Reproduction, 2003 May, 125(5), 733 - 41 Effect of oestradiol treatment on mast cell populations and microflora in the vaginal cul-de-sac of seasonally anoestrous brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula); Mahoney PM et al.; Mast cell populations in the vaginal cul-de-sac of female brushtail possums do not appear to be related to microbial invasion but changes in their density occur at oestrus, indicating a hormonal influence . The present study examined the effect of treatment with oestradiol on microflora and on mast cell numbers and their spatial location in cul-de-sac tissue of seasonally anoestrous brushtail possums . Tissue was collected from seasonally anoestrous brushtail possums (n = 6 per group) that were either untreated (anoestrous group) or were subjected to 6 days of treatment with oestradiol (oestradiol group) administered via subcutaneous implants or with the oil vehicle alone (control group) . Tissue was collected aseptically for microbiological procedures and the fractionator and optical disector were used to quantify mast cell populations . Microflora populations were low (< 4.0 x 10(4) organisms g(-1)) and numbers of mast cells were similar in all groups . Mast cell density was greatest in epithelial and connective tissues from seasonally anoestrous and control animals and lowest in oestradiol-treated possums, in which there was a significant increase in cul-de-sac mass and volume . There is an inverse relationship between circulating oestrogen concentrations and mast cell density in possum cul-de-sac tissue, which is probably the result of an increase in tissue volume. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 2000 Jul-Aug, (4 Suppl), 117 - 21 {Role of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the etiology of atherosclerosis}; Likhoded VG et al.; The review of literature on the role of C . pneumoniae in the etiology of atherosclerosis is presented . The patients with coronary disease show a greater detection rate and higher titers of antibodies to C . pneumoniae . The causative agent can be detected in atheromas in of immunocytochemical studies and by means of electron microscopy, as well as in the polymerase chain reaction . In addition, live C . pneumoniae can be isolated from atheromas . The process of atherogenesis is modeled by infecting susceptible animals with chlamydiae . C . pneumoniae induce the formation of foam cells in the culture of human macrophages due tho the surplus absorption of cholesterol by macrophages from low-density lipoproteins . Chlamydial lipopolysaccharide is capable of inducing the formation of foam cells . The conclusion has been made that C . pneumoniae is one of the possible etiological agents of atherosclerosis . The possible role of the endotoxins of bacteria of the intestinal microflora, regularly supplied to the blood stream in the presence of sharply decreased immunity to endotoxins, in the etiology of atherosclerosis is also supposed. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 2000 Jul-Aug, (4 Suppl), 92 - 5 {Microbiological approaches to the prognostication of inflammatory complications after intrauterine interventions}; Kremleva EA et al.; The species composition and persistence parameters of vaginal microflora in women after intrauterine interventions (intrauterine contraception and artificial abortion) has been studied . The relationship between inflammatory complications after intrauterine interventions and previous changes in the microflora has been established . Criteria for the evaluation of vaginal microbiocenosis, making it possible to prognosticate the appearance of inflammatory complications after intrauterine interventions, have been worked out. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 2000 Jul-Aug, (4 Suppl), 82 - 5 {Some features of tonsillar microflora and microbial interaction (in normal and pathological states)}; Bukharin OV et al.; The description of a new method for the determination of interaction between bacterial strains isolated from the mucous membrane of tonsils of healthy children and patients with chronic tonsillitis . In the analysis of mutual influence of symbionts on the hemolytic, lecitovitellase, lysozyme and antilysozyme activity of microbes isolated from healthy children no changes in the expression of these pathogenicity and persistence factors have been detected in the overwhelming majority of cases (70.8-89.9%) . In the microflora of sick children interactions were synergic with respect to pathogenicity factors in 35.2-46.7% of cases and antagonistic in 18.7-31.3% of cases. Meded Rijksuniv Gent Fak Landbouwkd Toegep Biol Wet, 2002, 67(2), 343 - 51 Suppression of Pythium spp . by Trichoderma spp . during germination of tomato seeds in soilless growing media; Aerts R et al.; In the Flemish horticulture Pythium spp . is an important pathogen of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculenthum) in soilless growing media . Therefore some experiments were conducted to evaluate the possibility of decreasing the damage caused by Pythium spp . by Trichoderma spp . In a tray with several growing media, a suspension of Trichoderma conidia (10(6)/ml growing medium) was applied two weeks before sowing . On some objects, a compost extract (Biostimulus) was added . The growing media used in the experiment were rockwool, recycled rockwool and recycled coconut fibre . After sowing, the trays were covered with perlite . Three isolates of Trichoderma spp.: T . asperellum (Biofungus), T . harzianum (Tri 003) and Trichoderma sp . (KHK) and two isolates of Pythium spp.: P . ultimum (MUCL) en P . aphanidermatum (HRI, UK) were used . Propamocarb was used as a chemical standard . The use of coconut fibre growing medium resulted in a higher percentage (36%) of germination than the rockwool media when only Pythium spp . was used . The presence of the spontaneous developing microflora in the coconut fibre medium gave probably also a suppression of Pythium spp . For that reason the results of the suppression by Trichoderma spp . are not easy to explain and very variable on the different objects . Pythium ultimum was more suppressed than P . aphanidermatum on all the growing media and the application of all the Trichoderma isolates increased the germination percentage of tomato seeds . T . asperellum (Biofungus) gave on rockwool also a good result for the suppression of P . aphanidermatum (increasing of germination with 48%) . This effect was comparable with the propamocarb treatment (48%) . T . harzianum (Tri 003) gave a small suppression (22%) and Trichoderma sp . (KHK) gave almost no suppression of P . aphanidermatum (7%) . When less Trichoderma conidia were applied the germination percentage decreased . The adding of a compost extract (Biostimulus) had no influence on the results . This experiment shows that application of Trichoderma conidia in the presence of Pythium spp . increases the germination percentage of tomato seeds, sowed in the used soilless growing media. Curr Issues Intest Microbiol, 2003 Mar, 4(1), 21 - 32 Prebiotics and calcium bioavailability; Cashman K; A prebiotic substance has been defined as a non-digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon . Therefore, compared to probiotics, which introduce exogenous bacteria into the colonic microflora, a prebiotic aims at stimulating the growth of one or a limited number of the potentially health-promoting indigenous micro-organisms, thus modulating the composition of the natural ecosystem . In recent years, increasing attention has been focussed on the possible beneficial effects of prebiotics, such as enhanced resistance to invading pathogens, improved bowel function, anti-colon cancer properties, lipid lowering action, improved calcium bioavailability, amongst others . The objective of this review is to critically assess the available data on the effects of prebiotics on calcium bioavailability, and place it in the context of human physiology and, when possible, explain the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms . The review will also try to highlight future areas of research that may help in the evaluation of prebiotics as potential ingredients for functional foods aimed at enhancing calcium bioavailability and protecting against osteoporosis. Environ Toxicol Chem, 2003 Apr, 22(4), 784 - 90 Structural and functional approach to studying pesticide side-effects on specific soil functions; Liebich J et al.; The microbial communities in the soil are responsible for material cycling and thus also for maintaining the fertility of agricultural soils . In order to assess pesticide side effects on the soil processes, detailed knowledge is required about the structure and function of the soil microflora . Therefore, the degradation and humification of 14C-labeled maize straw was studied in process-oriented microcosms . Apart from a native orthic luvisol, a heat-treated soil was used that has been freed from organic carbon by incineration at 600 degrees C . Microbial communities involved in the turnover of the crop residues were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rDNA sequences . Both 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography were used to analyze humic acids produced in the microcosms . To evaluate the sensitivity of the microcosms, the influence of the fungicide dithianon was used in a case study at a concentration of 50 mg/kg . Microbial activity was reduced because of the application of the pesticide, especially in the native soils, while mineralization of 14C-labeled maize straw was only slightly affected . The buildup of fungal biomass was inhibited for at least three weeks . Despite these effects on the microbial communities, no significant differences in the humification products after 26 weeks of incubation were observed. Life Sci Space Res, 1976, 14, 345 - 9 On methods of detection of extraterrestrial life; Imshenetsky AA et al.; New methods have been developed for detecting microbial growth from the microflora of desert soils . The first is a polarimetric method in which the fall in optical activity due to assimilation of D-glucose is followed . Detectable changes with desert soils were seen in a few hours, and the method can be employed with small amounts of material . The second method is the release of heat from metabolizable substrates as measured by a microcalorimeter . In the presence of glucose a characteristic response from desert soils was found within 24 hours. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol, 2003 May-Jun, 16(3), 188 - 202 EEMCO guidance for the in vivo assessment of skin surface pH; Parra JL et al.; The pH of the skin follows a sharp gradient across the stratum corneum (SC), which is suspected to play an important role in controlling the enzymatic activities involved in cellular metabolism and renewal . This gradient is maintained by several systems, such as sweat and sebum secretion and degradation as well as cellular metabolism . At the surface of the skin, what is measured is in fact an apparent skin pH due to extracted material from the SC diffusing into water applied at the surface . pH values recorded at the surface of a semi hydrophobic milieu such as the SC should be interpreted with great caution because it is obvious that hydrogen ions are not in a pure solution at the surface of the skin . For a correct measurement of skin surface pH, it is recommended to follow all practical operating conditions . Care must be taken in identifying the skin site, healthy controls (age, gender, skin type), the time of day of the measurement and the environmental conditions . Also, subjects should receive precise instructions before the test, mainly in terms of hygiene procedure or use of topical products . The interpretation of data should not overlook the fact that even small differences in pH may reflect significant modifications at the molecular level . Although it is usually agreed that the pH of the skin surface may influence the cutaneous microflora, much remains to be learnt about the role of the acid mantle of the skin with regard to defensins and other protective mechanisms . J Med Microbiol, 2003 Apr, 52(Pt 4), 365 - 9 Molecular analysis of the microflora in chronic venous leg ulceration; Hill KE et al.; There is growing evidence to suggest that the resident microflora of chronic venous leg ulcers impairs cellular wound-healing responses, thereby playing an important role in maintaining the non-healing phenotype of many of these wounds . The significance of individual species of bacteria will remain unclear until it is possible to characterize fully the microflora of such lesions . The limitations and biases of culture-based microbiology are being realized and the subsequent application of molecular methods is revealing greater diversity within mixed bacterial populations than that demonstrated by culture alone . To date, this approach has been limited to a small number of systems, including the oral microflora . Here, for the first time, the comprehensive characterization of the microflora present in the tissue of a chronic venous leg ulcer is described by the comparison of 16S rDNA sequences amplified directly from the wound tissue with sequences obtained from bacteria that were isolated by culture . The molecular approach demonstrated significantly greater bacterial diversity than that revealed by culture . Furthermore, sequences were retrieved that may possibly represent novel species of bacteria . It is only by the comprehensive analysis of the wound microflora by both molecular and cultural methods that it will be possible to further our understanding of the role of bacteria in this important condition. J Nutr, 2003 Apr, 133(4), 1127 - 31 Pigs' gastrointestinal microflora provide them with essential amino acids; Torrallardona D et al.; The synthesis of essential amino acids by the gut microflora of pigs, and their absorption, were assessed from the incorporation of (15)N from dietary (15)NH(4)Cl and of (14)C from dietary (14)C-polyglucose into amino acids in the body tissues of four pigs . Both (15)N and (14)C were incorporated into essential amino acids in body protein . Because pig tissues cannot incorporate (15)N into lysine or (14)C into essential amino acids, the labeling of these amino acids in body protein indicated their microbial origin . The absorption of microbial amino acids was estimated by multiplying the total content of each amino acid in the body by the ratio of the isotopic enrichment of the amino acid in the body to that in microbial protein . Because the ratio of (14)C:(15)N in body lysine was closer to that in the microflora of the ileum than to that of the cecum, absorption was assumed to take place exclusively in the ileum . The estimates of microbial amino acid absorption from (14)C-labeling were as follows (g/d): valine 1.8, isoleucine 0.8, leucine 2.0, phenylalanine 0.3 and lysine 0.9, whereas for lysine, the estimate from (15)N-labeling was 1.3 g/d . We conclude that the gastrointestinal microflora contribute significantly to the amino acid requirements of pigs. Lik Sprava, 2002, (8), 63 - 5 {Characterisation of microbial growth and role of the foot tendinous-synovial formation in pathogenesis of diabetic gangrene of the lower extremity}; Islamov AS et al.; The paper is based on the analysis of results of treatment of 74 patients with diabetes mellitus complicated by pyo-necrotic injuries of the foot . In all patients, microbiological procedures were done besides general clinical studies . The material for microbiological assays was the purulent exudation taken from the deeper portions of the wound immediately after lancing the pathological focus . The microbial content was studied separately in fragments of the tendon from its distal (adjacent to the wound) and proximal (every other 6 to 7 cm within the confines of the intact common integument) ends . In the wound, it came up to 6.45 +/- 0.16 lg/ml and 5.2 +/- 0.31 lg/ml (P < 0.05), in the distal end it was 5.93 +/- 0.19 lg/a and 4.81 +/- 0.24 lg/a (P < 0.005) for aerobs and anaerobs respectively . In the proximal end of tendons 6-7 cm from the primary pathological focus, aerob gradient was 2.8 +/- 0.19 lg/a, that for representatives of anaerobic microbes being 1.71 +/- 0.161 lg/a (P < 0.001) . In one third of patients the anaerobic microflora gradient was not found out. Lik Sprava, 2002, (8), 47 - 9 {Cytology of peritoneal exudate as the criterion for phases of inflammation in diffuse purulent peritonitis}; Teshaev OR et al.; A cytological study was made of the exudation from the abdominal cavity in 131 patient with diffuse peritonitis to determine the time-related course of the inflammatory process in the peritoneum against the background of the therapy conducted . The exudation from the abdominal cavity was assayed at hospital admission, at surgery, and in the postoperative period, the planned ointment assanations having been performed . Used in the cytological study was the M . P . Pokrovsky and M . S . Makarov method in modification of D . M . Steinberg (1948) who suggested ways for the amounts of the microflora and those cell types occurring in the exudate to be determined in smears-impressions with the relevant cytogrammes made up . The most significant characteristics of the maiden, second, and third phases of inflammation of the peritoneum were revealed . On the basis of the above characteristics (cytologic signs) we have developed criteria for phases of inflammation of the peritoneum that permit the assessment of efficiency of the therapy treatments administered to be carried out. J Int Acad Periodontol, 2001 Oct, 3(4), 104 - 11 Subgingival microflora and antibody responses against periodontal bacteria of young Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus; Takahashi K et al.; Periodontal disease is a complication of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), although the mechanisms responsible for this relationship remain unclear . The aim of this study was to examine oral manifestations and the prevalence of periodontal pathogens from subgingival plaque samples and serum IgG antibody levels against them in young Japanese type 1 diabetic subjects . One hundred and seventeen Japanese T1DM subjects (53 male, 64 female, mean age +/- SD, 16 +/- 6.5 years) participated in this study . Thirty-nine periodontally healthy, age-matched nondiabetics served as controls . T1DM subjects were clinically assigned into three groups: 12 periodontitis, 32 gingivitis and 73 periodontally healthy . Microbiological tests for four periodontal pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia and Capnocytophaga ochracea were performed using 16S ribosomal RNA-based polymerase chain reaction methods . Serum IgG antibody levels against 12 periodontal bacteria including the four species assessed by polymerase chain reaction were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . In the T1DM subjects, the Periodontitis group had a significantly longer mean duration of diabetes and a higher percentages of subjects harbouring P . gingivalis and P . intermedia than the Periodontally Healthy group . Serum IgG antibody levels against P . gingivalis were significantly elevated in the Periodontitis group compared with Gingivitis and Periodontally Healthy groups . These results indicate that Japanese T1DM subjects are a high-risk group for periodontal disease and both P . gingivalis infection and duration of T1DM are risk factors for the progression of periodontitis in patients with T1DM. J Periodontol, 2003 Feb, 74(2), 175 - 80 Effects of Nd:YAG and CO2 laser treatment and ultrasonic scaling on periodontal pockets of chronic periodontitis patients; Miyazaki A et al.; BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of Nd:YAG and CO2 laser treatment to that of ultrasonic scaling used as monotherapies by examining clinical parameters, subgingival microflora, and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) . METHODS: Eighteen patients, each of whom had 2 or more sites with probing depth measuring > 5 mm, were included this clinical trial . The 41 sites were randomly assigned treatment with either Nd:YAG laser alone (n = 14, 100 mj, 20 pps, 2.0 W, 120 seconds), CO2 laser alone (n = 13, 2.0 W, 120 seconds), or ultrasonic scaling alone (n = 14, maximum power, 120 seconds) . At baseline and at 1, 4, and 12 weeks, clinical measurements (plaque index, PI; gingival index, GI; probing depth, PD; clinical attachment level, CAL; and bleeding on probing, BOP) were performed and subgingival plaque and GCF sampled . A quantitative analysis of Porphyromonas gingivalis was carried out using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedures . The amounts of IL-1beta were estimated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . RESULTS: Decreased inflammation and PD were observed in all 3 groups after treatment . A microbiological analysis indicated significant decreases in P . gingivalis in the Nd:YAG and scaling groups at 1, 4, and 12 weeks compared to baseline (P < 0.05) . The amount of GCF significantly decreased in the Nd:YAG and scaling groups at 12 weeks . The amount of IL-1beta increased in the CO2 group from baseline to 1 week (P < 0.05) . The Nd:YAG group tended to show a decrease in IL-1beta from 1 to 12 weeks, although these data were not statistically significant . CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that Nd:YAG laser and ultrasonic scaling treatments showed significant improvements regarding the clinical parameters and subgingival microflora compared to the baseline, but no significant difference was observed between the 3 groups. Eksp Klin Gastroenterol, 2003, (1), 58 - 9, 183 {Comparative efficacy of mezakol and sulfasalazine in treating chronic relapsing ulcerative colitis}; Rogozina VA et al.; This research testifies to the fact that it is more preferable to use mesacol than sulfasalazine in treatment of common forms of ulcerative colitis of light and average severity . Mesacol acts faster in arresting inflammations in proximal parts of the larger intestine . One can assume that the pH-dependent release of 5-aminosalicylic acid in these forms of the disease suffers less than the destruction of the diazo link by the anaerobic microflora, due to which a higher concentration of the preparation is formed in the large intestine . Another alternative explanation can be the dose-dependent effect . Thus, 2.4 . g of mesacol correspond to 6 g of sulfasalazine . The dose of sulfasalazine was smaller in our study . Mesacol had no advantages over sulfasalazine in treatment of distal colitis, which can and must be treated with rectal introduction of corticosteroids and 5-aminosalicylic acid preparations . Thus, mesacol must be reserved for treatment of patients with common ulcerative colitis of light and average severity in case of intolerance to sulfasalazine or impossibility to increase the preparation dose over 4 g/day . Its efficiency and price make the preparation available for most patients and patient care institutions. Sci Total Environ, 2003 Mar 20, 304(1-3), 83 - 106 Critical levels of atmospheric pollution: criteria and concepts for operational modelling of mercury in forest and lake ecosystems; Meili M et al.; Mercury (Hg) is regarded as a major environmental concern in many regions, traditionally because of high concentrations in freshwater fish, and now also because of potential toxic effects on soil microflora . The predominant source of Hg in most watersheds is atmospheric deposition, which has increased 2- to >20-fold over the past centuries . A promising approach for supporting current European efforts to limit transboundary air pollution is the development of emission-exposure-effect relationships, with the aim of determining the critical level of atmospheric pollution (CLAP, cf . critical load) causing harm or concern in sensitive elements of the environment . This requires a quantification of slow ecosystem dynamics from short-term collections of data . Aiming at an operational tool for assessing the past and future metal contamination of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, we present a simple and flexible modelling concept, including ways of minimizing requirements for computation and data collection, focusing on the exposure of biota in forest soils and lakes to Hg . Issues related to the complexity of Hg biogeochemistry are addressed by (1) a model design that allows independent validation of each model unit with readily available data, (2) a process- and scale-independent model formulation based on concentration ratios and transfer factors without requiring loads and mass balance, and (3) an equilibration concept that accounts for relevant dynamics in ecosystems without long-term data collection or advanced calculations . Based on data accumulated in Sweden over the past decades, we present a model to determine the CLAP-Hg from standardized values of region- or site-specific synoptic concentrations in four key matrices of boreal watersheds: precipitation (atmospheric source), large lacustrine fish (aquatic receptor and vector), organic soil layers (terrestrial receptor proxy and temporary reservoir), as well as new and old lake sediments (archives of response dynamics) . Key dynamics in watersheds are accounted for by quantifying current states of equilibration in both soils and lakes based on comparison of contamination factors in sediment cores . Future steady-state concentrations in soils and fish in single watersheds or entire regions are then determined by corresponding projection of survey data . A regional-scale application to southern Sweden suggests that the response of environmental Hg levels to changes in atmospheric Hg pollution is delayed by centuries and initially not proportional among receptors (atmosphere >> soils not equal sediments>fish; clearwater lakes >> humic lakes) . This has implications for the interpretation of common survey data as well as for the implementation of pollution control strategies . Near Hg emission sources, the pollution of organic soils and clearwater lakes deserves attention . Critical receptors, however, even in remote areas, are humic waters, in which biotic Hg levels are naturally high, most likely to increase further, and at high long-term risk of exceeding the current levels of concern: </=0.5 mg (kg fw)(-1) in freshwater fish, and 0.5 mg (kg dw)(-1) in soil organic matter . If environmental Hg concentrations are to be reduced and kept below these critical limits, virtually no man-made atmospheric Hg emissions can be permitted. Food Chem Toxicol, 2003 May, 41(5), 695 - 702 The human colonic microflora influences the alterations of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes by catechins in male F344 rats; Lhoste EF et al.; As other xenobiotics, polyphenols are metabolized both by the endogenous detoxication system and the gut microflora . We hypothesized that the presence of a gut microflora may account for the effect of catechins on phase I and II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and that the human bacterial metabolites may be different from those of a rodent gut microflora . Therefore, the effects of 2% (+)-catechin or 2% (-)-epicatechin were studied in germ free (GF) rats and rats inoculated with the flora of a human volunteer (HFA) . In addition, the catechins were administered in ethanol as a vehicle . In the liver, (+)-catechin or (-)-epicatechin decreased the total amount of CYP450 in both GF and HFA rats while the isoenzyme CYP2E1 decreased . In GF rats only, CYP2C11 increased when compared to the rats treated with the vehicle alone . (+)-catechin increased the specific activity of UGT-chloramphenicol in GF rats only and that of cytosolic glutathion-S-transferase (GST) in HFA rats only . In the intestine, (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin increased the specific activity of UGT-4-methylumbelliferone in both GF and HFA rats and that of UGT- chloramphenicol in HFA rats only . In conclusion, the presence of a human flora in rats is able to modify the inducing effect of catechins on the UGT and GST activities suggesting the involvement of bacterial metabolites . The alterations on CYP 450 are independent of the presence of a human gut flora. Int Endod J, 2003 Jan, 36(1), 64 - 70 Histological evaluation of teeth with hyperplastic pulpitis caused by trauma or caries: case reports; Caliskan MK et al.; AIM: The purpose of this histological study was to examine teeth with hyperplastic pulpitis caused by trauma or caries . SUMMARY: The pulp tissue of one young permanent incisor with a complicated crown-root fracture and a hyperplastic pulpitis, which had been contaminated with oral microflora for 40 days, and pulp polyps from four permanent first molars whose crowns were destroyed by extensive caries were prepared for standard histological examination . Histologically, normal pulp tissue organization was observed in the tooth with a complicated crown-root fracture in the cervical radicular region . Irregular calcification was seen in the coronal and radicular portion of the pulp in the four carious teeth with pulp polyps . Radicular pulp tissue in the middle and apical third of root canals beneath irregular calcification showed intensive fibrosis but was free from inflammatory cells . KEY LEARNING POINTS: Hyperplastic pulpitis is a type of irreversible chronic open pulpitis . Young permanent teeth with hyperplastic pulpitis caused by trauma or caries have a great inherent defensive capacity to heal. Int J Phytoremediation, 2002, 4(2), 101 - 15 Isolation, characterization, and identification of bacteria associated with the zinc hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens subsp . calaminaria; Lodewyckx C et al.; We investigated bacterial populations associated with the Zn hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens subsp . calaminaria grown in a soil collected from an abandoned Zn-Pb mine and smelter in Plombieres, Belgium . The bacterial population of the nonrhizospheric soil consisted of typical soil bacteria, some exhibiting multiple heavy-metal resistance characteristics that often are associated with polluted substrates: 7.8% and 4% of the population survived in the presence of elevated levels of Zn (1 mM) and Cd (0.8 mM), respectively . For the bacterial population isolated from the rhizosphere, the comparable survival rates were 88 and 78% . This observation indicates a selective enrichment of the metal-resistant strains due to an increased availability of the metals in soils near the roots compared with nonrhizospheric soil . The endophytic inhabitants of the roots and shoots were isolated, identified, and characterized . Although similar endophytic species were isolated from both compartments, those from the rhizoplane and roots showed lower resistance to Zn and Cd than the endophytic bacteria isolated from the shoots . In addition, root endophytic bacteria had additional requirements . Contrary to the rootresiding inhabitants, the shoot represented a niche rich in metal-resistant bacteria and even seemed to contain species that were exclusively abundant there . These differences in the characteristics of the bacterial microflora associated with T . caerulescens might possibly reflect altered metal speciation in the different soils and plant compartments studied. Biochem Soc Trans, 2003 Apr, 31(2), 381 - 3 Polyamines and colon cancer; Milovic V et al.; In colon cancer, the activities of polyamine-synthesizing enzymes and polyamine content are increased 3-4-fold over that found in the equivalent normal colonic mucosa, and polyamines have even been attributed as markers of neoplastic proliferation in the colon . Furthermore, and in contrast with all other cell systems in the body, normal and neoplastic cells in the colon are exposed to high concentrations of putrescine from the lumen, synthesized by colonic microflora . While such a high polyamine supply may be of benefit in non-neoplastic colonic mucosal growth, the role of luminal polyamines in colon cancer is a clear concern . Luminal polyamines are readily taken up by neoplastic colonocytes, they are utilized in full to support neoplastic growth, and their uptake is strongly up-regulated by the mitogens known to play an important role in colonic carcinogenesis . Inhibition of polyamine synthesis and their uptake, impaired utilization of exogenous polyamines, and enhanced catabolism of polyamines in neoplastic colonocytes are therefore logical approaches in the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. Vet Parasitol, 2003 Apr 2, 113(1), 35 - 57 Pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium parvum--evaluation of an animal infection model; Enemark HL et al.; With the intention of developing a standardised method for assessment of pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium parvum, the CPB-0 isolate was studied by propagation in 1-day-old calves followed by inoculation into specific pathogen free (SPF) piglets . The experiment was repeated . Diarrhoea and shedding of oocysts were seen in all animals infected with the CPB-0 isolate . Clinical signs included depression, inappetence, vomiting (exclusively in the piglets), and death . Histological examination at 17 and 19 days post-infection revealed parasitic stages and microscopic changes primarily restricted to colon and rectum.The unintended presence of rotavirus in some of the experimental animals revealed an additive or synergistic effect between rotavirus and C . parvum as indicated by prolonged diarrhoea, increased oocyst shedding, decreased weight gain and elevated levels of serum haptoglobin and serum amyloid A (SAA) in piglets infected simultaneously with both pathogens . The difference in daily weight gain between infected and control animals was significant only for piglets co-infected with rotavirus . The acute phase response of haptoglobin and SAA was characterised by a large individual variation . In piglets, co-infected with rotavirus, the levels of serum haptoglobin were 3.5 and 4.6 times higher in the infected versus the controls 6 and 9dpi, respectively (mean values: 2411microg/ml+/-S.D . 2023 and 1840 microg/ml+/-S.D . 1697) . In the controls infected with rotavirus, peak haptoglobin concentration was seen 3dpi (mean: 1022 microg/ml+/-S.D . 425) . Elevated levels of SAA were seen in 1 of 6 piglets infected with C . parvum, and in 5 of 6 piglets co-infected with rotavirus . Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) was undetectable in all serum samples from piglets.The obvious advantages of the SPF pig model are the naturally acquired intestinal microflora, the development of distinct clinical signs similar to cryptosporidiosis in humans and calves, the size of the animals, and the accessibility of individuals born within a short time span . This makes the model ideal for dose-response studies, evaluation of therapeutic agents as well as for assessment of differences in the clinical response to isolates of diverse genetic background . In conclusion, it was shown that the CPB-0 isolate was pathogenic to calves and piglets at a dose of 2.5 x 10(5) oocysts, and that the clinical signs could be replicated during separate experiments . Moreover, diarrhoea, oocyst shedding, body weight changes, histological alterations, and the acute phase response of haptoglobin and SAA were identified as useful parameters for discrimination of isolate-specific differences of pathogenicity. Exp Eye Res, 2003 Apr, 76(4), 417 - 20 Minocycline effect on meibomian gland lipids in meibomianitis patients; Shine WE et al.; The objective of this research was to determine the effect of oral minocycline on the meibomian gland nonpolar and free fatty acid lipids of chronic blepharitis patients . Patients--seborrheic blepharitis (SBBL), acne rosacea (AR) without ocular involvement, and acne rosacea with meibomianitis (AR-MKC) . Minocycline treatment--50mg orally for 2 weeks followed by 100mg to the end of 3 months; this was followed by 3 more months with no treatment . Meibomian gland secretions (meibum) were collected before treatment, at the end of the 3 months on treatment, and 3 months after stopping treatment . Lipids were separated and analyzed for wax and sterol esters, triglycerides, diglycerides, free cholesterol and free fatty acids . Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA . Minocycline treatment resulted in decreased diglycerides and free fatty acids in the group AR-MKC, which continued into the second 3 months (off treatment) and was significant . Cholesterol decreased, but triglycerides initially decreased with treatment and then increased when treatment in the group was discontinued (second 3 months); these results, however, were not significant . Thus, minocycline has its greatest effect on lipid types, which result from degradation (lipase) reactions, suggesting a lipase inhibition effect and/or direct effect on ocular flora . This minocycline effect continues even after treatment is discontinued, suggesting a more lasting effect on ocular microflora . Minocycline may be most effective when the treatment period is longer than 3 months . These results give insight into disease mechanisms associated with chronic blepharitis. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 2003 Jan-Feb, (1), 60 - 3 {Parital microflora of human intestine}; Vorob'ev AA et al.; The modified method of the microbiological study of parietal mucin has been developed . The proposed method makes it possible to evaluate the parietal microflora of the intestine . The advantages of using physiological saline and Hanks' solution as medium ensuring the storage and self-thinning of mucin have been proved . The optimum time of making the microbiological study of intestinal mucin has also been determined. Anaesthesist, 2003 Feb, 52(2), 142 - 52 {Selective digestive tract decontamination in intensive care medicine . Fundamentals and current evaluation}; Krueger WA et al.; Selective digestive tract decontamination (SDD) is a method where topical non-absorbable antibiotics are applied to the oropharynx and stomach which primarily is aimed at the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia . The rationale for SDD is that ventilator associated pneumonia usually originates from the patients'own oropharyngeal microflora . SDD is also used for the prevention of gut-derived infections in acute necrotizing pancreatitis and in liver transplantation . Despite numerous clinical trials and several meta-analyses, SDD is still a controversial topic . It is now commonly accepted that the incidence of pneumonia is reduced,however, the concept of using topical antibiotics has its inherent limitations and the best results have been obtained by combination with a short course of intravenous antibiotics . Several issues surrounding the notorious difficulties in establishing the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia especially in the presence of antibiotics are an on-going matter of debate.Furthermore, pneumonia is the leading cause of death from nosocomial infections and its prevention was not adequately followed by reduced mortality in most individual trials, however, a benefit was suggested by recalculation of data in meta-analyses.Patients are not well defined by their need for ICU admission and mechanical ventilation and the attributable mortality of infections depends more on the type and severity of the underlying diseases.Recently published trials substantially improved our understanding as to which patients may derive most benefit from SDD.Currently, it seems that an improved survival can be achieved in surgical and trauma patients with severe but salvageable diseases, which might be classified e.g.by calculation of APACHE-II scores on admission.However, the most important drawback of SDD is the development of resistance and an increased selection pressure towards Gram-positive pathogens, especially in institutions with endemic multi-resistant microorganisms.Thus, it appears that "selective" must not only be interpreted as selective suppression of pathogenic bacteria but rather as selection of appropriate groups of patients with respect to underlying diseases and severity of illness . Furthermore, it means selection of ICUs where the endemic resistance patterns might allow the use of SDD at a relatively low risk for selection of resistant microorganisms, which is still the major concern associated with SDD. J Clin Microbiol, 2003 Mar, 41(3), 1073 - 9 Quantitative microbiologic models for preterm delivery; Onderdonk AB et al.; Preterm delivery (PTD) is the leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality in the United States . An epidemiological association between PTD and various bacteria that are part of the vaginal microflora has been reported . No single bacterial species has been identified as being causally associated with PTD, suggesting a multifactorial etiology . Quantitative microbiologic cultures have been used previously to define normal vaginal microflora in a predictive model . These techniques have been applied to vaginal swab cultures from pregnant women in an effort to develop predictive microbiologic models for PTD . Logistic regression analysis with microbiologic information was performed for various risk groups, and the probability of a PTD was calculated for each subject . Four predictive models were generated by using the quantitative microbiologic data . The area under the curve (AUC) for the receiver operating curves ranged from 0.74 to 0.94, with confidence intervals (CI) ranging from 0.62 to 1 . The model for the previous PTD risk group with the highest percentage of PTDs had an AUC of 0.91 (CI, 0.79 to 1) . It may be possible to predict PTD by using microbiologic risk factors measured once the gestation period has reached the 20-week time point. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 2003 Feb, 17(1), 47 - 61 Manipulation of the bacterial flora in inflammatory bowel disease; Marteau P et al.; In this chapter we summarize the clinical and experimental data which indicate that bacteria, especially from the endogenous microflora, play a role in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and pouchitis . We review the clinical trials, focusing on randomized controlled trials which used antibiotics or probiotics to treat situations of IBD or prevent recurrence, and we discuss the future of this approach. Curr Opin Microbiol, 2003 Feb, 6(1), 72 - 6 Interactions of bacterial pathogens with dendritic cells during invasion of mucosal surfaces; Granucci F et al.; Recent studies of mucosal immunity suggest a key role for dendritic cells in the regulation of gut immune responses, in both physiological and pathological conditions . Dendritic cells are widely distributed in the lamina propria of the gut and are involved in direct bacterial uptake across mucosal surfaces, which questions the role of dendritic cells in innate mucosal responses . Approximately 400 commensal microbial species are present in the gut lumen . So how do dendritic cells distinguish pathogens from luminal microflora? Are the cytokines and chemokines induced in dendritic cells tailored to the class of microbes being recognized? Several very important questions still need to be addressed. Chemosphere, 2003 May, 51(7), 569 - 76 Inoculation of an atrazine-degrading strain, Chelatobacter heintzii Cit1, in four different soils: effects of different inoculum densities; Rousseaux S et al.; The possibility to improve atrazine degradation in soils by bioaugmentation was studied . The atrazine-mineralizing strain, Chelatobacter heintzii Cit1, was inoculated in four sterile and four non-sterile soils, at varying inoculum densities . Two soils, which had shown enhanced atrazine mineralization, were used to determine which inoculum density was capable of restoring their original mineralizing capacity after sterilization . The two other soils, with intermediate and low capacity to mineralize atrazine, were used in order to demonstrate that atrazine mineralization in such soils could be improved by inoculation . Mineralization kinetics were fitted using the Gompertz model . In the case of soils adapted to atrazine mineralization, inoculation of C . heintzii did not accelerate the rate of atrazine mineralization, which was essentially performed by the indigenous microflora . However, with soils that did not mineralize atrazine, the introduction of 10(4) cfug(-1) resulted in a 3-fold increase of atrazine mineralization capacity. J Microbiol Methods, 2003 Apr, 53(1), 67 - 76 Direct quantification of fungal DNA from soil substrate using real-time PCR; Filion M et al.; Detection and quantification of genomic DNA from two ecologically different fungi, the plant pathogen Fusarium solani f . sp . phaseoli and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices, was achieved from soil substrate . Specific primers targeting a 362-bp fragment from the SSU rRNA gene region of G . intraradices and a 562-bp fragment from the F . solani f . sp . phaseoli translation elongation factor 1 alpha gene were used in real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays conjugated with the fluorescent SYBR(R) Green I dye . Standard curves showed a linear relation (r(2)=0.999) between log values of fungal genomic DNA of each species and real-time PCR threshold cycles and were quantitative over 4-5 orders of magnitude . Real-time PCR assays were applied to in vitro-produced fungal structures and sterile and non-sterile soil substrate seeded with known propagule numbers of either fungi . Detection and genomic DNA quantification was obtained from the different treatments, while no amplicon was detected from non-seeded non-sterile soil samples, confirming the absence of cross-reactivity with the soil microflora DNA . A significant correlation (P<0.0001) was obtained between the amount of genomic DNA of F . solani f . sp . phaseoli or G . intraradices detected and the number of fungal propagules present in seeded soil substrate . The DNA extraction protocol and real-time PCR quantification assay can be performed in less than 2 h and is adaptable to detect and quantify genomic DNA from other soilborne fungi. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi, 2002 Oct, 20(5), 356 - 60 {Oral microflora of 42 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma}; Lu X et al.; OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of squamous cell carcinoma on oral bacteria . METHODS: This study investigated the microbial contents of the plaque on the surfaces of oral squamous cell carcinomas . Samples were obtained from the central surface of lesions, contiguous healthy mucosa and saliva of 42 patients with oral squamous carcinoma before and after operation . RESULTS: The median of bacterial colony forming units per milliliter (CFUs/ml) of saliva before operation was 8.10 x 10(8) CFUs/ml . The median of CFUs per square centimeter of the tumor surface was 5.21 x 10(5) CFUs/cm2 which was significantly higher than that of the healthy (the control) mucosa (1.77 x 10(4) CFUs/cm2, P = 0.0001) . The CFUs per square centimeter of mucosa surface at the operative zone was 4.34 x 10(5) CFUs/cm2 which was also significantly higher than that of the healthy (control) mucosa(7.24 x 10(4) CFUs/cm2, P = 0.0001) . CONCLUSION: Oral carcinoma can break the balance of oral microflora, which may be one of the reasons leading to the high susceptivity of these compromised patients to systemic infection. Environ Int, 2003 Mar, 28(8), 719 - 28 Habitat function of agricultural soils as affected by heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination; Maliszewska-Kordybach B et al.; Ecotoxic activity of soils polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and heavy metals (HM) was evaluated in pot and laboratory experiments . Plants and soil microorganisms were chosen as test organisms and six different soil materials were used in the study . The applied levels of HM and PAH were aimed to reflect environmental conditions in the "worst case" situation . Zn(2+), Pb(2+) and Cd(2+) were introduced to the soils as an aqueous solution of the mixture of salts at the concentrations corresponding to 1000, 500 and 3 mg kg(-1), respectively . Mixture of four PAH compounds (flourene, anthracene, pyrene and chrysene) as a CH(2)Cl(2) solution was applied at levels of 10-100 mg summation operator 4PAH kg(-1) . Population and activity of soil microflora was evaluated as measured of total bacteria counts, intensity of respiration and enzyme activity (dehydrogenases and phosphatases) . Effect on plants was evaluated on the base of the growth (plant at an early stage of their development) and yield (mature plant) measurements . The results indicate that combined effect of PAH and heavy metals on soil microorganisms activity and on some plants at an early stage of their development can be stronger than in soils amended with HM or PAH separately . Reaction of tested organisms was related to soil properties, PAH concentration, time and plant species . Mature plants (maize) were insensitive to the applied levels of both group of contaminants. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2003 Mar, 304(3), 985 - 93 Soy-derived isoflavones exert opposing actions on Guinea pig ventricular myocytes; Liew R et al.; Soy-derived isoflavones appear to possess cardioprotective properties, although the precise nature of this protection and the particular isoflavones responsible remain unclear . We hypothesized that isoflavones may differ in their cardiac actions in view of their varying affinities for the estrogen receptor and differences in ability to inhibit tyrosine kinase . We investigated the direct effects of three closely related isoflavones, genistein, daidzein, and equol (a metabolite of daidzein formed by gut microflora), on the contractile function of isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes . Genistein (10 and 40 microM) significantly increased cell shortening and the Ca(2+) transient (measured using indo-1) . In contrast, equivalent concentrations of equol produced the opposite effect, decreasing cell shortening and the Ca(2+) transient, whereas daidzein was without effect . The opposing actions of genistein and equol were still observed in the presence of the specific estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 (10 microM) . However, the stimulatory actions of genistein were markedly reduced in the presence of the potent phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, bpV(phen) . Both genistein and equol significantly inhibited the peak L-type Ca(2+) current . We conclude that genistein and equol affect the contractile function of ventricular myocytes in opposing ways despite a common initial action of Ca(2+) current antagonism . These differences occur independently of the estrogen receptor but may be partly related to the unique actions of genistein as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor . Furthermore, isoflavone metabolites, such as equol, may be more biologically active than their precursors and have a greater role in cardioprotection than previously realized. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2003 Mar, 47(3), 878 - 82 Prevalence of tetracycline resistance genes in oral bacteria; Villedieu A et al.; Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in humans, animals, and aquaculture; therefore, many bacteria from different ecosystems are exposed to this antibiotic . In order to determine the genetic basis for resistance to tetracycline in bacteria from the oral cavity, saliva and dental plaque samples were obtained from 20 healthy adults who had not taken antibiotics during the previous 3 months . The samples were screened for the presence of bacteria resistant to tetracycline, and the tetracycline resistance genes in these isolates were identified by multiplex PCR and DNA sequencing . Tetracycline-resistant bacteria constituted an average of 11% of the total cultivable oral microflora . A representative 105 tetracycline-resistant isolates from the 20 samples were investigated; most of the isolates carried tetracycline resistance genes encoding a ribosomal protection protein . The most common tet gene identified was tet(M), which was found in 79% of all the isolates . The second most common gene identified was tet(W), which was found in 21% of all the isolates, followed by tet(O) and tet(Q) (10.5 and 9.5% of the isolates, respectively) and then tet(S) (2.8% of the isolates) . Tetracycline resistance genes encoding an efflux protein were detected in 4.8% of all the tetracycline-resistant isolates; 2.8% of the isolates had tet(L) and 1% carried tet(A) and tet(K) each . The results have shown that a variety of tetracycline resistance genes are present in the oral microflora of healthy adults . This is the first report of tet(W) in oral bacteria and the first report to show that tet(O), tet(Q), tet(A), and tet(S) can be found in some oral species. Vopr Pitan, 2002, 71(5), 34 - 8 {Resistant starches and immune system}; Sotnikova EV et al.; Different absorbtion level is inherent capacities for natural, resistant and hydrolized starches to regulate a volume of non-hydrolyzed starches in colon . This regulates an interaction with intestinal microflora to produce the short chain fatty acids and other bio-active compounds . The T- and B-lymphocyte receptors are targets for starches to disrupt the number and density of plasma membrane receptors CD3, CD4, and CD8 . All starches regulate the expression of adhesion molecules LFA-1 and ICAM-1, as well as receptor Mac-1 . Maize starch increases the level of spontaneous and ceramide-dependent apoptosis in thymic and spleen cells of experimental animals. Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi, 2002 Dec, 103(12), 869 - 72 {Biliary bacterial infection in liver surgery}; Arai T et al.; Hepatectomy for biliary tract carcinoma with obstructive jaundice is associated with a higher incidence of postoperative septic complications as compared with hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma or metastatic liver cancer . Since most bacteria isolated from septic sites are identical to those found in the preoperative percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) bile, bacterial colonization in bile appears to be responsible for posthepatectomy septic complications in patients with biliary tract carcinoma . Although it remains unclear how bile becomes contaminated after bile duct obstruction or why preoperative PTBD increases the incidence of biliary infection, bacterial translocation via the portal vein, resulting from loss of integrity of the intestinal mucosa and change in intestinal microflora, may in part account for the mechanisms . Moreover, impaired function of Kupffer cells and altered structure and function of hepatocyte tight junctions might also participate in the development of postoperative bacteremia in such patients . As septic complications and liver failure are profoundly associated with each other, it is important to take all measures before surgery to enhance liver function and to prevent postoperative septic complications. Med Tr Prom Ekol, 2002, (12), 21 - 7 {State of nonspecific anti-infection resistance among medical personnel}; Koroleva EP et al.; The authors compared nonspecific anti-infectious resistance among medical staffers varying in speciality . Skin microflora parameters and salivary lysozyme content appeared to be considerably lower in obstetric staffers and in State sanitary and epidemiologic supervision officers than in general population. Breastfeed Rev, 2002 Nov, 10(3), 5 - 18 The impact of breastmilk on infant and child health; Oddy WH; Infant-formula-feeding is inferior to breastfeeding because human milk provides specific and non-specific factors that have long-term consequences for early metabolism and the development of disease . Human milk enhances the immature immunologic system of the neonate and strengthens host defense mechanisms against infective and other foreign agents . Some mechanisms that explain active stimulation of the infant's immune system by breastfeeding are the bioactive factors in human milk such as hormones, growth factors and colony stimulating factors, as well as specific nutrients . Human milk may reduce the incidence of disease in infancy because mammalian evolution promotes a survival advantage . In addition, factors in milk promote gastrointestinal mucosal maturation, decrease the incidence of infection, alter gut microflora, and have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions . Hormones, growth factors and cytokines in human milk may modulate the development of disease . Furthermore breastfed babies have reduced exposure to foreign dietary antigen . Following the termination of breastfeeding, there is evidence of ongoing protection against illness due to protective influences on the immune system mediated via human milk . Industry continues to attempt to improve infant formula with the addition of compounds such as fatty acids, oligosaccharides, nucleotides and lactoferrin . However, human milk has such far-reaching effects on the infant's immune response that optimal development depends heavily on its provision . All mothers should be encouraged and supported to continue breastfeeding for six months and beyond in order to promote the good health of their infants. Digestion, 2002, 66(4), 246 - 56 Inhibition of intestinal bacterial translocation with rifaximin modulates lamina propria monocytic cells reactivity and protects against inflammation in a rodent model of colitis; Fiorucci S et al.; BACKGROUND: A modification of the intestinal flora and an increased bacterial translocation is a common finding in patients with inflammatory bowel disease as well as in animal model of colitis . Rifaximin, a non-absorbable derivative of rifamycin, is an effective antibiotic that acts by inhibiting bacterial ribonucleic acid synthesis . AIMS: In the present study, we investigated the effect of the administration of rifaximin (10, 30 and 50 mg/kg/day) or prednisolone (10 mg/kg/day) in 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in mice . METHODS: Colitis was induced in mice by intrarectal administration of TNBS (1.5 mg/mouse in 50% ethanol) and disease severity assessed clinically and by histologic scoring of colon damage, determination of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (protein and mRNA and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the colon . Cytokines production by the lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) and luminal bacteria were also measured . RESULTS: Rifaximin administration (30 or 50 mg/kg/day) increased survival rates of colitic mice and reduced colitis severity as demonstrated by improvement of wasting syndrome, histologic scores, decrease in colon IL-2, IL-12, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha (protein and mRNA) levels, and diminished colon MPO activity . Rifaximin administration caused a significant reduction of colon bacterial translocation towards mesenteric lymph nodes . LPMC obtained from rifaximin-treated mice released significantly lower amount of IFN-gamma in response to ex vivo stimulation with agonistic anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies . Rifaximin (50 mg/kg/day) significantly accelerates recovery in mice with established colitis . CONCLUSIONS: Luminal bacterial microflora plays a role in the pathogenesis of TNBS-induced colitis in mice . Rifaximin administration reduces the development of colitis and accelerates healing of established disease by preventing bacterial translocation . Lancet, 2003 Feb 8, 361(9356), 512 - 9 Gut flora in health and disease; Guarner F et al.; The human gut is the natural habitat for a large and dynamic bacterial community, but a substantial part of these bacterial populations are still to be described . However, the relevance and effect of resident bacteria on a host's physiology and pathology has been well documented . Major functions of the gut microflora include metabolic activities that result in salvage of energy and absorbable nutrients, important trophic effects on intestinal epithelia and on immune structure and function, and protection of the colonised host against invasion by alien microbes . Gut flora might also be an essential factor in certain pathological disorders, including multisystem organ failure, colon cancer, and inflammatory bowel diseases . Nevertheless, bacteria are also useful in promotion of human health . Probiotics and prebiotics are known to have a role in prevention or treatment of some diseases. J Invest Surg, 2002 Nov-Dec, 15(6), 303 - 10 Hyperbaric oxygen prevents bacterial translocation in thermally injured rats; Akin ML et al.; This study was designed to evaluate the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) on intestinal microflora and bacterial translocation (BT) caused by experimentally induced thermal injury in rats . Rats were separated into four groups, namely, HBO2 group, thermal injury (TI) group, TI + HBO2 group, and control group . All groups were further separated into short-term (2 days) and long-term (7 days) treatment or injury groups . Control group was neither exposed to thermal injury nor was given any treatment . Thirty percent second-degree thermal burn was induced on the dorsal body part of the rats in TI groups . In the HBO2 groups, rats received HBO2 treatment either without TI or following TI induction, for 2 and 7 days, respectively . Sampling from tissues and portal vein was performed on day 3 in the short-term groups and on day 8 in the long-term groups . Samples were cultured for identification of bacteria and colony counts . HBO2 treatment significantly reduced the colony counts of endogenous microflora in distal ileum of healthy rats (p < .05), while TI significantly increased the colony counts of endogenous microflora in distal ileum in short and long-term TI groups (p < .05) . Presence of bacterial translocation was proven by bacterial isolation in mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen and blood . Both short- and long-term HBO2 treatment following TI significantly reduced the colony counts of intestinal microflora (p < .05) and prevented bacterial translocation almost completely . It is concluded that thermal injury causes both bacterial overgrowth within intestinal lumen and bacterial translocation across the intestinal wall . HBO2 administration prevents both bacterial overgrowth and translocation. Crit Care Med, 2003 Feb, 31(2), 598 - 607 Influence of the critically ill state on host-pathogen interactions within the intestine: gut-derived sepsis redefined; Alverdy JC et al.; Severe and prolonged states of catabolic stress have been shown to have profound effects on the intestinal tract microflora and intestinal function . Gut-derived sepsis is a term used to describe a state of systemic inflammation with organ dysfunction after severe catabolic stress hypothesized to be initiated and perpetuated by the intestinal tract microflora . Popular notions of the mechanism of this process have suggested that stress promotes the translocation of intestinal bacteria or their toxins into the systemic compartment resulting in the release of proinflammatory cytokines which participate in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome . This review is an attempt to redefine the mechanism of gut-derived sepsis by focusing on molecular events that result from host-pathogen interactions within the intestinal tract itself . This evidence-based review posits that gut-derived bacteremia, even with potent nosocomial pathogens, is an event of low proinflammatory potential and, itself, is an insufficient stimulus for the systemic inflammatory response and organ failure state typically seen after severe and prolonged catabolic stress . Mechanisms of this apparent paradox are discussed. J Gastroenterol, 2002 Nov, 37 Suppl 14, 73 - 7 Intestinal microflora as a therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease; Mitsuyama K et al.; Although the causes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remain incompletely understood, increasing evidence implicates intestinal microflora in the pathogenesis of these disorders . Alteration of intestinal flora therefore may offer a plausible therapeutic approach . Although recent data support a potential therapeutic role for probiotics and prebiotics in patients with IBD, such treatments need to be further assessed by large, double-blind controlled trials . A better understanding of the intestinal microflora and the mechanisms of their action may help us to develop more effective treatment for IBD. Indian J Exp Biol, 2002 Jan, 40(1), 83 - 8 Effect of formulated diet on digestive enzymes of Labeo rohita (Ham.); Sethuramalingam TA et al.; Six sets of feeding experiments were carried out using formulated diets containing prawn head waste (PW), chicken intestine waste (CW), banana flower (BF), cauliflower waste (CAU) Dolicos lab lab (DLL) and groundnut leaf (GNL) in four levels of inclusion (15, 30, 45 and 60%) to assess the pattern of distribution and activities of digestive enzymes like cellulase, amylase, maltase, invertase, protease and lipase in the digestive tracts of Labeo rohita fingerlings . A control group of fish was fed with diets containing antibiotics to destroy the digestive tract microflora which may induce digestive functions . In general, the activity of digestive enzymes depended on the amount and type of the ingredients present in the diets ingested by the fish . Test animals showed both endogenous and bacterial cellulase activities which suggests the necessity for including cellulose (plant protein source) as dietary ingredient . Occurrence of higher amount of cellulase in the foregut and amylase in the fore and midgut influenced by DNL and GNL diets revealed the possibility of including less than 40% of the respective ingredients in the diet of rohu . Maltase and invertase were highly influenced by GNL, DLL and BF diets than PW and CW diets . More than 40% inclusion of PW and CW was found to increase protease and lipase secretion in the midgut and hindgut regions . The higher secretion of lipase in the midgut suggested the physiological versatility for lipid digestion in rohu fingerlings. Ann Surg, 2003 Feb, 237(2), 246 - 55 Protective effects of medium-chain triglycerides on the liver and gut in rats administered endotoxin; Kono H et al.; OBJECTIVE: To determine if medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) prevent organ injuries and mortality in rats administered endotoxin and to investigate effects of MCT on the gut . SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Since dietary MCTs prevent alcohol-induced liver injury by inhibiting activation of Kupffer cells in the enteral feeding model, the authors hypothesized that MCT could prevent deleterious conditions in endotoxemia . METHODS: After a preliminary experiment determined the optimal dose of MCT, rats were given MCT (5 g/kg per day) or the same dose of corn oil by gavage daily for 1 week . Then, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was administered intravenously and survival was assessed for the next 24 hours . For analysis of mechanisms, rats were killed 9 hours after LPS injection and serum and liver sections were collected . To investigate effects of MCT on the gut, pathologic change, permeability, and microflora were assessed . Kupffer cells isolated by collagenase digestion and differential centrifugation were used for endotoxin receptor CD14 immunoblotting, phagocytic index, and TNF-alpha production assay . RESULTS: All rats given corn oil died after LPS administration; however, this mortality was prevented by MCT in a dose-dependent manner . Rats given corn oil showed liver injury after LPS administration . In contrast, MCT prevented this pathologic change nearly completely . MCT blunted CD14 expression on the Kupffer cells and TNF-alpha production by isolated Kupffer cells; however, there were no differences in phagocytic index between the two groups . The length of the intestinal epithelium was increased in the MCT group compared to the corn oil group . Further, after LPS administration, increases in gut permeability and injury were prevented by MCT . Importantly, MCT also prevented hepatic energy charge and gut injuries in this condition . CONCLUSIONS: Enteral feeding using MCT could be a practical way of protecting the liver and intestine during endotoxemia. J Can Dent Assoc, 2003 Feb, 69(2), 84 - 9 Dental erosion in gastroesophageal reflux disease; Barron RP et al.; Dentists are often the first health care professionals to diagnose dental erosion in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) . Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is the passage of gastric contents into the esophagus, and GERD is defined as symptoms or complications of GER . Twenty-four-hour monitoring of esophageal pH is helpful in diagnosing GERD . Treatment of dental erosion resulting from GERD involves a multidisciplinary approach among family physician, dentist, prosthodontist, orthodontist and gastroenterologist . When possible, dental erosion should be treated with minimal intervention, and such treatment should include control of microflora, remineralization, adhesive restorations and use of biomimetic materials. Eur J Pharm Sci, 2003 Jan, 18(1), 3 - 18 Microbially triggered drug delivery to the colon; Sinha VR et al.; Increasing acceptance of protein- and peptide-based drugs necessitates an investigation into the suitability of various sites for their administration . Colon is being investigated for delivery of such molecules . Colon-specific drug delivery is designed to target drug molecules specifically to this area . Development of site-specific delivery systems may exploit a specific property of the target site for drug activation/release . The gastrointestinal tract is inhabited by over 400 bacterial species, each having a specific niche in the tract . Colon, the distal part of the intestine is inhabited by a large variety of gram negative microflora . This flora produces a vast number of enzymes which are being exploited for formulation of colon-specific drug delivery systems . A number of microbially activated systems for colon-specific drug delivery are being evaluated . These include prodrugs and synthetic or natural polymer-based delivery systems . This article aims at reviewing the various microbially activated drug delivery systems for colon-specific drug delivery with specific reference to the microflora of the various segments of the gastrointestinal tract and their role in targeting drug delivery to the colon. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi, 2001 Jun, 19(3), 164 - 6 {Clinical study on effects of root canal instrumentation on the root canal microflora}; He J et al.; OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of instrumentation and ultrasonic treatment on the root canal flora . METHODS: A total of 21 single-rooted teeth with chronic apical periodontitis were selected and prepared using step-back/ultrasonic technique, Samples were taken before and after the step-back preparation, and after the ultrasonic treatment . RESULTS: The number and species of bacteria in the root canal were both reduced dramatically and there were significant differences among the three groups (P < 0.05) . CONCLUSION: The instrumentation and ultrasonic treatment of root canal can effectively reduce the number and species of root canal microflora. Stomatologiia (Mosk), 2002, 81(5), 48 - 50 {Role of microflora in diseases of the buccal mucosa}; Rabinovich IM et al.; The role of microflora was studied in patients with diseases of the buccal mucosa (aphthous stomatitis, lichen planus, leukoplasia, desquamative glossitis, etc.) . Quantitative and qualitative composition of the microflora and its sensitivity to antibiotics, antifungal agents, and bacteriophages were studied . The following changes in the microflora were distinguished: dysbiotic shift, dysbacteriosis of the I-II, III, and IV degree . Microbiological status of patients with diseases of the buccal mucosa is essential for the course, outcome, and prognosis of the underlying diseases. Jpn J Antibiot, 2002 Oct, 55(5), 493 - 9 {Overview of lipophilic yeast Malassezia: the current status of the molecular diagnosis}; Yamada Y et al.; The lipophilic yeast, genus Malassezia is a part of the normal cutaneous microflora of human and warm-blooded vertebrates . Species of the genera were re-classified to seven species; M . pachydermatis, M . globosa, M . furfur, M . obtusa, M . restricta, M . slooffiae and M . sympodialis . However, the means of species identification in conventional clinical laboratories have not been reported and the clinical significance of each species is not clearly understood . Species identifications of genus Malassezia which depend on the morphological, physiological characters are difficult and time-consuming . Recently, many molecular techniques have been developed for identification or typing of Malassezia . PCR-mediated methods, PCR-direct sequencing and nested-PCR using specific primers, are useful to identify the spices . The basic information obtained from these approaches have been contributing to the understanding of these pathogenic yeasts and related diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2003 Jan, 111(1), 51 - 6 Mode of delivery and risk of allergic rhinitis and asthma; Bager P et al.; BACKGROUND: It has been hypothesized that cesarean section might increase the risk of developing allergic disease by depriving the fetus and newborn of exposure to maternal microflora . Furthermore, it has been suggested that complicated modes of delivery might be associated with an increased risk of asthma . OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to study whether cesarean section and other complicated modes of delivery are associated with an increased risk of allergic rhinitis or asthma . METHODS: Information on self-reported allergic rhinitis, asthma ever, current asthma, and occupation was obtained from 9722 singleton women born in Denmark during the period 1973-1977 who participated in a national cohort study during the period 1997-2001 . For these women, information was available on mode of delivery (spontaneous delivery, cesarean section, vacuum extraction, or other complicated mode of delivery, such as rotation/traction or use of forceps), gestational age, birth weight, and length at birth from the Danish Medical Birth Register . Information on parity and maternal age was obtained from the Danish Civil Registration System . RESULTS: The odds ratios (ORs) of allergic rhinitis were 1.16 (95% CI, 0.90-1.49) for cesarean section and 1.06 (95% CI, 0.85-1.32) for other complicated modes of delivery in comparison with spontaneous delivery . The corresponding ORs of asthma ever were 1.33 (95% CI, 1.02-1.74) and 1.18 (95% CI, 0.94-1.49) for cesarean section and other complicated modes of delivery, respectively, and the ORs of current asthma were 1.22 (95% CI, 0.87-1.73) and 1.26 (95% CI, 0.94-1.68), respectively, in comparison with spontaneous delivery . CONCLUSIONS: Our findings do not support the hypothesis that cesarean section or other complicated modes of delivery are associated with the development of allergic rhinitis . However, there might be a positive association with development of asthma--in particular, for cesarean section--that was not explained by gestational age, birth weight, ponderal index, smallness for gestational age, parity, maternal age, or occupation. J Perinat Med, 2002, 30(6), 467 - 75 Socioeconomic and environmental risk factors of bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy; Kalinka J et al.; The main aim of this prospective study was to determine the socioeconomic, demographic and environmental factors that may be associated with the occurrence of bacterial vaginosis at early pregnancy in an indigent population from Central Poland . A group of 196 pregnant women was selected randomly from the patients of 10 district maternity units in the Lodz region, Central Poland . Only singleton pregnancies between 8 and 16 week of gestation were qualified for inclusion in the survey . A standard questionnaire covering medical, socioeconomic, demographic, constitutional and environmental items was administered to every subject and was verified with medical records . Cervico-vaginal swabs were collected from the women under study and tested for bacterial vaginosis (BV) according to Spiegel's criteria . Based on the results of Gram stain, BV was diagnosed in 51 women (28.5%), grade I microflora among 66 (36.9%) and grade II among 62 women (34.6%) . In the univariate analysis, only single marital status proved to be an important risk factor associated with BV during pregnancy, this was confirmed in the multivariate analysis . Pregnant women who present risk factors for abnormal cervico-vaginal microflora should be covered by comprehensive prenatal surveillance, which enables early detection and treatment of this pathology . Research that identifies the causal pathways and mechanisms through which social disadvantage leads to a higher risk of preterm birth may help to reduce current socioeconomic and demographic disparities and improve pregnancy outcome. Mikrobiologiia, 2002 Nov-Dec, 71(6), 849 - 57 {Dynamics of microbial processes in the stratal waters of the Romashkinskoe oil field}; Tarasov AL et al.; Dynamics of the microbial processes developing in parallel with the exploitation of the Romashkinskoe oil field (Tatarstan) was studied in two areas differing in the degree of stratal water freshening . Flooding the strata in conjunction with purposeful measures on stratal microflora activation was shown to increase the microbial population density and activate both methanogenesis and sulfate-reduction; the latter process was limited by the low sulfate concentration . Development of anaerobic processes correlated with changes in acetate concentration in the stratal water . High mineralization (over 200 g/l) inhibited the stratal water microflora even if other conditions were favorable . Isotopic analysis of the carbonate carbon showed that the bicarbonate concentration increased in the stratal water due to microbial degradation of oil hydrocarbons and further participation of the biogenic carbon dioxide in dissolution of the carbonate cement of the oil-bearing strata . In strongly desalinated stratal water, the proportion of the newly formed bicarbonate was as high as 80%. J Immunol, 2003 Jan 15, 170(2), 816 - 22 Microbial colonization drives lymphocyte accumulation and differentiation in the follicle-associated epithelium of Peyer's patches; Yamanaka T et al.; Peyer's patches (PPs) are lined by follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) with Ag-transporting M cells . To investigate the spatial relationships of B cells, T cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) in PPs during microbial colonization, their in situ redistribution was examined in germfree (GF) rats exposed to a conventional pathogen-free microflora (conventionalized, CV) . Although occasional B and T cells occurred in the FAE of GF rats, it contained mainly immature DCs (CD4(+)CD86(-)), whereas mature DCs (CD86(high)) were seen in the interfollicular zones even under GF conditions . In CV rats, DCs had disappeared from the FAE, which instead contained clusters by B and T cells associated with induction of putative M cell pockets . CD86 was seen neither in the FAE nor in the follicles under GF conditions, but it became apparent on intraepithelial B cells 5 wk after colonization . The level of CD86 on these B cells was comparable to that on germinal center B cells, although the B cell follicles did not show direct contact with the M cell areas . B cells in the follicular mantles acquired Bcl-2 after 12 wk in CV rats, whereas B cells in the FAE did not express Bcl-2 at a substantial level throughout the experimental period . The cellular redistribution patterns and phenotypic characteristics observed after colonization suggested that immature DCs, but not B cells, are involved in Ag presentation during primary immune responses against intestinal bacteria . However, the spatial cellular relationships sequentially being established among DCs, B cells, and T cells in PPs, are most likely important for the induction of post-germinal center B cells subsequently residing within the M cell pockets. ASDC J Dent Child, 2002 May-Aug, 69(2), 143 - 7, 123 Clinical and microbiological changes in a child with rapid alveolar bone loss and refill; Ooshima T et al.; A 10-year-old Japanese girl with severe tooth mobility in her lower permanent incisors was examined clinically, as well as radiographic and microbiological means . The incisors had severe alveolar bond loss and pocket depths exceeding 7 mm at the first visit, however, 10 periodontal bacteria were not detected in subgingival plaque samples taken from the lower central incisors using a 16S rRNA-based polymerase chain reaction method . Periodontal treatment consisting of mechanical debridement and antibiltic medication resulted in a significant improvement of the clinical parameters . Three months after the first examination, dental radiographs showed refilling of alveolar bone in the region . Further, microbiological examinations after remission detected only oral microflora commonly found in health children including A . actinomycetemcomitans . Based on the clinical, readiographic, and microbiological findings, the present case was diagnosed as acute periodontitis. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 2002 Nov-Dec, (6), 91 - 9 {Microbial ecology of the vagina}; Kafarskaia LI et al.; In this review recent information on relationships between the vaginal environment and microflora, including new taxonomic groups of microorganisms, is updated . The role of normal microflora in formation of vaginal colonization resistance and possible participation of some representatives of normal microflora, mainly nonsporulating anaerobic organisms, in the development of perinatal, neonatal and gynecological infectious complications are considered. Br J Nutr, 2002 Nov, 88 Suppl 2, S159 - 63 Gastrointestinal physiology and functions; Schneeman BO; While the health benefit of a functional food may be a metabolic response that lowers risk for disease, the actual target for the food or food component may be on the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) . For example, slowing absorption from the intestine, as measured by examining the appearance of the nutrient or food component in the blood, the hormone response associated with absorption of the compound or excretion of the compound, may provide a health benefit . However, the food component may slow absorption by delaying gastric emptying, altering the mixing within the intestinal contents or decreasing the availability of digestive enzymes in the intestine . These measures of GIT function provide validation of the mechanisms by which the functional food or food components affect metabolism . Bioavailability of physiologically active compounds from foods will be determined by the digestibility of foods that contain these compounds, their subsequent absorption and utilization by tissues . The physical structure of foods contributes to the functional effects of foods as well as to the availability of compounds from foods . For example, recent studies have demonstrated that changing the viscosity of the gut contents alters absorption and GIT response . Additionally, food structures such as the plant cell wall change the availability of absorbable compounds along the gastrointestinal contents . The areas of probiotics and prebiotics have highlighted the potential importance of gut microflora in health . While evidence suggests biological activity relevant to disease risk reduction, the long-term implications of the microbial activity have yet to be established. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 2000 Jun, 46(3), 105 - 111 Isolation and enumeration of marine actinomycetes from seawater and sediments in Alexandria; Ghanem NB et al.; Actinomycetes were isolated from near-shore marine sediments and water at four different sites in Alexandria . Statistical analysis revealed that variation in temperature, pH, and dissolved phosphate were of insignificant values, but that variation in total nitrogen and organic matter were significant . The treatment of sediments and water samples by heat resulted in a selective reduction of the nonactinomycetal heterotrophic microflora . Four selective culture media were used for counting actinomycetes in marine water and sediments . The starch nitrate medium favored the growth of these microorganisms . The diversity and counts of actinomycetes varied with the seasonal variation, and the highest counts were detected in dry warm seasons . The numbers of this bacterial group in sediments exceeded by far their numbers in seawater . A positive correlation was found between population size and location . Actinomycetes were found in the highest numbers in the upper layers (0-20 cm depth) . In a few cases, the counts of actinomycetes showed bimodal maxima 0-20 and 60-100 cm deep . Sediments were the best source of marine actinomycetes, and their distribution varied depending on the depth from which samples were collected . The ratio of actinomycetes to the total microflora ranged from 0.48 to 2.29, depending on location. Prostate, 2003 Jan 1, 54(1), 68 - 78 Soy isoflavonoid equol modulates the growth of benign and malignant prostatic epithelial cells in vitro; Hedlund TE et al.; BACKGROUND: The dietary consumption of high levels of soy has been linked to reduced risks for prostate cancer (PC) in Asians and vegetarians . In vitro studies have focused on the two most abundant isoflavones in soy, genistein and daidzein . However, daidzein is differentially metabolized by gut microflora in humans, yielding compounds with very different bioactivities and half-lives . Asians are significantly more likely to produce the metabolite equol than Caucasians, suggesting its role in the prevention of PC . We hypothesize that equol is a bioactive metabolite that exerts direct antiproliferative effects on prostatic epithelial cells . METHODS: Benign and malignant prostatic epithelial cells were treated in vitro with equol, genistein, and daidzein by using the range of concentrations found in the prostatic fluids of Asians consuming soy . Growth and cell cycle distribution were analyzed over time . RESULTS: After 9 days of treatment, equol inhibited growth of benign human prostatic epithelial cells (PrEC) by 37% at 10(-6) M and 80% at 10(-5) M . Although genistein also had profound effects, daidzein appeared only one tenth as potent as equol . Equol and daidzein caused an accumulation of cells in G0/G1, whereas genistein arrested cells in G2/M . The isoflavonoids demonstrated differential effects on the established PC cell lines 22Rv1, LNCaP, LAPC-4, PC-3, and DU 145 . PC-3 cells showed the greatest resistance . CONCLUSION: Equol is a biologically active metabolite of daidzein that has potent antiproliferative effects on benign and malignant prostatic epithelial cells at concentrations that can be obtained naturally through dietary soy consumption . Pest Manag Sci, 2002 Dec, 58(12), 1229 - 35 Isolation and characterization of efficient isoxaben-transforming Microbacterium sp strains from four European soils; Arrault S et al.; Nutrient-agar plates containing isoxaben (500 mg litre(-1)) were used to isolate isoxaben-metabolising bacteria from four European soils incubated with the herbicide under laboratory conditions . In flask experiments, inoculation of a basal salts medium containing nitrogen and {phenyl-U-14C}isoxaben with an isolate (B2b) resulted in 33% recovery of the initial radioactivity as {14C}carbon dioxide after 2 weeks . A major metabolite identified by GC-MS and NMR analysis as 3-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)isoxazol-5-ylamine accumulated both in basal salts and nutrient broth media . 2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acid, a suspected metabolite of isoxaben, was not detected in either liquid media . However, the capability of the B2b isolate to use 2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid as a source of carbon was demonstrated . Soil inoculation with the B2b strain resulted in an increase in the recovery of {14C} carbon dioxide from both {phenyl-U-14C} and {isoxazole-5-14C}isoxaben . The metabolite identified as 3-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)isoxazole-5-ylamine only accumulated if the soil was autoclaved before inoculation . This metabolite was rapidly mineralized by the microflora of a natural soil without history of isoxaben treatment . Homology patterns of sequenced 16S rDNA between isoxaben-transforming isolates and reference strains showed that the four isolates identified belonged to the genus Microbacterium. FASEB J, 2003 Jan, 17(1), 44 - 6 Epub 2002 Nov 15. The role of indigenous microflora in the development of murine intestinal fucosyl- and sialyltransferases; Nanthakumar NN et al.; Most enteric bacteria use intestinal brushborder glycoconjugates as their target host cell receptors . It has been postulated that resident microbes regulate specific glycosyltransferases that are responsible for synthesizing brushborder glycoconjugates . To investigate this hypothesis, we measured glycosyltransferase enzyme activities in intestine from different regions of maturing conventional (CONV), germ-free (GF), and ex-germ-free (XGF) mice and compared them to general enzyme markers of gut development, for example, disaccharidases . High alpha2,3/6-Sialyltransferase (ST) activity and low alpha1,2-fucosyltransferase (FT) activities were detected from duodenum to colon in suckling CONV mice, but the relative levels of these activities reversed during the third postnatal wk, rapidly reaching adult levels by the fourth wk . These age-related enzyme changes were significantly attenuated in GF mice, maintaining an immature pattern well past 3 wk . Introduction of gut microflora in GF mice rapidly initiated maturation of glycosyltransferase activity but had no significant affect on developmental programming of dissacharidases . Therefore, in mice, intestinal glycosyltransferase activities are under tissue and developmental control and microflora play a major role in their specific ontogeny but not in overall development . These findings may help explain the regional specificity of commensal bacteria and of enteric pathogens and may also relate age-related changes in microflora to susceptibility to enteropathogens. Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord, 2002 Sep, 2(3), 193 - 9 Pandemic of atopic diseases--a lack of microbial exposure in early infancy? Kalliomaki M, Isolauri E. Improved hygienic conditions in Western societies have reduced early microbial exposure, which has been proposed as a reason for the continuously rising prevalence of atopy and subsequent atopic diseases: atopic eczema, allergic rhinitis and asthma (The Hygiene Hypothesis of Allergy) . This hypothesis is supported by immunological data showing that the immune response to microbial antigens, both pathogenic and non-pathogenic ones, is accompanied by preferential expression of cytokines that counterbalance the T-helper 2-polarized cytokine production of neonates, the continuity of which might lead to enhanced IgE production, atopy, and atopic disease . Experimental, epidemiological and clinical studies, conducted over the last decade, indicate that non-pathogenic microbes in the gut might be a major factor essential for the maturation of the human immune system to a nonatopic mode . A recent randomised, placebo-controlled trial demonstrated that perinatal administration of probiotics, cultures of potentially beneficial bacteria of the healthy gut microflora, halved the later development of atopic eczema during the first two years of life . Some putative mechanisms of action of gut commensals in host-microbe interactions have been described . Two structural components of bacteria, the lipopolysaccharide portion of Gram-negative bacteria and specified CpG motif in bacterial DNA, activate immunomodulatory genes via Toll-like receptors present e.g . on intestinal epithelial cells thus controlling physiological cytokine milieu in the gut . Probiotics have also been shown to reverse increased intestinal permeability and to reduce antigen load in the gut by degrading and modifying macromolecules . The actual preventive role of natural and genetically constructed supplementary microbes in the development of immunological diseases, like allergy, remains to be elucidated. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 2002 Oct, 13(5), 490 - 6 Prebiotics and synbiotics: towards the next generation; Rastall RA et al.; Recent research in the area of prebiotic oligosaccharides and synbiotic combinations with probiotics is leading towards a more targeted development of functional food ingredients . Improved molecular techniques for analysis of the gut microflora, new manufacturing biotechnologies, and increased understanding of the metabolism of oligosaccharides by probiotics are facilitating development . Such developments are leading us to the time when we will be able to rationally develop prebiotics and synbiotics for specific functional properties and health outcomes. Gastroenterology, 2002 Dec, 123(6), 1949 - 61 Differential localization of colitogenic Th1 and Th2 cells monospecific to a microflora-associated antigen in mice; Yoshida M et al.; BACKGROUND & AIMS: Clonal expansion of T cells is associated with inflammatory bowel diseases, which indicates antigenic activation of the T cells . We investigated whether the introduction of CD4 T cells specific to a microflora would initiate colitis and assessed the cytokine requirements for colitogenic CD4 T cells . METHODS: Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) mice were reconstituted with CD4 T cells, which were either deficient in interleukin (IL)-4/interferon (IFN)-gamma production or differentiated in vitro to T-helper (Th) 1/Th 2 and bearing a transgenic T-cell receptor (TCR) specific to ovalbumin (OVA), and then inoculated with an Escherichia coli-producing OVA (ECOVA) . Clinical and histologic manifestations of colitis were assessed . RESULTS: Mice with ECOVA colonization and OVA-specific CD4 T cells developed colitis with histologic features of focal infiltration by mononuclear cells, destruction of crypts, and loss of goblet cells . Further, infiltration was initiated in pre-existing lymph follicles . Th1- and IL-4 deficient T cells were diffusely localized in the lamina propria and submucosa, whereas Th2- and IFN-gamma-deficient T cells were localized preferentially in lymph follicles . CONCLUSIONS: A microbe-associated antigen, non-cross-reactive to colonic tissue, can drive antigen-specific CD4 T cells to cause colitis in SCID mice . Although the presence of IFN-gamma and IL-4 in the effector CD4 T cells was not an absolute requirement for the development of colitis, they seemed to regulate it in part by modulating migration of the effector T cells. Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2002 Nov, 8(6), 399 - 406 Variable response to probiotics in two models of experimental colitis in rats; Shibolet O et al.; BACKGROUND AND AIM: Clinical and experimental data suggest an important role for intestinal microflora in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, and probiotics have been shown to ameliorate pouchitis . We evaluated the effect of different preparations of probiotic bacteria on experimental colitis in rats . METHODS: Rats were treated daily intragastrically with two probiotic preparations, VSL#3 or strain GG (LGG), 7 days before induction of colitis and for another week thereafter . Colitis was induced by intracolonic administration of either dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS) or iodoacetamide . Rats were killed 7 days after induction of colitis, the colon isolated, washed, weighed, lesion area measured, and mucosa processed for determination of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) generation . RESULTS: In rats cotreated with VSL#3 or LGG and iodoacetamide, there was a significant decrease in the lesion area, 98 +/- 37 mm and 142 +/- 43 mm, respectively, as compared with 342 +/- 66 mm in the control group . Colonic wet weight significantly decreased to 1.3 +/- 0.1 g/10 cm and 1.4 +/- 0.1 g/10 cm, respectively, as compared with 1.7 +/- 0.1 g/10 cm . There was also a significant decrease in PGE2 generation, MPO, and NOS activities in the VSL#3 and LGG treatment groups . Presence of VSL#3 bacteria in the rat's colon was confirmed by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification . Neither probiotic preparation had an effect on the extent of colonic damage in DNBS-induced colitis . CONCLUSION: Both VSL#3 and LGG significantly ameliorated colitis induced by the sulfhydryl-blocker iodoacetamide, but had no effect on the immune-mediated DNBS-induced colitis . The results suggest a possible role for sulfhydryl compounds in the protective effect of probiotic bacteria, and support their use in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Appl Microbiol, 2002, 93(6), 986 - 93 Effectiveness of chlorine washing disinfection and effects on the appearance of artichoke and borage; Sanz S et al.; AIM: Optimal conditions for chlorine application to obtain a reasonable decrease in the microbial counts without damaging the appearance of artichoke and borage have been established . METHODS AND RESULTS: The influence of chlorine concentration (0-200 mg l(-1)), pH, addition of organic acids, contact time and presence of protective structures on the microflora and vegetal appearance were studied . When pH was not controlled the effect of chlorine depended on its concentration until the pH increase caused by addition of chlorine reached 8.8 . Any further increase in chlorine concentration was nullified by the pH increase . When pH was adjusted to 4.5 with acetic acid, the effectiveness increased with concentration . However, the use of citric acid to control pH caused a sharp decrease in effectiveness at concentration about 250 mg l(-1) . The higher effectiveness of chlorine on homogenized plant extracts compared with the whole plant showed the impact of the vegetal structures on the resistance of the microorganisms . For artichoke, a relationship between the effectiveness of chlorine disinfection and its structures was also found . Extended washing times did not affect the total counts . However, in both vegetables, the appearance was affected by the extended contact times . CONCLUSIONS: The solutions rendering the highest microbial reduction with minimum damages were: 50 mg l(-1) free chlorine without pH control for artichoke and 100 mg l(-1) free chlorine at pH 7.0 for borage . SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Specific conditions for chlorine disinfection of artichoke and borage were determined to reduce the microorganisms in minimally processed artichoke and borage without damaging their appearance. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2002 Dec, 68(12), 6383 - 7 Field studies using a recombinant mycoinsecticide (Metarhizium anisopliae) reveal that it is rhizosphere competent; Hu G et al.; In the summer of 2000, we released genetically altered insect-pathogenic fungi onto a plot of cabbages at a field site on the Upper Marlboro Research Station, Md . The transformed derivatives of Metarhizium anisopliae ARSEF 1080, designated GPMa and GMa, carried the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene alone (GMa) or with additional protease genes (Pr1) (GPMa) . The study (i) confirmed the utility of gfp for monitoring pathogen strains in field populations over time, (ii) demonstrated little dissemination of transgenic strains and produced no evidence of transmission by nontarget insects, (iii) found that recombinant fungi were genetically stable over 1 year under field conditions, and (iv) determined that deployment of the transgenic strains did not depress the culturable indigenous fungal microflora . The major point of the study was to monitor the fate (survivorship) of transformants under field conditions . In nonrhizosphere soil, the amount of GMa decreased from 10(5) propagules/g at depths of 0 to 2 cm to 10(3) propagules/g after several months . However, the densities of GMa remained at 10(5) propagules/g in the inner rhizosphere, demonstrating that rhizospheric soils are a potential reservoir for M . anisopliae . These results place a sharp focus on the biology of the soil/root interphase as a site where plants, insects, and pathogens interact to determine fungal biocontrol efficacy, cycling, and survival . However, the rhizospheric effect was less marked for GPMa, and overall it showed reduced persistence in soils than did GMa. Med Hypotheses, 2003 Jan, 60(1), 143 - 7 Alternative treatment of gallbladder disease; Moga MM; Major risk factors for gallbladder disease include a sedentary lifestyle and a diet rich in refined sugars . In genetically prone individuals, these two factors lead to an abnormal bile composition, altered gut microflora, and hyperinsulinemia, with resulting gallstone formation . As a large percentage of gallbladder patients have continued digestive complaints following cholecystectomy, the author examines complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments to counteract gallstone formation . Herbal medicine such as turmeric, oregon grape, bupleurum, and coin grass may reduce gallbladder inflammation and relieve liver congestion . Elimination of offending foods, not necessarily 'fatty' foods, is often successful and recommended by many holistic physicians . Regular aerobic exercise has a beneficial effect on hyperinsulinemia, which is often associated with gallbladder disease . Dietary changes that lower plasma insulin levels, such as a change in dietary fats and substitution of unrefined carbohydrates for refined carbohydrates, may also be helpful. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2002 Oct, 66(10), 2259 - 63 Soft gel medium solidified with gellan gum for preliminary screening for root-associating, free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria inhabiting the rhizoplane of plants; Hashidoko Y et al.; For preliminary screening for and characterization of free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria from rhizoplane microflora, we used Winogradsky's mineral mixture-based nitrogen-free medium solidified with 0.3% gellan gum . The soft gel medium enabled some reference and wild free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria to grow in characteristic colonies, including their reaction to oxygen and their motility change . Gellan gum is thus likely to be a better gel matrix than agarose for the investigation of root-associating, free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria to identify their characteristic behaviors. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 2002 Aug, 81(1-4), 537 - 47 Antibiotic production by bacterial biocontrol agents; Raaijmakers JM et al.; Interest in biological control of plant pathogens has been stimulated in recent years by trends in agriculture towards greater sustainability and public concern about the use of hazardous pesticides . There is now unequivocal evidence that antibiotics play a key role in the suppression of various soilborne plant pathogens by antagonistic microorganisms . The significance of antibiotics in biocontrol, and more generally in microbial interactions, often has been questioned because of the indirect nature of the supporting evidence and the perceived constraints to antibiotic production in rhizosphere environments . Reporter gene systems and bio-analytical techniques have clearly demonstrated that antibiotics are produced in the spermosphere and rhizosphere of a variety of host plants . Several abiotic factors such as oxygen, temperature, specific carbon and nitrogen sources, and microelements have been identified to influence antibiotic production by bacteria biocontrol agents . Among the biotic factors that may play a determinative role in antibiotic production are the plant host, the pathogen, the indigenous microflora, and the cell density of the producing strain . This review presents recent advances in our understanding of antibiotic production by bacterial biocontrol agents and their role in microbial interactions. J Clin Periodontol, 2002 Oct, 29(10), 901 - 9 Two-part implants inserted in a one-stage or a two-stage procedure . A prospective comparative study; Heydenrijk K et al.; OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using a two-part implant system in a one-stage procedure and to monitor the microflora in the peri-implant area in relation to clinical and radiographic outcome . MATERIAL AND METHODS: After randomisation, 40 edentulous patients (Cawood & Howell class V-VI) received two IMZ implants in the anterior mandible inserted by either a one-stage (n = 20) or a two-stage (n = 20) surgical procedure for overdenture treatment . A standardised clinical and radiographic evaluation was performed after denture insertion as well as 6 and 12 months thereafter . Twelve months after loading, peri-implant samples were collected and analysed for the presence of putative periodontal pathogens using culture technique . RESULTS: No striking differences were found between the two groups with regard to the clinical parameters during the evaluation period . The mean bone loss in the first year of functioning was 0.6 mm in both groups . With regard to the gingiva score, plaque score, bleeding score or bone loss between T0 and T12, no associations were found with the presence of the cultured microorganisms . An association was present between pockets >or= 4 mm and the presence of Peptostreptococcus micros in the two-stage group . CONCLUSIONS: The short-term results indicate that two-part implants inserted in a one-stage procedure may be as predictable as inserted in the common two-stage procedure . The peri-implant sulcus can and does harbour potential periodontal pathogens without significant signs of tissue breakdown. Lik Sprava, 2002 Jul-Sep, (5-6), 87 - 9 {Effectiveness of natural pectin-containing fruit pastes in patients with chronic enteritis}; Filak FH; As many as 56 patients with chronic enteritis in different stages aged 19-55 years were studied for myoelectrical activity of the intestines before treatment, following a single ingestion of pastes, and at the end of the course, intestinal absorptive function, and condition of the microflora . Combined treatment involving the use of pectin-containing apple paste in patients with chronic enteritis has a positive effect on the basic pathogenetic links of the disorder, which fact permits avoiding polypragmasy, undesirable medicinal preparations-associated complications, allergic reactions . It can come to be widely used in medical practice for treating patients with intestinal disorders. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2002 Nov, 187(5), 1267 - 71 Bacterial vaginosis and vaginal fluid defensins during pregnancy; Balu RB et al.; OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between Gram stain findings of vaginal fluid and the concentration of vaginal fluid neutrophil defensins . STUDY DESIGN: Vaginal fluid specimens obtained from 749 women at 24 to 29 weeks of gestation were tested for bacterial vaginosis and assayed for neutrophil defensins . Bacterial vaginosis was studied as a categoric variable (negative, intermediate, and positive), whereas defensins were examined as a continuous measure and dichotomized on the basis of presence versus absence and at the 90th percentile . Multiple linear and logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between bacterial vaginosis and defensins . RESULTS: Women with intermediate bacterial vaginosis were more likely to have elevated vaginal fluid neutrophil defensins (>90th percentile) than women with normal vaginal flora (adjusted odds ratio, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.3, 4.2), whereas women with frank bacterial vaginosis were not (adjusted odds ratio, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.7, 2.6) . Among women with any detectable defensin (69.5% of the study population), intermediate bacterial vaginosis was associated positively with defensin concentrations in multiple linear regression models (P =.007) . Women with intermediate and frank bacterial vaginosis had 5.9 microg/mL and 2.2 microg/mL higher defensin concentrations, respectively, than women who did not have bacterial vaginosis . The presence of leukocytes in vaginal fluids was associated positively with defensin concentrations (P <.0001) . CONCLUSION: Changes in vaginal microflora during mid pregnancy are associated with an increased concentration of vaginal fluid neutrophil defensins. Mikrobiol Z, 2002 Jul-Aug, 64(4), 62 - 80 {Probiotics based on live cultures of microorganisms}; Smirnov VV et al.; The modern state of probiotic design and production was discussed in the survey . The worldwide data concerning types of probiotics and their use for restoration of resident microflora of hot-blooded animals and people were systematized . Much attention has been recently paid to the use of the natural preparations to maintain and regenerate the state of the resident microflora of animals and people . These preparations are known as probiotics . The term "probiotic" means microorganisms or substances which are capable to render sanitary effect on macroorganism . I . I . Mechnikov's concept on detoxifications of harmful substances formed in the digestive tract of men by probiotics is expounded . The modern concepts of the probiotics division into groups have been presented . Different kinds of industrial probiotics were considered . The mechanism of positive action of probiotics and their mutual relations with micro- and macroorganisms were provided . The scientific substantiation of new probiotic design was presented. Science, 2002 Nov 15, 298(5597), 1424 - 7 Critical roles of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in the homeostasis of gut flora; Fagarasan S et al.; Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) plays an essential role in class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM) of immunoglobulin genes . We report here that deficiency in AID results in the development of hyperplasia of isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs) associated with a 100-fold expansion of anaerobic flora in the small intestine . Reduction of bacterial flora by antibiotic treatment of AID-/- mice abolished ILF hyperplasia as well as the germinal center enlargement seen in secondary lymphoid tissues . Because an inability to switch to immunoglobulin A on its own does not lead to a similar phenotype, these results suggest that SHM of ILF B cells plays a critical role in regulating intestinal microflora. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2002 Dec, 283(6), G1232 - 7 Cutting-edge technology: IV . Genomic engineering for studies of the gastrointestinal tract in mice; Bullard DC et al.; Advances in our understanding of the complex, dynamic interactions that exist among the gastrointestinal microflora, the epithelium of the gastrointestinal mucosae, and the immune system have been facilitated by powerful new genetic tools . Recent understanding that the gastrointestinal epithelium performs not only a barrier function but is also an active sensor of the microflora and an important intermediary in regulating and integrating cross-talk between it and cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems provides one of the most fertile and challenging areas for application of these technologies . The intestinal epithelium also represents an important model system for study of programs of cell lineage commitment and differentiation, given its continual and rapid regeneration throughout life and the regional differences in these programs that exist along the gastrocolonic and crypt-villous axes . This review will highlight current and emerging technologies that are available in the mouse model for identification and manipulation of genetic elements that regulate the normal and pathological physiology of the intestinal tissues in the post-genomic era. Bull Exp Biol Med, 2002 Feb, 133(2), 164 - 6 Pathogenetic role of dysbacteriosis in the development of complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children; Rozanova GN et al.; A relationship between enteric microbiocenosis and severity of type 1 diabetes mellitus was detected . Microbiological analysis showed II-IV degree dysbacteriosis i