restrict the growth of incoming phage . Furthermore, chromosomal and phage DNA isolated from these host cells are not protected against cleavage by PaeR7 in vitro . The properties of PaeR7 endonuclease and methylase enzymes have also been examined . The PaeR7 restriction endonuclease recognizes and cleaves the sequence C decreased T-C-G-A-G, as does Xho I . However, there exists a canonical Xho I site at 26.5% on the adenovirus 2 genome which is totally refractory to PaeR7 cleavage but is cut by Xho I . Under conditions of low salt, high glycerol, and high enzyme concentrations, a "PaeR7" activity is found that is similar to that observed for EcoRI . Finally, evidence is presented that the PaeR7 methylase modifies the adenine residue within the recognition sequence.

J Bacteriol, 1983 Jan, 153(1), 281 - 5
Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane permeability: isolation of a porin protein F-deficient mutant; Nicas TI et al.; A mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa severely deficient in outer membrane protein F levels was isolated by screening heavily mutagenized strains for membrane protein alterations on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . To provide a basis for phenotypic comparison, three independent spontaneous revertants with normal protein F levels were isolated . Neither the protein F-deficient mutant nor its revertants had gross surface alterations as judged by their sensitivities to 31 phages with diverse receptors and their low degrees of leakage of periplasmic beta-lactamase into the supernatant . Outer membrane permeability was measured in whole cells by examining the rates of hydrolysis of a chromogenic beta-lactam, nitrocefin, by periplasmic RP1-encoded beta-lactamase . It was found that the outer membrane permeabilities of wild-type and protein F revertant strains were similar, but low when compared with those of Escherichia coli and an antibiotic-supersusceptible mutant Z61 of P . aeruginosa . The loss of protein F caused a further significant decrease in outer membrane permeability . The results suggest that protein F is a pore-forming protein in vivo and that only a small proportion, as few as 1 in 400, of the protein F molecules form active functional channels in vivo.

Biomed Pharmacother, 1983, 37(9-10), 422 - 8
Interference of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with immunospecific host defenses; Petit JC et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an important nosocomial pathogen, has numerous virulence factors that may interfere with unspecific host defense mechanisms (complement components, neutrophils, macrophages) . Furthermore, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or substances derived from it can inhibit lymphocyte proliferative responses and alter immune responses, especially cell-mediated immune responses as evidenced by prolonged survival of skin homografts and suppression of DTH skin reaction in humans and laboratory animals . Acquired cellular resistance to Listeria monocytogenes is also suppressed by P . aeruginosa . Likely more than one mechanism is responsible for these depressed immune responses . Nevertheless, P . aeruginosa is able to interfere with macrophages and T-lymphocyte activities . The relevance of the immunosuppression with respect to host defenses against infections is discussed in the context of evidence in favor of cell-mediated immunity of P . aeruginosa.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1983, 31(2), 217 - 30
Arthus and delayed type of hypersensitivity to Pseudomonas aeruginosa antigens in mouse; Maresz-Babczyszyn J et al.; The time course of footpad swelling in mice of the inbred 129 strain sensitized with the living Pseudomonas aeruginosa or slime extracted from bacteria was studied . Reactions of Arthus type were observed in animals immunized intraperitoneally (i.p.) or intravenously (i.v.) with slime extract and then challenged into the footpad with this preparation . Mice immunized subcutaneously (s.c.) with slime-extract in complete Freund's adjuvant (CAF) and on day 15 challenged into the footpad displayed the swelling characteristic of the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) . The delayed onset of reactivity was also seen in mice sensitized with living bacteria into the footpad and then challenged with slime-extract . Maximum DTH reactions were induced in mice challenged on day 14 after priming . The skin infiltration in DTH reacting mice was characteristic of the polysaccharide antigens . At the 24th h following challenge, the predominance of polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells in footpad hypodermis was found as well as heavy infiltration of mononuclear (M) cells.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Jan, 36(1), 189 - 93
{Bactericidal effects and combined action of micronomicin with beta-lactam antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli}; Yamashita K et al.; Micronomicin (MCR, sagamicin) exhibited bactericidal effects at the lowest concentration among the tested aminoglycoside antibiotics, those were all bactericidal at lower concentrations than that of cefoperazone . When MCR was combined with cefoperazone (CPZ) or piperacillin (PIPC), they showed synergistic activity on checker-board method against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and they were also synergistic against Escherichia coli when MCR was combined with cefmetazole (CMZ) and cefoxitin (CFX) . MCR was synergistic against 40.7% and 44.4% of clinically isolated P . aeruginosa at the fractionary inhibitory concentration (FIC) index 0.5 or less in combination with PIPC and CPZ, respectively . All of the remaining strains of P . aeruginosa were included in the partially synergistic range of FIC index 0.5 to 1 . Between MCR and CFX or CMZ, synergy was observed against 63.0% and 88.9% of clinical isolates of E . coli at the FIC index less than 1 . Combined effects of MCR and PIPC or CPZ were observed investigating the growing curve of P . aeruginosa, too.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1983 Jan, 23(1), 188 - 9
Rapid selection of organisms with increasing resistance on subinhibitory concentrations of norfloxacin in agar; Tenney JH et al.; Serial passage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 or Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 on agar with subinhibitory concentrations of norfloxacin rapidly produced isolates with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of norfloxacin up to 512-fold higher than that for the original strain . Although MICs of seven unrelated antibiotics were unchanged, increasing MICs occurred in parallel with norfloxacin, cinoxacin, and nalidixic acid regardless of which of these three organic acids was used to select for increased resistance . P . aeruginosa with a norfloxacin MIC of greater than 256 micrograms/ml could be selected; however, E . coli with MICs greater than the clinically achievable level of 16 micrograms/ml could not be produced.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1983 Jan, 23(1), 179 - 81
Bactericidal and synergistic activity of moxalactam alone and in combination with gentamicin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Yu PK et al.; The bactericidal activity of moxalactam, alone and in combination with gentamicin, was studied with macrobroth two-dimensional checkerboard and killing curve techniques against gentamicin-resistant and -susceptible strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Moxalactam was bactericidal at concentrations equal to or at least two to four times its inhibitory concentrations . Synergy at clinically applicable concentrations of moxalactam and gentamicin occurred with 6 of 14 gentamicin-resistant strains and 4 of 4 gentamicin-susceptible strains by the checkerboard technique and with 7 of 14 gentamicin-resistant strains by the killing curve technique . Synergy between moxalactam and gentamicin against gentamicin-resistant strains of P . aeruginosa is unpredictable and strain- and method-dependent.

Acta Microbiol Pol, 1983, 32(2), 131 - 8
Purification and some properties of two proteases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa No . 700/75; Krzywanska-Pajdak E; Two extracellular proteases have been isolated from the culture supernatant of a virulent strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The enzymes were purified in a three-step procedure involving ammonium sulfate fractionation, acetone precipitation and column chromatography on DE-52 cellulose . The specific activity of protease I was 22.2 U/mg of protein and protease II 6.6 U/mg of protein . Immunological properties and electrophoretic mobilities of the two forms were different . The two forms differ in substrate specificity (only from I exhibited elastinolytic activity) and pH optimum (pH 7.5 and pH 10 for form I and II, respectively).

Chemotherapy, 1983, 29(5), 362 - 7
'In vivo' variations in serum interferon levels produced by antiviral compounds; Minguez F et al.; The effects of adamantane, amantadine, and glucosamine on the interferon induction in chickens as compared to mice were studied . Nonviral and viral inductions were produced either by Pseudomonas aeruginosa endotoxin or by some orthomyxoviridae . After establishing their toxicity, single treatments with the drugs were intraperitoneally administered at two different doses 36, 24, and 12 h before or 2 h after the time of interferon induction . Data obtained show that adamantane and its derivative amantadine are able to inhibit the 'in vivo' interferon synthesis only when viral inductors are used; possibly by impairing the necessary stimulative action of the viral nucleic acid at the replication level . Glycosylation inhibitors like glucosamine were uneffective on interferon induction 'in vivo'.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1982 Dec, 35(12), 2835 - 8
{Clinical study of cefsulodin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in otorhinolaryngology}; Makishima K et al.; The clinical effect of cefsulodin (CFS) on Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in otorhinolaryngology was studied in 10 patients . The overall clinical effectiveness was 80% (excellent 2, good 6, poor 2) . Eradication rates of P . aeruginosa was 60% . No side effect and positive skin test were found in any cases . Examination of laboratory data before and after the administration revealed no abnormal findings in every cases.

Mutat Res, 1982 Dec, 106(2), 277 - 89
An in situ assay for induced diphtheria-toxin-resistant mutants of diploid human fibroblasts; Drinkwater NR et al.; The sensitivity of diploid human fibroblasts to the cytotoxic effects of diphtheria toxin (DT) depended on cell growth status . Exponentially growing cells treated with 10(-3)-1 lethal flocculating units (LF) of DT/ml for 4 days survived with a frequency of 4 x 10(-4) . However, the DT-resistant phenotype of colonies isolated under these conditions was not stable . When the growth of the cells had been arrested by confluence or deprivation of serum growth factors prior to treatment with DT (4 days, 10(-3)-0.6 LF/ml), the survival decreased to 2 x 10(-6) and the resistance of isolated colonies was stable . An in situ assay for induced DT-resistant mutants was developed in order to avoid problems associated with the possible reduced viability of the mutants relative to that of wild-type cells . A reproducible and linear dose response was obtained for the induction of DT-resistant mutants by ethylnitrosourea . The mutants were induced with high frequency by this compound (e.g., 10(-3) mutants/viable cell at a 37% survival dose); complete expression of the mutant phenotype occurred after 6 generations of growth under nonselective conditions . Isolated mutant colonies showed stable resistance to DT and were cross-resistant to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A.

Eur J Biochem, 1982 Dec, 129(1), 67 - 75
Purification and properties of the bifunctional proline dehydrogenase/1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Meile L et al.; Proline dehydrogenase/1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (Pro/P5C dehydrogenase), a bifunctional enzyme catalyzing the two consecutive reactions of the oxidation of proline to glutamic acid, was purified from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1 . Pro/P5C dehydrogenase oxidized L-proline in an FAD-dependent reaction to L-delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid and converted this intermediate with NAD or NADP as cosubstrates to L-glutamic acid . The purification procedure involved DEAE-cellulose chromatography, affinity chromatography on Matrex gel red A and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 . It resulted, after 40-fold purification with 11% yield, in a homogeneous preparation (greater than 98% pure) . The molecular weight of the single subunit was determined as 119,000 . Gel filtration of purified Pro/P5C dehydrogenase yielded a molecular weight of 242,000 while polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under native conditions led to the appearance of two catalytically active forms of the enzyme with molecular weights of 241,000 and 470,000 . Manual Edman degradation revealed proline, alanine and aspartic acid as the N-terminal amino acid sequence . Pro/P5C dehydrogenase was highly specific for the L-forms of proline and delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid . Its apparent Km values were 45 mM for L-proline, 0.03 mM for NAD and 0.17 mM for NADP . The saturation function for delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid was non-hyperbolic.

Infect Immun, 1982 Dec, 38(3), 1296 - 8
Loss of virulence associated with absence of flagellum in an isogenic mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the burned-mouse model; Montie TC et al.; To test the importance of flagella as a virulence factor, virulent strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa M-2 was mutagenized, and a Fla mutant was isolated . An M-2 Fla spontaneous motile revertant was isolated from M-2 Fla . The three strains were biochemically and morphologically identical . Assay of Fla in the burned-mouse model showed a severe loss of virulence . The Fla revertant was fully virulent . The importance of P . aeruginosa motility (flagella) for virulence in burns infections is indicated.

Infect Immun, 1982 Dec, 38(3), 1088 - 93
Induction of phagocytic inhibitory activity in cats with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infection; Winnie GB et al.; Chronic pulmonary infection has been established in cats by repeated intrapulmonary inoculation of viable Pseudomonas aeruginosa enmeshed in agarose beads . In the serum of all chronically infected animals, a substance(s) developed which inhibited phagocytosis of P . aeruginosa by normal cat alveolar macrophages . Phagocytosis was measured by incubating macrophage monolayers (5 X 10(5) alveolar macrophages) for 20 min in the presence of 3H-labeled bacteria and 5% serum from control or infected animals . Inhibitory activity developed 4 to 16 weeks after initial infection, and inhibition of phagocytosis of P . aeruginosa in the presence of infected cat serum ranged from 30 to 79% . After inhibitory activity developed, it persisted throughout the remainder of the experiment in each animal . The activity was specific for P . aeruginosa of the infecting serotype and did not affect phagocytosis of gram-positive organisms . Inhibitory activity was unchanged by heating serum at 56 degrees C for 30 min . We have previously described a P . aeruginosa-specific, heat-stable, phagocytosis-inhibitory activity in the serum of patients with cystic fibrosis . Since inhibitory activity also develops in cats with chronic P . aeruginosa pulmonary infection, such activity may not be a primary intrinsic abnormality in patients with cystic fibrosis . The animal model described here offers a system for following the development of and for characterization of the P . aeruginosa-specific phagocytosis-inhibitory activity.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1982 Dec, 126(6), 1070 - 3
Inactivation of human bronchial mucosal proteinase inhibitor by Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase; Johnson DA et al.; Human bronchial mucus contains an acid-stable proteinase inhibitor called bronchial mucous inhibitor (BMI) that apparently protects the upper airways from proteolysis by polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) elastase and cathepsin G, and infections of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which also produces an elastase, can result in considerable lung damage . The possible role of BMI in protecting the lung from proteolytic attack in the presence of P . aeruginosa elastase (a zinc metalloprotease) was investigated . The BMI not only failed to inhibit P . aeruginosa elastase but the ability of BMI to inhibit PMN elastase and cathepsin G was rapidly lost in the presence of the bacterial elastase . The P . aeruginosa elastase also freed active PMN elastase from complexes with BMI, resulting in elastin digestion by both enzymes . The proteolysis of lung tissue observed with P . aeruginosa infections may be caused by a combination of bacterial and PMN proteases . Elastase and cathepsin G released from leukocytes, attracted to P . aeruginosa infection sites, would be free to attack the bronchial tissues after BMI inactivation by P . aeruginosa elastase, adding to the damage caused by the bacterial protease(s).

Arthritis Rheum, 1982 Dec, 25(12), 1403 - 8
Evidence for Pseudomonas antigen in immune complexes in Pseudomonas osteomyelitis; Rahn DW et al.; In infections associated with immune complex disease, microbial antigens have rarely been found in the complexes . Using an enzyme-linked immunoassay, we studied the immune complexes of a patient who had hematogenous Pseudomonas aeruginosa osteomyelitis associated with palpable purpura, arthritis, and microscopic hematuria . After separation of the complexes into high and low molecular weight fractions, a 6-fold selective concentration of P aeruginosa antibody was found in the low molecular weight fraction compared with the concentration of the serum . Following disruption of immunoglobulin, the high molecular weight fraction competed with solid-phase P aeruginosa antigen for P aeruginosa antibody from another source . After successful treatment of the infection, the patient's symptoms resolved, and the complexes disappeared . These findings strongly suggest that immune complexes in this patient contained P aeruginosa antigen and antibody that may have been pathogenetic in his disease.

Arch Ophthalmol, 1982 Dec, 100(12), 1956 - 8
Adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the mouse cornea . Epithelial v stromal adherence; Stern GA et al.; Adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the cornea is the first step in the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas corneal ulceration . To determine the roles of epithelial and stromal adherence, a quantitative in vivo model of adherence was developed in the mouse . More than twice as many organisms were recovered from mouse corneas in which two linear abrasions were created compared with corneas totally denuded of epithelium . Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated poor adherence of Pseudomonas to bare stroma, but large numbers of organisms were seen adhering to the injured edge of epithelium . This study supports the concept that corneal trauma predisposes to Pseudomonas corneal ulceration by creating an injured epithelial edge as a site for adherence of the organisms, rather than by exposing areas of bare stroma susceptible to penetration by the organisms.

J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Dec, 16(6), 1061 - 5
Enhancement of recovery of Legionella pneumophila from contaminated respiratory tract specimens by heat; Edelstein PH et al.; Heating of Legionella pneumophila and other Legionella spp . was studied to determine whether this technique could be used as a selective technique with contaminated clinical specimens . Studies of 13 different strains of Legionella spp . showed heterogeneous heat survival; heating at 60 degrees C for 1 to 2 min did not affect the survival of the majority of strains . Heating of four Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains at 60 degrees C for 2 min reduced bacterial counts by 98% or greater . Enterococci were heat tolerant, with virtually no inhibition under the same conditions . No inoculum effect was noted for any of the organisms tested . Heating of eight contaminated clinical specimens before plating on buffered charcoal-yeast extract medium reduced the numbers of contaminants on most plates but increased by only one the number of specimens yielding L . pneumophila . Plating the same specimens on selective media with or without heat pretreatment yielded L . pneumophila in every case . Heating of clinical specimens at 60 degrees C for 1 to 2 min before plating may occasionally increase the recovery of L . pneumophila from contaminated specimens, but this technique should not be generally used.

Can J Microbiol, 1982 Dec, 28(12), 1296 - 9
The primary alkylsulfatase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: inducer specificity and induction kinetics; Fitzgerald JW et al.; The ability of primary alkylsulfate esters and alkanesulfonates to induce alkylsulfatase formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was compared on the basis of maximum enzyme levels, induction rate, and levels of induction as a function of inducer concentration . Apparent K inducer values for these effectors were calculated from linear relationships between reciprocals of induction rate and inducer concentration . Maximum enzyme levels estimated from linear progress relationships for each effector indicated that little major distinction could be made between effectors . Excepting carbon chain lengths of C8 which induced about the same level of enzyme, sulfate esters were generally better inducers than sulfonates with little or no apparent induction occurring with effectors of chain length less than or equal to C6 . These observations also held true when rates were compared, except that the rate for the C8 ester was approximately ninefold greater than that for the analogous sulfonate . Apparent K inducer constants decreased with increasing alkyl chain length for the esters (C6-C12) and the sulfonates (C8-C14) . Values for the esters were approximately sixfold greater than those for sulfonates of equivalent chain length . Plots of log apparent K inducer values against carbon chain length for each series of esters and sulfonates yielded straight-line relationships characteristic of an homologous series in each instance.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1982 Dec, 22(6), 1012 - 6
Chemical alterations in cell envelopes of polymyxin-resistant mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown in the absence or presence of polymyxin; Gilleland HE Jr et al.; The polymyxin-resistant mutant strains H181 and H185 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, after growth in the absence or presence of polymyxin, were compared with the polymyxin-sensitive H103 strain as to their cell envelope protein composition (determined by slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and their lipid composition . When grown in the absence of polymyxin, the H181 and H185 strains had an increased content of the outer membrane protein H1 with a decreased content of the outer membrane proteins D2 and F . After growth in the presence of polymyxin, the content of H1, D2, and F were all decreased . Significant alterations in the lipid composition of the H181 and H185 strains were found after growth in the absence of polymyxin . These lipid alterations were enhanced upon growth in the presence of polymyxin, with both strains having a reduced content of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol and an increased content of diphosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified lipid thought to be a neutral lipid . Other workers have proposed that an increased content of H1 protein is the molecular basis for polymyxin resistance in the H181 and H185 strains . Our observations make this hypothesis appear unlikely.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1982 Dec, 22(6), 1037 - 41
Emergence of resistance to beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics during moxalactam therapy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections; Preheim LC et al.; In four patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, the infecting strain developed resistance to moxalactam during therapy with this drug . In addition, P . aeruginosa isolates from two of these four patients showed increased resistance to aminoglycosides . Isolates from a third patient acquired cross-resistance to other antipseudomonal beta-lactams . In three of the cases, disk susceptibility tests failed to detect the resistance that was demonstrated in broth dilution assays . Isolate identities were confirmed by serotyping . No new plasmids were found by agarose gel electrophoresis . The mechanisms for this resistance did not involve enzymatic antibiotic degradation . These findings suggest that currently available expanded-spectrum cephalosporin derivatives should probably not be used alone for most serious infections due to P . aeruginosa . They also suggest that strains with multiple antibiotic resistance may become more prevalent in hospitals if these drugs are used extensively.

Infect Immun, 1982 Dec, 38(3), 1117 - 22
Cross-protection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa polysaccharides; Pier GB; High-molecular-weight polysaccharide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotypes 1 and 2 gave cross-protection in outbred CD-1 mice challenged with the heterologous immunotype organism . Both active immunization with 50 micrograms of polysaccharide, as well as passive transfer of immune serum were effective . The basis for this cross-protection is the ability of high doses of polysaccharide to induce antibody formation to both homologous and heterologous immunotype determinants.

J Infect Dis, 1982 Dec, 146(6), 770 - 9
Outer membrane proteins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype strains; Mutharia LM et al.; The basis of differentiation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa into the 17 serotypes of the International Antigenic Typing Scheme is differences in an outer membrane glycolipid, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . This observation, together with the high toxicity and pyrogenicity of LPS, has led to the search for alternative "common" antigens for use as vaccines . The relation between the major outer membrane proteins of serotype strains was studied in three ways . By demonstrating conservation of outer membrane protein receptors for bacteriophages, a high similarity of outer membrane protein patterns on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gels, and antigenic cross-reactivity of major outer membrane proteins, it was shown that the major outer membrane proteins were closely related . Radioiodinated antibodies to outer membrane proteins interacted with outer membrane proteins after SDS-PAGE separation and electrophoretic blotting of the separated outer membrane proteins into nitrocellulose paper . This demonstrated that major outer membrane proteins F, H2, and I were antigenically related in all serotype strains.

J Biol Chem, 1982 Nov 25, 257(22), 13550 - 6
A multispecific quintet of aromatic aminotransferases that overlap different biochemical pathways in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Whitaker RJ et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa possesses dual enzymatic sequences to both L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine, a biosynthetic arrangement further complicated by the presence of five aromatic aminotransferases . Each aminotransferase is capable of transamination in vitro with any of the three keto acid intermediates in the aromatic pathway (phenylpyruvate, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, or prephenate) . The fractional contribution of these aminotransferases to particular transamination reactions in vivo can best be approached through the systematic and sequential elimination of individual aminotransferase activities by mutation . A program of sequential mutagenesis has produced two aminotransferase-deficient mutations . The first mutation imposed a phenotype of bradytrophy for L-phenylalanine (doubling time of 2.4 h in minimal salts/glucose medium compared to a 1.0-h doubling time for wild type) . This mutant completely lacked an enzyme denoted aminotransferase AT-2 . A genetic background of aminotransferase AT-2 deficiency was used to select for a second mutation which produced a phenotype of multiple auxotrophy for L-phenylalanine, L-aspartate, and L-glutamate . The double mutant completely lacked activity for aromatic aminotransferase AT-1 in addition to the missing aminotransferase AT-2 . Enzymes AT-1 (Mr = 64,000) and AT-2 (Mr = 50,000) were readily separated from one another by gel filtration and were individually characterized for pH optima, freeze-thaw stability, heat lability, and molecular weight . The phenotypic and enzymological characterizations of the aminotransferase mutants strongly support the primary in vivo role of enzyme AT-2 in L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine biosynthesis, while enzyme AT-1 must primarily be engaged in L-aspartate and L-glutamate synthesis . The substrate specificities and possible in vivo functions for AT-3, AT-4, and AT-5 are also considered.

Nouv Presse Med, 1982 Nov 18, 11(46), 3400 - 4
{Comparative bactericidal activity of beta-lactam-aminoglycoside combinations against Pseudomonas aeruginosa}; Cluzel M et al.; The effects of combining each of 10 beta-lactamins (carbenicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin, azlocillin, cefotaxime, moxalactam, ceftriaxone, cefoperazone, ceftazidime, cefsulodin) with 6 aminoglycosides were studied in vitro against two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The bactericidal activity was tested by two methods: solid medium technique of "cellophane transfer" and "checkerboard" method (broth-dilution micromethod partly automatic) . No single antagonism was observed . Concerning new penicillins, the percentage of synergy is increasing from carbenicillin, to ticarcillin, to azlocillin and finally to piperacillin . For recent cephalosporins, the most synergistic combinations are obtained with ceftriaxone, cefoperazone and ceftazidime . If aminoglycosides associations are considered, there is a good activity whichever antibiotic chosen, with a higher level for streptomycin and lower one for tobramycin . Dibekacin combinations, also tested by the checkerboard method, are particularly synergistic with azlocillin and piperacillin for new penicillins, and equally well with ceftriaxone for recent cephalosporins.

Biochem J, 1982 Nov 15, 208(2), 435 - 41
Restriction of bacterial growth by inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis by using monofluoromethylornithine, difluoromethylarginine and dicyclohexylammonium sulphate; Bitonti AJ et al.; Bacterial growth was measurably slowed by a combination of drugs which inhibit polyamine-biosynthetic enzymes . Addition of DL-alpha-monofluoromethylornithine, which was shown to inactivate irreversibly ornithine decarboxylase extracted from Escherichia coli (Ki = 0.36 mM) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ki = 0.30 mM), DL-alpha-difluoromethylarginine and dicyclohexylammonium sulphate to cultures of E . coli or P . aeruginosa resulted in a 40 and 70% increase in generation times (decreased growth rates) respectively, which was completely reversed by the addition of 0.1 mM-putrescine plus 0.1 mM-spermidine to the medium . Decreased intracellular polyamine concentrations correlated with increased generation times; putrescine concentration was decreased by 70% in E . coli and 80% in P . aeruginosa, while spermidine concentration was decreased by 50% in E . coli and 95% in P . aeruginosa . Subsequent investigation of the inactivation of the ornithine decarboxylase by monofluoromethylornithine indicated that it was active-site directed, as the normal substrate ornithine slowed the rate of inhibition . Specific interference with polyamine biosynthesis may be a viable approach to control of some bacterial infections.

J Biol Chem, 1982 Nov 10, 257(21), 12789 - 94
Pseudomonas aeruginosa possesses two novel regulatory isozymes of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase; Whitaker RJ et al.; In Pseudomonas aeruginosa the initial enzyme of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase, has been known to be subject to feedback inhibition by a metabolite in each of the three major pathway branchlets . Thus, an apparent balanced multieffector control is mediated by L-tyrosine, by L-tryptophan, and phenylpyruvate . We have now resolved DAHP synthase into two distinctive regulatory isozymes, herein denoted DAHP synthase-tyr (Mr = 137,000) and DAHP synthase-trp (Mr = 175,000) . DAHP synthase-tyr comprises greater than 90% of the total activity . L-Tyrosine was found to be a potent effector, inhibiting competitively with respect to both phosphoenolpyruvate (Ki = 23 microM) and erythrose 4-phosphate (Ki = 23 microM) . Phenylpyruvate was a less effective competitive inhibitor: phosphoenolpyruvate (Ki = 2.55 mM) and erythrose 4-phosphate (Ki = 1.35 mM) . DAHP synthase-trp was found to be inhibited noncompetitively by L-tryptophan with respect to phosphoenolpyruvate (Ki = 40 microM) and competitively with respect to erythrose 4-phosphate (Ki = 5 microM) . Chorismate was a relatively weak competitive inhibitor: phosphoenolpyruvate (Ki = 1.35 mM) and erythrose 4-phosphate (Ki = 2.25 mM) . Thus, each isozyme is strongly inhibited by an amino acid end product and weakly inhibited by an intermediary metabolite.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1982 Nov, 35(11), 2652 - 6
{The experimental and clinical studies on cefsulodin in the pediatric field}; Akita H et al.; A new cephalosporin cefsulodin (CFS) was studied basically and clinically and the following results were obtained . 1 . The serum levels of 25 mg/kg of CFS administered intravenously were 39.5 mcg/ml after 30 minutes, 22.6 mcg/ml after 1 hour, 11.6 mcg/ml after 2 hours, 6.0 mcg/ml after 4 hours and 2.1 mcg/ml after 6 hours . The half life from serum was 84 minutes . 2 . Clinical response on 4 cases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections were all good . 3 . The slight elevations of GOT, GPT were observed by the drug administrations in 1 case . From the above results, CFS was effective drug to P . aeruginosa infections by intravenous administration of 25 mg/kg of CFS.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1982 Nov, 35(11), 2639 - 51
{Clinical evaluation of cefsulodin in Pseudomonas infections in children}; Meguro H et al.; Cefsulodin (CFS) was evaluated for its safety and efficacy in 14 children with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections . The diagnoses included pneumonia (4), sepsis (1), presumed sepsis (4), acute postoperative ascending cholangitis (1), acute postoperative peritonitis with wandering pneumonia (1), acute enterocolitis with acute UTI (1), recurrent UTI (1), and acute cystitis (1) . CFS was administered intravenously with a daily dose of 93 to 299 mg/kg in the cases with normal renal functions . CFS was effective in all but one case both clinically and bacteriologically . A case of pneumonia whose isolate was resistant to CFS responded poorly . Mild transient eosinophilia was observed in 3 cases, but no severe adverse reactions were encountered . Peak MIC values of 18 clinical isolates of P . aeruginosa were 1.56 mcg/ml, 0.39 to 0.78 mcg/ml and 12.5 mcg/ml for CFS, gentamicin, and sulbenicillin, respectively . A half life of the serum CFS levels was 1.09 hours after intravenous bolus injection of 20 to 25 mg/kg of CFS (n = 2) . A cerebrospinal-fluid level and biliary levels measured in cases with inflamed meninges or with cholangitis were well above the MIC value . From the present study, CFS appeared to be a safe and effective antibiotic when used in children with susceptible Pseudomonas infections . Combined use of another antibiotic should be considered in the case with polymicrobial infections because of the CFS's very narrow spectrum.

Ann Immunol (Paris), 1982 Nov-Dec, 133D(3), 293 - 303
Study of the relation between the clinical pulmonary condition of children with cystic fibrosis and the lymphoblastic response to the antigen Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Van Geffel R et al.; This study was performed on four sibling pairs affected by cystic fibrosis . Of each sibling pair, one was more affected than the other . The results show that the lymphoblastic response to the antigen Pseudomonas aeruginosa of the most affected patient was strongly reduced in comparison to the response of the less affected one . The plasma from the most affected patient contains an inhibitory factor which reduces the lymphoblastic response of the less affected one . On the other hand, plasma from the less affected patient improves the lymphoblastic response of the most affected one (although not significantly) . One notes a better lymphoblastic response when the most affected patient's lymphocytes are put in the presence of the less affected one's antigens and plasma . These findings suggest a phenomenon of lymphocyte tolerance in the most affected patient towards P . aeruginosa.

Radiology, 1982 Nov, 145(2), 383 - 8
Malignant external otitis: CT evaluation; Curtin HD et al.; Malignant external otitis is an aggressive infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa that most often occurs in elderly diabetics . Malignant external otitis often spreads inferiorly from the external canal to involve the subtemporal area and progresses medically towards the petrous apex leading to multiple cranial nerve palsies . The computed tomographic (CT) findings in malignant external otitis include obliteration of the normal fat planes in the subtemporal area as well as patchy destruction of the bony cortex of the mastoid . The point of exit of the various cranial nerves can be identified on CT scans, and the extent of the inflammatory mass correlates well with the clinical findings . Four cases of malignant external otitis are presented . In each case CT provided a good demonstration of involvement of the soft tissues at the base of the skull.

Aust Vet J, 1982 Nov, 59(5), 140 - 4
Experimental production of dermatitis in sheep with Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Burrell DH et al.; The attachment, to sheep skin, for 4 days, of control wool pads saturated with sterile culture medium which contained a bacteriostat, induced only a mild dermatitis, whereas wool pads saturated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture induced a subacute dermatitis characterised by scaling, microabscess formation and seropurulent exudate . Changes similar to the latter were observed in skin affected by natural fleece-rot which developed spontaneously after 7 days of artificial wetting and in which P . aeruginosa was the predominant species of bacteria . An exacerbatory, if not causal, role for this organism is suggested in the development of the dermatitis associated with fleece-rot and in the exudation of seropurulent material, a step essential in the development of body strike.

Biochem J, 1982 Nov 1, 207(2), 315 - 22
The acyl-enzyme mechanism of beta-lactamase action . The evidence for class C Beta-lactamases; Knott-Hunziker V et al.; Methanol or ethanol can replace water in the action of certain chromosomal beta-lactamases on benzylpenicillin: the products are alpha-methyl or alpha-ethyl benzylpenicilloate . The beta-lactamases were from a mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18S that produces the enzyme constitutively {Flett, Curtis & Richmond (1976) J . Bacteriol . 127, 1585-1586; Berks, Redhead & Abraham (1982) J . Gen . Microbiol . 128, 155-159} and from Escherichia coli K12 (the ampC beta-lactamase) {Lindstrom, Boman & Steele (1970) J . Bacteriol . 101, 218-231} . The variation of the rates of alcoholysis and hydrolysis with concentration of alcohol show that the rate-determining step is breakdown of an intermediate . This intermediate is likely to be the acyl-enzyme . The esters, alpha-methyl or alpha-ethyl benzylpenicilloate, are themselves substrates for the Pseudomonas beta-lactamase, benzylpenicilloic acid being formed . Thus this beta-lactamase can be an esterase . The kinetics for the hydrolysis of cloxacillin by the Pseudomonas beta-lactamase are consistent with the acyl-enzyme, formed by acylation of serine-80, being an intermediate in the overall hydrolysis.

Mikrobiologiia, 1982 Nov-Dec, 51(6), 973 - 8
{Degradation of polychloroaromatic insecticides by Pseudomonas aeruginosa containing biodegradation plasmids}; Golovleva LA et al.; The work was aimed at studying the degradation of DDT, its metabolites and analogs by BS 816 and BS 827 strains constructed on the basis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 640x strains and carrying biodegradation plasmids pBS2 and pBS3, respectively . DDT and kelthane were degraded by the BS 816 strain at a greater rate than by the parent culture . The investigation of enzymes involved in the oxidation of the aromatic cycle has shown that the plasmid-carrying strains possess the activity of metapyrocatechase and salicylate hydroxylase which is absent in P . aeruginosa 640x . The activity of pyrocatechase increased . In contrast to the parent strain where homogentisate induced only homogentisate oxygenase, this compound induces also metapyrocatechase in the constructed strains.

J Gen Microbiol, 1982 Nov, 128 (Pt 11), 2631 - 8
Carbohydrate mediation of the biological activities of the glycolipoprotein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Orr T et al.; The glycolipoprotein (GLP) extracted from the surface slime of Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces effects in mice similar to those of the viable cell . The lethal activity has been located in the lipid moiety; however, degradation of the carbohydrate moiety with sodium metaperiodate reduced the antigenicity and abolished the lethality of the GLP . Similar degradation with a phage-induced polysaccharide depolymerase reduced the antigenicity only slightly but reduced the lethality over 60% . The neutral sugar composition of the isolated polysaccharide moiety was shown to be that of the parental GLP . Of the component neutral sugars, mannose and its derivatives were capable of inhibiting the agglutination of erythrocytes coated with GLP . Inhibition also occurred with a soluble mannose polymer from the cell walls of yeast . Antiserum to GLP and to its isolated polysaccharide moiety agglutinated yeast cells, whereas antiserum to a glycolipid fragment of the GLP lacking mannose did not . The lethality of the GLP was reduced by degradation with alpha-mannosidase or by blocking the mannose residues with concanavalin A, and the glycolipid fragment showed less lethality than the native GLP . We conclude that mannose, in addition to being an immunodominant sugar, is an effector sugar in the expression of GLP lethality.

J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Nov, 16(5), 865 - 7
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae on the perinea of males with spinal cord injuries; Gilmore DS et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization is found in a high percentage of males with spinal cord injury . The perineum is the body site most frequently colonized, and specific serotypes may persist for weeks . We examined patients for the presence of P . aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae on the perineum and adjacent body sites by using contact plates . P . aeruginosa, K . pneumoniae, or both were cultured from perineal swabs of 22 male patients . Wells (2.5 cm2) containing agar medium selective for these organisms were used to examine samples from 32 sites adjacent to the perineum in each patient . P . aeruginosa was most frequently cultured from samples taken from the perineum, the scrotum, and the penile shaft . K . pneumoniae isolation was more variable; this organism was most commonly found on the perineum and scrotum . Rectal swabs, obtained through a proctoscope, were positive for P . aeruginosa in four of eight patients with this organism on the perineum and positive for K . pneumoniae in eight of nine patients with this organism on the perineum . These studies more clearly define the extent of the colonization of the perineum and adjacent body sites which provides potential reservoirs of P . aeruginosa and K . pneumoniae.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1982 Nov, 92(5), 1559 - 66
Comparative study on fibers isolated from four R-type pyocins, phage-tail-like bacteriocins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Kumazaki T et al.; Five R-type pyocins have been reported which are almost identical with one another in their morphology and subunit composition, though distinct in receptor-binding specificity . We isolated fibers from pyocin R2, R3, and R4 by essentially the same procedure as used in our previous isolation of pyocin R1 fiber with unimpaired receptor-binding ability . All the isolated fibers including R1 fiber were indistinguishable from one another, in terms of electron microscopic observation and subunit composition analysis by SDS gel electrophoresis . They consisted mainly of Subunit No . 2 (Mw 71,000) and No . 9 (31,000) proteins . Although Subunit No . 9 protein in every fiber was susceptible to trypsin and afforded a fragment with the same molecular weight (about 19,000) detectable in the SDS gel, Subunit No . 2 protein was cleaved with trypsin only after the fiber had been treated with an organomercurial, 4-(p-sulfophenylazo)-2-mercuriphenol . The cleavage of Subunit No . 2 protein proceeded to give several fragments with molecular weights ranging from 64,000 to 34,000, and the fragmentation patterns were electrophoretically distinct at least among R1 fiber, R3 fiber, and others (R2 and R4 fibers) . The results indicate that Subunit No . 2 proteins of these fibers are different from one another in the structure surrounding trypsin-susceptible peptide bonds . Immunological investigations with anti-R1 fiber antibodies provided some additional information on the difference among R-type pyocins at the fiber level.

Genetika, 1982 Nov, 18(11), 1799 - 802
{Detection of transduction by virulent bacteriophage phi KZ of Pseudomonas aeruginosa chromosomal markers in the presence of plasmid RMS148}; Dzhusupova AB et al.; A virulent phage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, phi KZ which is able to package DNA of 210 MD is a general transducer . The transducing activity of phi KZ can be revealed when using recipient bacteria containing RMS148 plasmid (the P7 group of incompatibility) . This plasmid blocks the development of phi KZ and prevents the phage to kill bacteria . General transduction mediated by phi KZ may be useful for the primary localization of genetic markers in P . aeruginosa.

Genetika, 1982 Nov, 18(11), 1793 - 8
{Genetic and phenogenetic study of the ts-mutant group of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 phage phi KZ}; Plotnikova TG et al.; A group of ts mutants of phi KZ phage specific for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated and studied . A phi KZ phage particle has a unique feature: a specific structure as an internal body concerned with DNA packaging which is present in the phage capsid . Ts mutants were distributed into complementation groups . The time of the development block when grown at elevated temperatures was determined for mutants from several groups, the exact stage of the block having been defined for some late ts mutants . As was found for ts759, the stage of connection of heads containing DNA and the inner body with tails was blocked . The results obtained with ts759 allowed to prove the circular location of fibrous material (DNA?) around the inner body . The conditions for phage crosses were revealed . The genetic map of phi KZ is circular . It may be concluded, considering the linear phi KZ DNA structure in capsids, that circular permutations of phage DNA take place during phage maturation or DNA packaging.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1982 Nov, 44(5), 1086 - 95
Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in tap water in relation to utilization of substrates at concentrations of a few micrograms per liter; van der Kooij D et al.; Five Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were tested for the utilization of 47 low-molecular-weight compounds as their sole sources of carbon and energy for growth at a concentration of 2.5 g/liter . Of these compounds, 31 to 35 were consumed . Growth experiments in tap water at 15 degrees C were carried out with one particular strain (P1525) isolated from drinking water . This strain was tested for the utilization of 30 compounds supplied at a concentration of 25 microgram of C per liter . The growth rate (number of generations per hour) of strain P1525 in this tap water was approximately 0.005 h-1, and with 10 compounds it was larger than 0.03 h-1 . An average yield of 6.2 x 10(9) colony-forming units per mg of C was obtained from the maximum colony counts (colony-forming units per milliliter) . The average yield and maximum colony count of strain P1525 grown in tap water supplied with a mixture of 45 compounds, each at a concentration of 1 microgram of C per liter, enabled us to calculate that 28 compounds were utilized . Growth rates of two P . aeruginosa strains (including P1525) in various types of water at 15 degrees C were half of those of a fluorescent pseudomonad . The concentrations of assimilable organic carbon calculated from maximum colony counts and average yield values amounted to 0.1 to 0.7% of the total organic carbon concentrations in five types of tap water . The assimilable organic carbon percentages were about 10 times larger in river water and in water after ozonation.

Eur J Biochem, 1982 Nov, 128(1), 81 - 90
Somatic antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The structure of O-specific polysaccharide chains of P . aeruginosa O:3a, b and O:3a, d lipopolysaccharides; Knirel YA et al.; On mild acid degradation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O:3a,b and O:3a,d lipopolysaccharides O-specific polysaccharides were isolated . Both polysaccharides were found to contain 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-D-galactose, identified as fucosamine hydrochloride formed after hydrolysis with a very low yield . The other two components of the trisaccharide repeating unit, 2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-D-mannuronic acid and 2,3-(1-acetyl-2-methyl-2-imidazolino-5,4)-2,3-dideoxy-D-mannuronic acid, were identified without isolation in their free state directly in the course of structural investigation of the polysaccharides . Both these monosaccharides have never before been found in nature . Solvolysis of either O:3a,b or O:3a,d polysaccharides with liquid hydrogen fluoride resulted in the formation of the same trisaccharide, N-acetylfucosamine residue being the reducing end . The structure of this trisaccharide, which is the repeating unit of both polysaccharides, was deduced from the results of successive chemical modifications and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra recorded for every oligosaccharide formed . As a result, the acidic diaminosugars were converted into 2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-D-mannose indistinguishable from authentic sample . The O-specific polysaccharides O:3a,b and O:3a,d differed in the configuration of the glycosidic bond of N-acetylfucosamine residue only and had the following structures: leads to 4)DManImU(beta 1 leads to 4)DMan(NAc)2U (beta 1 leads to 3)DFucNAc(beta 1- leads to 4)DManImU(beta 1 leads to 4)DMan(NAc)2U (beta 1 leads to 3)DFucNAc(alpha 1- where DManImU = 2.3-(1-acetyl-2-methyl-2-imidazolino-5,4)-2, 3-dideoxy-D-mannuronic acid, DMan(NAc)2U = 2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-D-mannuronic acid, DFucNAc = 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-D-galactose . The structures established were in agreement with optical rotations and assignments of all the signals in the 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the polysaccharides.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1982 Nov, 126(5), 833 - 6
Pseudomonas aeruginosa mucoid strain . Its significance in adult chest diseases; Rivera M et al.; Isolation of mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from bronchial secretions has occurred usually in the setting of cystic fibrosis . This association has been so strong that it is considered a sign of the presence of cystic fibrosis . We reviewed the records of 31 patients in whom this strain was isolated; in contract to previous experiences, we found that only 2 of our patients could be considered to have cystic fibrosis . The remainder all had a chronic pulmonary disease, and common to all was the presence of bronchiectasis . We conclude that isolation of mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from bronchial secretions of adults with a chronic pulmonary process indicates the presence of underlying bronchiectasis.

Infect Immun, 1982 Nov, 38(2), 802 - 5
Phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes: effect of cystic fibrosis serum; Thomassen MJ et al.; It has been shown previously that serum from chronically infected patients with cystic fibrosis inhibits the phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by both normal and cystic fibrosis alveolar macrophages . In the present study, the ability of peripheral monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes from normal volunteers and cystic fibrosis patients to phagocytize P . aeruginosa was shown not to be inhibited in the presence of serum from cystic fibrosis patients.

J Lab Clin Med, 1982 Nov, 100(5), 671 - 81
Aminoglycoside-selected subpopulations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: characterization and virulence in normal and leukopenic mice; Gerber AU et al.; An attempt was made in vitro and in vivo to clarify the significance of aminoglycoside-resistant subpopulations that can be isolated from gentamicin-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Population analyses revealed bacterial subpopulations resistant to greater than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml gentamicin in 23 of 24 gentamicin-susceptible strains tested . These subpopulations could easily be selected in a single exposure of high inocula of P . aeruginosa to two times the MIC of gentamicin for 24 to 48 hr . The increased gentamicin resistance was associated with slower growth and formation of smaller colonies . In serial subcultivations, most of the selected variants were unstable regarding gentamicin resistance and colony morphology . Stable SCV representing the extreme form of gentamicin-resistant subpopulations were further studied . In comparison to the corresponding PS, they were fourfold to sixfold less susceptible to five aminoglycosides tested; their susceptibility to eight antipseudomonal beta-lactam drugs, however, was usually retained . SCV proved to be less pathogenic than PS for normal and moderately leukopenic mice . Agranulocytic mice, in contrast, were invariably killed after i.p . injection of less than 20 organisms of PS or SCV, although death occurred 24 to 48 hr later in mice infected with SCV . After injection into the thigh muscle of agranulocytic mice, SCV were not affected by therapeutic plasma levels of gentamicin, whereas ticarcillin was highly effective . Aminoglycoside-resistant subpopulations of P . aeruginosa could contribute to the high number of treatment failures of Pseudomonas injections in agranulocytic patients and may account, in part, for the superiority of combined antipsuedomonal chemotherapy in this clinical situation.

J Infect Dis, 1982 Nov, 146(5), 691 - 7
Selection of aminoglycoside-resistant variants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vivo model; Gerber AU et al.; The therapeutic failure of aminoglycosides in leukopenic mice was studied . Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from experimentally infected leukopenic mice was analyzed for susceptibility to gentamicin . Bacterial population analyses were performed before, during, and after therapy with high doses of gentamicin . Inocula from numerous strains, including P . aeruginosa strain ATCC 27853, harbored slowly growing aminoglycoside-resistant subpopulations . In leukopenic mice (in contrast to normal mice) receiving gentamicin, the breakthrough growth of these subpopulations occurred 6 hr after treatment . Resistance to gentamicin reversed in vivo when gentamicin treatment was stopped . The emergence of gentamicin-resistant subpopulations was successfully suppressed by a combined treatment regimen of gentamicin and ticarcillin . Gentamicin-ticarcillin synergy in these infections is due, in part, to antimicrobial suppression of slowly growing aminoglycoside-resistant subpopulations of bacteria.

J Bacteriol, 1982 Nov, 152(2), 687 - 91
Identification of pilin pools in the membranes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Watts TH et al.; The proteins of purified inner and outer membranes obtained from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains PAK and PAK/2Pfs were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, transferred to nitrocellulose, and treated with antiserum raised against pure pili . Bound antipilus antibodies were visualized by reaction with 125I-labeled protein A from Staphylococcus aureus . The results showed that there are pools of pilin in both the inner and outer membranes of P . aeruginosa and that the pool size in the multipiliated strain is comparable with that of the wild-type strain.

J Bacteriol, 1982 Nov, 152(2), 636 - 42
Permeability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane to hydrophilic solutes; Yoshimura F et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa is usually resistant to a wide variety of antibacterial agents, and it has been inferred, on the basis of indirect evidence, that this was due to the low permeability of its outer membrane . We determined the permeability of P . aeruginosa outer membrane directly, by measuring the rates of hydrolysis of cephacetrile, cephaloridine, and various phosphate esters by hydrolytic enzymes located in the periplasm . The permeability to these compounds was about 100-fold lower than in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli K-12 . Also, we found that the apparent Km values for active transport of various carbon and energy source compounds were typically higher than 20 microM in P . aeruginosa, in contrast to E . coli in which the values are usually lower than 5 microM . These results also are consistent with the notion that the P . aeruginosa outer membrane indeed has a low permeability to most hydrophilic compounds and that this membrane acts as a rate limiting step in active transport processes with high Vmax values.

Clin Pediatr (Phila), 1982 Nov, 21(11), 664 - 7
Intrauterinely acquired Pseudomonas infection in the neonate; Ruvalo C et al.; The case is presented of a premature infant with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, apparently acquired in utero . After a complicated postnatal course, the child was noted to have a profound hearing loss . This infection itself, was rapid and progressive, with the infant showing signs and symptoms characteristic of Pseudomonas infection, such as necrotizing skin vasculitis and "green" purulent discharge . Pseudomonas infection poses a virulent and life-threatening challenge to the immunologically immature infant . Infection with this organism, uncommon in the neonate, results in significant morbidity and mortality.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1982 Nov, 92(5), 1607 - 13
Membrane-bound cytochromes c of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown aerobically . Purification and characterization of cytochromes c-551 and c-555; Matsushita K et al.; Membrane-bound cytochromes c of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown aerobically were investigated . By detecting polypeptides with heme-catalyzing peroxidase activity on a sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel, four major (Band I, 33,000 daltons; II, 25,000; III, 20,000; IV, 16,000) and one minor (V, 11,500) hemoproteins were found in the membrane fraction, while one hemoprotein (VI, 8,200) was detected in a small amount in the cytosol fraction . All these hemoproteins (bands I to VI) appeared to be cytochromes c, because all bands were detected even after being treated with HCl-acetone . Of the membrane-bound cytochromes c, cytochromes c-551 (band IV) and c-555 (band V) were solubilized with Triton X-100 and purified by repeated DEAE-cellulose column chromatography . Both purified cytochromes c-551 and c-555 were monomeric and their molecular weights were estimated to be 16,400 and 11,500, respectively . Their respective midpoint potentials were 0.31 and 0.34 V, and their respective isoelectric points in the reduced form were 3.8 and 5.2 . The purified cytochromes c-551 and c-555 were found to be clearly different from "soluble" cytochrome c-551, and might function in the membrane-bound aerobic respiratory chain of P . aeruginosa.

Rev Infect Dis, 1982 Nov-Dec, 4 Suppl, S564 - 8
Activity, stability, and pharmacology of the epimers of moxalactam; Wise R et al.; By an agar-dilution procedure, the minimal inhibitory concentrations of R, S, and R + S epimers of moxalactam were determined for 23 commonly isolated organisms . Generally the R epimer was twice as active as the S epimer; however, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa the two were equally active . The stability of the epimers and of the R + S mixture in saline and serum was studied by high-pressure liquid chromatography . Each epimer was stable at -20 C . The interconversion half-life in serum at 37 C, 22 C, and 4 C was 1.5, 4.8, and 13 hr, respectively, for R and 1.5, 11, and 43 hr for S . In buffer both epimers were more stable . In buffered saline the final mixture of R:S was 50:50, if one started with either the R or the S epimer . In serum, however, the R:S ratio of the mixture at equilibrium was 45:55 . In patients with normal renal function the ratio of R:S in serum at 2 hr was 0.69 and at 8 hr, 0.55 . In patients with severe renal failure the R:S ratio at 2 hr was approximately 0.9 and at 6 hr, 0.85 . Probably, in renal failure, time is sufficient for re-equilibration of the epimeric mixture, and hence there is little alteration in the R:S ratio with time.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1982 Nov, 22(5), 909 - 11
Comparative penetration of azlocillin and mezlocillin into cerebrospinal fluid of normal rabbits and rabbits with experimentally induced Pseudomonas aeruginosa meningitis; Hodges GR et al.; The impacts of meningeal infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and route of drug administration on the penetration of azlocillin and mezlocillin into the cerebrospinal fluid of rabbits were evaluated . The penetration of both agents was increased to a similar degree in rabbits with meningitis compared with normal rabbits . The increase in penetration was greater after intravenous administration than after intramuscular administration.

Arch Intern Med, 1982 Oct 25, 142(11), 2010 - 1
Pseudomonas . Clinical problems related to virulence factors and development of resistance; Nordbring F; Pseudomonas aeruginosa has emerged into the limelight mainly as a result of compromised host problems and the development of resistance leading to serious treatment difficulties . The organism possesses virulence factor that produce an effect in certain clinical situations . Changes in local anatomy, often with the presence of foreign bodies, are important (bladder and intravenous catheters, tracheostomy, burns, wounds, and injuries) . Deficiencies in immune defense, particularly granulocytopenia, are almost a prerequisite for development of Pseudomonas septicemia and meningitis . The toxic factors of Pseudomonas organisms in combination with a disturbed defense mechanism produce characteristic necrotic skin lesions . A mucoid form of P aeruginosa is a characteristic feature of cystic fibrosis . Resistance of P aeruginosa to antibiotics is very definitely associated with overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics in hospitals . New and more effective antibiotics may be needed.

Arch Intern Med, 1982 Oct 25, 142(11), 2023 - 32
In vitro activity of piperacillin and other microbials on 491 bacterial isolates; Reeves DS; We tested the activity of piperacillin against 491 bacterial local clinical isolates in comparison with ampicillin, mezlocillin, cefazolin, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, moxalactam, and gentamicin, using an agar dilution technique and inocula of 10(6) and 10(4) colony forming units . The results confirmed the broad-spectrum activity of piperacillin against a wide range of bacterial pathogens . The activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was encouraging, and it was one of the most active agents tested against that species . Its lack of stability for certain types of beta-lactamases was manifested by large differences in the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) activity between inocula of 10(6) and 10(4), and by the high MIC to inhibit 90% of strain of certain species compared with the MIC to inhibit 50% of strain . The activity of piperacillin suggests its clinical evaluation for use in combination with other agents in serious sepsis, in situations where beta-lactamase-producing strains are rare, and in antipseudomonal therapy.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1982 Oct 8, 718(2), 212 - 9
Allantoinase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Purification, properties and immunochemical characterization of its in vivo inactivation; Janssen DB et al.; The catabolic enzyme allantoinase is rapidly inactivated in cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa when the stationary phase of growth is reached . This process is irreversible since the protein synthesis inhibitor chloramphenicol completely blocked the reappearance of allantoinase activity that is observed when allantoin is added to stationary cells . Purified alloantoinase appeared to be a protein composed of four identical subunits with a molecular weight of 38,000 . With antibodies raised against purified allantoinase it was found that allantoinase inactivation is accompanied by a parallel decrease in immunologically reactive material . This suggests that allantoinase inactivation is caused or followed by rapid proteolysis.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1982 Oct, 35(10), 1374 - 9
Isolation and characterization of a streptomycin resistance plasmid from Pseudomonas cepacia; Hirai K et al.; A plasmid, Rms425, mediating resistance to streptomycin(Sm) and mercury(Hg) was isolated from Pseudomonas cepacia GN11131 of clinical origin . Rms425 was transferred to Pseudomonas cepacia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli strains by transformation with purified DNA and by conjugation between isogenic strains of P . aeruginosa or of E . coli by mixing on membrane filters . The molecular weight of Rms425 was estimated to be about 32 megadaltons by electron microscopy and it was classified as incompatibility group P . Examining the incorporation of {gamma-32P} or {8-14C} from isotope-labelled ATP into Sm using the cell-free extracts from P . cepacia or E . coli strains harboring Rms425, we found that the Sm resistance conferred by Rms425 was due to the phosphorylation of the drug.

J Gen Microbiol, 1982 Oct, 128 (Pt 10), 2361 - 70
Enhancement of non-specific resistance to Pseudomonas pneumonia by a synthetic derivative of muramoyl dipeptide in immunosuppressed guinea pigs; Osada Y et al.; A synthetic derivative of muramoyl dipeptide, 6-O-stearoyl-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine {L18-MDP(A)}, showed a protective effect against bacteraemic and non-bacteraemic pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in immunosuppressed guinea pigs . In about half of the animals treated with the compound before infection, death from bacteraemic pneumonia produced by intratracheal inoculation of P . aeruginosa was delayed for 7 d, although all of the animals infected without prior treatment with the compound died within 4 d of infection . Multiplication of the organisms in the lung was also suppressed for at least 10 d by treatment with the compound when the animals inhaled an aerosol of P . aeruginosa . In contrast, in untreated animals the numbers of bacteria in the lung gradually increased from 10(6) to 10(9) c.f.u . g-1, and a few animals in which the organism increased to 10(9) c.f.u . g-1 had died by 6 and 10 d after infection . In both healthy and immunosuppressed animals, the accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in a subcutaneous air-pouch injected with heat-killed organisms was augmented by subcutaneous treatment with L18-MDP(A) 1 d before bacterial injection . The phagocytic activity of peritoneal PMNs was also increased by treatment with this compound . The augmentation of protective mechanisms against pseudomonas pneumonia by L18-MDP(A) may be attributed at least partly to the increased chemotactic and phagocytic activity of PMNs.

Am J Vet Res, 1982 Oct, 43(10), 1868 - 72
Proliferative, morphologic, and cytochemical characteristics of bovine bone marrow macrophage colonies in liquid culture; Al-Izzi SA et al.; Bovine macrophage colonies were grown in liquid medium . Serum collected from a heifer 3 hours after injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa endotoxin promoted the growth of macrophage colonies . The optimum concentration of postendotoxin serum was 16% . The numbers of colonies increased exponentially between 3 and 6 days of incubation and leveled off at 6 days . Monoblasts, promonocytes, and macrophages were observed in these colonies . A direct linear relationship between the number of nucleated bone marrow cells cultured and the number of colonies formed was found . The macrophage colony cells were positive for nonspecific esterase activity and were negative for chloroacetate esterase activity . Weak peroxidase activity was noticed in monoblasts, promonocytes, and occasionally in macrophages.

Thorax, 1982 Oct, 37(10), 732 - 6
Acquisition, spread, and control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a cardiothoracic intensive care unit; Freeman R et al.; The isolation rate and spread of infection and colonisation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a cardiothoracic intensive care unit was studied over two and a half years . The overall acquisition rate was low (2.68%) and was concentrated in the group of patients undergoing prolonged intensive care (over seven days) . Although some cross-infection from long-stay to short-stay patients occurred in 1978 and 1979, when cubicle isolation was inadequate, acquisition of Ps aeruginosa was confined to the long-stay group when isolation facilities became sufficient . Further study of the long-stay patients disclosed two factors--use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and tracheostomy--significantly associated with acquisition of Ps aeruginosa . The possible uses of the results obtained and the particular relevance of a policy of narrow-spectrum chemoprophylaxis for open-heart surgery are discussed.

Microbiologica, 1982 Oct, 5(4), 341 - 50
Effect of the carbon oxidation level of the energy source on heat of reaction in biosynthesis of a Pseudomonas strain; Boffi V et al.; The heats of reaction for cell biosynthesis of a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown on ammonium-nitrogen and fumarate or butyrate as carbon-energy sources have been determined by microcalorimetric experiments, CO2 and molar growth yield determinations . The different oxidation level of the fumarate-carbon (C1+) and butyrate-carbon (C1-) caused a difference on the sign of the heat of reaction for cellular biosynthesis: positive for fumarate (delta H less than 0) and negative for butyrate (delta H greater than 0) . It has been possible to state the stoichiometry of the biosynthetic reaction for fumarate only and not for butyrate because of the large pigment production under the experimental conditions adopted: pure oxygen as gas phase at 30 degrees C.

J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Oct, 16(4), 663 - 7
Broth microdilution testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and aminoglycosides: need for employing dilutions differing by small arithmetic increments; Woolfrey BF et al.; The use of dilutions differing by small arithmetic increments was studied as a means for improving the definition and measurement of minimum inhibitory concentrations and precision parameters for testing Pseudomonas aeruginosa versus the aminoglycosides by the broth microdilution test . For five strains of P . aeruginosa versus gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin, comparisons were made of minimum inhibitory concentrations which were replicated in parallel by using three microdilution systems: small increment panels prepared by us, modified twofold dilution panels prepared by us, and similar modified twofold dilution panels obtained commercially . The small increment dilutions were prepared to differ by concentrations of 1.0 microgram/ml for gentamicin and tobramycin and by 2.0 micrograms/ml for amikacin . Use of the small increment dilutions resulted in the ability to measure minimum inhibitory concentrations at more closely spaced intervals than those dictated by modified twofold dilution schemes, and confidence limits were significantly improved . The average coefficient of variation for the small increment microdilution test results was 9.5%, with 99.5% of minimum inhibitory concentrations falling within +/- 2 small increment dilutions from their modal values.

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