Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1981 Dec, 92(12), 674 - 7 {State of the small intestine in rabbits with salmonella infections}; Semashko MI et al.; The paper is concerned with the results of morphological and biochemical studies of the duodenum and ileum in young rabbits with salmonellosis . It was shown that all the parts of the small intestine were involved into the pathological process . Enzymopathy developed in the presence of acute catarrhal inflammation and erosive enteritis accompanied by ulceration of necrotized lymph follicles of Peyer's patches of the small intestine . The activity of maltase and alkaline phosphatase was found to be most vulnerable . Of crucial significance in the development of diarrhea in experimental young rabbits were pronounced morphological alterations and derangement of enzyme-forming function in the small intestine. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1981 Dec, 251(2), 190 - 5 In vitro susceptibility of salmonellae to eight antimicrobial agents; Nabbut NH et al.; The Bauer-Kirby disk diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility of 333 strains of Salmonella isolated in Saudi Arabia to eight antimicrobial agents . The following susceptibilities were observed: Cephalothin 99.40%, furadoine 99.10%, chloramphenicol 98.80%, ampicillin 98.20%, polymyxin 96.70%, kanamycin 95.80%, streptomycin 90.99% . Only 50.45% of the strains were susceptible to tetracycline, whereas 44.14% and 5.41% were respectively intermediate and resistant to this drug . The antibiograms displayed many resistant patterns . Some of the salmonellae were singly resistant while others were resistant to 2 or more drugs in various combinations . In view of the potential for salmonellae to have inherent or acquired resistance to certain commonly used antimicrobial agents, susceptibility of all isolates of salmonellae, particularly of all clinically significant strains should be determined periodically. J Bacteriol, 1981 Dec, 148(3), 829 - 36 Homology between the invertible deoxyribonucleic acid sequence that controls flagellar-phase variation in Salmonella sp . and deoxyribonucleic acid sequences in other organisms; Szekely E et al.; The invertible deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) segment cloned from Salmonella sp . was radioactively labeled and used as a probe to search for homologous sequences by Southern hybridization . Only one copy of the invertible segment could be found on the Salmonella sp . genome . Partial sequence homology with the invertible region was detected in bacteriophage Mu and P1 DNA by low-stringency hybridization . Under these conditions, no homology was detected with Escherichia coli DNA . A strain of Salmonella sp . defective in phase variation carrying the vH2- allele was also analyzed by DNA-DNA hybridization . The results show that there is sequence divergence between diphasic and vH2- strains within the invertible sequence. Mutat Res, 1981 Dec, 90(4), 321 - 35 Relative concentrations of polyaromatic primary amines and azaarenes in mutagenically active nitrogen fractions from a coal liquid; Pelroy RA et al.; Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was used to separate components in the basic and tar fractions of solvent refined coal (SRC-I) process solvent (PS) to obtain materials suitable for biological and chemical analysis . Those fractions eluted from TLC plates which were mutagenically active in the Ames/Salmonella assay were analyzed by gas chromatographic mass spectrometry (GCMS) for polycyclic azaarenes, polyaromatic primary amines (PAA) and carbazoles . In all materials tested, a strong correlation was observed between the concentration of PAAs in a given TLC region and the mutagenicity of that region in the Ames assay system . Conversely, azaarenes having 2--4 fused rings and carbazoles were present in both mutagenic and non-mutagenic TLC eluates . No PAAs were detected in mutagenically inactive TLC eluates . In comparison to the mutagenic tar fractions, the PS basic fraction contained relatively larger concentrations of 2- and 3-ringed components such as aminonaphthalenes and aminoanthracenes or aminophenanthrenes . The tar fractions, which were essentially devoid of aminonaphthalenes, had a higher average molecular weight and contained relatively higher concentrations of aminopyrenes. Infect Immun, 1981 Dec, 34(3), 746 - 50 Construction of a potential bivalent vaccine strain: introduction of Shigella sonnei form I antigen genes into the galE Salmonella typhi Ty21a typhoid vaccine strain; Formal SB et al.; Shigella sonnei, an intestinal pathogen, produces a characteristic form I cell surface antigen now known to be plasmid encoded . We considered that the GalE Salmonella typhi Ty21a oral vaccine strain, highly effective against typhoid, might be modified so as to be protective also against shigellosis due to S . sonnei . The plasmid responsible for form I antigen synthesis was therefore conjugally transferred to the galE S . typhi strain . Serological studies revealed that the derivative strain produces the form I antigen in addition to the normal S . typhi somatic antigens . Testing in mice demonstrated that the derivative form I galE S . typhi strain is protective against both S . sonnei and S . typhi challenges . These data suggest that the galE S . Ty21a oral vaccine strain, which presumably stimulates the local immune system in the intestine, may also serve as a useful carrier for other antigenic determinants to protect against different intestinal infections. Trop Anim Health Prod, 1981 Nov, 13(4), 203 - 7 Salmonella in livestock and animal by-products in Ethiopia; Pegram RG et al.; Samples derived from farm livestock, an abattoir and a bone factory, were examined for salmonella . Twenty-seven serotypes were detected in 130 infected samples . A bone factory product was heavily infected . Salmonellosis is considered to be an important disease of dromedary calves and poultry in Ethiopia. Med Trop (Mars), 1981 Nov-Dec, 41(6), 619 - 24 {Epidemiological and etiologic aspects of children acute gastro-enteritis in Kinshasa (author's transl)}; Omanga U et al.; From 1972 to 1974 a retrospective study on acute gastroenteritis has been done, at Kinshasa University Hospital, Clinic of Pediatrics; the frequency of these gastro-enteric syndromes at admission is estimated about 18 p . 100 . Majority of the cases occurred before 3 years old (92 p . 100), malnourished infants and children being exposed (91 p . 100) . The pathogens were isolated in 44 p . 100 of the cases, bacterial etiology being dominated by Salmonella, which represent 2/3 of the cases; 99 p . 100 of the Salmonella strains are resistant to one or many antibacterial drugs . Seventy-nine of the infants and children died (8 p . 100): may be measles and malnutrition have played an important role in this wrong clinic evolution. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1981 Nov-Dec, 132 B(3), 399 - 404 {Plasmids of incompatibility group H among multiresistant "Salmonella" (author's transl)}; Pohl P et al.; A total of 449 multiresistant strains of Salmonella recently isolated from human beings and animals in France and in Belgium and belonging to 21 serotypes, were screened for the presence of IncH R plasmids . These plasmids were identified in 236 strains belonging to 14 different serotypes: mainly S . typhimurium, S . schwarzengrund and S . saint-paul, but not in S . dublin nor S . kedougou . The IncH R plasmids confer resistance to four or more drugs and to tellurium compounds . The properties of 14 plasmids were studied by genetic methods and agarose gel electrophoresis following digestion with EcoRI: they showed a great degree of relatedness. J Anim Sci, 1981 Nov, 53(5), 1262 - 8 Antibody response and serum protein and immunoglobulin concentrations in pigs from sows fed different protein sequences during gestation and lactation; Haye SN et al.; Antibody response and serum protein and immunoglobulin concentrations in pigs from sows fed various crude protein sequences during gestation and lactation were studied over three consecutive parities at two locations . Each sow was placed on one of the following dietary crude protein sequences during gestation/lactation: (1) 14%/14%, (2) 12%/16% or (3) 9%/18% . Pig weights were recorded and blood samples taken at 1, 28, 42 and 49 days of age . Generally, body weight gain did not differ between pigs from sows fed different protein sequences . Sow protein sequence had no apparent influence on the pigs' ability to respond to a Salmonella H antigen (1.8 x 10(10) organisms/ml) intraperitoneally injected at 28 days of age when titers were determined 14 and 21 days later . Serum protein concentrations of progeny at 1, 28 and 49 days of age were not influenced by sow protein sequence, although pigs from sows given higher protein levels during lactation tended to have higher (P less than .10) concentrations at weaning (28 days) . Serum IgG, IgA and IgM concentrations were not different for pigs from sows on different protein sequences . However, during the first parity at one of the locations, serum IgG and IgA concentrations were elevated (P less than .01) in pigs in all groups, possibly because of transmissible gastroenteritis which interfered with the pig antibody response . Sow protein sequence had no effect on antibody response or serum immunoglobulin concentrations, and pigs from first-litter gilts had a reduced ability to respond to a Salmonella H antigen. J Clin Microbiol, 1981 Nov, 14(5), 492 - 5 Characteristics of human isolates of unidentified fluorescence pseudomonads capable of growth at 42 degrees C; Oberhofer TR; Five strains of an unidentified fluorescent Pseudomonas sp . which were capable of growth at 42 degrees C were isolated over a 3-year period and were examined and compared with chosen strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P . fluorescens, and P . putida . The strains were examined in a range of biochemical and carbon substrate alkalinization tests . The outstanding properties of the unidentified fluorescent Pseudomonas sp . included monopolar arrangement of flagella, gelatin liquefaction, litmus milk peptonization, and growth on cetrimide and Salmonella-Shigella agars . All strains failed to produce pyocyanin, 2-ketogluconate, and nitrogen gas, failed to acidify mannitol and xylose, and failed to alkalinize acetamide and allantoin . Similarities to P . fluorescens and P . putida were reflected in their resistance to carbenicillin and susceptibility to kanamycin and tetracycline. J Clin Microbiol, 1981 Nov, 14(5), 463 - 72 Probing for enterotoxigenicity among the salmonellae: an evaluation of biological assays; Jiwa SF; Sixty-eight Salmonella strains representing 39 serotypes were variously screened for enterotoxigenicity by using the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), Y1 adrenal, and Vero cell tests, rabbit skin tests for delayed permeabiltity factor (DPF) and rapid permeability factor (RPF), the rabbit ileal loop test, and the infant mouse test . An iron-sufficient medium, YT-1, and a deferrated medium, DF, were compared . Of the culture supernatant fluids of strains grown in DF medium, 66% yielded positive reactions in the CHO cell test compared with only 10% with TY-1 medium . The corresponding performances with supernatant fluids of DF medium cultures in Y1 adrenal and Vero cell tests were 85 and 69% positive, respectively . The overall agreement between the Y1 adrenal or CHO cell test and the rabbit skin test for DPF, i.e., positive or negative in both tests, was about 70% . Positivity in DPF tests was a better predictor of positivity in either the Y1 adrenal or rabbit ileal loop test than vice versa . CHO cell, DPF, and rabbit ileal loop reactivities of unheated culture filtrates were each neutralized by anticholera antitoxin . Only four strains gave positive reactions in the infant mouse test, whereas up to 66% were positive for RPF in rabbit skin, based on positivity in Ty-1 or DR medium or both . DPF and RPF were produced by 35% of the strains . Of the 28 isolates from human stools, 82 and 92% and all of 11 strains tested were positive in the DPF, Y1 adrenal cell, and rabbit ileal loop tests, respectively . The corresponding data for 17 sewage isolates, representing 17 different serotypes rarely isolated from human stools in Sweden, were 63 and 69% and 8 of 8 tested . On the basis of this investigation, rabbit skin tests for both DPF and RPF provide the most reliable means of screening for enterotoxigenicity among salmonellae. Infect Immun, 1981 Nov, 34(2), 492 - 7 Vaccinal properties of Salmonella abortus ovis mutants for streptomycin: screening with a murine model; Lantier F et al.; Streptomycin-dependent and streptomycin-independent reverse mutants of Salmonella abortus ovis were selected on medium with and without added streptomycin . Their in vivo properties were tested with a murine model . Reduced capacities of dissemination and multiplication of all mutant strains were evidenced by means of subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, and intravenous inoculations of two outbred strains of mice with different susceptibilities to experimental S . abortus ovis infection . A factorial immunization experiment demonstrated the effects of vaccinal strains and doses . It showed large differences among the mutants . First-time infection with the fully virulent parent strain excepted, the best protection was given by independent reverse mutants which had kept residual capacity of in vivo dissemination and multiplication . This screening partly determined the selection of strain Rv6 as a potential live vaccine. J Toxicol Environ Health, 1981 Nov-Dec, 8(5-6), 959 - 72 Mutagenicity and chemical analysis of aliphatic and aromatic fractions of Prudhoe Bay crude oil and fuel oil no . 2; Ellenton JA et al.; The mutagenicity of aliphatic (fraction 1), one- to three-ring aromatic (fraction 3), and four- to five-ring aromatic (fraction 4) fractions of Prudhoe Bay crude oil and of a fuel oil no . 2 was investigated with a battery of in vitro mammalian and microbial assays . Chemical analysis of the fractions was carried out by gas capillary chromatography-mass spectrometry . In the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test, both first fractions were negative, while fraction 3 of Prudhoe Bay crude and fraction 4 of both oils exhibited mutagenic activity with metabolic activation . In Chinese hamster ovary cells, all of the aromatic fractions, in the presence of metabolic activation, caused a significant increase in the number of sister chromatid exchanges . Chromosome aberrations were not caused by any of the aromatic fractions; however, fraction 3 of fuel oil no . 2 induced endoreduplication in the presence of metabolic activation. Rev Infect Dis, 1981 Nov-Dec, 3(6), 1105 - 26 Antibiotic resistance of Salmonella in Europe and the United States; Cherubin CE; Nontyphoid salmonellosis has been said to be a zoonosis; hence, antibiotic resistance in the salmonella serotypes is thought to be derived directly from resistance in the animal reservoir . This thesis seems incorrect for the following reasons: (1) Typhoid and paratyphoidal salmonellae are clearly exceptions to the rule since they are restricted to human hosts . (2) Salmonella isolates involved in food-borne outbreaks disease have not been notable in terms of their antibiotic resistance . (3) In contrast, outbreaks of nosocomial disease, transmitted from person to person and persisting for long periods, have produced and disseminated multiple resistant salmonellae, such as Salmonella wien (another serotype without an animal reservoir) in western Europe . (4) In western Europe and the United States, there are often large differences between the resistance of isolates from animals and that of isolates from humans . (5) In most reported outbreaks of disease caused by antibiotic-resistant Salmonella in humans or animals, the administration of therapeutic concentrations of antibiotics has been implicated . (6) The role of low-concentration, growth-promoting antibiotic feed supplements has been much discussed but never has been delineated or proven . In fact, these supplements probably are totally irrelevant to the development of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella . With regard to Salmonella, there is an exception to every rule; in this case the exception is Salmonella dublin, which in western Europe is a highly antibiotic-resistant serotype in cattle and appears in humans with a similar--and unusual--pattern of resistance. J Gen Microbiol, 1981 Nov, 127, pt 1, 219 - 22 Distribution of group E colicin types in Shiraz, Iran; Waleh NS; Seventy-six (7.5%) of 1007 clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Shigella and Salmonella from patients in Saadi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran, produced colicins of group E . The majority of isolates produced colicin E1 and none produced colicins E2 or E3 . This is the first report of the production of colicin E4 Horak by strains of Salmonella and of colicins E5 and E6 by strains other than Shigella sonnei, and only the second report of the isolation of any strain producing colicin E7. Mutat Res, 1981 Nov, 90(3), 279 - 86 Sister-chromatid exchanges before and after hair dyeing; Kirkland DJ et al.; Sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE( in the peripheral lymphocytes of 13 women and 1 man were scored immediately before, 6 h after and 7 days after the application of a hair dye by a professional hairdresser under normal conditions . All the hair dyes used in this study gave positive results when tested in the Salmonella/microsome test for mutagenic activity . 6 volunteers showed increases and 8 showed decreases in mean numbers of SCE per cell 6 h after dyeing: 2 of these increases and 3 of the decreases wee statistically significant . when the mean SCE per cell of the who group were compared there were no significant difference between the pre-dyeing sample and the 2 samples taken 6 h or 7 days after dyeing . It was concluded that single applications of proprietary hair dyes cause no consistent increase in the SCE levels in the peripheral lymphocytes of the people taking part in this study. Mutat Res, 1981 Nov, 90(3), 213 - 31 Mutagenicity of alkyl glycidyl ethers in three short-term assays; Thompson ED et al.; The mutagenic potential of glycidol and 7 alkyl glycidyl ethers having straight alkyl chains of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 carbon atoms were examined in a battery of in vitro assays . The battery consisted of the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay, the L5178Y mouse lymphoma assay, and unscheduled DNA synthesis using W138 cells . The mutagenic potential of the compounds ranged from strongly mutagenic to non-mutagenic; glycidol exhibited the greatest activity . All the ethers through C-4 showed a definite response whole the C-8 or higher ethers showed very weak or no responses . Dose-response curves were obtained by all 3 assays for those compounds that exhibited mutagenic activity . The sensitivity of each assay is discussed, as are the effects of the liver microsome systems used for metabolic activation. Antibiotiki, 1981 Nov, 26(11), 841 - 3 {Transmissivity of antibiotic resistance factors in intergeneric crossing of salmonellae and Escherichia Crimea}; Kharchenko GI et al.; The results of the crosses between Salmonella and Escherichia 0151C are presented . Transmissive determinants resistant to ampicillin, dentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, monomycin, streptomycin, morphocyclin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol were detected . It was shown that almost 50 per cent of Escherichia 0151K except the transmissive R factors were able to transferring the colicinogenic determinants. Acta Paediatr Scand, 1981 Nov, 70(6), 825 - 9 Neonatal septicemia in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Ohlsson A et al.; Twenty-nine cases of neonatal septicemia from Saudi Arabia are described . A high incidence of prematurity (45%) and congenital malformations (45%) were found as predisposing factors . The mortality was 45%, mainly due to severe malformations and late referrals . Thirty-one percent of the cases grew Salmonella enteritidis species and one case of Bacteroides fragilis septicemia and meningitis is reported . Only two of the organisms isolated were sensitive to ampicillin . The importance of doing studies on neonatal septicemia on a local basis is stressed. Cancer Res, 1981 Nov, 41(11 Pt 1), 4361 - 7 Influence of microsomal and cytosolic fractions from rat, mouse, and hamster liver on the mutagenicity of dimethylnitrosamine in the Salmonella plate incorporation assay; Prival MJ et al.; Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was mutagenic in the Salmonella plate incorporation assay (Ames test) at a level of 10 mumol/plate (3.7 mM) in the presence of hamster liver S-9 . Mutagenicity of DMN at this level was not observed when the S-9 was derived from mouse or rat liver, although the mouse liver and hamster liver S-9 had similar DMN demethylase activities . Both mouse and rat liver S-9 inhibited the mutagenicity of DMN mediated by hamster liver S-9; the inhibitory factor was contained in the microsomal fraction . Mouse or rat liver microsomes did not inhibit the DMN demethylase activity of hamster liver S-9 . The microsomal inhibitor from rat or mouse liver was stable at 60 but was inactivated at 70 degrees . DMN demethylase from both rat and mouse liver was inactivated at 60 degrees . Although the DMN demethylase activity of hamster liver S-9 was contained in the microsomal fraction, DMN mutagenesis under conditions of the assay required the presence of both microsomal and cytosolic (S-105) fractions; the cytosols from hamsters, mice, and rats were all effective . The cytosolic factor required for DMN mutagenesis was sensitive to trypsin and was not dialyzable . The presence of an inhibitor of DMN activation in rat and mouse microsomes may account for, or contribute to, the failure of liver S-9 preparations from these species to activate DMN to a mutagen under standard conditions of the Ames test . The requirement for the cytosolic fraction may indicate that DMN demethylase is not sufficient for the activation of DMN to a mutagen under the conditions used in these studies. South Med J, 1981 Nov, 74(11), 1399 - 401 Salmonella mycotic aneurysm after renal transplantation; Smith EJ et al.; A 50-year-old renal transplant recipient had Salmonella sepsis . When antibiotic therapy failed to eradicate the infection, abdominal aortography revealed an unsuspected mycotic aneurysm . After ligation and aneurysmectomy the patient's blood stream became sterile . Mycotic aneurysm should be considered when Salmonella sepsis is unresponsive to antibiotic therapy. Mutat Res, 1981 Nov, 91(6), 437 - 42 Inhibition of the mutagenicity of cooked-beef basic fraction by its acidic fraction; Hayatsu H et al.; By using the Salmonella/microsome system, it was found that the activity of mutagens present in the basic fraction of cooked-ground-beef was completely suppressed by addition of the acidic fraction obtained from the cooked-beef . The suppression was ascribable to the presence of oleic acid in the acidic fraction . This finding indicates that no, or diminished, mutagenicity would be found in materials containing fat. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1981 Nov, 67(5), 1117 - 22 Greater effectiveness of hepatocyte and liver S9 preparations from hamsters than rat preparations in activating N-nitroso compounds to metabolites mutagenic to Salmonella; Raineri R et al.; A comparison was made of the ability of liver S9 and hepatocyte preparations from noninbred Syrian golden hamsters and noninbred Sprague-Dawley rats to metabolically activate a number of nitroso compounds in the Salmonella mutagenesis assay . The liver S9 and hepatocyte preparations from hamsters were consistently more effective than were preparations from rats in metabolizing nitrosodimethylamine (NDM), nitrosodiethylamine, nitrosodiallylamine, nitrosopyrrolidine (NP), nitrosomorpholine (NM), nitrosodiethylmethylurea (NDEMU), and nitrosodimethyl-ethylurea (NDMEU) to mutagenic forms . The use of hamster S9 preparations with NP and NM resulted in up to 14 times the number of revertant colonies obtained with rat preparations; in the presence of hamster hepatocytes, up to 32 times the number of revertants were obtained . The S9 preparations from male hamsters not treated with the enzyme inducers phenobarbital and Aroclor 1254 were more effective than were those from female hamsters for activating NP, NM, and NDM, NDEMU and NDMEU, which have been reported to be carcinogens but not mutagens, were mutagenic in the presence of induced liver S9 or hepatocyte preparations from hamsters but not from rats . When tested with any of the S9 or hepatocyte preparations, nitrosodiphenylamine and nitrosomethylaniline, also reported to be carcinogens but not mutagens, gave no mutagenic responses . Nitrosodioctyl-amine, which has been reported to be noncarcinogenic, was also not mutagenic. MMW Munch Med Wochenschr, 1981 Oct 2, 123(40), 1498 - 500 {Yersinia enterocolitica infections in Southwest Germany . A report on 580 bacteriologically confirmed cases (author's transl)}; Gartner K; The bacteriological, epidemiological and clinical aspects of human Yersinia enterocolitica infections are discussed with reference to 580 first isolations of Yersinia enterocolitica made from 1972 to 1980 with routine procedures for salmonella/shigella diagnosis, predominantly from stool samples of patients suffering from gastrointestinal diseases. J Gen Microbiol, 1981 Oct, 126(Pt 2), 321 - 6 Characterization of bacteriophage j2 of Salmonella typhi as a generalized transducing phage closely related to coliphage P1; Mise K et al.; Phage j2, a lysogenic phage in Salmonella typhi J2, was shown to produce tiny plaques on various Vi type strains of S . typhi, to be a generalized transducing phage, and to have many characteristics including a serological one in common with phage P1 of Escherichia coli . Lysogenization of various S . typhi type strains with j2 or P1-group phages usually resulted in the alteration of the phage types of the S . typhi strains, except that phage j2 did not cause alteration of type 53 . Phage j2 transduced, at high frequencies, much larger DNA molecules (up to at least 70 megadaltons) than those known to be transduced by Salmonella phage P22: this should prove useful for the genetic analysis of S . typhi. J Hyg (Lond), 1981 Oct, 87(2), 225 - 32 Salmonella in the intestinal tract and associated lymph nodes of sheep and cattle; Samuel JL et al.; The distribution of salmonellas along the gastrointestinal tract and in associated lymph nodes were studied in 100 sheep and 100 cattle at slaughter . Animals were chosen from those slaughtered on the first day of the week, since this meant that they were likely to have been held at the abattoir for several days and thus to be at high risk of salmonella infection . The contents of the rumen, abomasum, ileum, caecum and rectum were sampled, together with the lymph nodes draining each of these sites . Of the cattle, 77 were carrying salmonellas, including 61 with infected lymph nodes, whereas only 43 sheep were infected, 14 of them with infections in the nodes . The lower prevalence in sheep than in cattle might be explained by a shorter time between leaving the property and slaughter . In both species, within the gastrointestinal tract salmonellas were most frequently found in the caecum and rectum and least frequently in the abomasum . In cattle salmonellas were frequently present, usually in large numbers, in the lymph nodes draining the ileum, caecum and colon, but rarely in the ruminal and abomasal nodes; however this difference was not apparent in sheep . Over 70% of infected animals yielded more than one serotype, the maximum number isolated from any one animal being ten. Clin Sci (Lond), 1981 Oct, 61(4), 445 - 9 Measurement of hypozincaemia in mice: a sensitive test for detection of pyrogens; Boobis S et al.; 1 . The effect of bacterial pyrogens on plasma zinc concentration in mice was studied as a method of bioassay for these substances . 2 . A dose-related depression of plasma zinc concentrations was observed 4 h after intravenous injection of doses of 0.05-500 ng of purified endotoxins of Salmonella abortus equi, Shigella dysenteriae and Escherichia coli . Responses were dose-dependent and reproducible for each endotoxin in five strains of mice . 3 . Tolerance to endotoxin could be induced in mice by injection of doses of 500 ng but was not seen with doses of less than 5 ng, even after repeated treatment . 4 . Dinitrophenol, a metabolic inhibitor, and amphetamine, a metabolic enhancer, did not affect plasma zinc levels, indicating that changes in basal metabolic rate do not affect the outcome of this assay . The effects of pyrogenic materials other than endotoxin on plasma zinc levels were also tested and the results suggest that measurement of hypozincaemia in mice provides the basis for a simple, practical and inexpensive test for endotoxins and other pyrogens. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1981 Oct, 42(4), 704 - 7 Modified enrichment-serology procedure for detection of salmonellae in soy products; Surdy TE et al.; A modified enrichment-serology (MES) procedure was used to reduce the time necessary for salmonella analysis . Naturally contaminated samples of soy products were preenriched in 1% proteose peptone for 6 h at 37 degrees C followed by inoculation into tetrathionate broth for 18 h at 37 degrees C . Two drops of the tetrathionate sample were inoculated into M broth . After incubation at 37 degrees C for 6 h, 0.85 ml of the mixture was formolized, and 0.1 ml of polyvalent H antiserum was added . After incubation in water bath at 50 degrees C for 1 h, the appearance of a typical floccular flagellar precipitate was observed in tubes positive for salmonellae . Over 3,000 samples were subjected to standard biochemical and serological procedures, and the results were compared with those of the MES method with a 96.7% correlation . Eleven of the samples (0.3%) were false-negative with the MES procedure, and 3% were false-negative with the U.S . Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual procedure . The 3% negative samples by this latter procedure were subsequently found to be positive by the MES procedure . The MES procedure reduced the time required for salmonella analysis from 4 days to 32 h. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1981 Oct, 42(4), 641 - 8 Mutagenicity testing of some commonly used dyes; Chung KT et al.; Seventeen commonly used dyes and 16 of their metabolites or derivatives were tested in the Salmonella-mammalian microsome mutagenicity test . Mutagens active with and without added Aroclor-induced rat liver microsome preparations (S9) were 3-aminopyrene, lithol red, methylene blue (USP), methyl yellow, neutral red, and phenol red . Those mutagenic only with S9 activation were 4-aminopyrazolone, 2,4-dimethylaniline, N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine, methyl red, and 4-phenyl-azo-1-naphthylamine . Orange II was mutagenic only without added S9 . Nonmutagenic azo dyes were allura red, amaranth, ponceau R, ponceau SX, sunset yellow, and tartrazine . Miscellaneous dyes not mutagenic were methyl green, methyl violet 2B, and nigrosin . Metabolites of the azo dyes that were not mutagenic were 1-amino-2-naphthol hydrochloride, aniline, anthranilic acid, cresidine salt, pyrazolone T,R-amino salt (1-amino-2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic disodium salt), R-salt, Schaeffer's salt (2-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid, sodium salt), sodium naphthionate, sulfanilamide, and sulfanilic acid . 4-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid sodium salt was also not mutagenic . Fusobacterium sp . 2 could reductively cleave methyl yellow to N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine which was then activated to a mutagen. Poult Sci, 1981 Oct, 60(10), 2265 - 9 Field evaluation of the membrane filter-disc immunoimmobilization technique in the detection of salmonellae in egg products; LaRoche RN et al.; The membrane filter-disc immunoimmobilization (MFDI) technique was found to more sensitive than the official US Department of Agriculture (USDA) method for the detection of salmonellae in unpasteurized egg whites, unpasteurized whole eggs, pasteurized dried eggs and pasteurized whole egg samples examined at two processing facilities over a period of 18 months . Of 70 samples of unpasteurized egg samples examined, 39 were positive for Salmonella by the official USDA method while 54 were positive by the MFDI method . All positive samples by the MFDI technique were confirmed by subculturing on differential plating media and by performing biochemical and serological tests on the isolates . Of 67 pasteurized liquid whole egg and dried egg white samples examined, all were negative for Salmonella by the USDA method while Salmonella was isolated by the MFDI technique from one sample of pasteurized whole egg product. Poult Sci, 1981 Oct, 60(10), 2253 - 7 Rapid detection of salmonellae in mechanically deboned poultry meat; Greenwood DE et al.; Samples of frozen mechanically deboned poultry (chicken and turkey) meat were examined for the presence of salmonellae by the conventional cultural method and by a modified membrane filter - disc immunoimmobilization (MFD1) procedure . The modified MFD1 procedure consisted of the following steps: pre-enrichment for 18 hr at 35 C; selective enrichment for 6 hr at 35 C; filtration of 1 ml of selective enrichment culture through a .45 micrometer membrane filter; and incubation for 18 to 24 hr at 35 C of the membrane filter on a semi-solid selective medium in the presence of a disc impregnated with Salmonella polyvalent flagellar antiserum . Presence of Salmonella in a sample was indicated by the immobilization of Salmonella on contact with the antiserum in the semi-solid medium . The modified MFDI procedure was found to be more sensitive than the conventional cultural method for the isolation of salmonella from mechanically deboned poultry meat . Of 100 samples analyzed, only 22 were positive for Salmonella by the conventional cultural procedure while 61 were positive by the modified MFDI procedure . The modified MFDI procedure yielded 1 false negative while the conventional procedure yielded 38 false negatives. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1981 Oct, 89(5), 341 - 6 Class of serum antibodies towards Salmonella enteritidis in gastro-enteritis, as measured by mixed reverse passive antiglobulin haemagglutination (MRPAH); Edebo L et al.; Sera taken from a well-mapped epidemic of Salmonella enteritidis gastro-enteritis among school children and teachers have been tested for antibodies of the IgG, IgM and IgA classes by MRPAH (mixed reverse passive antiglobulin haemagglutination) and for IgG and IgM classes by ELISA . When suitable threshold titres were chosen all sera taken up to 10 days after infection were negative by MRPAH, whereas all samples but one taken between day 16 and 48 showed the presence of antibodies of each three immunoglobulin classes . IgG antibody titres often remained elevated one year after infection whereas IgM and particularly IgA antibodies returned to negative . Up to the 28th day the IgG antibody titre showed a logarithmic increase with time, whereas no simple relationship was observed for the IgM and IgA antibody responses . Estimation of the regression equations for the titres measured by ELISA and MRPAH shows agreement between the two methods. J Hyg (Lond), 1981 Oct, 87(2), 219 - 24 Comparison of selenite F, Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate and Rappaport's medium for salmonella isolation from chicken giblets after pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water; Harvey RW et al.; Six hundred and eighty three samples of chicken giblets were examined for salmonellas . Three hundred and forty nine of these were neck and crop specimens and 224 were combined liver and heart samples . Two hundred and ten, in all, contained salmonellas . The technique of examination included pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water at 37 degrees C for 18 h and subculture to three enrichment media: Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate, selenite F and Rappaport's magnesium chloride malachite green broth . Inocula from buffered peptone water to 10 ml of tetrathionate and selenite were 1 ml in each case . The inoculum from the pre-enrichment medium to 10 ml of Rappaport was 0.005 ml . Tetrathionate and selenite were incubated at 43 degrees C for 48 h . Rappaport's medium was incubated at 37 degrees C for 48 h . Subcultures from all three enrichment broths were made at 24 h and 48 h to brilliant green MacConkey agar . Selective agars were incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 h . The most successful technique for salmonella isolation used Rappaport's medium, which was significantly more efficient than either tetrathionate or selenite . This finding reinforces results obtained using sewage polluted natural water as test material and it is suggested that routine examination of environment samples for salmonellas could be based on Rappaport's medium alone . If S . typhi, S . dublin or subgenus III salmonellas were likely to be present in the sample, the technique described here would require modification. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 1981 Oct, 68(4), 273 - 80 Circannual variations in the B cell/T cell ratio in normal human peripheral blood; Bratescu A et al.; In previous studies we have shown that B cells and subpopulations of T cells can be identified in blood smears with bacteria used as markers that bind spontaneously to lymphocytes . We have also identified Ig-bearing cells by using an Escherichia coli coated with anti-human Ig antibody . Here we determined the absolute values and the percentage of B cells and of other lymphocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood of six normal donors every 2 mo for 1 yr . we found that the total leukocyte counts and the total number of lymphocytes remained unchanged throughout the year, whereas the percentage of B cells in the coldest month was at almost twice the level observed in summer . The percentage of cells that bind Arizona hinshawii ans Salmonella schottmulleri remained practically unchanged during the entire year . A variation was noted in the ratio between T1 and T2 cells, which also appears to be seasonally related . We speculate that hormonal factors, probably corticosteroids, are responsible for changes in the traffic of some lymphocyte subpopulations. J Wildl Dis, 1981 Oct, 17(4), 547 - 54 Endoparasites and selected infectious agents in bobcats (Felis rufus) from West Virginia and Georgia; Watson TG et al.; A total of 143 bobcats (Felis rufus) from West Virginia and 10 bobcats from Georgia was examined for parasites and selected infectious agents . A total of 31 species of parasites was recovered including 1 protozoan, 1 trematode, 4 cestodes, 1 acanthocephalan and 24 nematodes . Results indicate bobcats are important definitive hosts for Sarcocystis sp . and Toxoplasma gondii . Thirteen species (Paragonimus kellicotti, Spirometra mansonoides, Taenia macrocystis, T . rileyi, Capillaria putorii, Toxascaris leonina, Toxocara mystax, Ancylostoma braziliense, A . tubaeforme, Oslerus rostratus, Molineus barbatus, Physaloptera rara, and Troglostrongylus wilsoni) were considered common components of the helminth fauna of southeastern bobcats . Host age and/or host density had significant relationships (P less than or equal to 0.05) to the prevalences of infection of some parasites . Salmonella spp . were isolated from six bobcats, and Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from a single bobcat . Bobcat populations studied did not have overt clinical parasitism or disease during the fall and winter. Mutat Res, 1981 Oct, 90(2), 91 - 109 Mutagenicity of cosmetics ingredients licensed by the European Communities; Gocke E et al.; As part of our investigation into mutagenic effects of environmental compounds, we studied chemicals allowed as ingredients of cosmetics according to the guidelines of the Council of the European Communities (27 July 1976) . We used three systems, the Salmonella/microsome test, the Basc test on Drosophila and the micronucleus test on mouse bone marrow . Of the 31 chemicals tested, 15 were mutagenic in the Ames test; and of these, 5 were also mutagenic in the Basc test and 2 in the micronucleus test. Avian Dis, 1981 Oct-Dec, 25(4), 954 - 63 The immunosuppressive effect of Mycoplasma meleagridis on nonreplicating antigens; Ortiz AM et al.; The humoral responses of Mycoplasma meleagridis-free and -infected turkeys were compared following primary and secondary antigenic stimulation with inactivated Salmonella pullorum or dinitrophenyl-bovine gamma globulin . The mycoplasma-infected groups had significantly lower antibody responses to both antigens . The suppression was more evident in the secondary response . The results suggest that the immune response in turkeys infected with M . meleagridis is similar to that of bursectomized chickens: the ability of chickens to synthesize immunoglobulin G is affected more readily than the ability to synthesize IgM. Avian Dis, 1981 Oct-Dec, 25(4), 810 - 20 Oral salmonella antigens for the control of salmonella in chickens; Truscott RB; Multivalent antigen preparations of sonicated lyophilized cells derived from up to 6 different salmonella serotypes were added in decreasing levels to broiler feed throughout the broiler's life . Several preliminary experiments challenging chicks via contaminated feed with some of the homologous serotypes showed that salmonellae were cleared more rapidly from treated chicks than from untreated controls and that fewer isolations of salmonellae were made from their ceca. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1981 Sep 29, 670(2), 230 - 5 A comparison of the actions of trypsin and pepsin on porcine immunoglobulin M and their effects on biological activity; Beale D et al.; The action of trypsin at 55 degree C and pH 8.3 on pig IgM anti-Salmonella has been compared with the action of pepsin at 37 degree C and pH 4.6 . Both processes cause the gradual removal of Fab arms and Cmu2 domains to produce eventually an (Fc)5 fragment . However, during tryptic digestion Fab arms are preferentially removed from the same subunit, whereas peptic digestion causes random removal from any subunit . At intermediate stages of digestion both processes produce partially fragmented molecules which consist of an (Fc)5 portion still attached to limited numbers of Fab arms . Both processes cause a gradual decrease in the ability of molecules to agglutinate Salmonella, but complement fixation by the complexes declines much more rapidly . A stage is reached where molecules having four Fab arms can still agglutinate but there is no complement fixation . However, the remaining arms on the tryptic molecules are distributed in pairs on the same subunit, whereas those on the peptic molecules are distributed randomly . Hence the number of remaining Fab arms, rather than their distribution, appears to be the critical factor which influences biological activity . A possible explanation for this is discussed. Nord Vet Med, 1981 Sep-Nov, 33(9-11), 427 - 33 The incidence of Salmonella bacteria in wild-living animals from Denmark and in imported animals; Nielsen BB et al.; In a 6 year examination (1975-80) of 3036 game mammals and 3004 game birds from Denmark, and of 684 warm-blooded animals of foreign origin, Salmonella was found in 0.2% of Danish mammals, 0.8% of danish game birds, and 0.1% of the animals of foreign origin . Furthermore, Salmonella was isolated from 16% of 605 mute swans which died from starvation during the winter 1978-79, and from 2.4% of 296 faeces samples from hooded crows . Even though the occurrence of Salmonella among Danish cattle has been increasing during recent years, this does not seem to be the case among game, mallards excepted . Mallards raised in breeding units are often treated with antibiotics as a routine; in this way the mortality due to Salmonella is reduced, but some birds will still carry Salmonella bacteria when released . The high salmonella frequency among the mute swans that died during the winter of 1978-79 was probably a result of large numbers of birds gathering in harbours or in small stretches of open water near sew outlets. Spine, 1981 Sep-Oct, 6(5), 527 - 30 Chronic osteomyelitis of the thoracic spine due to Salmonella typhi: a case report; Carvell JE et al.; A young woman with a 12-year history of symptoms of osteomyelitis of her spine had been treated for unproven tuberculous disease . During an acute flare-up of her symptoms, bacteriologic proof of Salmonella typhi infection was obtained, and the patient was treated with chloramphenicol and amoxycillin . The case illustrates the difficulties involved in making a radiologic diagnosis and the value of obtaining bacteriologic identification of the organism. Arch Dis Child, 1981 Sep, 56(9), 676 - 83 Sickle cell haemoglobinopathies in England; Mann JR; Ninety-six Birmingham children with sickle cell disease were studied prospectively between 1969 and 1979 . Thirty-five were homozygotes for HbS (SS), 12 had sickle thalassaemia (S thal), and 23 were double heterozygotes for HbS and C (SC) . Twenty-six whose family studies were incomplete were classified as SS or S thal although most were thought to be SS . The average length of follow-up was 5.1 years . Four SS children and 1 SC child died, the annual mortality rates being 1.3% for SS and presumed SS, 0% for S thal, and 0.9% for SC children . The incidence of pulmonary illnesses and anaemic crises was greater than reported from Jamaica, while leg ulceration described there and in New York was not observed in Birmingham . Severe infections were less common than in the series reported from New York and no case of salmonella osteomyelitis was observed in Birmingham . In general the S thal and SC children had milder illnesses than the SS, and the SS children often showed impairment of growth and sexual maturation. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1981 Sep, 14(3), 187 - 95 Salmonellae in Tan-Shui River (author's transl)}; Tseng HC et al.; A total of 61 water samples collected from 10 stations along the Chilung River, Hsintien Chi, Ta-han River were examined for salmonellae from Sep . 1978 to July 1979 . There were 227 Salmonella strains isolated . After biochemical test and serological identification, 31 serotypes were verified . They were classified into 12 groups: B, C1, C2, C3, D1, E1, E2, E4, F, G2, H and R . S . derby was isolated in the highest rate (27.75%) and was followed by S . kuru (11.89%), S . worthington (7.93%), S . cambridge (5.73%), S . panama (4.41%) . Twenty-three serotypes were firstly recovered from Taiwan area. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1981 Sep-Oct, 132B(2), 197 - 214 Comparative studies on Salmonella johannesburg bacteriophages: morphology, virulence and interactions with the host cell lipopolysaccharide; Girard R et al.; Two long-tailed and two short-tailed bacteriophages are spontaneously released from the Salmonella johannesburg 7.58(R+) strain, and could be propagated on the susceptible strain 5.58(R-) . The two long-tailed phages could be distinguished by their tail morphology, and are not adsorbed on a column of sepharose coupled to LPS (R-) . The two short-tailed particles (group C of Bradley, group C1 of Ackermann) are converting phages . They are thermostable, are adsorbed on a column of sepharose-LPS, and possess an endo-glycosidase activity leading to the cleavage of the LPS of the sensitive strain . However, one of these short-tailed phages, termed phi 1(40), is a temperate phage producing small and turbid plaques, although the other one, termed phi 1(40)vir, is a virulent phage producing large and clear plaques . A polysaccharidic antigen could be coupled to these phages but the corresponding antiserum was unable to inactivate the modified bacteriophages. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 Sep, 20(3), 336 - 43 Mutagenicity of quindoxin, its metabolites, and two substituted quinoxaline-di-N-oxides; Beutin L et al.; The quinoxaline-di-N-oxides carbadox, olaquindox, and quindoxin, which are potent antibacterial agents, were tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella microsomal system . They all induced base pair substitutions and frameshift mutations in Salmonella, and occurred independently of the presence of a rat liver microsomal fraction in the test system . Mutagenicity was dependent on the presence of their N-oxide groups, since quinoxaline, a completely reduced derivative of quindoxin, was not mutagenic, whereas the partially reduced quinoxaline-N-oxide exhibited a lower mutagenic activity than quindoxin . recA and uvrB Salmonella were found to be more susceptible to mutagenic quinoxaline derivatives than wild-type strains . The mutagenicity of quinoxaline-di-N-oxides was enhanced under anaerobic incubation as was the antibacterial activity . These results suggest that both the antibacterial and mutagenic activity of quinoxaline-di-N-oxides depend upon the same bacterial activation mechanism. Mutat Res, 1981 Sep, 90(1), 67 - 78 Bacterial mutagenicity and toxicity of cycloaliphatic epoxides; Frantz SW et al.; The mutagenicity of 12 cycloaliphatic epoxides was investigated using the Ames Salmonella assay without the addition of liver homogenate fractions . Base-pair substitution mutagenic activity was detected for 8 members of this series of compounds, confirming our laboratory's previous observations of weak mutagenic response at high dose levels for cis-1,2-disubstituted epoxides . While mutagenicity decreased with expanding ring size, inhibition of bacterial growth increased for increases in ring size . Toxicity accompanying the required high doses for the demonstration of mutagenicity for these compounds prevented the establishment of meaningful dose-response ranges for the remaining epoxides tested . The volatility observed with these oxiranes also made dose-response establishment difficult but was countered by the use of petri dish sealing bands during incubation . Mutagenicity in this series was found to be generally more pronounced in TA1535 while toxicity was detected with greater sensitivity by TA100 . The use of the less permeable strains TA92, TA1950 and TA2410, all having normal lipopolysaccharide cell wall coatings, failed to reduce this marked toxicity . The repair test compared results in TA1535 (repair-deficient strain) with TA1975 (repair-proficient strain) and demonstrated that the bacteria were not being killed by damage to DNA since toxicity was not reduced in TA1975. Mutat Res, 1981 Sep, 90(1), 31 - 48 A procedure for the quantitative measurement of the mutagenicity of volatile liquids in the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay; Barber ED et al.; We have designed a closed, inert incubation system for testing the mutagenicity of volatile compounds . The containment properties of this system have been investigated using carbon-14 labelled 1,2-dibromoethane . The recovery of this solvent was about 95% following a 48-h incubation at 37 degrees . Using the Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay we have determined the mutagenic potency of 10 common halogenated alkane solvents . Of these 10 compounds, only 1,2-dibromoethane and 1-bromo-2-chloroethane give positive results in the standard test procedure, whereas 7 of the 10 give positive results in the closed system . The specificity observed for reversion of the tester strains and the lack of any significant effect of added rat-liver "S9" fractions suggest that these haloalkanes are direct-acting "base-pair" type mutagens . The mutagenic potencies of the 7 positive compounds range from 0.001 revertants per nanomole for 1,2-dichloroethane to 0.172 revertants per nanomole for 1,2-dibromoethane . A minimum or threshold response level for each material has been calculated. Antibiotiki, 1981 Sep, 26(9), 706 - 10 {Rifampicin (benemycin) treatment of salmonellosis in nursing infants}; Vorottyntseva NV et al.; The efficacy of rifampicin (benemycin) in combined therapy of salmonellosis in 145 infants, including 25 newborns was studied . The data indicated that it was highly effective and superior to the other drugs, such as levomycetin, polymyxin, ampicillin and furazolidone, widely used at present for the treatment of salmonellosis in children . The efficacy of rifampicin was due to the high sensitivity to it of various Salmonella strains, including polyresistant strains of S . typhimurium, as well as the peculiar characteristics of its pharmacokinetics, i . e . the ability for rapid absorption into the blood, the effect on the bacteria located in the cells and excretion with bile . When used orally or rectally in a daily dose of 15--20 mg per 1 kg bw for a short-term treatment course rifampicin induced no side effects or allergic reactions . It is concluded that rifampicin (benemycin) may be used as a valuable reserve drug for the treatment of the severe forms of salmonellosis caused by polyresistant strains of S . typhimurium in infants and newborns . It is not advisable to use the drug for the treatment of children with moderate and nonsevere forms of salmonellosis since it may be the cause of the development of resistance to it in Salmonella. Cancer Res, 1981 Sep, 41(9 Pt 1), 3424 - 9 Activation of N-hydroxyphenacetin to mutagenic and nucleic acid-binding metabolites by acyltransfer, deacylation, and sulfate conjugation; Vaught JB et al.; N-Hydroxyphenacetin was activated to a mutagen in the Salmonella-Ames test by rabbit liver acyltransferase, rat liver cytosol, and rat liver microsomes . N-{ring}3H}-Hydroxyphenacetin was bound to transfer RNA when activated by acyltransferase from rabbit or rat liver or rat liver microsomes . The acyltransferase-catalyzed binding was not inhibited by paraoxon, a deacetylase inhibitor . The use of N-hydroxyphenacetin radioactively labeled in the acetyl group, as well as the ring, indicated that deacetylation was involved in the microsome-catalyzed binding reaction . In addition, the microsome-catalyzed binding was inhibited 90% by paraoxon . p-Nitrosophenetole, a deacetylated derivative of N-hydroxyphenacetin, was synthesized and bound to transfer RNA without enzymatic activation . Activation of N-hydroxyphenacetin by sulfate conjugation was also found to lead to binding to transfer RNA . The data implicated acyl transfer, deacetylation, and sulfate conjugation as possible routes for the activation of N-hydroxyphenacetin. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1981 Sep, 12(3), 357 - 63 Immunological study of typhoid fever in man . II Cell-mediated immune response; Sangpetchsong V et al.; The development of cell-mediated immune response to lipopolysaccharide and Barber protein from Salmonella typhi was investigated in patients suffering from typhoid fever . The cell-mediated immunity as measured by the leukocyte adherence inhibition test, was demonstrable in 77% of patients with typhoid fever but only in 5.6% of healthy controls . It was found that cell-mediated immune response appeared after the first week of illness and persisted for at least 4 weeks . The time course development of cell-mediated immune response and humoral immune response was correlated but the magnitude of each response was independent on one another. Infect Immun, 1981 Sep, 33(3), 784 - 7 Immune response to parental and rough mutant strains of Salmonella minnesota; Michael JG et al.; Specificity of immune response to smooth and rough mutant strains of Salmonella minnesota was investigated . Immunization of mice with Rd and Re rough mutants resulted in formation of bactericidal plaque-forming cells directed against the lipopolysaccharide structure of both the mutants and the parental smooth strain . These antibody plaques, however, were not bactericidal for smooth strains of other gram-negative species, i.e., Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella dysenteriae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Plaques produced against the smooth strain of S . minnesota or other species were not bactericidal for rough strains . It was concluded that immunization with rough mutants produces bactericidal antibodies directed against the closely related parental strain but not against smooth strains of unrelated bacterial species . The relevance of these observations to the nonspecific protection by rough mutants is discussed. J Immunol, 1981 Sep, 127(3), 906 - 11 A genetic locus responsible for salmonella susceptibility in BSVS mice is not responsible for the limited T-dependent immune responsiveness of BSVS mice; Briles DE et al.; BSVS mice are known to be highly susceptible to salmonella infection . We have shown that the bulk of the difference in susceptibility between BSVS and salmonella-resistant A/J mice is the result of a genetic difference at a single locus not closely linked to H-2, Igh-C, or Hbb, and not X-linked . We have backcrossed the A/J allele at this locus into BSVS mice for 8 successive generations and have demonstrated that the salmonella resistance afforded by this allele is not the result of a restoration of the generalized poor T-dependent responsiveness of BSVS mice . The salmonella resistance locus we have examined with these 2 strains is probably the same as the Ity locus described by others. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1981 Sep-Oct, 74(5), 477 - 84 {Carriers of Salmonella among the people of four villages in Abidjan area (Ivory Coast) (author's transl)}; Dosso M et al.; The authors relate the results of a bacteriological investigation carried out among the people of four villages from Abidjan outskirts (about 1,704 inhabitants) . They searched for individuals expelling Salmonellas from their faeces . This investigation, which lasted a year enabled, out of 1,754 cultures to isolate 109 strains belonging to various serotypes, four new ones among them . The isolations frequency increases with the rainy season, and has been especially important in one of the villages . Animals expell Salmonellas from their dejections, in a high percentage of cases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 Sep, 20(3), 382 - 6 Chloramphenicol transposons found in Salmonella naestved and Escherichia coli of domestic animal origin; Terakado N et al.; Salmonella naestved strain AHI-21, of calf origin, harbors a conjugative R plasmid of group H1, pTE21, which encodes resistance to chloramphenicol (Cm), tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfadimethoxine . Escherichia coli strain AHI-1, of pig origin, also harbors a conjugative R plasmid of group I alpha, pTE1, which encodes resistance to chloramphenicol and trimethoprim . When either of these R plasmids coexisted with a nonconjugative plasmid, pMK1, which is a composite plasmid of ColE1 and a kanamycin transposon (Tn5), transposition of the Cmr gene into pMK1 occurred independently of the host recA gene function, indicating that both R plasmids contained Cm transposons, Tn3351 and Tn3352 . Electron microscopic analysis of self-annealed and heteroduplex molecules showed that they were of approximately 1.7 megadaltons in size and were inserted within the ColE1 loop region of pMK1 . However, inverted repeat structures were not seen in these two Cm transposons . Restriction enzyme cleavage analysis showed that both Tn3351 and Tn3352 were indistinguishable in their cleavage patterns, suggesting that they were almost identical in deoxyribonucleic acid sequence despite the difference in their origin . These results suggest that the reciprocal transposition of the Cmr gene might have occurred between Salmonella and E . coli in nature. Ann Trop Paediatr, 1981 Sep, 1(3), 191 - 5 Problems in the clinical diagnosis of typhoid fever in children in the tropics; Laditan AA et al.; Between January 1976 and December 1978, the Microbiology Department of University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan, isolated Salmonella typhi from the blood cultures of 93 children aged 0-14 years, who were admitted to the paediatric wards . Clinical case notes were retrieved and reviewed in 64 (68.8%) of them . Fifteen (23%) of the 64 children were less than one year of age while 22 (34%) were under the age of five years . The commonest presenting symptoms were fever, anorexia, diarrhoea and vomiting . A febrile convulsion was the presenting symptom in 13 (20%) of the patients, all of whom were under the age of five years . Hepatomegaly was almost twice as frequently observed as splenomegaly . Intestinal perforation was present in five of the patients . There was a high proportion of SS children who presented with fever, pallor, jaundice, generalized aches and pains and other clinical features of sickle cell disease and it is possible that such children are specially susceptible to typhoid fever . A clinical diagnosis of typhoid fever on admission was made in only 14 of the 64 children . Reasons are given for the low index of suspicion and it is suggested that any child with unremitting fever after adequate anti-malarial chemotherapy should be treated for enteric fever. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1981 Aug 21, 106(34), 1054 - 60 {Immunopathological complications in enteric yersiniosis: incidence and serological diagnosis (author's transl)}; Knapp W et al.; Using the Widal reaction, significant titres against Yersinia enterocolitica, O-group I and V, were found in 300 of 2843 patients (10.5%) with reactive arthritis or arthralgia, and in 38 (1.3%) against Y . pseudotuberculosis type I to V . Of 510 patients with erythema nodosum 86 (16.9%) and 30 (5.9%), respectively, had significant agglutinin titres against one or the other . The results confirm the aetiological significance of Y . pseudotuberculosis, type I to V, in reactive arthritis and erythema nodosum, as well as the essential saturation of patient sera especially with Salmonella of the B or D group in the demonstration of significant antibody titres against Y . pseudotuberculosis, type II and IV . Complement-fixation tests cannot be recommended for the diagnosis of enteric Yersiniosis and its complications . Only in 201 of 554 serum samples (36.3%) with significant agglutinin titres against Y . enterocolitica O-group I and V (0 : 3 and 0 : 9 after Winblad) did the results of the Widal reaction and the microcomplement-fixation reaction agree, titres apart. Vet Rec, 1981 Aug 15, 109(7), 136 - 8 A long-term serological study of a flock of chickens naturally infected with Salmonella pullorum; Thain JA et al.; The serological reactions of a group of chickens naturally infected with Salmonella pullorum were observed for one year . The conventional whole blood test, rapid slide test and tube agglutination test were used in the study and compared with the microagglutination and microantiglobulin tests . Results of the whole blood rapid slide and tube agglutination tests were as consistent as those produced with the microagglutination and microantiglobulin tests in detecting one third of the birds as reactors . However, for the detection of antibody to S pullorum among the remaining birds, the microantiglobulin test proved to be significantly more consistently positive than all the other tests, the results of which fluctuated widely . The potential value of the microantiglobulin test for the eradication of S pullorum in cases of persistent infection is discussed. Aust Vet J, 1981 Aug, 57(8), 389 - 90 Salmonellosis in transported feral goats; McOrist S et al.; An outbreak of acute diarrhoea and deaths was investigated in a group of 1,016 feral goats of varying ages, on a 400 hectare Gippsland pine plantation . The goats had recently been captured in north western New South Wales and transported by truck to Melbourne, Victoria, a journey of 20 to 25 hours, and maintained in holding yards for up to 10 days . They were then transported for a further 3 hours, and released in the Gippsland plantation . Within 1 to 2 weeks of release many goats developed acute, severe diarrhoea, weakness and recumbency . Thirty-eight percent of all goats died in the first 2 months on the farm . Autopsy findings were characteristic of salmonellosis in 13 (43%) of the 30 goats examined and Salmonella sp were cultured from these and one other goat (47%) . Four different serotypes of Salmonella were represented (S . adelaide, S . typhimurium, S . muenchen, S . singapore) . The findings support the view that stress due to transport and intensive handling caused carriers of Salmonella to develop into active excretors with high cross infection to susceptible goats. Infect Immun, 1981 Aug, 33(2), 338 - 42 Local cell-associated immunity in the Peyer's patches of mouse intestines; Marneerushapisal V et al.; After oral infection of mice with a Salmonella strain, low numbers of organisms could be found in the Peyer's patches of the small intestine . In the course of a few days the organism in the Peyer's patches multiplied to about 10(5) and then were steadily eliminated so that by 10 days, very few organisms could be found in the lymphoid follicles . Because no organisms could be found in the spleen or other organs during this period, it is probable that the decline in numbers was due to killing of the organisms in situ . This development of antibacterial ability was not inhibited by treatment with cyclophosphamide, in contrast to the rapid growth of organisms which occurred in the spleen after intravenous injection in the presence of cyclophosphamide . The difference in behavior between Peyer's patches and the spleen upon treatment with cyclophosphamide is explained in terms of the extent of natural priming of Peyer's patches due to continual contact of the intestine with gram-negative enteric organisms . Once the spleen was primed, cyclophosphamide did not interfere with the elimination of a second challenge with the same organism. Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1981 Aug, 249(3), 418 - 20 {Salmonella bruck: a new salmonella-serotype (6,7:z:l, w) (author's transl)}; Burkhardt F et al.; A new Salmonella serotype (S . 6,7:z:l,w) was isolated from a stool specimen of a 40 years old businessman after a several weeks journey in Nigeria with a two days stay in Lagos . The strain was finally confirmed as a new Salmonella serotype on January 1th, 1980, by Prof . Le Minor, International Salmonella Center, Paris . The strain was introduced as Salmonella bruck into the Kaufmann-White-Scheme, Supplement No . XXIII (1979). J Hyg (Lond), 1981 Aug, 87(1), 71 - 81 Furazolidone resistance in Salmonella gallinarum: the relationship between in vitro and in vivo determinations of resistance; Smith HW et al.; Of 22 strains of Salmonella gallinarum isolated from recent outbreaks of infection in poultry in Greece (15) . Amman (3), Kenya (2), Lebanon (1) and Yemen (1), 20 were more resistant to furazolidone in vitro than 6 strains that had been isolated in the U.K . in the 1950s; the minimum inhibitory concentration of furazolidone was approximately 0.3 microgram/ml for the sensitive strains and 1.3 or 2.5 microgram/ml for the more resistant strains . Furazolidone given continuously in the food did not control experimental infections in chickens caused by most of the strains that had been classed as more resistant by the in vitro tests . Chloramphenicol, trimethoprim and sulphadiazine or mixtures of the latter two were the best antibiotics for treating these infections, but they were less satisfactory than furazolidone for treating infections caused by the furazolidone-sensitive strains . As a group, the furazolidone-resistant strains and furazolidone-resistant mutants of one of the sensitive strains were less virulent for chickens than the sensitive strains. J Hyg (Lond), 1981 Aug, 87(1), 35 - 41 Isolation of Salmonella with the use of 100 ml of the R10 modification of Rappaport's enrichment medium; Vassiliadis P et al.; One hundred and eighty samples of pork sausages were examined after pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water (P medium), for the presence of salmonellas . From each pre-enrichment four enrichments were made: (1) o.1 ml of P medium was inoculated into 10 ml of Rappaport's medium formula R 10 (R 10/43 degrees C), /2) 1 ml of the P medium was added to 100 ml of R10 broth (R10/100 ml/43 degrees C), (3) 1 ml of P medium was inoculated into 10 ml of Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate broth (MK medium) prepared in accordance with the International Standards Organization document ISO 3565 (MK/43 degrees C) and (4) 10 ml of P medium were added to 100 ml of MK broth (MK/100 ml/43 degrees C) . All the enrichments were incubated at 43 degrees C for 48 h . Forty-six and 47 samples were found positive with the first two enrichment methods (R10/43 degrees C and R10/100 ml/43 degrees C), while only 16 samples were found positive with the method MK/43 degrees C, and 27 with the methods MK/100ml/43 degrees C . The superiority of either one of the two R10 procedures over either one of the two MK methods is statistically highly significant (paired Chi2; P less than 0.001 in all four comparisons) . The superiority of procedures MK/100 ml/43 degrees C over the method MK/43 degrees C is also statistically significant (P less than 0.005) . Both R10/43 degrees C and R10/100 ml/43 degrees C procedures had a much stronger inhibitory effect on the competing organisms (lactose- and sucrose negative) than the two MK methods. Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1981 Aug, 249(3), 362 - 72 {Active immunization to experimental salmonellosis in mice protective properties of Salmonella R mutants against infection with different pathogenic Salmonella species (author's transl)}; Schlecht S; Mice (NMRI) were immunized twice with acetone-killed bacteria from 13 different Salmonella R-mutant and 6 Salmonella S form strains . Of the R mutants one strain was a semirough mutant, 9 strains belonged to the chemotype Ra, one to chemotype Rb2 and 2 to chemotype Re . Of the S forms 2 strains derived from serological group B, 2 from group D1 and one strain from each of group C1 and C2 . Ten days after immunization the animals were challenged with increasing numbers of S-form bacteria (the same S strains as those used for immunization) administered intraperitoneally . The virulence (LD50) of the strains used was between 6 x 10(2) and 3 x 10(5) cells . The results show that every mutant was capable of affording protection to the S-form bacteria used, i.e . the protection was not confined to the species used for immunization; nevertheless differences in the degree of protection were present . These differences were found both in the ability of the different mutants to protect towards the same infecting microorganism and in the protection obtained by individual mutants towards infection with the different S-forms . With certain strains a relatively high degree of protection was obtained, with others the protection was low compared to that seen with homologous S form vaccines . In infection with s . typhimurium, unlike infection with other S-forms, the homologous R mutants were superior to the other mutants in their immunizing properties . Immunization with heterologous S-forms yielded similar results as those obtained with R mutants . S-forms with identical O-antigens were not necessarily comparable in their protective properties . Although the protective effect of R mutants was generally lower than that produced by homologous S-form vaccines, the present results show that in a few cases an equally high protection may also be obtained by R mutants . The present results lead to the conclusion that the cell-surface of Salmonella contains, in addition to the known antigens, other components playing an important role in inducing immunity to infection . A partial divergence in the pattern of such components among the different vaccines, would explain the extension of immunity obtained by the heterologous species also. Mutat Res, 1981 Aug, 85(4), 195 - 205 Mutagenicity of nitro derivatives induced by exposure of aromatic compounds to nitrogen dioxide; Tokiwa H et al.; Mutagenic nitro derivatives were readily induced when 6 kinds of chemicals were exposed to 10 ppm of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) . Single nitro derivatives were formed from pyrene, phenanthrene, fluorene or chrysene . Carbazole and fluoranthene each produced 2 derivatives substituted with nitro groups at different positions . The formation of nitro derivatives was enhanced by exposure of pyrene to NO2 containing nitric acid (HNO3, less than 100-fold enhancement) or sulphur dioxide (SO2, less than 15-fold enhancement) . After 24 h of exposure the yields of the nitro derivative were 0.02% with 1 ppm of NO2 in air and 2.85% with NO2 (1 ppm) containing traces of HNO3 . The nitro derivatives from all but phenanthrene and carbazole were chemically identified by means of gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS), and the mutagenicity of the 4 kinds of authentic nitro derivatives was tested by using Salmonella strains TA98 and TA1538 with or without the S9 fraction from rat liver treated with Aroclor 1254 . The nitro derivative induced from pyrene was determined to be 1-nitropyrene; that of chrysene was 6-nitrochrysene; that of fluorene was 2-nitrofluorene; and those of fluoranthene were 3-nitrofluoranthene, and 8-nitrofluoranthene . Tested with strain TA98 in the absence of the S9 fraction, the first 4 of these derivatives yielded, respectively, 3050, 269, 433 and 13 400 revertants per nmole . Thus, each nitro derivative formed was potentially a direct-acting frameshift-type mutagen . Each compound exposed to NO2 showed a decreased mutagenic activity when tested in the presence of S9 mix . A possible explanation comes from experiments in which 1-nitropyrene was incubated with the S9 mix at 37 degree C for 10 min, and 1-aminopyrene was formed . The mutagenic activity of 1-aminopyrene was appreciable, but only about one-tenth of that of 1-nitropyrene in the Ames test. Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1981 Aug, 92(8), 66 - 8 {Increase in the number of antibody-secreting cells and cells secreting non-specific immunoglobulins following mouse immunization with T-dependent and T-independent antigens}; Agadzhanian MG et al.; BALB/c mice were immunized with sheep red blood cells (T-dependent antigen) or with Vi-antigen Salmonella typhi (T-independent antigen) . The kinetics of the development of antibody-forming and nonspecific immunoglobulin-forming cells (AFC and nIFC) was examined . It was shown that both antigens induce an increase in the nIFC number . The time course of AFC and nIFC growth during the primary and secondary immune responses appeared to be similar . Simultaneous injection of both antigens resulted in the formation of nIFC in an amount which was equal to the total number of nIFC formed in response to the antigens injected alone . It is concluded that T-dependent and T-independent antigens induced the differentiation of varying populations of nIFC precursors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1981 Aug, 218(2), 464 - 9 Protective effects of aspirin in endotoxic shock; Halushka PV et al.; Endotoxic shock is associated with increased metabolism of arachidonic acid to thromboxanes (TX) and prostaglandins (PG) . This study assessed the effects of varied doses of aspirin, an inhibitor of arachidonic acid metabolism, on Salmonella enteriditis endotoxin (20 mg/kg)-induced mortality, plasma levels of arachidonate metabolites and other pathophysiological sequelae in Long-Evans rats . Aspirin, in doses of 3.75, 15 an 30 mg/kg, given 30 min before endotoxin significantly (P less than .01) improved 24-hr survival from 11% to 60 to 70%, but 100 mg/kg afforded no protection . Pretreatment with aspirin (15 or 100 mg/kg) 30 min before endotoxin significantly (P less than .001) decreased the endotoxin-induced elevations in plasma levels of immunoreactive (i) TXB2, a stable metabolite of TXA2, i6-keto PGF1 alpha, a stable metabolite of PGI2 and significantly (P less than .05) inhibited thrombin-induced in vitro platelet iTXB2 synthesis . Endotoxin-induced hypoglycemia and elevations in serum acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activities, lysosomal enzymes, were all significantly (P less than .01) attenuated by pretreatment with aspirin (15 mg/kg) 30 min before endotoxin . Aspirin (15 or 100 mg/kg) given 24 h before challenge with endotoxin significantly improved 24-hr survival to 42 (P less than .01) and 44% (P less than .005), respectively . Although 24 hr pretreatment with aspirin (15 or 100 mg/kg) significantly (P less than .001) reduced endotoxin-induced elevations in iTXB2, only the 100 mg/kg dose significantly lowered plasma levels of i6-keto PGF1 alpha . These observations are consistent with the notion that the beneficial effects of aspirin seen in experimental endotoxic shock may be mediated, in part, via reduction of platelet TXA2 synthesis. Mutat Res, 1981 Aug, 83(1), 15 - 24 Effect of glutathione and uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid on mutagenesis by benzo{a}pyrene and aflatoxin B1 in the Salmonella/microsome assay; Malaveille C et al.; In the Salmonella/microsome plate or liquid assay, the addition of glutathione (GSH) and uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA), both cofactors for GSH-S-transferases or UDPGA-transferases, altered the rat-liver microsome-mediated mutagenesis of benzo{a}pyrene (BP) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB) . With either BP or AFB, an increased, unchanged or decreased number of revertant colonies of S . typhimurium was observed, depending on the substrate concentration, the source of rat-liver 9000 X g supernatant (S9), the time of incubation and the type of mutagenicity test (liquid or plate assay) . Several factors responsible for quantitative changes in the pattern of BP and AFB metabolites under various assay conditions in vitro, which alter the overall mutagenic activity of the parent compound, are discussed. Ann Immunol (Paris), 1981 Jul-Aug, 132D(1), 25 - 41 Ribonucleic acid-protein purified from Salmonella typhi involved in experimental immunity; Molinari JL et al.; An immunogenic complex was obtained from Salmonella typhi by the bacterial acetone powder method . This complex induced in mice a high degree of protection against a challenge with the virulent Salmonella . This immunogenic complex was fractionated at least into 19 fractions when chromatographied on a DEAE-cellulose column . By SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 25 protein bands were observed . Eleven DEAE-cellulose fractions were tested in order to know their immunogenicity . Mice were inoculated with 10 micrograms of protein of each fraction . Seven days after, the mice received a booster . Thirty days after the first inoculation, the animals were challenged with S . typhi resuspended in chondroitin-sulphate at 13%, by the intraperitoneal route . Appropriate control mice were included; 30 min before the challenge, mice had been inoculated with 850 microgram of lead acetate by the intravenous route . The immunogenic complex protected 100% of mice; six of its fractions were good immunogens; one of them, the fraction 4, was shown to contain at least 3 proteins by electrophoresis assay . This fraction induced in mice a high degree of protection against the challenge by the virulent Salmonella . Finally, a ribonucleoprotein purified from this fraction was highly immunogenic to mice against the challenge by 10 LD50 of S . typhi (1 LD50 was equivalent to 2 X 10(6) CFU). J Gen Microbiol, 1981 Jul, 125(Pt 1), 213 - 6 A simple method for the isolation of flagellar shape mutants in Salmonella; Fujita H et al.; During prolonged static cultivation of liquid cultures of Salmonella strains with normal flagella, flagellar shape mutants occurred spontaneously and their proportion in the cultures increased so that they were easily isolated by spreading dilutions of the cultures on semisolid medium . By this method various types of flagellar shape mutants, including curly, straight and polymorphous mutants, were obtained. Res Vet Sci, 1981 Jul, 31(1), 19 - 26 Appraisal of the suitability of a disease model of acute salmonellosis in calves for chemotherapeutic studies; White G et al.; When young calves were dosed orally with 10(10) organisms of a culture of Salmonella dublin, typical symptoms of acute salmonellosis followed with a death rate of 86 per cent . Peak mortality occurred six days after infection . As a result of a statistical appraisal of the consistency of mortality in groups of untreated calves a model is proposed for the therapeutic evaluation of antibacterial compounds, which compares the number of survivors in groups of seven or eight calves with a minimum of four needed for significant indication of efficacy . Bacteriological and pathological investigations showed that the experimental disease was initially an acute systemic infection followed by severe enteritis . Measurements of plasma concentrations of enzymes and other constituents did not achieve the desired objective of establishing a method of quantitative evaluation of the clinical status of individual animals, although some changes occurred which were consistent with the pathology of the disease and suggested possible mechanisms by which jaundice occurred. Res Vet Sci, 1981 Jul, 31(1), 120 - 6 Responses of fluke-infected and fluke-free cattle to experimental reinfection with Salmonella dublin; Aitken MM et al.; Cattle, aged nine to 18 months, were given sublethal doses of Salmonella dublin either intravenously, orally on two occasions, or by contact for 19 to 22 weeks with a persistent excretor . When challenged by intravenous injection of 10(9) S dublin at 10 to 22 weeks after their first exposure to S dublin 22 out of 36 animals survived . All similarly challenged cattle, which had not been previously exposed to S dublin, died . Infection with Fasciola hepatica did not alter the ability of cattle to survive reinfection with S dublin but the bacteria persisted in the tissues and were excreted in the faeces of fluke-infected animals for longer than in fluke-free animals . The ability to survive reinfection and to eliminate S dublin from the tissues was apparently unrelated to agglutinating antibody titres or delayed hypersensitivity. Res Vet Sci, 1981 Jul, 31(1), 10 - 3 Experimental infection of pigs with Oesophagostomum dentatum: pathogenesis and parasitology of repeated mass infection; Poelvoorde J et al.; Pigs receiving a limited ration of 1 kg commercial feed per day were infected daily with 50,000 Oesophagostomum dentatum larvae . The animals exhibited serious diarrhoea and anorexia . Although there was neither anaemia nor hypoproteinaemia, there was a significant decrease in plasma sodium and an increase in blood urea nitrogen at the end of the experiment . Large numbers of third and fourth stage larvae were found in the ileal, caecal and colonic mucosae . Only fourth stage larvae, never adults, were observed in the lumen . A continual expulsion of large quantities of third and fourth stage larvae were demonstrated in the faeces beginning with the appearance of diarrhoea . Neither Vibrio coli, Salmonella spp nor Balantidium coli contributed to the course of the enteritis. J Rheumatol, 1981 Jul-Aug, 8(4), 613 - 20 Immune complexes in polyarthritis after Salmonella gastroenteritis; Manicourt DH et al.; In a case of polyarthritis after salmonella gastroenteritis the levels of circulating immune complexes (CIC) (C1q-binding assay) correlated closely with disease activity . This observation suggests that systematically absorbed salmonella antigens may lead or contribute to the formation of CIC . CIC activate both the classical and alternate complement pathway and may be important in the pathogenesis of the arthritis associated with salmonella infection. J Rheumatol, 1981 Jul-Aug, 8(4), 605 - 12 Concurrent systemic lupus erythematosus and salmonellosis; Lovy MR et al.; Salmonellosis was diagnosed in 4 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) . Three patients were taking prednisolone, and 3 had evidence of nephritis . All patients were febrile with clinical evidence of lupus activity at the time of diagnosis . Two patients had evidence of hyposplenism during the infection . Because salmonellosis manifests clinical symptoms like those of active SLE, the diagnosis of the salmonella infection was delayed . In 3 patients, the salmonella infection localized to a site of clinical SLE involvement and in all 4 patients, it occurred simultaneously with other bacterial infections . Multiple factors, including impaired mononuclear phagocytic system function, may predispose SLE patients to bacterial infections, especially intracellular parasites such as salmonella. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1981 Jul, (7), 27 - 30 {Formation and persistence of L-variants of Salmonella typhi in experimental typhoid and in carriers}; Levina GA et al.; The possibility of the induction and persistence of S . typhi L-forms in the process of experimental typhoid infection and carriership has been studied in rabbits . This study has revealed that the process of L-transformation leading to the appearance of the imbalanced growth forms and unstable L-forms of S . typhi in the organism of the animals infected with S . typhi culture may occur under the conditions of carriership . Such changed forms can be detected in the organism of the animals 18 months after the primary infection. J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1981 Jul, 64(4), 899 - 928 Comparative efficiency of brilliant green, bismuth sulfite, Salmonella-Shigella, hektoen enteric, and xylose lysine desoxycholate agars for the recovery of Salmonella from foods: collaborative study; Andrews WH et al.; The relative efficiency of brilliant green (BG), bismuth sulfite (BS), Salmonella-Shigella (SS), xylose lysine desoxycholate (XLD), and Hektoen enteric (HE) agars for the recovery of Salmonella from 5 foods was collaboratively studied in 11 laboratories . The analytical efficiency of various paired combinations of the 5 agars was statistically compared according to 3 parameters: (1) productivity or recovery of Salmonella, (2) rate of enumeration of cultures that were false positive for Salmonella, and (3) rate of enumeration of false-negative reactions . In descending order of productivity, the sequential ranking was BS, XLD, HE, BG, and SS agars . In ascending order, the rates of false-positive reactions based on a statistical analysis of paired agar combinations was HE, BS, BG and XLD (tie), and SS agars . Analogously, in ascending order, the sequence of false-negative reaction rates was BS, XLD, HE, BG, and SS agars . The combination of BS, XLD, and HE agars is more efficient for recovery of Salmonella from foods than is the present official combination of BG, BS, and SS agars . The revision of official final action method 46.054 to replace the combination of BG, BS, and SS agars with a combination of BS, XLD, and HE agars has been adopted official first action. J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1981 Jul, 64(4), 893 - 8 Pre-enrichment broths for recovery of Salmonella from milk chocolate and edible casein: collaborative study; Poelma PL et al.; A collaborative study was conducted to compare the relative efficiency of nonfat dry milk with brilliant green dye (NFDM-BG and buffered peptone water (BPW) as pre-enrichment broths for recovery of Salmonella from milk chocolate . Lactose broth and modified lactose broth with added 1% NaHCO3 and brilliant green dye were compared as pre-enrichment broths for recovery of Salmonella from edible casein . Two sets of 8 samples each of milk chocolate, containing initial levels of Salmonella ranging from less than 0.03 to 43 organisms/g, were examined by 13 collaborators . Of 104 determinations, 102 (98.1%) and 100 (96.2%) using NFDM-BG and BPW, respectively, were in agreement with sample results of the control laboratory . Two sets of 7 samples each of edible casein, containing initial levels of Salmonella ranging from less than 0.03 to 93 organisms/g, were also examined by the 13 collaborators . Of 91 determinations, 87 (95.6%) and 88 (96.7%) using lactose broth and modified lactose broth, respectively, were in agreement with sample results of the control laboratory . For recovery of Salmonella, therefore, NFDM-BG pre-enrichment is recommended for milk chocolate, and lactose broth is recommended for casein . The proposed revision of official final action method 46.054-46.067 has been adopted official first action. Am J Vet Res, 1981 Jul, 42(7), 1251 - 3 Pig neutrophil adherence in experimentally induced salmonellosis; Smith GS et al.; In vitro neutrophil adherence was characterized in healthy newly weaned pigs following experimentally induced infection with Salmonella choleraesuis, A typhimurium, and S anatum . The adherence of pig neutrophils to nylon fiber columns was shown to be reproducible on a day-to-day basis . Neutrophil adherence was significantly increased in a group of pigs at 6, 30, and 48 hours after S choleraesuis was inoculated (orally) . Neutrophil adherence was not significantly altered in groups of pigs inoculated with S typhimurium and S anatum, although individual pigs did show an apparent increase in adherence after S typhimurium was inoculated . An association between increased neutrophil adherence and acute inflammatory disease was made. Exp Hematol, 1981 Jul, 9(6), 581 - 7 Effects of low-dose total-body irradiation on canine bone marrow function and canine lymphoma; Cowall DE et al.; Low-dose total-body irradiation, 150 rad given in 10 fractions over 5 weeks, is a useful treatment modality for favorable-prognosis lymphomas . Little is known, however, about the effects of this regimen on normal bone marrow . Six healthy beagle dogs and 5 dogs of various breeds with lymphoma were treated with total-body irradiation . Three of the 5 lymphomatous dogs achieved remissions of limited duration . No changes in hemograms or in bone marrow cellularity (as assessed by needle marrow biopsies) could be detected during or after treatment . Bone marrow progenitor cells were studied weekly during treatment and for 4 weeks thereafter using in vitro growth assays for GM-CFC and M-CFC . These studies demonstrated significant reductions (P less than 0.001) of granulocyte and macrophage progenitor cells with subsequent recovery toward normal pre-irradiation and sham irradiation values . Two additional dogs were injected with sublethal doses of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin 2 weeks after completion of the irradiation regimen . Their bone marrow GM-CFC responses were dramatically blunted compared to nonirradiated controls whereas their peripheral leukocyte responses and serum CSF levels were comparable to nonirradiated controls . These studies suggest that total-body irradiation may induce bone marrow injury that may be clinically significant if patients so treated are further stressed by infections or myelosuppressive drugs. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1981 Jul, 42(1), 130 - 4 Attachment of Salmonella spp . to chicken muscle surfaces; Thomas CJ et al.; Immersion of chicken muscle fascia in water or physiological saline caused collagen associated with the connective tissue to expand and form a dense network of fibers on the surface . Similar changes were noted for muscle perimysium . Two test strains of Salmonella spp . attached to the collagen fibers only when muscle was immersed for extended times in water . Bacteria did not attach to the fascia or perimysium of muscle that was transiently immersed in suspensions . The presence of sodium chloride in the suspension media prevented firm attachment, whereas saline rinses removed many attached cells. Clin Pediatr (Phila), 1981 Jul, 20(7), 448 - 52 Enteric fevers in children . The importance of age in the varying clinical picture; Khuri-Bulos N; The experience with enteric fevers in 71 children hospitalized at the Jordan University Hospital over a 4-year period is reviewed . Forty-one children were male and 30 female . Salmonella typhi was the causative organism in 26 and Salmonella paratyphi A and B, in the remaining 45 patients . Twenty-five children were less than two years of age, and the remaining 46, older than two . Gastroenteritis-like symptoms were seen more often in the younger age group, who also tended to lack splenomegaly and leukopenia . Further, the younger children were sicker at the time of admission and had a longer illness than the older ones . It is concluded that while enteric fevers lead to a mild illness in the older child, in infants and very young children the fevers were often characterized by a severe and protracted illness, the seriousness of which was complicated by delay in diagnosis. Mikrobiyol Bul, 1981 Jul, 15(2), 99 - 103 {Three strains of Salmonella arizona isolated in microbiology laboratory of Hacettepe children's hospital}; Berkman E; We isolated three strains of Salmonella arizona during our routine daily laboratory work . Those isolations were made on patients who originally came from different parts of the country . Two isolations were made from the hospital four months after each other . Third isolation was made on a patient who was examined in outpatient clinic . This communication indicates first isolations and the presence of Salmonella arizona in Turkey. Avian Dis, 1981 Jul-Sep, 25(3), 696 - 705 Competitive exclusion of intestinal colonization of Escherichia coli in chicks; Weinack OM et al.; A native gut microflora of chickens that protected chicks against Salmonella was evaluated against six pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli using similar methodology . Nalidixic-acid-resistant forms of the E . coli strains were derived for use in seeder-bird and individual-bird challenge tests . A substantial degree of exclusion of intestinal colonization of each of the six pathogenic strains of E . coli was secured in chicks that had been treated with native gut microflora . E . coli appeared to colonize chiefly the crop and cecum . Native gut microflora limited to a much lesser degree the "normal" E . coli present in the intestinal tract of test chicks . The mechanism of protection appears to be similar to that for Salmonella: native gut microflora and E . coli competed for sites of attachment. Mutat Res, 1981 Jul, 89(3), 209 - 15 Nitrosamine-induced mutagenesis in Escherichia coli K12 (343/113) . 1 . Mutagenic properties of certain aliphatic nitrosamines; Rao TK et al.; The Escherichia coli K12 (343/113) test system developed by G . Mohn was used to detect the mutagenic activity induced by a group of aliphatic nitrosamines . Metabolic activation was incorporated into the assay by the addition of liver homogenates induced in either Sprague-Dawley rats or C3H mice with the addition of 0.1% phenobarbital to the drinking water . Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) was mutagenic upon metabolic activation and exhibited a preference to revert the missense mutation at the arginine locus . NDEA was also capable of inducing the forward mutation, selected as an ability to utilize galactose . NDEA was converted effectively into a mutagen in a time period of 30 min to 2 h . Metabolic activation with the mouse and rat liver preparations did not result in quantitative differences . Aliphatic nitrosamines that gave unexpected results with the Salmonella assay {4-10} were examined in the E . coli system . Nitrosodipropylamine (NDPA) and nitrosodiallylamine (NDAA) were mutagenic in both E . coli and Salmonella . Nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA) was not mutagenic in Salmonella but was mutagenic in E . coli, and a strong carcinogen, nitrosomethylneopentylamine (NMNA), was not mutagenic in either assay . These results indicate the use of multiple genetic assays for the detection of genotoxic chemicals in our environment. Mutat Res, 1981 Jul, 82(2), 213 - 27 A "spiral test" applied to bacterial mutagenesis assays; de Flora S; A new procedure (the spiral test) has been set up and validated for the distribution of chemicals in bacterial mutagenesis assays . This method involves the use of a special instrument (spiral plater), which dispenses, along a spiral track, decreasing volumes of liquid samples, from the near centre to the periphery of a rotating agar plate . A gradient of concentration of a compound up to about 1500:1 is thus formed on a single plate . The activity of 18 mutagens of various potencies and chemical classes was checked in the Salmonella/microsome test by dispensing their solutions either on the surface of top agar (method A) or of the minimal-glucose agar medium, before the addition of molten top agar incorporating bacteria and eventually S9 mix (method B) . Compared with the spot test, the gradient of concentration of a compound produced by the spiral diluter was much wider and more gradual . Even nondiffusible chemicals (e.g . benzo{a}pyrene and benz{a}anthracene) were efficiently detected in the spiral test, as well as very weak (e.g . mebanazine and trimethylphosphate) or borderline (e.g . perylene, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine and procarbazine) mutagens, which were negative in the spot test . Method B was at least as sensitive as the plate-incorporation test, such a goal being achieved in a single plate instead of in serial plates . Technical problems made method A less sensitive, but it was more efficient in detecting unstable mutagens (e.g . beta-propiolactone) . Like the plate test, the spiral test appeared to be suitable for a semi-quantitative assessment of mutagenicity data, and was efficient in demonstrating both the activation of promutagens and the deactivation of some directly acting mutagens . Preliminary assays were also carried out with repair-proficient (WP2) or -deficient (TM1080: lexA-/polA-/R391, and CM871: lexA-/uvrA-/recA-) trp- strains of E . coli. Mutat Res, 1981 Jul, 82(2), 201 - 11 Amaranth suppresses the mutagenicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene by lowering the concentration of NADPH in top agar; McCalla DR et al.; Addition of 1 mg amaranth (FD&C Red No . 2) to the top agar of Salmonella/S9 assay plates decreased the yield of revertants induced by 20 micrograms 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) by over 50% and additional amaranth completely eliminated the mutagenic response . Similar suppression of AAF mutagenicity was seen with sulfonazo III, another azo dye . The suppressive effect of amaranth was greatest at low S9 concentrations and decreased as the amount of S9 was increased . When N-hydroxyacetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF) was used as mutagen, amaranth had little or no effect on either the number of revertants obtained or the S9 optimum . Similarly, 1-naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid (a reduction product of amaranth) did not significantly affect the mutagenicity of AAF . The rate of metabolism of {14C}AAF by the S9 preparations was shown to be markedly decreased by amaranth, as were the levels of both the phenolic metabolites and of N-OH-AAF . Thus, it appeared that amaranth acts by blocking the conversion of AAF to N-OH-AAF and that this effect is caused by the amaranth itself and not by its constituent amines . Further experiments indicated that amaranth greatly decreased the levels of NADPH formed in reaction mixtures comparable to S0 mix in top agar and that such reaction mixtures also metabolized amaranth to colourless compounds . It appears likely that in top agar, NADPH reacts with amaranth at a fast enough rate to limit severely the level of the reduced co-factor (which must be formed from NADPH+ by the action of endogenous glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) and thus decreases the rate of activation of mutagens by other NADPH-dependent processes. Arch Surg, 1981 Jul, 116(7), 954 - 6 Nonaneurysmal suppurative aortitis; Bardin JA et al.; Two patients had nonaneurysmal suppurative aortitis . In one, the aortic ruptured and the patient died . The second patient had Salmonella sepsis and occlusion of the infrarenal aorta . He was treated with aortic resection and extra-anatomic bypass, but died 20 months later of an unrelated illness . Patients with Salmonella sepsis who are over 50 years of age or who are suspected of having aortic atherosclerosis should be evaluated carefully for aortitis since rupture or aneurysm formation is associated with a dismal prognosis. An Esp Pediatr, 1981 Jul, 15(1), 13 - 22 {HLA system and collagen diseases (author's transl)}; Bueno M et al.; Association of histocompatibility antigen (HLA antigens) with collagen diseases is not a casual event . Even known data, the practical conclusions have a limited usefullness because there is not a definitive correspondence between HLA antigens and rheumatic diseases . With HLA typing is possible to determine risk populations . The pauciarticular type II of juvenile reumatoid arthritis (J.R.A) is associated with HLA-B27 in the 75% of cases . Also, this antigen is associated with ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's disease, Behcet disease, psoriasic arthritis, reactive arthritis (yersinia, shigella, salmonella) . Systemic lupus erythematosus has been described associated with HLA-B8 and HLA-DRw2. Am J Vet Res, 1981 Jul, 42(7), 1266 - 8 Purification and further characterization of phenol extract from Listeria monocytogenes; Singh SP et al.; A phenol-water extract of Listeria monocytogenes virulent strains 9-125 (serotype 4b) was purified by 3 cycles of ultracentrifugation . The purified extract reacted positively in Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay at a concentration of 1 microgram/ml . This value was 1,000 times higher than that for Salmonella abortus equi lipopolysaccharide . The phenol extract was toxic to chicken embryos (median lethal dose was 40.5 micrograms) and contained carbohydrates (heptose, hexose, hexosamine, methylpentose, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctanate, dideoxyhexose), lipid, 16 amino acids in the protein moiety, glucosamine, galactosamine, phosphorus, and ribonucleic acid. Acta Virol, 1981 Jul, 25(4), 230 - 4 Lipid A component of lipopolysaccharides from Coxiella burnetii; Schramek S et al.; Free lipid A from phase I and phase II Coxiella burnetii lipopolysaccharides was isolated and studied serologically . Antisera against lipid A from phase I and phase II C . burnetii cross-reacted with the lipid A preparations from both phases as well as with Salmonella lipid A. Vet Rec, 1981 Jun 27, 108(26), 553 - 5 Human and animal salmonellosis in Scotland associated with environmental contamination, 1973-79; Reilly WJ et al.; Twenty-six incidents of salmonellosis occurring in Scotland between 1973 and 1979 and attributed to environmental pollution are reviewed . The apparent sources of pollution were sewage effluent (10 incidents), septic tank effluent (eight), sewage sludge (three), seagulls (three) and abattoir effluents (two) . Cattle were the species predominantly affected . Human infection was primary in three incidents and was secondary to bovine infection in another four . Thirteen salmonella serotypes were recovered from infected humans or animals and 17 during related environmental investigations . The factors causing pollutions and possible control measures are discussed. S Afr Med J, 1981 Jun 27, 59(27), 995 - 6 Salmonella meningitis . A report of 4 cases; Stones DK et al.; Four cases of salmonella meningitis occurring in young children from an area in which typhoid fever is endemic are described . The paucity of clinical signs and misleading initial lumbar puncture results in some cases are outlined, and the clinical picture, treatment and mortality are discussed. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1981 Jun 15, 178(12), 1268 - 72 Bovine salmonellosis attributed to Salmonella anatum-contaminated haylage and dietary stress; Glickman LT et al.; An epizootic of salmonellosis in a dairy herd started 2 days after the feeding of a new shipment of medicinal-smelling soybean meal . Clinical findings consisted of diarrhea or fever (greater than 39 C), or both, and markedly decreased milk production . The attack rate was 73% in lactating cows, 3% in calves, and 0% in nonlactating cows . There were no deaths, but 1 cow aborted a late-term fetus . Salmonella anatum was isolated from feces, milk, pharynx, uterine fluid, haylage, and bird droppings from a hayfield . The epidemiologic findings suggested that haylage contaminated by wild birds and improperly stored in a silo was the source of infection and that the precipitating event was ingestion of spoiled soybean meal. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1981 Jun 15, 106(12), 599 - 612 {Epidemiological studies on Salmonella in a particular area ('Walcheren Project') . V . Studies on the possibility of fattening pigs free from Salmonella (author's transl)}; Oosterom J et al.; Four trials were made to study the possibility of fattening pigs free from Salmonella under field conditions . One pig-sty on a Salmonella-contaminated farm was used in these studies . Previous studies had shown that Salmonella-free fattening pigs could be produced under experimental conditions . A number of hygienic measures were adopted on the farm, such as the purchase of Salmonella-free piglets, the use of correctly pelleted feed, thorough cleaning and disinfecting of the pig-sty, and the prevention of all infections originating from the environment . Notwithstanding all these measures, completely Salmonella-free pigs could not be obtained . In three out of four experiments, even a mass infection with Salmonella even became apparent among the pigs . During the experiments a number of possible routes of infection were detected . The presence of these possible routes of infection was due to the fact that the measures referred to were not carried out accurately . This suggests that it will be very difficult to satisfy the requirements of strict hygiene under field conditions . Further experimental studies will have to show whether this is usually the case . During the third and fourth trial, studies were not confined to the farm, but also extended to the period of slaughter . From these investigations it became apparent that transport to as well as the period of waiting in the slaughter-house also provide several opportunities for contamination of the pigs, in spite of extensive cleaning and disinfection of both cattle-truck and lairages. Biochemistry, 1981 Jun 9, 20(12), 3591 - 8 Primary structure of the phage P22 repressor and its gene c2; Sauer RT et al.; The amino acid sequence of the Salmonella phage P2 repressor and the DNA sequence of its gene c2 have been determined . Sequential Edman degradations on intact P22 repressor and repressor peptides generated by proteolytic and chemical cleavages have been overlapped to give approximately 97% of the complete protein sequence . Additionally, the nucleotide sequence of the P22 c2 repressor gene has been determined by DNA sequencing techniques . The DNA sequence and partial protein sequence are collinear and together define the complete amino acid sequence of P22 repressor . The repressor is a single-chain 216 amino acid polypeptide . Basic residues in the sequence tend to be clustered, and residues 9-20 are highly basic, containing five arginyl and three lysyl residues . The carboxyl-terminal 133 amino acids of the c2 repressor are homologous to the carboxyl-terminal sequence of the coliphage lambda cI repressor . The amino-terminal sequences of these two repressors show little similarity. Jpn J Med Sci Biol, 1981 Jun, 34(3), 179 - 80 A new Salmonella serovar: Salmonella itami (9,12:1,z13:1,2); Sakazaki R et al.; A new Salmonella serovar, here names Salmonella itami, was isolated from a traveller suffering from gastroenteritis, who had just returned from Thailand . The isolate belonged to the subgenus I of Salmonella, and the antigenic formula was determined to be 9,12:1,z13:1,2. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1981 Jun, (6), 36 - 9 {Salmonella typhi L-transformation process in in vivo experiments using diffusion chambers}; Levina GA et al.; The process of L-transformation of S . typhi was studied under conditions of diffusion chambers implanted into the abdominal cavity of rabbits with different immunological status . The process of L-transformation of S . typhi in vivo was induced by the action of humoral immunity factors . No unbalanced growth forms and L-forms of S . typhi were found to appear in the organism of nonimmune animals. Int J Epidemiol, 1981 Jun, 10(2), 181 - 5 Geographical distribution and epidemiological incidence of phage-types of Salmonella weltevreden in India during 1958-1974; Sood LR et al.; Phage-typing of Salmonella weltevreden was carried out with a set of 6 typing phages and the geographical distribution of 946 strains isolated during 1958-1974 studied . Phage-type 5 was the most predominant type and types 2 and 7 were found exclusively in India . Strains isolated from epidemics and epizootics were studied to assess the epidemiological significance and utility of the scheme based on the set of six typing phages . Phage-types from various sources in different geographical regions were studied with reference to the incidence in man