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Detection, Quantitation, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Noroviruses in Japanese Oysters. Tomoko Nishida, 2003.Noroviruses (NVs) cause many cases of oyster- or clam-associated gastroenteritis in various countries . We collected 191 samples from Japanese oysters intended for raw consumption that had been harvested from the sea in two different areas between December 2001 and February 2002 . To detect, quantitate, and phylogenetically analyze the NV genome in purified concentrates from the stomachs and digestive diverticula of these oysters, we amplified the NV capsid gene by reverse transcription-PCR . Phylogenetic analysis was performed by using the neighbor-joining method . We detected the NV genome in 17 of 191 oysters (9%) . Phylogenetic analysis indicated genogroup I (Norwalk virus type) in 3 of the 17 oysters and genogroup II (Snow Mountain virus type) in the other 14 . Both genogroups showed wide genetic diversity . To quantify the NV capsid gene in these oysters, we performed real-time PCR using genogroup-specific probes . More than 102 copies of the NV genome were detected in 11 of 17 oysters . The results suggested that about 10% of Japanese oysters intended for raw consumption harbored NVs, and more than 50% of those oysters in which NVs were detected had a large amount .
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