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J Gen Microbiol, 1975 Jul, 89(1), 48 - 56 The action of Vibrio cholerae and Corynebacterium diphtheriae neuraminidases on the Sendai virus receptor of human erythrocytes; Fidgen KJ; Studies of the Sendai virus haemagglutinin receptor on the human erythrocyte surface have confirmed that it involves 2 leads to 3 linked sialic acid . Because the primary specificity of Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase is for this linkage, it is able to compete with the virus for the receptor, to which it adsorbs strongly at low temperatures . Corynebacterium diphtheriae neuraminidase, whose principal specificity is for a sialic acid linkage other than 2 leads to 3, does not easily remove Sendai virus receptors, nor does it adsorb to the erythrocyte surface . A new definition of the term "receptor-destroying enzyme" is given which takes both enzyme and virus specificity into account, and a modified assay method is suggested in order to overcome the problems due to enzyme adsorption. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Jun, (6), 96 - 101 {Analysis of a group of Corynebacterium by numerical taxonomic methods}; Nikonova VA et al.; Strains (29) of Corynebacterium genus were studied with the use of the method of numerical taxonomy . 48 characteristics (including morphological, tinctorial, cultural and biochemical ones) were analyzed . All the strains tested proved to belong to the same taxon . The present method permitted to reveal various biotypes within the group studied. J Immunol, 1975 Jun, 114(6), 1736 - 42 Rejection of mammary adenocarcinoma cell tumors in DBA/2 mice immunocompromised by thymectomy and treatment with antithymocyte serum; Likhite VV; Syngeneic mammary adenocarcinoma cells were mixed with killed Corynebacterium parvum organisms and were then transplanted subcutaneously into groups of normal and immunocompromised mice . The tumors formed at the site of injection exhibited normal growth for approximately 12 days followed by rapid and lasting rejection in both normal and immunocompromised animals . The control mice were protected against reinjections of 10-4 to 10-8 cells of the same line of tumor cells . The immunocompromised mice exhibited protection to reinjection of 10-4 cells of the tumor line initially employed . Microscopic examination of histologic sections of 10-day-old tumors in immunocompromised mice arising from administration of tumor cells and C.parvum mixtures revealed infiltration of only macrophages whereas those from normal animals exhibited both macrophages and lymphocytes . The data suggested that primary rejection of these tumors in immunocompromised mice may be the result of macrophage activity together with humoral immunity . These studies also revealed that 59 to 75% of immunocompromised mice exhibit protection against reinjection of the same line of tumor cells if twice-weekly treatment (i.p.) with killed C . parvum was included after inoculation of tumor cells mixed with C . parvum vaccine . These mice, unlike their saline-treated peers, exhibit delayed hypersensitivity reactions which are associated with proliferation of theta antigen-bearing lymphocytes . They also have intact tumor-directed humoral immune reactions. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh), 1975 Jun, 53(3), 458 - 75 Bacterial flora in relation to cataract extraction . I . Material, methods and preoperative flora; Fahmy JA et al.; The conjunctival flora of 499 patients was studied the day before cataract extraction, no antibiotics or chemotherapeutical agents had been used before admission . Staphylococcus albus was by far the most common micro-organism (95.4%), followed by corynebacteria (44%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.9%), gram-negative bacilli (7.8%) and pneumo-streptococci (4.4%) . Corynebacteria was isolated more frequently in the presence of S . albus, while S . aureus and gram-negative bacilli were found more frequently in the absence of S . albus . No relationship could be demonstrated between the occurrence of pneumo-streptococci and S . albus . The flora of the nose and skin of the face were studied and compared with the conjunctival flora, and a similarity could be observed . Furthermore, strains of S . aureus isolated at the same time from the two or three regions, in most cases, showed the same bacterio-phage type complex . The conjunctival flora was further correlated with sex, age, season, and number of polymorphonuclear neutrophils recovered from the conjunctival fluid . The incidence of corynebacteria and gram-negative bacilli was found to be higher in males, while corynebacteria was the only organism to show seasonal variation, i.e . was isolated more frequently in the second and third quarters of the year . No correlation could be found between age or number of neutrophils. Can J Microbiol, 1975 Jun, 21(6), 824 - 7 A numerical taxonomic study of the strains of three types of Corynebacterium renale; Yanagawa R; Numerical analysis has been carried out on 100 features of 55 strains of Corynebacterium renale . Three phena were formed, which respectively corresponded to three immunological types of C . renale. J Invest Dermatol, 1975 Jun, 64(6), 401 - 5 Quantitative microbiology of the scalp in non-dandruff, dandruff, and seborrheic dermatitis; McGinley KJ et al.; The composition of the scalp microflora was assessed quantitatively in normal individuals and in patients with dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis, disorders characterized by increasing scaling . Three organisms were constantly found: (1) Pityrosporum, (2) aerobic cocci, and (3) Corynebacterium acnes . Pityrosporum (mainly Pityrosporum ovale) made up 46% of the total microflora in normals, 74% in dandruff, and 83% in seborvheic dermatitis . The geometric mean number of organisms per cm-2 in non-dandruff subjects was 5.04 times 10-5; 9.22 times 10-5 in dandruff subjects; and 6.45 times 10-5 in those with seborrheic dermatitis . The cocci were dominantly Baird-Parker type SII and no quantitative or qualitative change occurred in the scaling disorders . C . acnes comprised 26% of the flora on the normal scalp, 6% in dandruff, and only 1% in seborrheic dermatitis . These results differ significantly from previous reports which describe a much more complex microflora and suggest an etiologic role for microorganisms in dandruff. Jpn J Exp Med, 1975 Jun, 45(3), 191 - 8 Studies on rat complement . II . Complement level in experimental tumor in rats; Sakamoto M et al.; In the course of methylcholanthrene induced carcinogenesis in rats, CIA50, C4 and C3 increased as compared with control and correlation of tumor size with increase in CIA50, C4 and C3 was observed . In the course of dimethylaminoazobenzen carcinogenesis of rats, complement level and C3 level decreased but in splenectomized rats fed by dimethylaminoazobenzen showed elevated level of complement system . After Corynebacterium infection, CIA50 and C3 of rats increased . This phenomenon is considered to be one of the essential factors to induce high resistance against tumor inoculation. Lancet, 1975 May 3, 1(7914), 1025 - 6 Non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae in a boarding school; Jephcott AE et al.; A non-toxigenic strain of Corynebacterium diphtheriae var . gravis was isolated from 31 boys during an outbreak of sore throats at a boarding school of 15 staff and 134 pupils . Despite the non-toxigenicity of the strain involved, conventional isolation procedures were observed and all boys at the school were treated with antibiotics . Restrictions on the school were only relaxed when no further carriers were detected . The rationale of such management of an episode involving a non-toxigenic strain is discussed. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1975 May-Jun, 11(3), 356 - 61 {Effect of oleic acid and Tween-80 on lysine synthesis by the culture Corynebacterium glutamicum}; Marshavina ZV et al.; The effect of oxidized and unoxidized oleic acid and Tween-80 on the growth and lysine synthesis by the producers C . glutamicum strains 95, 8, 28 was investigated . Surface active substances like oxidized and unoxidized oleic acid and Tween-80 during cultivation of the lysine producers on the glucose medium (the synthetic medium) and the medium with molasses and corn extract either inhibited the culture growth, thus reducing lysine yield, or accelerated the culture growth, thus increasing lysine yield . Oxidized and unoxidized oleic acid produced the greatest effect when added to the nutrient medium on the 48th cultivation hour . The increment of synthesized lysine was 120-150% of the control . Tween-80 proved to be very effective when added at early stages of fermentation (20 hours). J Gen Microbiol, 1975 May, 88(1), 159 - 68 The specificity of enzymes adding amino acids in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan precursors of Corynebacterium poinsettiae and Corynebacterium insidiosum; Wyke AW et al.; A soluble extract from Corynebacterium poinsettiae able to synthesize the nucleotide precursor of ite peptidoglycan was prepared . This extract contained all the enzymes necessary for the synthesis of the peptide side-chain . The spedificity of these enzymes was determined and compared with the specificity of similar enzymes extracted from the closely related Corynebacterium insidiosum . In both organsims, addition of the third amino acid of the peptide side-chain was specific for the amino acid and nucleotide dipeptide involved in peptidoglycan synthesis in the parent organism . L-Diaminobutyric acid, which is found as the acetyl derivative in the precursor nucleotide and in the completed peptidoglycan of C . insidiosum, was added as the free amino acid and not as the acetylated compound. Ann Sclavo, 1975 May-Jun, 17(3), 319 - 23 {Studies on the diffusion of Corynebacterium diphtheriae carriers in a children's community}; Rizzo G et al.; During an epidemiological inquiry in a infantile community it was founded the 22.8% of 83 children was carrier of toxigen C . diphtheriae and two adults on 15 were carriers of non toxigen C . diphtheriae . The isolated species respectively from children and adults were of different phagic type. Ann Sclavo, 1975 May-Jun, 17(3), 311 - 8 {Studies on the frequency of Corynebacterium diphtheriae carriers among students of the elementary schools in Bari}; Rizzo G; The morbidity of diphtheria reported in Bari in 1970 and in 1971 was 17.1 and 19.1 for 100000 inhabitants; in the same years the national average was respectively 1.6 and 1.3 . In a epidemiological research carried out in the same period in 1017 school-children of Bari not previously selected, 45 carriers of C . diphtheriae (4.42%) were identified . Toxigen strains were isolated from 11 carriers (1.08%) . The frequency of carriers was higher in the school-children 9-11 years aged (6-04%), lower in the school-children 6-8 years aged (2.99%). Biochem J, 1975 May, 148(2), 253 - 8 The mannophosphoinositides of Corynebacterium aquaticum; Hackett JA et al.; Besides the monomannophosphoinositide previously reported in Corynebacterium aquaticum small amounts of other, apparently more glycosylated, mannophosphoinositides have been identified in stationary phase cells . Moreover, by labelling cells with {32P}Pi, phosphatidylinositol was found, comprising about 1.5% of the stationary-phase phospholipids . 2 . Pulse-chase experiments performed on cells in the late exponential phase of growth further suggested the sequence phosphatidylinositol leads to monomannophosphoinositide as the first step in the biosynthesis of the mannophosphoinositides . 3 . Di-and tri-mannophosphoinositides are apparently the main mannophosphoinositides present during exponential growth . Monomannophosphoinositide predominates only in late stationary phase; in the earlier stationary phase, phosphatidylinositol comprises 50% of the phosphoinositide lipid, and tetramannophosphoinositide constitutes much of the remainder . 4 . The metabolism and functions of the mannophosphoinositides are discussed, particularly in relation to changes in their composition throughout the growth cycle. Int J Cancer, 1975 Apr 15, 15(4), 588 - 95 Enhancement by drugs of metastatic lung nodule formation after intravenous tumour cell injection; van Putten LM et al.; In studies on a model of induced pulmonary metastasis in mice a tumour host system was analysed which was not affected by immunogenicity of the tumour for the host; neither intensive immunosuppression nor immunization caused a significant change in the quantity of pulmonary metastatic nodules . In contrast the application of cytostatic drugs and of Corynebacterium parvum could modify the pulmonary resistance to the formation of tumour nodules by a factor greater than 100 in either direction . This finding confirms the observation of others that major modification of the resistance to metastatic tumour formation can occur independently of classical immunological mechanisms . Special attention is drawn to the fact that cyclophosphamide enhances the formation of metastatic nodules in this model by factors of 100 to more than 1,000 whereas other cytostatic drugs including the cyclophosphamide congeners iphosphamide and trophosphamide are active only factors between 2 and 12 . The possible practical significance of these findings is discussed. Br J Exp Pathol, 1975 Apr, 56(2), 183 - 92 Haematological changes and iron metabolism in rats after administration of Corynebacterium parvum; Brozovic B et al.; Administration of 1-4 mg of C . parvum to rats caused a transient and mild normochromic and normocytic anaemia with reticulocytosis . There was also an immediate and marked fall of plasma iron concentration and a moderate increase of total iron binding capacity of plasma . Despite increased clearance of 59Fe from the plasma there was no significant change of the plasma iron turnover rate . At later intervals after administration of C . parvum an increased incorporation of iron into red blood cells and the spleen was observed . These changes in iron metabolism have been explained in terms of increased retention of iron in the mononuclear phagocyte system during the first few days after C . parvum and enhanced erythropoiesis at later intervals . Other haematological parameters remained normal, with the exception of the absolute number of lymphocytes, which initially fell sharply but soon returned to, and even exceeded, control levels . Liver and spleen weights increased greatly after administration of C . parvum, reaching a maximum at the end of the first week, and both these organs contained mononuclear cell infiltrates, granulomata and giant cells. Cornell Vet, 1975 Apr, 65(2), 232 - 9 A cat with Corynebacterium equi lymphadenitis clinically simulating lymphosarcoma; Jang SS et al.; A cat with granulomatous lymphadenitis due to Corynebacterium equi is described . Clinically the cat was diagnosed as having lymphosarcoma . Bacteria were cultured from the lymph nodes. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1975 Apr, 54(4), 895 - 902 Nonspecific Immunotherapy of Murine Solid Tumors With Corynebacterium granulosum; Milas L et al.; A single intraperitoneal (ip) or intravenous (iv) injection of Corynebacterium granulosum into C3Hf/Bu mice shortly after subcutaneous (sc) injection of cells from a strongly antigenic syngeneic fibrosarcoma induced by 3-methylcholanthrene caused complete and lasting regressions of 100 and 70% of resulting tumors, respectively . Treatment with this bacterium sc only slightly inhibited the growth of some tumors . C . granulosum given iv to mice 3 days after the sc injection of fibrosarcoma cells caused complete regressions of 39 of 45 tumors; two iv injections with this immunostimulant given 1 month apart were no more effective than a single injection . Intralesional treatment of fibrosarcomas 8 mm in diameter induced complete regressions of tumors in 30% of the animals, whereas sc treatment contralateral to the growing tumor only slightly reduced tumor growth . Intraperitoneal growth of a fibrosarcoma was efficiently controlled (58-80% survival of mice) if C . granulosum was given ip, but not iv, 3 days after inoculation with tumor cells . Again, two injections of C . granulosum (given ip 4 days apart) were only as effective as a single injection . Treatment with C . granulosum iv at 3, 7, 14, or 21 days after sc inoculation of a weakly antigenic, spontaneously arising mammary carcinoma (MC-1) strongly inhibited tumor growth . Three complete but temporary tumor regressions were observed . The subcutaneous growth of another spontaneous mammary carcinoma (MC-2), which contained fairly strong tumor-specific antigen(s), was also significantly inhibited if C . granulosum was given 3,7, or 14 days after, but not 7 days before, tumor cell inoculation . However, pretreatment of mice with the immunostimulant significantly protected the mice against artifically induced pulmonary metastases of this tumor. Ann Immunol (Paris), 1975 Apr, 126(3), 319 - 26 {Protective effects of bacterial immunostimulants in mice infected by "Klebsiella pneumoniae" resistant to antibiotics after mutation or by plasmid transfer}; Parant M et al.; A streptomycin-resistant strain of K . pneumoniae obtained after mutation in vitro was found to be less virulent than the sensitive strain in mice . However, a single injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) administered 24 hours before challenge increased the host's resistance to both strains . In contrast, the virulence was not changed in K . pneumoniae accepting R-factors for ampicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and sulphonamide . The plasmids were transferred to K . pneumoniae from two strains of Escherichia coli possessing different R-factors with the same resistance pattern . As in the first case, mice pretreated by endotoxin were protected against a challenge by microorganisms carrying R-factors . The capacity of the stimulated host to destory resistant or sensitive organisms was of the same order . Klebsiella recovered 5 or 24 hours after infection from the blood, liver and spleen did not lost their antibiotic-resistance . In this study, BCG and Corynebacterium granulosum were also used . Like LPS, these two immunostimulants protected very effectively mice infected with K . pneumoniae rendered resistant to antibiotics by R-factor transfer. Appl Microbiol, 1975 Apr, 29(4), 464 - 8 New method for the large-scale preparation of diphtheria toxoid: purification of toxin; Cox JC; Diphtheria toxin of high purity was prepared in batch cultures of 1 to 40 liters by procedures capable of processing 200-liter batches without modification . The procedure incorporates preliminary purification of the growth medium and, after deep fermentation or sulfate culture of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, both concentration and partial purification of the toxin by membrane ultrafiltration . Final purification is achieved by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration . Purities of 2,000 to 2,500 flocculation units per mg of protein nitrogen (260 to 410 flocculation units per unit of absorbance at 280 nm) were routinely obtained with only a 10% loss of toxin . The toxin appeared pure on immunoelectrophoresis and ultracentrifugation, and only minor amounts of lower-molecular-weight impurities were revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate . Significant advantages of the procedure are its rapidity and reproducibility and the fact that all stages are performed at 4 C in neutral isotonic buffer. J Infect Dis, 1975 Apr, 131(4), 431 - 8 Interaction of toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae with phagocytes from susceptible and resistant species; Saelinger C et al.; The interaction of the toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae with leukocytes from sensitive and resistant animal species was examined by determining the ability of toxin to inhibit protein synthesis by several types of phagocytic cell . Small amounts of toxin (25 minimal lethal doses) impaired protein synthesis in both polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells from humans and guinea pigs, whereas large amounts (2,000 minimal lethal doses) were required for minimal inhibition of mouse phagocytes . Peritoneal macrophages from hyperimmunized guinea pigs exhibited the same high degree of sensitivity to diphtheria toxin as did those from unimmunized animals . Prolonged incubation with toxin resulted in a 75% reduction in phagocytosis of polystyrene latex spheres but had no effect on transport of the glucose analogue 2-deoxy-D-glucose by guinea pig macrophages . Thus phagocytic cells, although they are endowed with a high level of phagocytic cell appear to reflect the native resistance or sensitivity of the host species of origin. J S Afr Vet Assoc, 1975 Mar, 46(1), 73 - 6 Differential diagnosis of diarrhoea in horses over six months of age; Merritt AM et al.; Pertinent questions regarding the history of a horse with diarrhoea are listed, as are diagnostic procedures that might be included in a complete clinical work-up . For purposes of discussion, diarrhoea is regarded as "acute" or "chronic" wherein the former concerns cases where the features of the disease are severe with progressive electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, toxaemia, or other life-threatening manifestations and the latter refers to cases that have been prolonged for a month or more . Patterns of disease, including results of diagnostic techniques, are stressed . In the "acute" category, salmonellosis, haemorrhagic and oedematous colon (Colitis X), acute peritonitis, and Corynebacterium equi infection are discussed in some detail . In the "chronic" group, strongyle larval migrans, granulomatous enteritis, chronic liver disease, Corynebacterium equi infection and chronic salmonellosis are emphasized. Res Vet Sci, 1975 Mar, 18(2), 223 - 4 The use of mouse protection tests in the diagnosis of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep; Hamid YM; Mouse protection tests gave promising results in the diagnosis of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep especially those presenting no external lesions . The test was specific since sera of infected sheep were capable of neutralising Corynebacterium ovis toxin while sera of healthy sheep failed to do so . Better results were obtained with 1-0 ml than 0-5 or 0-25 ml serum of infected sheep to neutralise 2 MLD of the toxin through mice. Res Vet Sci, 1975 Mar, 18(2), 216 - 7 Corynebacterium bovis as a pathogen in rabbits; Arseculeratne SN et al.; A Corynebacterium identified as Corynebacterium bovis has been isolated from a chronic testicular abscess and the lung of a laboratory rabbit . The strain, on intravenous injection, reproduced a similar disease in the inguinal and vulval region of an experimental rabbit . Sera from both animals showed increasing titres of agglutinating antibody for the isolated Corynebacterium and for kaolin particles sensitised with the phosphatide antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis . It is suggested that the pathogenicity of C bovis for dairy animals be re-evaluated in view of the uncertainty in the literature. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh), 1975 Mar, 53(2), 237 - 53 Bacterial flora of the normal conjunctiva . II . Methods of obtaining cultures; Fahmy JA et al.; The methods used for obtaining bacterial cultures from the normal conjunctiva were reviewed . A comparison was made between four methods; a) platinum loop, b)calcium alginate swab c) dry, and d) wet cotton wool swab, using agar (all methods) and serum-bouillon (methods b, c, d) as culture media . The comparisons were based on the isolation rate of Staphylococcus albus and corynebacteria . At the same time, four topical anaesthetics (benoxinate, tetracaine, proparacaine, cocaine) and one vital stain (tetrazolium - alcian blue mixture) instilled into the conjunctiva immediately before taking samples, were studied for their effects on the isolation rate of Staphylococcus albus and corynebacteria . For isolating Staphylococcus albus, method d was found to be superior to the others when the methods were used in the above mentioned order, and when agar was the only culture medium used . On the other hand, after instillation of the above mentioned eyedrops, causing the so-called "washing-out" effect (Fahmy et al . 1974), method a was found better than the others, providing the methods were used in the a-b-c-d order and when agar only was used . When considering the growth of Staphylococcus albus in serum boullion as well, methods b, c, and d were found equal in effect, but somewhat superior to a . Corynebacteria showed nearly the same isolation rate with all the methods before as well as after the instillation of eye drops. Immunology, 1975 Mar, 28(3), 431 - 42 Effect of Corynebacterium parvum on the class and subclass of antibody produced in the response of different strains of mice to sheep erythrocytes; Warr GW et al.; Several strains of mice were injected with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) using C . parvum as adjuvant . The adjuvant effects on the amounts of class and subclass of antibody produced were ranked in the order IgG2b greater than IgG2a and IgM greater than IgG1 . In addition, these effects were shown to vary depending on the time of administration of C . parvum relative to antigen . C parvum was shown to have no adjuvant effect on the response of congenitally athymic mice when given at the same time as the antigen, SRBC . On the basis of the reported observations it is suggested that certain of the adjuvant effects of C . parvum require T-cell function. Infect Immun, 1975 Mar, 11(3), 445 - 52 Genetic basis of toxin production and pathogenesis in Vibrio cholerae: evidence against phage conversion; Gerdes JC et al.; The pathogenicity of Vibrio cholerae strains "cured" of "Kappa-type" phage was not significantly altered relative to that of their "Kappa" lysogenic parental strains . Unlike Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the capacity of V . cholerae to produce exotoxin was not stimulated as a consequence of active phage multiplication . Toxin production in cultures in which Kappa-type phage multiplication was initiated either by inducing Kappa lysogens or by infecting naturally occurring or "cured" Kappa-sensitive strains was greatly reduced compared to normally growing control cultures . Kappa-sensitive El Tor strain Mak 757 and a Kappa lysogen derived from it did not differ in their capacity to colonize ligated rabbit ileal loops nor in their sensitivites to ultraviolet radiation, acidic pH, or osmotic shock . We conclude that Kappa-type phages do not directly affect the pathogenicity of these V . cholerae strains. Biken J, 1975 Mar, 18(1), 1 - 13 Adjuvant activity of mycobacterial fractions . I . Purification and in vivo adjuvant activity of cell wall skeletons of Mycobacterium bovis BCG, Nocardia asteroides 131 and Corynebacterium diphtheriae PW8; Azuma I et al.; The adjuvant activity of cell wall skeletons (mycolic acid-arabino-galactan-mucopeptide, CWS) prepared from the cells of mycobacteria, nocardia and corynebacteria was examined in vivo in mice and guinea pigs . The cell wall skeletons of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG-CWS), Nocardia asteroides 131 and Corynebacterium diphtheriae PWC suspended in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) as water-in-oil emulsions showed potent adjuvant activity on the formation of circulating antibody and cell-mediated immunity to bovine serum albumin (BSA), sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and sulfanylazo-bovine serum albumin (SA-BSA) in mice and guinea pigs . After acetylation or acid treatment, BCG-CWS retained its adjuvant activity, but the activity of BCG-CWS was destroyed completely by alkaline treatment . The cell wall constituents, arabinose-mycolate and arabino-galactan, prepared from BCG-CWS showed no adjuvant activity . It was also shown that BCG-CWS suspended in phosphate buffered saline or associated with oil droplets augmented cell-mediated cytotoxicity in which thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-cells) are effector cells. J Infect Dis, 1975 Mar, 131(3), 239 - 44 The role of cutaneous diphtheria infections in a diphtheria epidemic; Koopman JS et al.; Twenty-four people with diptheria and 48 carriers were found in an isolated, circumscribed, rural area during a one-month period . Four patients had cutaneous lesions, which were similar to those of typical impetigo, form which Corynebacterium diptheriae was isolated . These cases constituted an epidemiologic focus from which the other cases were infected . Ten of 52 classroom contacts of two patients with skin infections harbored C . diphtheriae in the pharynx, while only eight of 132 classroom contacts of eight respiratory cases were similarly infected . Respiratory carriage of C . diphtheriae in five of 12 Head start classroom contacts of another patient with cutaneous infection with C . diptheriae in the classroom situation . A tendency toward greater environmental contamination by cutaneous diphtheria than by respiratory diptheria might be related to the greater contagiousness cases. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1975 Mar, 54(3), 789 - 92 In vivo cortisone sensitivity of nonspecific antitumor activity of Corynebacterium parvum-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages; Scott MT; The nonspecific antitumor activity of Corynebacterium parvum-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro was inhibited by their prior treatment with cortisone acetate in vivo . Inhibition was marked (60 percent) 24 hours after cortisone injection and was still significant at 7 days, but antitumor activity was completely recovered by 9 days . This transient inhibition was sufficient to abolish the non-specific protection afforded by C . parvum in an in vivo pretreatment model. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, 1975 Feb 3, 280(5), 685 - 8 {Effect of immunostimulation by Corynebacterium parvum on evolution and metastatic dissemination of Lewis's tumor in mouse C57BL/6 mice}; Pot-Deprun J et al.; Treatment with Corynebacterium parvum (C . parvum) produces a significant prolongation of survival time of Lewis tumor bearing animals and reduces strikingly the incidence of pulmonary metastasis in syngeneic C57Bl/6 mice . On the other hand, treatment with Imuran, a known immunodepressive agent, reduces survival time and facilitates metastatic dissemination in the same model. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1975 Feb, 148(2), 440 - 2 Effect of corynebacterium parvum on bone marrow cell cultures (38557); Dimitrov NV et al.; The effect of C . parvum on in vitro colony-forming cell was evaluated . A single ip injection of the vaccine had no effect during the first 4 hr either on colony stimulating factor or on colony-forming cells . The enhancement of the colony-forming capacity of the bone marrow by C.parvum occurred after two injections of the vaccine within 48 hr . The stimulation of colony formation by C . parvum was time related function and occured 5 days after the initiation of the cultures . The results of this study indicate that C . parvum appears to be stimulant of bone marrow cells capable of proliferation and may be used as a valuable adjuvant against myelosuppressive agents. Immunology, 1975 Feb, 28(2), 219 - 29 Biologically active components from mycobacterial cell walls . III . Production of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea-pigs; Meyer TJ et al.; The efficacy of various fractions of mycobacterial cell walls in producing experimental ahlergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) has been evaluated . BCG (Bacillus-Calmette-Buerin) cell walls were effective in producing EAE in all animals at dose levels as low as 40 mug . Study of subfractions of these cell walls revealed the following: (1) wax D was active, but required larger doses than BCG cell walls; (2) the chloroform-methanol-soluble (CMS) portion of wax D and P3 (a mycolic acid-trehalose ester contained therein) were inactive; (3) the chloroform-methanol-insoluble (CMI) portion of wax D was active; (4) exhaustively delipidated cell wass skeletons of BCG, Nocardia asteroides, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae and M . kansaii were active; (5) two water-soluble adjuvants prepared from mycobacteria were active . These results suggest that the mycobacterial structure responsible for EAE adjuvanticity is present in the organic solvent-insoluble cell wall skeleton framework . The activity of wax D may be due to the presence of cell-wall skeleton constituents which are found in varying quanity in most wax D preparations . Wax D components soluble in a solution of chloroform:methanol (diluted 2:1 v/v) do not produce EAE. Antibiotiki, 1975 Feb, 20(2), 135 - 8 {Action of decamethoxin on diphtherial exotoxin}; Palii GK et al.; The results of the study of the detoxicating effect of decamethoxin on diphtheria toxin are presented . It was noted that decamethoxin in subbacteriostatic concentrations inhibited the process of the toxin production in Corynebacteria diphtheriae . The detoxicating effect of the drug was clearly evident when used in a concentration of 10gamma/ml at a 2-hour exposure . Decamethoxin in a dose of 0.1 gamma/ml neutralized the effect of the diphtheria toxin on contact for 24 hours. Clin Exp Immunol, 1975 Jan, 19(1), 143 - 7 Activation of the classical and alternate pathways of complement by Corynebacterium parvum; McBride WH et al.; The immunological adjuvant Corynebacterium parvum has been to activate the alternate pathway of complement in human and guinea-pig serum . Human serum in addition contains anti-C . parvum antibodies leading to activation of the classical complement pathway . The possible role of a C . parvum derived polysaccharide in this activation is considered in relation to the biological effects of the micro-organism. Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo), 1975 Fall, 15(3), 116 - 21 Distribution of Corynebacterium renale among healthy bulls with special reference to inhabitation of type III in the prepuce; Hiramune T et al.; Distribution of Corynebacterium renale among apparently healthy bulls reared in Hokkaido was investigated . The organism was detected from 46 (39.3%) of 117 specimens of preputial cavity washing and from 60 (51.7%) of 116 specimens of semen . The isolates studied in this survey belonged to type III, except a few which belonged to type II . No type I strain was isolated from any bull . C . renale type III was isolated from the prepuce in six of seven bulls slaughtered and from urethra in three, but not at all from any other organ . In the seven bulls, no macroscopic changes were seen, but a slight infiltration of lymphocytes and formation of lymph nodules were noticed in the prepuce . No other microscopical changes could be demonstrated in any other organ . No serum antibody response was detected . To ascertain the virulence of C . renale isolated from the bulls, a strain of type II was inoculated into the urinary bladder of a healthy cow . The cow exhibited fever and hematuria on and after the 10th day . Typical cystitis was proved when the cow was necropsied on the 14th day after inoculation . From these result it is conceived that C . renale type II organisms inhabit the prepuce of apparently healthy bulls at a high rate, without inducing any disturbance. Br J Cancer, 1975 Jan, 31(1), 15 - 24 Further analysis of the anti-tumour effect in vitro of peritoneal exudate cells from mice treated with Corynebacterium parvum; Ghaffar A et al.; Administration of C . parvum to both intact and thymectomized mice resulted in the appearance in the peritoneal exudate of cells which inhibited tumour growth in vitro . This effect was mediated by intact, viable adherent cells, which it seems reasonable to categorize as macrophages, and was contingent on contact between the effector and target cells . No co-operation was observed between lymph node cells from C . parvum treated mice and peritoneal exudate cells from normal mice. Acta Biol Med Ger, 1975, 34(2), 167 - 72 {Microbial 3-O-demethylation and 3-O-methylation of estratrienes}; Schubert K et al.; Estradiol-3-methylether, estrone-3-methylether, 17alpha-ethinyl-estradiol-3-methylether and other 17alpha-substituted estratrienes were 3-O-demethylated to free 3-hydroxy compounds by fermentation with Corynebacterium sp . A hydroxy groupp in position 6alpha or 6beta prevented the reaction . The opposite reaction, methylation of the 3-hydroxy group of estratrienes, was performed using Mycobacterium smegmatis . The substrate specifity of this methylation was low . Analogies of these microbial reactions to steroid metabolism in mammalian organism are discussed. Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo), 1975 Spring, 15(1), 45 - 51 Changes of adrenal hormones in goats with experimentally induced arthritis; Motoi Y et al.; An experiment was carried out to clarify the mechanism of occurrence of arthritis in goats . In it changes of the adrenal hormones in blood and urine were examined in goats with experimentally induced arthritis . Four groups of goats were used . A goat of group B was inoculated with anaerobic Corynebacterium organisms isolated from a joint of a field case . Group H was treated with hormones (deoxycorticosterone acetate and adrenalin) . Group BH was inoculated with those organisms and treated with these hormones . The other group served as an untreated control . Arthirits was induced to three of the four goats of group BH . The blood level of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids and the urine level of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids were higher in group BH than in any other group at the time of appearance of clinical signs . The hypofunction of the adrenal cortex was seen in two of three goats with induced arthritis . Serotonin increased transitorily in group BH around the time of appearance of clinical signs, but there was finally no difference in its level among goats with or without induced arthritis . There was no definite tendency in the fluctuation of level of adrenalin or noadrenalin. Immunology, 1975 Jan, 28(1), 49 - 58 A comparative study of anaerobic Coryneforms . Attempts to correlate their anti-tumour activity with their serological properties and ability to stimulate the lymphoreticular system; McBride WH et al.; Various strains of anaerobic coryneforms and the closely related Propionibacteria have been compared in vivo with respect to their anti-tumour activity . Their effectiveness has been correlated with their serological relationship and to some extent with their ability to stimulate the lymphoreticular system . Organisms belonging to Corynebacterium acnes groups I and II and C . avidum group IV were active anti-tumour agents, although of varying effectiveness . These strains are serologically closely related and all produce a soluble cross-reacting antigen . The single C . granulosum group III strain which we tested, an unclassified coryneform, and the classical Propionibacteria did not cross-react with the main group and had little or no anti-tumour activity . At the high dose (0.7 mg) we used, all strains, whether they inhibited tumour development or not, enhanced clearance of colloidal carbon and stimulated production of an inflammatory peritoneal exudate; at lower dosage the results were too variable to permit valid comparison . At the higher dose anti-tumour activity of a strain appeared to correlate best with ability to produce splenomegally and decrease red cell volume in the blood. Arch Microbiol, 1975, 102(2), 151 - 3 Charcterization and physiological function of a soluble L-amino acid oxidase in Corynebacterium; Coudert M; A general L-amino acid oxidase (L-amino acid: oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating), EC(1.4.3.2) has been characterized in Corynebacterium . The enzyme is soluble (MW 130000-140000) and is active with most L-alpha-amino acids but not with aspartate, threonine, proline and glycine . It is subject to substrate inhibition . This amino acid oxidase is induced along with catalase by growth in the presence of amino acids as a nitrogen source and is repressed when ammonium ions are present in the medium . Its probable physiological function is to allow the utilization of amino acids as a nitrogen source. Cancer Res, 1975 Jan, 35(1), 242 - 4 Specific and nonspecific stimulation of resistance to the growth and metastasis of the line 1 lung carcinoma; Yuhas JM et al.; The effects of specific dead tumor cell immunization and nonspecific immunostimulation with Corynebacterium parvum on the s.c . growth of the line 1 carcinoma in syngeneic BALB/c mice have been studied . Injection of heavily irradiated line ) carcinoma cells did not inhibit the transplantability or growth of the line 1 carcinoma, and in certain cases these treatments actually prolonged the period of rapid growth . This latter observation was traced to a mild inhibition of metastatic spread, which itself can slow the s.c . tumor growth . Treatment of the mice with 0.25 mg of C . parvum 7 days prior to transplant of the tumor had no effect on its growth by itself; but in combination with i.v.-injected tumor cells, which themselves had no effect on tumor growth, a 45% inhibition of tumor growth was induced . These data demonstrate that, in the weekly immunogenic line 1 carcinoma system, inhibition of s.c . transplants requires not only exposure to tumor antigens but also stimulation of the immunological reactivity. Cancer, 1975 Jan, 35(1), 134 - 43 Inhibitory effect of prolonged Corynebacterium parvum and cyclophosphamide administration on the growth of established tumors; Fisher B et al.; The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of prolonged administration of C . parvum alone and in combination with cyclophosphamide for the treatment of established, measurable C3H tumors . The continued weekly administration of C . parvum by itself provided a limited but significant inhibitory effect on tumor growth and significantly prolonged survival . Intraperitoneal and intravenous administration was found to be more effective than the subcutaneous route . When C . parvum was administered asynchronously in combination with cyclophosphamide at weekly intervals a tumor growth inhibitory effect was achieved which was greater than that resulting from either agent along . Such an effect was consistently obtained and was seemingly independent of the sequence of drug administration . When cyclophosphamide preceded the initial C . parvum administration, arrest in the rate of tumor growth occurred, resulting in infinite tumor doubling time for the duration of observation (greater than 90 days) . The combination of C . parvum and cyclophosphamide produced a more effective inhibition of tumor growth than did BCG and cyclophosphamide similarly employed . The importance of these findings relative to clinical application is considered . While the significance and genesis of the marked desmoplastic reaction characterizing tumors from animals treated with C . parvum and cyclophosphamide is at present speculative, consideration is given to the possibility that this could signify a host response against tumor growth. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1975, 29(1), 1 - 32 {Sensitivity of mastitis pathogens to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents}; Kunter E; Sensitivity of mastitis bacteria to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents . The author tested the following bacteria, isolated from milk: -2236 strains of streptococci (1384 of group B, 262 of group C, 62 of group D, 109 of E, 16 of F, 24 of G, 7 of H, 11 of K, 270 of L, 5 of M, 41 of N, 45 of P); 361 ungroupable streptococci; 18,481 CAMP-positve, 1,966 CAMP-negative beta-haemolytic streptococci; 5,403 CAMP-negative, non-haemolytic streptococci; 1,179 strains of staphylococci, 596 of coliforms, 477 Corynebacterium pyogenes . They were tested against penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline, and some were also tested against Nifuzin, Suprazid and sulfadimidine . A high proportion of the streptococci, which were the dominant mastitis agents, was sensitive to penicillin: - 97.2% of group B, 99.2% of C, 96.3% of E, 99.6% of L, 98.7% of CAMP-positive strains, 99.6% of beta-haemolytic strains . Only 20 strains of streptococci (0.08%) were resistent to penicillin . More than half were resistent to streptomycin (52.19%) while 44.38% showed decreased sensitivity . Nearly all streptococci (98.53%) were susceptible to chloramphenicol . With oxytetracycline most CAMP-positive (96.4%) and group B streptococci (95.4%) were sensitive, but only 53.4% of groups C, G and L and 31.4% of beta-haemolytic streptococci were . Sensitivity to Nifuzin, Suprazid and sulfadimidine was variable: the proportion of streptococci sensitive to each drug was 75.32%, 58.51% and 66.05% . During the ten year period of testing (1963 to 1972) the only evidence of an increase in resistance was with oxytetracycline, involving streptococci of groups N and P, the ungroupable strains and above all the beta-haemolytic strains . 82% of the staphylococci were sensitive to penicillin, 89.6% to streptomycin, 95.5% to chloramphenicol and 96.2% to oxytetracycline . Between 1963/66 and 1972 the proportion of strains showing reduced sensitivity to penicillin rose by 28.1% . With sulphonamides, 80.4% were sensitive to Suprazid and 80.6% to sulfadimidine, showing that these drugs were less effective in vitro than antibiotics . 92% of staphylococcal strains were sensitive to Nifuzin . Among coliform bacteria the dominant pattern was sensitivity to streptomycin (96%-, chloramphenicol (97.3%), oxytetracycline (88%), Nifuzin (95%), Suprazid (92%) and sulfadimidine (91.3%) . The only change between 1963 and 1972 was a 14% increase in strains resistant to oxytetracacline . Strains of Corynebacterium pyogenes were generally sensitive to penicillin (100%), chloramphenicol (100%) and oxytetracycline (99%); the proportion sensitive to streptomycin was 88%, to Nifuzin 84.8%, and to sulfadimidine only 36% . There was no change in the sensitivity pattern between 1963 and 1972. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1975, 20(4), 346 - 50 The effect of medium composition on the production of valine by Corynebacterium 9366 - EMS/184; Plachy J; The auxotrophic mutant Corynebacterium 9366-EMS/184, requiring isoleucine accumulates about 22 g of L-valine per litre after a 96 h cultivation in a medium containing 15% sucrose and 1% ammonium acetate. Antibiotiki, 1975, 20(12), 1095 - 9 {Microbiological characteristics and sensitivity to antibiotics of decamethoxin-resistant diphtheric bacilli}; Palii GK et al.; Biological properties and sensitivity of 6 Corynebacteria strains to 9 antibiotics were studied in vitro . The rate of the development of resistance to neomycin, levomycetin, decamine and decamethoxin in the diphtheria causative agents was determined . Biological properties of the decamethoxin resistant variants of the diphtheria causative agents were investigated: 100 passages on media with increasing amounts of the drug . The rate of the development of resistance to decamethoxin was slower than that to neomycin, levomycetin and decamine . Changes in the biological properties and antibiotic sensitivity of the decamethoxin-adapted strains were revealed. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1975, 41(4), 553 - 68 Level of redox potential as a possible contributing influence in the pathogenicity of oral anaerobes; Jayawardene A et al.; Dental plaque anaerobes may be associated with the etiology of periodontal disease . This has created an interest in the potential pathogenicity of oral anaerobes . We compared the metabolic activity of anaerobic corynebacteria (C . parvum, C . anaerobium) and corresponding aerobic species (C . diphtheriae, C . xerosis) . The anaerobes exhibited lower levels of RNA synthesis, ranging from 5 to 10 fold over the aerobes . We further examined these anaerobes, plus Actinomyces naeslundi N16 (isolated from the anaerobic region of periodontally-diseased tissues), for the influence of redox potential on RNA level and antigenic function . Notable increases in RNA were found at specific Eh levels; the extent and direction of the changes varied with the different organisms . This environmental feature appeared to effect corresponding changes in agglutinability and PCA reactivity with antisera against the anaerobes cultured at different redox potentials . For example, while antisera against certain organisms (C . parvum, A . naeslundi) cultured under the most reuced conditions showed an intense PCA reaction, other antisera against the same organism cultured under less reduced conditions were non-reactive . Hence, alterations in redox potential may lead to alteredetabolism and to altered antigencity . Our results imply such a microbial response to environmental stress. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975, 231(1-3), 197 - 205 Effect of Corynebacterium parvum on the course of a Listeria monocytogenes infection in normal and congenitally athymic (nude) mice; Ruittenberg EJ et al.; Spleen counts of Listeria monocytogenes in normal mice challenged with various numbers of organisms were generally lower in mice injected 3 days previously with killed Corynebacterium parvum . This increased resistance was unexpected since C . parvum generally inhibits T cell-mediated immunity, the functional immunity against Listeria being T cell-dependent . The inhibitory effect on T cells seemed to be compensated by the stimulatory effect of C . parvum on macrophages . Therefore, the experiments were repeated in congenitally athymic (nude) mice (B10LP) lacking functional T cells . C . parvum pretreatment of nu/nu mice prolonged the time between challenge and death, the number of survivors in the pretreated and non-treated mice being approximately equal . It was concluded that C . parvum exerted a stimulatory effect on macrophages resulting in a higher resistance against Listeria. Infect Immun, 1975 Jan, 11(1), 80 - 5 Effect of Corynebacterium acnes on interferon production in mouse peritoneal exudate cells; Fischbach J et al.; Corynebacterium acnes, an organism closely related to C . parvum, has been recognized to have a striking effect on the reticuloendothelial system, as well as on both humoral and cellular immunity . In mice previously exposed to C . acnes, serum interferon levels induced by injection of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Chikungunya virus (CV), and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid are suppressed . When peritoneal macrophages and lymphocytes from animals exposed to C . acnes were cultivated in vitro, their capacity to produce interferon in response to NDV and CV was reduced . Furthermore, the interferon-producing capacity of these cells in tissue culture was inhibited after exposure to C . acnes to vitro . Exposure of separated populations of peritoneal macrophages and lymphocytes to C . acnes in vitro demonstrated that the interferon response to NDV by both cell types is inhibited . Peritoneal macrophages appear to be the major contributor to the interferon response in this system . Finally, this inhibitory effect was shown to occur after exposure to a purified cell wall preparation of C . acnes organisms, as well as a lipid extract of this preparation. Scand J Urol Nephrol, 1975, 9(1), 8 - 16 Search for uro-genital tract infections in patients with symptoms of prostatitis . Studies on aerobic and strictly anaerobic bacteria, mycoplasmas, fungi, trichomonads and viruses; Mardh PA et al.; Seventy-nine patients with symptoms of nonacute prostatitis and 20 healthy volunteers were examined for uro-genital tract infection with bacteria, mycoplasmas, fungi, trichomonads and viruses . No differences in the results of the bacterial cultures were found between the patients and the controls . In only a few cases were established urinary tract pathogens found, but in no instance were these findings reproducible in later specimens . The cultures of the expressed prostatic fluids and the samples of semen gave no information of the occurrence of bacteria over and above that obtainable from examination of the urethral specimens . Significant bacteriuria was not found in any of the patients . Though Neisseria gonorrhoeae could not be isolated from any of the subjects, immunofluorescent studies revealed such organisms in seminal fluid in 8% of the patients . Nine of the patients had 1 to 3 years been considered successfully treated for gonorrhoea . Five of these nine patients were still found to harbour gonococci, as judged from the immunofluorescent studies . Corynebacterium vaginale was recovered in an equally low frequency (5%) from the patients and the volunteers . There was no significant difference in the incidence of T-mycoplasmas between the patients (46%) and the controls (35%), while Mycoplasma hominis was only found in the patients (10%) . Trichomonas vaginalis could not be detected in wet smears of expressed prostatic fluid in any of the subjects, but could be cultured from one such specimen . Metacycline treatment (performed according the double blind cross-over technique) was studied for effects on the bacterial flora . In about 10% of the patients, an earlier not observed relative dominance of gram-negative rods was found on the cultures made after the therapy . Candida albicans was only isolated from the patients . It was found more often after (24%) than before the (15%) treatment . Complement-fixing antibodies to N . gonorrhoeae, cytomegalovirus and Chlamydia were found in 10, 19, and 33% of the patients, respectively . The corresponding figures for the healthy males were 0, 20 and 5%. Pathol Microbiol (Basel), 1975, 42(1), 36 - 41 Sensitivity of Haemophilus vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale) to oleandomycin and spectinomycin; Virtanen S; Haemophilus vaginalis is highly sensitive to oleandomycin . The MIC ranged from 0.035 to 0.15 mug/ml . The sensitivity of H . vaginalis to spectinomycin was 2.5-5.0 mug/ml . The sensitivity of H . vaginalis to spectinomycin is 3-4 times higher than that of Neisseria gonorrhoeae . A favourable effect in the treatment of vaginitis caused by H . vaginalis could thus be expected. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1972 Jan 1, 112(1), 87 - 90 Corynebacterium vaginale vaginitis . Review of the literature and presentation of data based on vaginal cultures from 1,008 patients; Lewis JF et al.; PIP: A partial review of past investigations concerning vaginitis associated with Corynebacterium vaginale (formerly known as Haemophilus vaginalis) includes therapy, laboratory diagnosis and taxonomy . An investigation involving 1008 patients during a 6 week postpartum period evaluated several hypotheses . It was found that the incidence of positive cultures was greater in nonpregnant patients with vaginitis when compared with the whole population; the positive culture rate was s ignificantly higher in patients with vaginitis than without (p . 001); th e incidence of positive cultures between women using oral contraceptives (OC) or women using IUDs and the population at large was the same; and p ositive cultures were similar in patients using IUDs as in those using n o contraceptives . This study demonstrated that C-vaginale is a vaginal pathogen which is not influenced by OC and IUD use . The means of therapy need further evaluation .
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