Campylobacter

Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1991 Jan, 274(4), 548 - 59
Interaction of Cryptosporidium parvum and Campylobacter jejuni in experimentally infected neonatal mice; Vitovec J et al.; By the method of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the inner mucosal surface of the ileum, ceacum and colon was studied in inbred BALB/c mice . Two-day-old mice were infected with either 10(6) oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum and 10(8) CFU of porcine and human strains of the bacterium Campylobacter jejuni or with a combination of both enteropathogens . Pathological changes in infection with C . parvum were related to enterocytes and villous atrophy appeared . In infection with C . jejuni, pathological changes were related to goblet cells . In combined infections, pathological changes were similar to those in monoinfections and occurred simultaneously within the intestine . Synergistic interaction of C . parvum and C . jejuni manifested itself morphologically in a more intense colonization of the inner surface of the small and large intestine by C . jejuni, in a more intense infection of the caecum and colon by C . parvum, and in prolongation of severe, massive infection of the small and large intestine, and also a prolongation of the patent period.

IARC Sci Publ, 1991, (105), 22 - 32
The etiology of gastric cancer; Forman D; We review recent evidence concerning risk factors for gastric cancer . An overview of analytical studies shows convincing evidence of a protective effect of fruit and vegetables . The specific protective constituents have not been firmly established, but micronutrients, especially ascorbic acid, are probably of importance . Other dietary factors that show a consistent pattern of effect in different studies are the moderate risks associated with high intake of preserved foods and salt . Evidence also indicates that gastric cancer is associated with tobacco consumption, although even in continuing heavy smokers the risk does not exceed two fold . Another non-dietary factor of potential importance is infection with the bacterium, Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori . The model of Correa and co-workers currently offers the best working hypothesis to explain the etiology of gastric cancer . Although the endogenous synthesis of N-nitroso compounds is central to the model, it is not yet clear what the rate-limiting steps are . Exposure to nitrate per se does not directly cause gastric cancer.

IARC Sci Publ, 1991, (105), 162 - 7
Exposure to N-nitrosamines and other risk factors for gastric cancer in Costa Rican children; Sierra R et al.; The hypothesis that endogenous chemical nitrosation in the normal stomach in early life could play a crucial role in inducing chronic atrophic gastritis/intestinal metaplasia in later life was tested by applying the N-nitrosoproline (NPRO) test to 12-h urine samples from about 50 children (aged 8-14 years) living in high- and low-risk areas for stomach cancer . The median values of NPRO and the sum of four nitrosamino acids analysed were 0.28-0.84 micrograms/12 h and 0.75-1.75 micrograms/12 h, respectively . The NPRO level after proline intake was significantly higher in children from a high-risk area than in those from a low-risk area (p less than 0.04), and markedly reduced after ingestion of ascorbic acid and proline (p less than 0.05) . Urinary nitrate level was lower than that of adults . NPRO levels on the day of proline intake, however, correlated well with nitrate levels (p less than 0.001), indicating that children in a high-risk area in Costa Rica have high endogenous nitrosation potential . Blood samples were also collected from about 300 children (aged 7-20 years) and analysed for antibodies against Campylobacter pylori, a suspected gastritis-causing bacteria . About 71% of children in both high- and low-risk areas for stomach cancer had antibodies . In addition, raw and cooked beans, which are consumed very frequently in Costa Rica, were collected from families in both areas and analysed for levels of nitrite/nitrate, total N-nitroso compounds and genotoxicity in the SOS chromotest.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 1991 Jan-Feb, 33(1), 80 - 2
Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori: comparison of an urease test, histological visualization of curved bacteria and culture; Hernandez F et al.; Helicobacter pylori was investigated in 189 patients for culture, microscopic visualization of campylobacter-like organisms (CLO) and a ten minute urease test . In 136 (72%) the bacteria was isolated, and in 98 of them CLO were histologically detected . Specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values of microscopic visualization of CLO were: 0.77, 0.73, 0.97 and 0.51, respectively; 98 culture-positive patients were urease test positive . Specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values of the urease test were: 0.83, 0.72, 0.92 and 0.54, respectively . Comparing the urease test with culture of H . pylori combined with microscopic visualization of CLO, its specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values were: 0.95, 0.71, 0.98 and 0.48, respectively . Probably, these values are not real, since bacteria different from H . pylori could be misclassified as CLO.

Braz J Med Biol Res, 1991, 24(6), 567 - 72
Use of ampicillin plus ranitidine for Helicobacter pylori gastritis; Ferrari AP et al.; 1 . Helicobacter pylori (formerly Campylobacter pylori) is now recognized as an etiological factor in gastritis and duodenal ulcers and probably also gastric ulcers . Eradication of the bacteria is fundamental to avoid ulcer relapse . Although bismuth salts have been shown to be effective for treatment, they are not commercially available in Brazil . 2 . We report an attempt to treat patients with Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis with ampicillin (1000 mg twice daily for one month) and compare the results with the conventional treatment used in Brazil (ranitidine, 300 mg daily for one month) and with a combination of the two drugs . We studied 44 patients with histologically confirmed gastritis and with Helicobacter pylori, who were examined at the beginning and after one month of treatment . 3 . Ampicillin associated with ranitidine was better than ampicillin or ranitidine alone for the treatment of gastritis . Although ampicillin may be more efficient in patients with lower acid output we did not find a statistically significant difference between these two groups (ampicillin vs drug combination), perhaps owing to the small number of patients studied . When ampicillin was combined with ranitidine there was 25% normalization of the histological picture of the gastric mucosa . 4 . We conclude that ampicillin in combination with ranitidine may be a useful treatment for Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis.

Przegl Epidemiol, 1991, 45(3), 171 - 4
{Resistance to chemotherapy of Campylobacter jejuni strains}; Gosciniak G et al.; Sensitivity to 22 different chemotherapeutic agents against 31 Campylobacter jejuni strains, isolated from children was determined . Most of the investigated strains were sensitive to doxycycline, chloramphenicol and nitrofurantoin (90-100) and 84-87% of them to oxy-tetracycline augmentation, ofloxacin, erythromycin . All the strains were resistance to: cephalotin, cephadrin, cefuroxime and cefoperazone and 77-87% to ceftazidime, colistin and vancomycin.

Acta Vet Scand, 1991, 32(4), 491 - 8
The effect of lactic acid sprays on Campylobacter jejuni inoculated onto poultry carcasses; Cudjoe KS et al.; Spraying poultry carcasses with 1% lactic acid 10 min after inoculation with Campylobacter jejuni, resulted in a significant reduction in the number of the bacteria after 4 h at 4 degrees C . Some of the inoculated cells, however, survived for at least 144 h . Spraying 10 min after inoculation with 2% lactic acid, totally eliminated all inoculated C . jejuni within 24 h . On the other hand, spraying 24 h after inoculation, with either 1% or 2% lactic acid did not eliminate all the bacteria . Inoculated C . jejuni on poultry carcasses not sprayed with lactic acid, survived at 4 degrees C throughout the sampling period (up to 144 h) and showed little tendency to decrease in number even when the carcasses started to deteriorate . Resident campylobacters on poultry carcasses were significantly reduced by the lactic acid treatment . Frozen and thawed chickens appeared to show a graying of the skins immediately after spraying with lactic acid, slightly stronger with 2% lactic acid, but the colour reverted to normal after 24 h . We were not able to observe any colour change on the fresh broiler chickens after lactic acid treatment . Our results indicated that lactic acid had a significant bactericidal effect on C . jejuni on both naturally and artificially contaminated poultry carcasses . This effect, however, became manifest only several hours after acid treatment.

Gastroenterol Clin Biol, 1991, 15(10), 723 - 6
Anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG levels in abattoir workers; Husson MO et al.; The aim of our study was to detect antibodies against Helicobacter pylori (H . pylori) in abattoir workers whose activity was variable (pig, poultry-carcasses, poultry-intestinal organs treatment) . An adsorption of all sera with H . pylori and Campylobacter species known to be ubiquitous and responsible for zoonosis was included in the ELISA reaction to eliminate possible cross-reactions between these species . Statistically higher specific titres of IgG antibodies against H . pylori were observed in men and women who had only worked for 1 or 2 years versus matched controls, indicating a possible transmission of H . pylori from animal to man . The role of poultry or pigs as contaminants alone or in association remains to be determined.

Yao Xue Xue Bao, 1991, 26(7), 541 - 5
{Development of gentamicin sulfate sustained release tablet remaining-floating in stomach}; Xu WL et al.; Gentamicin sulfate sustained-release tablet remaining-floating in stomach (G-HBS) was developed based on the hydrodynamically balanced system . The dissolution rate of G-HBS was determined by rotary basket method (100 r/min, 37 +/- 0.5 degrees C, 0.1 mol/L HCl) . The release characteristics of G-HBS showed basically first order kinetics with the dissolution rate constant (Kr) of 0.3992 h-1 . The mean dissolution time (MDT) of G-HBS was 2.53 h-1 . The density of G-HBS was found to have no significant influence on dissolution of G-BHS . The gamma-scintiphoto technique was used to examine the gastric retention time of G-HBS and GCT (gentamicin sulfate conventional tablet) . It was shown that the gastric retention time of all subjects taking G-HBS under fed and fasted conditions were all over 4 h, in contrast with GCT, only 1-2 h . The stability of G-HBS was investigated and a tentative two-year expiration date was established . Spectrophotometry for the determination of gentamicin was established . The effect of G-HBS on Campylobacter pyloridis-associated chronic gastritis was examined through clinical trials.

J Invest Surg, 1991, 4(4), 499 - 504
Modification to the RITARD surgical model; Davis JA et al.; The Removable Intestinal Tie-Adult Rabbit Diarrhea (RITARD) procedure is the surgical model of choice for studying pathogenesis of diarrheas of Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, and Aeromonas origin . Other than nonhuman primates, the RITARD rabbit is the only model that closely resembles human infection . Classically, the RITARD model is created by isolating the terminal ileum using umbilical tape placed in a slipknot fashion, and injecting the occluded segment with the organism of choice . The slipknot is removed at 4 h postinoculation and patency of the gut reestablished . We found removal of the umbilical tape to be extremely difficult, usually requiring a second surgery to gently untie the material and prevent destruction of the fragile intestinal tissue . This complication of the described procedure appeared to be related to the absorptive and abrasive nature of the tape material . The modification described uses the same idea, but a different material and a different knot pattern . The tubing was easily removed at the prescribed 4 h postsurgery, without an additional surgery . The tubing did not adhere to or damage the gut, yet did provide the occlusive seal required for a 4-h static gut . Histologically, no evidence of pressure could be found at the tie site.

Trop Geogr Med, 1991 Jan-Apr, 43(1-2), 17 - 22
Surveillance of patients attending a rural diarrhoea treatment centre in Bangladesh; Baqui AH et al.; In May 1983, a surveillance system was set up at a rural diarrhoea treatment centre of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B) to study a 20% systematic sample of all admissions . Between May 1983 and April 1984, 2,635 patients were studied . A recognized enteric pathogen was detected in 69% of the patients screened, 15% of whom had a mixed infection . Vibrio cholerae 0: 1 was the most common enteropathogen detected (39%), followed by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) (14%), Shigella spp . (11%), and Campylobacter jejuni (11%) . Detection of C . jejuni was highest in infants, Shigella spp . in children between 1-4 years and V . cholerae 0:1 in children between 3-9 years of age . 75% of patients presented with watery diarrhoea, a presentation that was significantly more common in patients infected with V . cholerae 0:1 (94%) and ETEC (88%) . Bloody diarrhoea was the presenting complaint in 18% of all patients, but in 65% of patients in whom Shigella spp . was isolated . Although 91% of patients reported that they had prior experience of use of oral rehydration therapy (ORT), 54% of the patients came to the treatment centre with no or mild dehydration and more than half of them did not use ORT before coming to the treatment centre . Most of these patients could have been safely treated at home if ORT could be made available and acceptable.

Sov Med, 1991, (9), 11 - 5
{Morphological and morphometric characteristics of the large-intestinal mucosa in Campylobacter infections}; Shcherbakov IT et al.; Twenty-two biopsy specimens of colon mucosa were obtained from 16 patients with gastrointestinal campylobacteriosis histologically, histochemically and morphometrically . At the height of the disease colon mucosa of these patients showed a morphological picture of acute hemorrhagic and erosive--hemorrhagic colitis . When compared with such for other intestinal infections (shigellosis, salmonellosis, rotaviral gastroenteritis), the morphological features appeared to vary permitting a differential diagnosis with acute colitis due to above infections, but objective criteria to differentiate campylobacter-induced colitis from colitis in aggravation of nonspecific ulcerative one and Crohn's disease still remains to be found.

Int J Syst Bacteriol, 1991 Jan, 41(1), 88 - 103
Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella taxonomy: emendation of generic descriptions and proposal of Arcobacter gen . nov; Vandamme P et al.; Hybridization experiments were carried out between DNAs from more than 70 strains of Campylobacter spp . and related taxa and either 3H-labeled 23S rRNAs from reference strains belonging to Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter concisus, Campylobacter sputorum, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter nitrofigilis, an unnamed Campylobacter sp . strain, and a Wolinella succinogenes strain or 3H- or 14C-labeled 23S rRNAs from 13 gram-negative reference strains . An immunotyping analysis of 130 antigens versus 34 antisera of campylobacters and related taxa was also performed . We found that all of the named campylobacters and related taxa belong to the same phylogenetic group, which we name rRNA superfamily VI and which is far removed from the gram-negative bacteria allocated to the five rRNA superfamilies sensu De Ley . There is a high degree of heterogeneity within this rRNA superfamily . Organisms belonging to rRNA superfamily VI should be reclassified in several genera . We propose that the emended genus Campylobacter should be limited to Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter hyointestinalis, Campylobacter concisus, Campylobacter mucosalis, Campylobacter sputorum, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter lari, and "Campylobacter upsaliensis." Wolinella curva and Wolinella recta are transferred to the genus Campylobacter as Campylobacter curvus comb . nov . and Campylobacter rectus comb . nov., respectively . Bacteroides gracilis and Bacteroides ureolyticus are generically misnamed and are closely related to the genus Campylobacter . Campylobacter nitrofigilis, Campylobacter cryaerophila, and an unnamed Campylobacter sp . strain constitute a new genus, for which the name Arcobacter is proposed; this genus contains two species, Arcobacter nitrofigilis comb . nov . (type species) and Arcobacter cryaerophilus comb . nov . Wolinella succinogenes so far is the only species of the genus Wolinella . The genus Helicobacter is also emended; Campylobacter cinaedi and Campylobacter fennelliae are included in this genus as Helicobacter cinaedi comb . nov . and Helicobacter fennelliae comb . nov., respectively . The genus "Flexispira," with "Flexispira rappini" as the only species, is closely related to the genus Helicobacter . The free-living, sulfur-reducing campylobacters do not belong to any of these genera; they probably constitute a distinct genus within rRNA superfamily VI.

Int J Syst Bacteriol, 1991 Jan, 41(1), 31 - 8
Phylogeny of Helicobacter felis sp . nov., Helicobacter mustelae, and related bacteria; Paster BJ et al.; Strain CS1T (T = type strain) is a gram-negative, microaerophilic, urease-positive, spiral-shaped bacterium that was isolated from the gastric mucosa of a cat . Additional strains which possessed biochemical and ultrastructural characteristics similar to those of strain CS1T were isolated from the gastric mucosa of cats and dogs . The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA of strain CS1T was 42.5 mol% . The 16S rRNA sequences of strain CS1T, strain DS3 (a spiral-shaped isolate from a dog), and Helicobacter mustelae were determined by direct RNA sequencing, using a modified Sanger method . These sequences were compared with the 16S rRNA sequences of Helicobacter pylori, "Flexispira rappini," Wolinella succinogenes, and 11 species of campylobacters . A dendrogram was constructed based upon sequence similarities . Strains CS1T and DS3 were very closely related (level of similarity, 99.3%) . Two major phylogenetic groups were formed; one group consisted of strains CS1T and DS3, H . mustelae, H . pylori, "F . rappini," and W . succinogenes, and the other group contained the true campylobacters . The average level of similarity between members of these two groups was 84.9% . Within the first group, strains CS1T and DS3, H . pylori, and H . mustelae formed a cluster of organisms with an interspecies similarity level of 94.5% . The phylogenetic positions of W . succinogenes and "F . rappini" were just outside this cluster . On the basis of the results of this study, we believe that strains CS1T (= ATCC 49179T) and DS3 represent a new species of the genus Helicobacter, for which we propose the name Helicobacter felis.

Ter Arkh, 1991, 63(2), 9 - 12
{Clinical course and treatment of duodenal ulcer in women}; Orlovskii VF et al.; Overall 260 women and 202 men were examined comparatively during duodenal ulcer exacerbation . 53.8% of the women demonstrated an atypical disease course . Fibrogastroscopy is a method of early diagnosis of duodenal ulcer in women . As compared to men, the size and depth of ulcers in women was less . Acid and peptic factor was also less pronounced . The four-week treatment with the use of the diet, antacids, gastrozepine and repair agents brought about ulcer healing in 82% of the women . The single and daily doses of antacids administered to women were 1.5 times less than in men . The use of H2-blockers is indicated in women with a severe course of peptic ulcer . The inclusion of antibacterial agents is indicated if the mucous membrane of the antral part of the stomach demonstrates Campylobacter pylori.

Lancet, 1990 Dec 8, 336(8728), 1425 - 7
Bird attack on milk bottles: possible mode of transmission of Campylobacter jejuni to man; Southern JP et al.; A case-control study was carried out to test the hypothesis that the rise in the rate of Campylobacter jejuni infection in the Brigend area of South Wales during May was due to the consumption or handling of milk from bottles that had been attacked by birds . 32 of 36 cases meeting the case definition were interviewed, along with 2 controls per case, matched for age, sex, and area of residence . There were strong associations between campylobacter infection and doorstep delivery of milk bottles, a history of milk bottle attack by birds, milk bottle attack by birds during the week before illness, and consumption of milk from attacked bottles during the week before illness . There was a very strong dose-response relation between frequency of bird attack and illness . Controls with a history of milk bottle attack by birds were more likely than cases to have taken preventive measures against bird attack and consumption of contaminated milk . Although few people witnessed the attacks, the likely culprits are magpies (Pica pica) and jackdaws (Corvus monedula).

N Engl J Med, 1990 Dec 6, 323(23), 1587 - 93
A newly recognized fastidious gram-negative pathogen as a cause of fever and bacteremia; Slater LN et al.; BACKGROUND . We identified a motile, curved, gram-negative bacillus as the cause of persistent fever and bacteremia in two patients with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection . The same organism was subsequently recovered from a bone marrow-transplant recipient with septicemia and from two immunocompetent persons with week-long febrile illnesses . All the patients recovered after antimicrobial therapy . METHODS AND RESULTS . Primary cultures of blood processed by centrifugation after blood-cell lysis yielded adherent, white, iridescent, morphologically heterogeneous colonies in 5 to 15 days . Subcultures grew in four days on chocolate, charcoal-yeast extract, or blood agar . The organisms stained weakly with safranin and were not acid-fast . Fluorescent-antibody tests for legionella and francisella were negative . Biochemical reactivity was minimal and difficult to ascertain . Agar-dilution testing revealed in vitro susceptibility to most antimicrobial agents tested . The cellular fatty acid composition of the isolates was similar, resembling that of Rochalimaea quintana or brucella species, but not Helicobacter pylori or species of campylobacter or legionella . As resolved by gel electrophoresis, cell-membrane preparations of all isolates contained similar proteins, with patterns that differed from that of R . quintana . Patterns of digestion of DNA from all isolates by EcoRV restriction endonuclease were virtually identical and also differed from that of R . quintana . On immunodiffusion, serum from one convalescent patient produced a line of identity with sonicates of all five isolates . CONCLUSIONS . This pathogen may have been unidentified until now because of its slow growth, broad susceptibility to antimicrobial agents, and possible requirement of blood-cell lysis for recovery in culture . It should be sought as a cause of unexplained fever, especially in persons with defective cell-mediated immunity.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1990 Dec, 26 Suppl F, 47 - 53
Treatment of typhoid fever and infectious diarrhoea with ciprofloxacin; Pithie AD et al.; Ciprofloxacin and other related fluorinated 4-quinolones have microbiological and pharmacokinetic properties that suggest they could be useful agents in the management of typhoid fever and bacterial gastroenteritis . Initial studies confirm that this is the case . Against fully sensitive Salmonella typhi ciprofloxacin is clinically as effective as chloramphenicol or co-trimoxazole . It is also effective treatment for antibiotic-resistant strains which cause epidemic and endemic infection throughout the world . Furthermore, ciprofloxacin appears to eliminate chronic carriage of Salm . typhi more efficiently than other antibiotics . Ciprofloxacin has excellent in-vitro activity against all the bacterial pathogens that commonly cause infective diarrhoea . There are limited data concerning its use in the treatment of shigella dysentery but, in appropriate situations, ciprofloxacin is effective treatment for salmonella enteritis and is also effective in infections complicated by septicaemia and bone and liver abscesses . Ciprofloxacin appears to be of benefit in Campylobacter jejuni enteritis and is effective in the treatment of travellers' diarrhoea were enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and shigellae are most important.

J Clin Microbiol, 1990 Dec, 28(12), 2641 - 6
Serodiagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in childhood; Thomas JE et al.; Sera from 100 children (ages, 6 to 16 years) presenting with upper gastrointestinal symptoms were examined for antibodies to Helicobacter pylori by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on crude, loosely cell-associated antigens and a partially purified urease antigen preparation . All children underwent endoscopy, and 20 children were shown to have H . pylori infection by histology or direct culture . Serum anti-H . pylori immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels (crude antigen) were clearly raised in the infected group, particularly after preabsorption of sera against a Campylobacter jejuni antigen preparation, while IgM and IgA ELISA determinations did not discriminate between infected and H . pylori-negative patients . Only 14 children in the infected group had raised anti-urease IgG levels . Two patients in whom the organism was not demonstrated or cultured had raised specific IgG levels against both crude and urease antigens and pathological features consistent with H . pylori disease . Immunoblotting studies did not reveal any single protein antigen or simple combination of antigens that could be considered as a candidate for a more defined serodiagnostic reagent . Anti-H . pylori antibody determinations (crude antigen) performed on posttreatment samples from children in whom the organism could no longer be demonstrated suggested that sustained IgG levels may not be a reliable index of treatment failure . An IgG ELISA based on crude, loosely cell-associated antigens of H . pylori can be used for the serodiagnosis of H . pylori infection in childhood.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1990 Dec, 43(6), 608 - 13
A comparative study of gastrointestinal infections in United States soldiers receiving doxycycline or mefloquine for malaria prophylaxis; Arthur JD et al.; A double blind study of daily doxycycline (100 mg) vs . weekly mefloquine (250 mg) was performed on United States soldiers training in Thailand to assess the effect of doxycycline malaria prophylaxis on the incidence of gastrointestinal infections . During a 5 week period, 49% (58/119) of soldiers receiving doxycycline and 48% (64/134) of soldiers receiving mefloquine reported an episode of diarrhea . Infection with bacterial enteric pathogens was identified in 39% (47/119) of soldiers taking doxycycline and 46% (62/134) of soldiers taking mefloquine . Forty-four percent (59/134) of soldiers receiving mefloquine and 36% (43/119) of soldiers receiving doxycycline were infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), while 9% (12/134) of soldiers receiving mefloquine and 4% of soldiers receiving doxycycline were infected with Campylobacter . Side effects from either medication were minimal . After 5 weeks in Thailand, the percent of non-ETEC strains resistant to greater than or equal to 2 antibiotics increased from 65% (77/119) to 86% (95/111) in soldiers on mefloquine and from 79% (84/106) to 93% (88/95) in soldiers on doxycycline . Doxycycline prophylaxis did not prevent or increase diarrheal disease in soldiers deployed to Thailand where ETEC and other bacterial pathogens are often resistant to tetracyclines.

J Med Microbiol, 1990 Dec, 33(4), 277 - 84
Soluble and cell-associated haemagglutinins of Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori; Robinson J et al.; Some plate-grown strains of Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori that were harvested into phosphate-buffered saline and left for 1 h released soluble haemagglutinins . These caused high-titre agglutination of human and guinea-pig erythrocytes, whereas chicken, sheep and bovine erythrocytes were agglutinated at various titres . Six of 10 strains which had been subcultured repeatedly did not possess soluble haemagglutinins . Slide agglutination of bacterial suspensions demarcated the strains into two groups; Group 1 gave strong agglutination with most types of erythrocyte, Group 2 did not . By microtitration assay, all Group-1 strains but only two Group-2 strains produced a soluble haemagglutinin . Cell-associated haemagglutinins were found by microtitration assay in all strains of H . pylori, but higher titres were found within Group-1 strains . The supernates of broth-grown, shaken cultures also showed the presence of soluble haemagglutinins, with higher titres for recently isolated strains . Pre-treatment of human erythrocytes with neuraminidase from Arthrobacter ureafaciens and Clostridium perfringens abolished haemagglutination by the soluble, but not by the cell-associated haemagglutinin . The soluble haemagglutinin was inhibited by sialoproteins containing predominantly the N-acetylneuraminyl (2-3) galactopyranosyl {NeuAc(2-3)Gal} structure, fetuin, glycophorin and bovine N-acetylneuraminyl-lactose (NeuAc-Lac) . Transferrin and human NeuAc-Lac, which contain predominantly the N-acetylneuraminyl (2-6) galactopyranosyl {NeuAc(2-6)Gal} structure were not inhibitory . However, bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) was strongly inhibitory; it contains several structures with sialic acid linked 2-6 to oligosaccharides . These results suggest that the soluble haemagglutinin recognises a NeuAc(2-3)Gal structure, but has high affinity for another, as yet undetermined, sialic acid-containing structure.

Neurology, 1990 Dec, 40(12), 1900 - 2
Acute axonal polyneuropathy associated with anti-GM1 antibodies following Campylobacter enteritis; Yuki N et al.; We report 2 patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) following Campylobacter jejuni enteritis . Electrophysiologic studies indicated that the predominant process was axonal degeneration of motor nerves, and clinical recovery was poor . Serum testing by thin-layer chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that the sera from both patients contained high titers of IgG antibody against GM1 ganglioside . These cases may represent a subgroup of GBS as acute axonal polyneuropathy following C jejuni enteritis associated with anti-GM1 antibodies.

J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1990 Dec, 71(6), 1658 - 62
Gastrointestinal side-effects of octreotide during long-term treatment of acromegaly; Plockinger U et al.; Gastrointestinal side-effects of prolonged therapy (greater than 2 yr) with the long-acting somatostatin analog octreotide were studied in 10 acromegalic patients . After 2 yr of therapy, 6 of 10 patients had newly developed gallstones, complicated by cholangitis and jaundice in 1 . Serum vitamin B-12 concentrations declined in all 10 patients {from 380 +/- 32 to 172 +/- 21 pmol/L (mean +/- SE); P = 0.023} and became abnormally low in 4 . Gastric biopsy specimens, obtained during gastroscopy (9 patients), showed moderate to severe active gastritis, with damage to the superficial and deeper layers of the mucosa in 9 of 9 and focal atrophy in 7 of 9 patients . Campylobacter pylori was found in the antral mucosa in 8 of 9 patients . Although information is lacking on similar studies in untreated acromegalic patients, we suggest that patients receiving chronic octreotide therapy be closely monitored for these and possible other side-effects related to gastrointestinal actions of octreotide.

Gastroenterology, 1990 Dec, 99(6), 1558 - 64
Natural history of congestive gastropathy in cirrhosis . The Liver Study Group of V . Cervello Hospital; D'Amico G et al.; In a prospective study of the natural history of congestive gastropathy, 212 consecutive cirrhotic patients (75 treated with sclerotherapy) were included . Mean follow-up was 46 months . Mild gastropathy (mosaiclike pattern) was found in 110 patients and severe gastropathy (granular mucosa with cherry spots) was found in 20 . Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori, formerly Campylobacter pylori, was 50% in patients without, 43% in those with mild, and 28% in those with severe gastropathy . Congestive gastropathy was significantly more frequent in patients treated with sclerotherapy (83% vs . 50%, P less than 10(-5)) . Sixty-month actuarial proportions of patients free of anemia (in the absence of hematemesis or melena), were 17% with severe, 62% with mild, and 93% without gastropathy (P less than 10(-8} . Corresponding figures for overt bleeding were 25%, 73%, and 87% (P less than 10(-7}, whereas those for survival were 46%, 72%, and 85% (P = 0.0005), respectively . A multivariate regression analysis supported the following conclusions: (a) sclerotherapy and the presence of large esophageal varices significantly increase the risk of congestive gastropathy, which (b) is a significant risk indicator of both chronic and overt bleeding but does not independently affect survival.

Afr J Med Med Sci, 1990 Dec, 19(4), 275 - 80
Acidity and intestinal bacteria: an in-vitro assessment of the bactericidal activity of hydrochloric acid on intestinal pathogens; Rotimi VO et al.; The bactericidal activity of hydrochloric acid (HCl) on different intestinal bacteria was evaluated at various pH values and time intervals . The effect of HCl was highest at pH 2 and pH 3 on strains of Campylobacter jejuni, Aeromonas hydrophila, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella spp . and Shigella spp., producing complete killing after 60 min incubation . However, at higher pH values (pH 4 and above), these organisms not only survived but they also showed evidence of rapid multiplication . In contrast, clinical and standard strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to all the pH values . Highest sensitivity to HCl was observed with strains of Shigella spp . and Salmonella spp . It is conceivable that patients with normal gastric acidity should not suffer from gastroenteritis caused by these intestinal pathogens.

Malays J Pathol, 1990 Dec, 12(2), 97 - 100
Detection of Helicobacter pylori from endoscopic biopsies and the biochemical characteristics of these isolates; Cheong YM et al.; Helicobacter pylori (formerly Campylobacter pylori) has been recently described as a gastritis-associated bacterium . We examined endoscopic biopsies of 100 patients with dyspepsia and found H . pylori in the gastric antrum of 34 (34%) by either culture, urease tests and/or histology . Thirty-one out of 41 patients (75.6%) confirmed to have chronic active gastritis histologically had H . pylori in their gastric antrum compared to 3 out of 59 patients (5.1%) with dyspepsia but normal histology (p less than 0.01) . Histological examination, using gram stain and the Warthin-Starry Silver stain, detected 29 of the 34 positive cases (85.3%); urease test, 26 cases (76.5%) and culture, 22 cases (64.7%) . A combination of histological examination and urease test increased the detection rate to 97.1% . Therefore we felt that for the detection of H . pylori in endoscopic biopsies, culture, which is time consuming and expensive, is not necessary in routine diagnosis as it did not improve the diagnostic rate over a combination of histology and urease test . A comparative study on three media (blood agar, chocolate agar and Skirrow's agar) used in the isolation of the organism showed that non-selective blood agar and chocolate agar were superior to Skirrow's agar . The strains isolated appeared to be homogeneous in their morphological and biochemical characteristics.

Microb Pathog, 1990 Dec, 9(6), 427 - 39
Adherence of Helicobacter pylori cells and their surface components to HeLa cell membranes; Fauchere JL et al.; Four Helicobacter pylori strains were used to develop in vitro methods to assess adherence to HeLa cells . Using direct detection by microscopy, adhesion scores increased with the initial bacteria-to-cell ratio . The urease method assessed H . pylori bound to HeLa cells by their urease activity . The percentage of the original inoculum adhering to HeLa cells remained constant for initial ratios from 10(2) to 10(5) bacteria per cell . An ELISA using anti-H . pylori serum assessed whole bacteria or components bound to HeLa cell fractions . By all three methods, the four H . pylori strains were adherent to HeLa cells or membranes whereas Campylobacter fetus and Providencia control strains were not . The adherence of H . pylori whole cells decreased following extraction with saline, water, or glycine buffer and most of the superficial adhering material (SAM) was present in the saline or water extracts . SAM bound better to HeLa membranes than to calf fetuin or bovine serum albumin (BSA); binding was inhibited by preincubation of SAM with HeLa membranes but not with fetuin or BSA or by pretreatment of HeLa membranes with neuraminidase . These data indicate that SAM has a specific receptor on the HeLa cell membranes . By gel exclusion chromatography of bacterial extracts, the most adherent components were found in the fractions which also contained the highest urease activity; these fractions included urease subunit antigens . We conclude that adherence of H . pylori can be assessed by microtiter assays and involves bacterial surface material which co-purifies with urease and is different from the N-acetyl-neuraminyl-lactose binding hemagglutinin.

Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 1990 Dec, 37(10), 774 - 6
Phallus-inflammation of ganders: clinical observations and comparative bacteriological examinations of healthy and altered organs; Behr KP et al.; The examination of acute or chronically altered phallus-tissues of ganders revealed microorganisms belonging to the genera Mycoplasma, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, Corynebacterium, Escherichia, Campylobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas and Candida and to the family Pasteurellaceae, isolated in different frequencies . Bacteriologic examinations of the phallus-tissues and cloacal mucous membranes of healthy juvenile ganders showed microorganisms of the same genera or family, except Mycoplasma and Candida spp . Pathogenesis and possibilities of treating phallus-inflammations in ganders are discussed.

Rinsho Byori, 1990 Dec, 38(12), 1368 - 72
{Evaluation of a latex agglutination method for the rapid identification of Campylobacter jejuni/coli}; Yamazaki E et al.; A latex agglutination assay was developed to identify Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli . We evaluated the specificity, reproducibility and utility of the assay for clinical use and the following results were obtained . 1) To prepare standardized antigen, bacterial cells must be suspended to a density of 1 to 5 McFarland unit, and heated at 121 degrees C for 10 to 30 min . 2) Bacterial cells may be suspended either in the solution provided with the kit, or in physiological saline, without affecting the results . 3) Of C . jejuni, 94 strains, 6 of C . coli, and 3 of "Campylobacter upsaliensis", all tested positive without exception . All other Campylobacter species, encompassing 13 species and 80 strains, were negative . An additional 9 species and 30 strains, of non-Campylobacter gram negative bacteria, isolated on the Campylobacter selection agar medium, also were uniformly negative . Based on these results, we conclude that bacteria testing positive with the kit can be identified as C . jejuni/coli . Interestingly, "C . upsaliensis", although isolated very rarely from the clinical specimens, also tested positive.

Hepatogastroenterology, 1990 Dec, 37 Suppl 2, 38 - 44
Epidemiology and treatment of gastric Campylobacter pylori infection: more questions than answers; Iserhard R et al.; Two-hundred and ten consecutive patients undergoing routine gastroscopy were additionally investigated for evidence of Campylobacter pylori (C.p.) . 106 patients were positive in one or more tests: 99.1% using a rapid urease detecting test (CLO-test), 80.2% histology, 78.3% cytology and 60% culture . We found no difference between the CLO-test results from biopsies taken from different parts of the stomach in individual patients . C.p . was found in 100% of patients with significant chronic antral gastritis, 67.7% with gastric ulcers, 65% with duodenal ulcers and in 12.1% of normal individuals . The C.p . infection was apparently eliminated in 50% of cases treated with bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) for four weeks . The combination of BSS with amoxicillin, tinidazole or an H2-receptor antagonist offered no advantage over BSS alone . Treatment with BSS led to improvement in symptoms and histological findings including healing of ulcers in patients with or without persistent C.p . infection . The recurrence of C.p . infection after apparently successful treatment was, however, 75% in 4 weeks . In conclusion, C.p . infection correlates strongly with the presence of chronic gastritis, and significantly with gastric and duodenal ulceration . The best diagnostic approach is the combination of a rapid urease detecting test and histology . C.p . infection is of long duration and difficult to eliminate . The most effective treatment for C.p . infection remains BSS as single agent.

Med Clin (Barc), 1990 Nov 17, 95(17), 648 - 52
{Characteristics of Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori infection in our field}; Garcia-Rodriguez JA et al.; The presence of helicobacter pylori in the stomach in patients with clinical signs of gastroduodenal disease and its possible relationship with several clinical, endoscopic and anatomopathologic characteristics of the illness were prospectively evaluated in 359 patients . H . pylori was isolated from 388 samples in 216 patients (60% of colonization) . In patients with endoscopic and, or, anatomopathologic evidence of gastroduodenal alterations the microorganism was isolated in 67% of the instances whereas it was observed in only 7% of the patients free of such alterations (p less than 0.001) . The prevalence was 100% in cases of bulboduodenitis, 77% in patients with peptic ulcer, 66% in cases of gastritis, and 20% in neoplastic patients . The colonization index for duodenal ulcer was 80% and that of gastric ulcer 70% . Among the cases with gastritis the highest index corresponde to the superficial chronic gastritis (82%) . We failed to observe clinical signs that allowed to envisage the presence or absence of H . pylori in the gastric mucosa.

Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax, 1990 Nov 13, 79(46), 1410 - 1
{Lymphocytic gastritis}; Realini S et al.; Lymphocytic gastritis is characterised by an accumulation of lymphocytes in the epithelium of the gastric mucosa . This form accounts for 4.5% of chronic B-gastritis and manifests itself by dyspepsia, anorexia and weight loss . The course is benign, as 12 of 19 patients recovered within 24 to 36 months in Haot's studies . Macroscopically it appears with nodules, erosions, thickened mucosal folds, or diffuse varioliform pattern . The gastric corpus is preferentially involved . The etiology is unknown . Some authors have hypothesized an abnormal immune response to a local antigen, i.e . Campylobacter pylori.

Nucleic Acids Res, 1990 Nov 11, 18(21), 6211 - 4
Size and physical map of the Campylobacter jejuni chromosome; Nuijten PJ et al.; The chromosome of Campylobacter jejuni is circular and approximately 1700 kb in circumference . The size of the genome was determined by field inversion gel electrophoresis of restriction endonuclease fragments using lambda DNA concatamers and yeast chromosomes to calibrate the size of the fragments . In view of the low (32-35%) G + C content of the campylobacter genome, enzymes that recognizes GC-rich sequences were used . Of the enzymes tested BssHII (G/C(G)CGC), NciI (CC/CGCG) and SalI (G/TCGAC) appeared to be usable . Hybridization of labeled fragments with two or more fragments from digests with a different restriction enzyme gave the information to order the fragments on the C jejuni chromosome . The localization on the genome of the flagellin and ribosomal gene clusters was determined.

S Afr Med J, 1990 Nov 3, 78(9), 524 - 7
Some early observations on HIV infection in children at King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban; Bobat RA et al.; Nine black children aged between 3 months and 30 months of age, with human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-I) infection are described to draw the attention of health professionals in southern Africa to special clinical characteristics useful for recognising this problem, which has many shared features with common diseases of infancy and childhood in the Third World . The main presenting complaints were chronic cough and persistent diarrhoea and vomiting . These children frequently had diarrhoea (8 of 9 patients), mucocutaneous candidiasis (8), pneumonia (7), hepatosplenomegaly (9), significant lymphadenopathy (5) and wasting (5) . All were infected by common bacteria, such as Gram-negative organisms, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Campylobacter jejuni, or by opportunistic infections such as Candida or cytomegalovirus (CMV), or by both bacterial and opportunistic organisms . A raised total serum globulin level, anaemia, lymphopenia and a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis were frequent findings . Incomplete data on parental HIV status suggest perinatal transmission . Three of the children were HIV-antigen positive . The diagnosis of full-blown acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), using the stringent Centers for Disease Control criteria, is difficult in our situation because of limited diagnostic resources; however, using these criteria, and the clinical case definition for AIDS recommended by World Health Organisation, it is thought that probably 4 of these children could be considered as having AIDS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1990 Nov, 64(11), 1462 - 7
{Two cases of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection in children}; Wada N et al.; Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Y . pseudotuberculosis) infection is an intestinal infectious disease comparable in importance as those with Campylobacter or Salmonella . Clinical symptoms of Y . pseudotuberculosis infection vary . In this report, we will describe the clinical symptoms and immunological conditions of the patients with Y . pseudotuberculosis infection, including 2 or our own cases . Case 1 was a 4 years old male infant admitted to the hospital with major complaints of fever, diarrhea, and vomiting . Kawasaki disease was the most suspected diagnosis from the clinical viewpoint . These symptoms improved by symptomatic treatments . Serum examination during hospitalisation revealed the infection of Y . pseudotuberculosis 4a . Case 2 was a 7 months old male baby with psychomotor developmental delay . The patient was admitted to hospital with major complaints of fever and eruptions . The patient was diagnosed to have a severe infectious disorder based on the clinical symptoms and findings of laboratory tests . Treatments with antibiotics improved the conditions . Serum examination during hospitalisation also revealed the Y . pseudotuberculosis 5a infection . Both of these cases showed decreased cellular immunity during the acute phase of the infection which was normalized with the improvement in clinical conditions . It was thus suggested that Y . pseudotuberculosis had a possibility to influence the cellular immunity of hosts transiently but significantly.

J Clin Pathol, 1990 Nov, 43(11), 957 - 60
Lectin typing of Campylobacter isolates; O'Sullivan N et al.; Isolates of Campylobacter jejuni, C coli, C fetus and C laridis were tested for agglutination reactions with a panel of five lectins: Arachis hypogaea, Bauhinia purpurea, Solanum tuberosum, Triticum vulgaris and Wisteria floribunda . Twenty three patterns of agglutination (lectin types) were recorded among 376 isolates . Patterns were consistent and reproducible . Only 4.5% of isolates were untypable because of autoagglutination . Some lectin types were found exclusively or predominantly in a species, but others were shared between species . Forty two per cent of C jejuni and 35% of C coli isolates belonged to lectin type 4 . There was no apparent correlation between lectin type and serotype; different lectin types were found among strains of single Penner and Lior serotypes . Lectin typing is a simple and economical procedure suitable for use in non-specialist laboratories, either as an adjunct to serogrouping or, after further development, as a sole typing scheme.

J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino), 1990 Nov-Dec, 31(6), 756 - 9
Campylobacter fetus infection of abdominal aortic aneurysm; Kato R et al.; A 61-year-old man with Campylobacter fetus infection of an abdominal aortic aneurysm treated surgically is presented herein, the fifth survival case reported in the literature . Fever and back pain preceded the enlargement of atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysm . The patient tolerated satisfactorily total excision of the aneurysm followed by axillo-femoral prosthetic bypass . Antibiotic therapy consisted of intravenous infusion of fosfomycin and gentamicin and oral administration of minocycline . The organism cultured from the aneurysmal wall and intraluminal thrombi was identified as Campylobacter fetus from its typical characteristics . It is concluded that this organism should be considered in all cases of infected aneurysm in elderly or debilitated patients.

J Clin Microbiol, 1990 Nov, 28(11), 2507 - 10
Importance of salmonellae and Campylobacter jejuni in the etiology of diarrheal disease among children less than 5 years of age in a community in Bangkok, Thailand; Varavithya W et al.; The etiology of diarrhea in children less than 5 years of age in a low-income housing project in Bangkok, Thailand, was determined over 1 year . Nontyphoidal salmonellae (13%), Campylobacter jejuni (12%), rotavirus (12%), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (7%), shigellae (6%), E . coli that hybridized with the enteropathogenic E . coli adherence factor probe (3%), and enteroinvasive E . coli (1%) were identified in 345 episodes of diarrhea in children less than 5 years of age . Salmonellae were identified in 17% and C . jejuni was identified in 15% of 54 children less than 6 months of age with diarrhea . Shigellae, enteroinvasive E . coli, enteropathogenic E . coli adherence factor, and enterotoxigenic E . coli were not isolated from children less than 6 months of age . Since salmonellae and C . jejuni were the most common bacterial pathogens identified in children less than 6 months of age, efforts to prevent transmission of salmonellae and campylobacter to young children should be a public health priority in Bangkok.

J Med Microbiol, 1990 Nov, 33(3), 171 - 82
Hepatotoxic activity of Campylobacter jejuni; Kita E et al.; Hepatotoxic factor(s) were isolated from whole-cell lysates of Campylobacter jejuni GIFU 8734 and purified by chromatography . A single intravenous injection of 10 micrograms of this factor reproducibly produced hepatitis in mice, as determined by histology and liver function tests . The hepatic lesions were very similar to those evoked by C . jejuni infection . Tissue-culture studies with mouse hepatocytes demonstrated that low concentrations of the factor caused release of hepatic enzymes into the medium without appreciable cytolysis . High concentrations of the factor induced cytolysis . These effects were neutralised by antiserum to the factor, but not by antisera to the lipopolysaccharide of C . jejuni or to the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli . Among 20 clinical isolates of C . jejuni, only four evoked hepatitis in mice and produced the hepatotoxic factor.

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1990 Nov, 9(11), 822 - 4
In vitro susceptibility of "Campylobacter upsaliensis" to twenty-four antimicrobial agents; Preston MA et al.; The in vitro susceptibility of 41 strains of "Campylobacter upsaliensis" to 24 antimicrobial agents was determined using a broth microdilution procedure . Most isolates were susceptible to the fluoroquinolones and beta-lactam antibiotics tested, but all strains were resistant to trimethoprim (MBCs greater than or equal to 128 micrograms/ml) and teicoplanin (MBCs greater than or equal to 32 micrograms/ml) . These agents may be useful in a selective isolation medium for "Campylobacter upsaliensis".

Sb Lek, 1990 Nov-Dec, 92(11-12), 349 - 53
{Campylobacter pylori--relation to gastric pathology and the effect of bismuth therapy}; Huslarova A et al.; Twenty-four patients with symptoms of gastric dyspepsia and active chronic gastritis in the antral mucosa were examined for the presence of Campylobacter pylori before and after treatment with bismuth salts (12 patients) and antacids (12 patients) . Bismuth, contrary to the used antacid, significantly reduced the finding of C . pylori in the antral mucosa and had a favourable effect on the active form of chronic antral gastritis.

Sb Lek, 1990 Nov-Dec, 92(11-12), 343 - 8
{Determination of antibodies to Campylobacter pylori in children and adolescents with gastroduodenal disorders}; Chvalova M et al.; Serological examination of antibodies against Campylobacter pylori was made in 195 boys and girls aged 9-20 years . In all on account of gastrointestinal complaints endoscopy was indicated . The results of microbiological and histological finding), in particular in the antrum and corpus of the stomach) . Positive titres antrum and body of the stomach were compared with results of the complement fixation test and the ELISA reaction . Antibodies against C . pylori were detected in 64 of the examined subjects . The titres assessed by the complement fixation and ELISA test were in good agreement . Patients with positive sera had significantly more often a positive endoscopic finding (bacteria, chronic gastritis) and bacteriological finding), in particular in the antrum and corpus of the stomach) . Positive titres of the complement fixation reaction persisted frequently for 15 months after the first examination . From the results ensues that serological examination of antibodies against C . pylori can be considered a sparing examination method which in patients with gastrointestinal complaints should precede endoscopic examination and moreover it can be used to follow up the course of the disease and success of therapy.

Sb Lek, 1990 Nov-Dec, 92(11-12), 337 - 42
{Cytotoxic changes in cell cultures induced by newly isolated strains of Campylobacter pylori}; Korych B et al.; Suspensions of primocultures of two strains of Camplyobacter pylori, isolated from bioptic materials collected from patients with nodular hyperplasia of the pyloric antrum and with gastric ulcers were inoculated to 20-hour confluent or almost confluent cell cultures line VERO, McCoy and MA 104 in test tubes and Petri dishes . Both strains of C . pylori adhered markedly to cell lines VERO and McCoy and after 72 hours led to marked morphological changes of the cells . The changes were characterized in VERO cells by the presence of polygonal to star-shaped cells with processes, a reduced cytoplasm and only in the final stages by the formation of circular cells separating from the medium . Some cells were vacuolized . Cells of the McCoy line responded to the infection with C . pylori by a similar morphological picture, changes in the cell periphery were, as compared with the VERO line, more marked in the early stages . Cells of line MA 104 did not respond to infection with C . pylori by any morphological changes, not even after six days . The intensity of morphological changes was more marked in cell cultures line VERO infected with a strain isolated from a patient with a gastric ulcer, as compared with changes caused by a strain of C . pylori isolated from a patient with nodular hyperplasia of the pyloric antrum . The possibility to induce morphological changes of some stable lines supports the idea of the pathogenic action of Campylobacter pylori on the gastric mucosa.

Sb Lek, 1990 Nov-Dec, 92(11-12), 331 - 6
{Can epigastric pain and non-ulcerative dyspepsia in children and adolescents be Campylobacter pylori infection?}; Sedlackova M et al.; The authors examined 263 children and adolescents aged 5-20 years who suffered from so-called non-ulcerative dyspepsia or epigastric pain, because of the suspected presence of Campylobacter pylori . In 31.9% of the examined subjects direct microbiological methods revealed its presence in the gastroduodenal mucosa . The confidence limit of positive results of Campylobacter pylori in the population is between 27.58% and 38.84%, the probability being 95% . The authors proved a mutual correlation between endoscopic, histological, serological findings and detection of Campylobacter pylori by microbiological methods . The statistical significance of the correlation of campylobacter pylori and chronic gastritis B (mostly inactive) provides further support for the hypothesis of the aetiological role of Campylobacter pylori in the development of chronic gastritis B in children and adolescents . From the investigation it does not ensue, however, that colonization with Campylobacter pylori is associated with certain clinical symptoms in all instances . However, in the differential diagnosis of so-called non-ulcerative dyspepsia and epigastric pain in children and adolescents we must include infection with Campylobacter pylori among their possible causes.

Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 1990 Nov-Dec, 32(6), 414 - 8
Chicken carcasses as a source of Campylobacter jejuni in Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Dias TC et al.; The presence of Campylobacter jejuni was investigated in stool specimens from chicken meat workers and in ready-for-market chicken carcasses from one industrial and nine non industrial slaughters in Belo Horizonte . In the latter C . jejuni was isolated from 19 (38.0%) of the 50 chicken carcasses and from 2 (13.3%) of the stool specimens obtained from 15 chicken meat workers . In the industrial slaughter it was found in only 1 (2.0%) of the 50 chicken carcasses and it was not isolated from any of the 40 stool specimens . There was a significant difference between industrial and non industrial slaughter in regard to the frequency of C . jejuni isolation from carcasses (p = 0.000002), probably due to the low hygiene conditions present in non industrial slaughters . The results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests, SDS gel electrophoresis and biotyping of the strains isolated from stool specimens obtained from chicken meat workers were similar to those observed in strains isolated from chicken carcasses which suggest that chicken could be the source of C . jejuni for the workers and both, chicken and workers, could be implicated in the transmission of C . jejuni infection in Belo Horizonte.

Rev Biol Trop, 1990 Nov, 38(2B), 481 - 2
The first cases of Helicobacter pylori (Campylobacter pylori) reported from Costa Rica; Hernandez F et al.; Two gastric antrum biopsies of each of 92 consecutive patients undergoing gastroendoscopy were studied . The first biopsy was cultured for Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori . The second specimen was fixed and processed for histopathological analysis . The bacteria were isolated from 34 (81%) of 42 patients with nonspecific chronic gastritis, 19 (90%) of 21 cases of duodenal or gastric peptic ulcer, and from 3 (23%) of 13 normal patients . The overall frequency of isolation was 62 (67%) of the 92 cases.

Cesk Pediatr, 1990 Nov, 45(11), 651 - 4
{A 3-year follow-up study of the incidence of campylobacteriosis in a pediatric population}; Hofstetr A et al.; The authors investigated the incidence of campylobacteriosis in the population of five paediatric health communities of the Jihlava policlinic (5831 children) for a period of three years . A total of 2408 specimens faeces from 1501 subjects were examined . Campylobacter jejuni was detected in 151 subjects (10.1%), Salmonella sp . in 47 (3.1%), Shigella sp . in 18 (1.2%), Yersinia enterocolitica in 12 (0.8%) and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in five subjects (0.3%) . The total incidence of campylobacteriosis in the investigated group was 863 cases per 100,000 subjects per year . The incidence of campylobacteriosis was seasonal with a maximum during the summer months . To elucidate the source of infection and way of transmission 323 smears from animals, animal products and from the environment were made . Seventy were positive . Campylobacterosis is transmitted to man most frequently by ingestion of primarily or secondarily contamined food, by contact with animals and even interhuman transmission cannot be ruled out . The most frequent clinical symptoms of campylobacteriosis were diarrhoea, fever, abdominal pain and vomiting . Seventeen children were hospitalized . For treatment most frequently Endiaron was used and dietotherapy . Campylobacteriosis affects significantly more frequently children of gipsy origin.

Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1990 Nov, 274(2), 246 - 9
Synergism between clindamycin and colloidal bismuth subcitrate against Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori in vitro; Vogt K et al.; A combination of clindamycin and colloidal bismuth subcitrate was evaluated for synergistic inhibition of Helicobacter pylori employing the agar dilution method . A total of 47 clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori were examined . Synergistic interaction was observed in 36%, additive behaviour in 64% of the strains . No antagonism could be detected.

Z Rheumatol, 1990 Nov-Dec, 49(6), 364 - 8
{Value of microbiologic studies for diagnosis of post-enteritis reactive arthritis}; Muller KD; Reactive arthritis may develop within a period of some days until upto 3 weeks after infections with Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Campylobacter jejuni/coli, Shigella and Salmonella . Intestinal infections with Klebsiella pneumoniae, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile, Cryptosporidium, Strongyloides stercoralis, Taenia saginata and Schistosoma mansoni are, in some cases, considered to be responsible for reactive arthritis . Detection of pathogenic bacteria in feces is generally most successful in the early stage of the infection . A large spectrum of special tests is required in order to detect all the causative agents and to ensure reliable results . It is therefore necessary that the laboratory is provided with information about the diagnostic object and the tentative diagnosis . The detection of serum antibodies to Y . enterocolitica, Y . pseudotuberculosis, C . jejuni/coli, and Schistosoma may suggest connections between infection and reactive arthritis.

Infection, 1990 Nov-Dec, 18(6), 381 - 2
Six enteropathogens isolated from a case of acute gastroenteritis; Albert S et al.; Isolation of six different gastrointestinal pathogens (Entamoeba histolytica, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Campylobacter jejuni and three different Salmonella species {Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella blockley and Salmonella hadar}) in the feces of a German female tourist suffering from acute diarrhoea after a trip to Bali.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1990 Nov, (11), 69 - 72
{The specificity of Campylobacter jejuni antigens in immunoenzyme analysis}; Kapeliush EV et al.; The surface antigen has been obtained from C . jejuni culture and its immunochemical analysis has been carried out by the methods of immunoelectrophoresis, double diffusion with homologous and heterologous rabbit sera . The protein profile of this antigen has been studied by means of vertical electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel with sodium dodecyl sulfate, and the molecular weight of the protein components of the antigen has been determined . The presence of anti-Campylobacter antibodies has been revealed in a number of rabbit sera by enzyme immunoassay techniques . The results thus obtained indicate the possibility of developing the enzyme immunoassay for the determination of antibodies in the sera of patients with Campylobacter infection.

J Biol Chem, 1990 Oct 15, 265(29), 17798 - 804
Structural and functional analysis of two Campylobacter jejuni flagellin genes; Nuijten PJ et al.; The purpose of this study was to characterize the flagellin gene of Campylobacter jejuni and to study the structure of this protein and the regulation of its synthesis . A part of the flagellin gene of C . jejuni strain 81116 was recently cloned by us . This DNA fragment was used as a probe to isolate the other homologous flagellin sequences from genomic libraries . The flagellin nucleotide sequence was determined from overlapping clones . Two copies of the flagellin gene were identified: genes fla A and fla B consisted of 1731 base pairs each, occurred as tandem repeats, and were 95% identical . Only mRNA that was transcribed from gene A was detected in flagellate cells . sigma 28-specific promoter sequences were found upstream of the transcription initiation site . Analysis of the flagellin protein sequence showed that the amino-terminal and the carboxyl-terminal regions were highly similar to other bacterial flagellins . The conserved regions can form alpha-helices with a nonpolar backbone at one side . We suggest that because these domains were conserved (i) they may be involved in polymerization or transport of flagellins or both, and (ii) they are important for maturation and stability of the flagellum.

J Infect Dis, 1990 Oct, 162(4), 888 - 95
Invasion-related antigens of Campylobacter jejuni; Konkel ME et al.; A HEp-2 cell culture model was used to investigate the antigens required for epithelial cell penetration by Campylobacter jejuni . Penetration of HEp-2 epithelial cells by C . jejuni was significantly inhibited (P less than .05) with C . jejuni lysate and a monoclonal antibody (MAb 1B4) in competitive inhibition assays . Immunogold electron microscopy revealed that MAb 1B4 bound to the flagella and cell surface of low-passage (invasive) C . jejuni M 96, whereas only the flagella of high-passage (noninvasive) C . jejuni M 96 were labeled . Western blot analysis revealed that MAb 1B4 identified an epitope on antigens of 64-44 kDa in lysates prepared from invasive and noninvasive isolates . In addition, antigens of 42-38 kDa were recognized in lysates prepared from only invasive C . jejuni strains . Proteinase K and sodium meta-periodate chemical treatment of C . jejuni M 96 lysate changed the mobility of antigens recognized by MAb 1B4 . The increase in mobility demonstrated a decrease in size of molecules and suggested that antigens required for HEp-2 cell invasion by Campylobacter species may be glycoprotein in nature.

Scand J Dent Res, 1990 Oct, 98(5), 412 - 21
Microbial patterns in pooled subgingival plaque samples from young adults with advanced marginal periodontitis; Fiehn NE et al.; Different bacterial profiles of subgingival plaque have been described for different clinical categories of marginal periodontitis . In the present investigation the subgingival microflora was studied in young adults with advanced marginal periodontitis . From 12 patients pooled subgingival plaque samples from 5 advanced stages of diseased sites were examined by direct differential phase-contrast microscopy and by cultivation on enriched and selective media . The proportions of the following genera and species were calculated: black-pigmented Bacteroides sp., B . gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Veillonella sp., Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Capnocytophaga sp., Eikenella corrodens, Campylobacter sp., and Candida sp . Spirochete identification was carried out ultrastructurally . Calculated percent minimum similarity levels between the individuals revealed that each patient harbored its characteristic cultivable subgingival microflora different from the other individuals . The spirochetes seemed to constitute the subgingival bacterial group with the smallest variation as certain morphotypes were dominating in almost all individuals.

J R Coll Surg Edinb, 1990 Oct, 35(5), 296 - 8
Incidence of Campylobacter pylori in a consecutive series of surgical patients referred for endoscopy; Aitchison M et al.; Over a 9-month period, 109 consecutive patients referred from general surgical out-patient clinics for endoscopy were studied . The presenting symptoms, endoscopic diagnosis, clinical history and degree of histological gastritis were determined . The presence of the organism Campylobacter pylori in oesophageal, antral and duodenal biopsies was detected by a combination of culture, histology and fluorescence microscopy . C . pylori was identified in 49.5% of patients by at least one of the methods described . The organism was present only in antral biopsies in patients with both normal and abnormal endoscopies . The presence of C . pylori was significantly associated with the symptom of dyspepsia, and endoscopic diagnosis of peptic ulceration and a greater degree of histological gastritis . Analysis of the clinical history of the patients with a normal endoscopy suggests that a proportion of these patients (7 of 20) had previous evidence of peptic ulceration . Treatment with H2-receptor antagonists may heal ulceration but fails to eradicate C . pylori.

J Gen Microbiol, 1990 Oct, 136 ( Pt 10), 1995 - 2000
Investigation of the structure and localization of the urease of Helicobacter pylori using monoclonal antibodies; Hawtin PR et al.; The urease of Helicobacter pylori (formerly Campylobacter pylori) has been partly purified by fast protein liquid chromatography . This material contained 10 nm doughnut-like structures when examined by electron microscopy and comprised three major polypeptides (61 kDa, 56 kDa and 28 kDa) . Only two of these polypeptides (61 kDa and 28 kDa) were observed in urease-containing material isolated by preparative non-denatured PAGE . Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced which were directed against two of these polypeptides (56 kDa and 28 kDa) . Only mAbs directed against the 28 kDa polypeptide inhibited or captured urease activity . These results suggest that the 56 kDa polypeptide is not essential for enzyme activity . Anti-urease mAbs were used in an indirect immunogold technique to localize the enzyme at the ultrastructural level . In both prefixed bacteria and ultrathin cryosectioned bacteria the enzyme was located on the cell surface and in material apparently shed from that surface.

Hepatogastroenterology, 1990 Oct, 37(5), 503 - 6
The efficacy of furazolidone and metronidazole in the treatment of chronic gastritis associated with Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori--a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial; Xiao SD et al.; Seventy-two patients with Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic gastritis were randomized to a 3-week oral treatment with furazolidone 0.1g t.i.d . or metronidazole 0.2g t.i.d . or placebo . Endoscopy was performed before and after treatment, and biopsy specimens were taken from the antrum of the stomach for histological examination and culture of Helicobacter pylori . Disappearance rates of Helicobacter pylori in furazolidone, metronidazole and the control groups were 74% (20/27) if considering completion of therapy, the 20/25 or 80%, 33.3% (8/24) and 14.3% (3/21) respectively . There was a significant difference in the disappearance rate of Helicobacter pylori between furazolidone and metronidazole, and between furazolidone and the placebo group (p less than 0.01), but there was no such difference between metronidazole and the placebo group (p greater than 0.05) . In the patients receiving furazolidone, the eradication of Helicobacter pylori was accompanied by marked improvement in both inflammatory infiltration in the gastric mucosa and symptoms . These results reasonably suggest that Helicobacter pylori may play an etiological role in the pathogenesis of chronic gastritis, and that furazolidone is effective in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic gastritis.

Can J Vet Res, 1990 Oct, 54(4), 432 - 7
Reproductive failure in mink and ferrets after intravenous or oral inoculation of Campylobacter jejuni; Bell JA et al.; Four pregnant mink and seven pregnant ferrets, including five with previous exposure and specific antibody, were injected intravenously with 10(8)-10(10) colony-forming units of Campylobacter jejuni . All 11 pregnancies failed 1-16 days after infection, with results ranging from fetal resorption to expulsion of dead or premature living kits . In every case, uterine contents (placenta, uterine fluid and/or kits) were culture-positive for C . jejuni . Three pregnant mink and nine pregnant ferrets, including four with previous exposure and antibody, were fed 10(9)-10(11) C . jejuni . Two of the mink aborted; kits of all three were culture-positive, but those of one female survived . Seven of the nine ferrets aborted, with two having culture-positive uterine contents . None of 28 uninfected ferret control pregnancies ended in abortion . The most prominent histological feature observed was severe placentitis, which appears to be a more likely cause of Campylobacter-induced abortion than direct pathogenic effects on infected kits . These results suggest that infection of mink or ferrets with C . jejuni during pregnancy poses a serious risk of reproductive failure, even for previously exposed females.

J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 1990 Oct, 11(3), 310 - 6
Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic gastritis: clinical, serological, and histologic correlations in children treated with amoxicillin and colloidal bismuth subcitrate; De Giacomo C et al.; Twenty-three children with Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori-associated chronic gastritis are reported . Family history of peptic disease, previous digestive procedures, and nonspecific epigastric pain were the most frequently encountered clinical features . Antral nodularity at endoscopy and histologic evidence of follicular gastritis were characteristic morphological aspects . Rapid urease tests suggested the diagnosis in 90% of patients . Significant increases of serum IgG and IgA against Helicobacter pylori allowed the identification of infected children with 95% cumulative sensitivity . Treatment with amoxicillin and bismuth subcitrate eradicated the infection and improved gastritis in 13 of 19 children . These findings provide further evidence for the etiologic role of Helicobacter pylori in chronic antral gastritis in children.

J Clin Microbiol, 1990 Oct, 28(10), 2370 - 1
Campylobacter-like organisms are uncommon pathogens in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus; Wilcox CM et al.; Over a 25-month period, we prospectively evaluated 36 patients with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus disease (including 27 with unexplained chronic diarrhea) by flexible sigmoidoscopy for the presence of Campylobacter-like organisms . No Campylobacter-like organisms were isolated . Campylobacter-like organisms appear to be an uncommon cause of idiopathic chronic diarrhea in symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus disease.

J Clin Microbiol, 1990 Oct, 28(10), 2335 - 9
Evaluation of the indoxyl acetate hydrolysis test for rapid differentiation of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella species; Popovic-Uroic T et al.; A total of 410 well-defined Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella strains, comprising 26 named species, subspecies, and defined groups, were tested for indoxyl acetate hydrolysis by a disk method by using disks prepared at the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga . All C . coli (43 strains), C . cryaerophila (34 strains), C . fennelliae (5 strains), C . fennelliae-Campylobacter-like organism 3 (2 strains), C . jejuni (66 strains), C . jejuni subsp . doylei (3 strains), hippurate-negative C . jejuni-C . coli (15 strains), "C . upsaliensis" (39 strains), H . mustelae (5 strains), W . curva (1 strain), and W . recta (1 strain) hydrolyzed indoxyl acetate . Four strains gave weak positive reactions, and the remaining 196 strains, which belonged to 15 species, subspecies, and defined groups, gave negative reactions . Of the 410 study strains, 246 and 125 strains were tested for indoxyl acetate hydrolysis by a disk method and a tube method, respectively, by using commercially produced disks . The disk method, regardless of source, required less time and interpretation than the tube method did . Better differentiation between Campylobacter spp . was obtained with the indoxyl acetate test than with the trimethylamine N-oxide test . The indoxyl acetate disk distinguished C . lari from C . jejuni and C . coli, C . cinaedi from C . fennelliae, and H . pylori from H . mustelae and suggested that W . succinogenes could be differentiated from W . recta and W . curva . The indoxyl acetate disk method could be performed in 5 to 30 min, was easy to read and interpret, and should be useful as a routine diagnostic test for identification of Campylobacter spp.

Arch Intern Med, 1990 Oct, 150(10), 2053 - 5
The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in nonulcer dyspepsia . Importance of stratification according to age; Greenberg RE et al.; Helicobacter pylori (formerly Campylobacter pylori) is causally related to active antral gastritis and is highly associated with duodenal and gastric ulcers . However, the relationship of H pylori to nonulcer dyspepsia is less clear . We determined the presence of H pylori in unselected patients who were undergoing upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy, and we found a prevalence of 37% in 110 patients with nonulcer dyspepsia that was similar to previous data . Patients with nonulcer dyspepsia who had H pylori were found to be significantly older than patients with nonulcer dyspepsia who did not have H pylori . In addition, when stratified according to age, we detected an increased prevalence of H pylori in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia with increasing age, similar to that reported for asymptomatic control populations . This finding casts doubt as to the causal role of H pylori for most patients with nonulcer dyspepsia and stresses the importance of considering epidemiologic factors, such as age, when evaluating the role of H pylori in specific disease states.

J Indian Med Assoc, 1990 Oct, 88(10), 276 - 8
Aetiology of bacterial diarrhoea in north Indian children with special reference to Campylobacter jejuni; Verma M et al.; A total of 184 cases of acute diarrhoea, in patients aged 1-36 months, were studied clinicobacteriologically . Enteropathogens were isolated in 22.28% cases . Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 2.17% cases only . Salmonellae were isolated from 7.6% cases and 64.28% of them were S typhimurium . More than 75% of all isolates of salmonellae, shigellae, Esch coli and Campylobacter jejuni were sensitive to gentamicin and cephaloridine . Secondary lactose intolerance was noted in 6.52% cases only.

Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed, 1990 Oct, 190(4), 357 - 64
Identification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from waste water by SDS-disc-page of whole cell protein; Jacob J et al.; Analysis of the electrophoretic profiles of whole cell proteins of Campylobacter strains from waste water was used to differentiate C . jejuni from C . coli . The results show, that biotyping of campylobacters from waste water may results in a false species differentiation . Some of the Campylobacter strains originally typed as C . coli, were proved to be atypical C . jejuni strains . Therefore, in addition to biotyping and serotyping, electrophoretic typing is recommended to ensure correct identification of Campylobacter, especially from environmental sources.

Epidemiol Infect, 1990 Oct, 105(2), 265 - 75
DNA restriction digest and ribosomal RNA gene patterns of Campylobacter jejuni: a comparison with bio-, sero-, and bacteriophage-types of United Kingdom outbreak strains; Owen RJ et al.; DNA restriction endonuclease (Hae III and Hind III) total digest and 16S and 23S ribosomal (r)RNA gene patterns (ribopatterns) were determined for 18 isolates of Campylobacter jejuni from three separate outbreaks of diarrhoea in the north of England . Strains were also characterized by biotyping, serotyping and phage typing . Comparisons of the DNA patterns by visual and numerical methods revealed five distinct strain groupings with clear differences between isolates from different outbreaks as well as some heterogeneity between strains within the community outbreak and one of the school outbreaks . An excellent correlation was observed between the genomic DNA fingerprints data and the Preston bacteriophage group, both of which gave better discrimination than biotyping and serotyping alone or in combination . Only one phage group (PG 37) was not confirmed by the DNA data . DNA fingerprints therefore provide additional information of value in studying the epidemiology of outbreaks of C . jejuni.

Gene, 1990 Sep 28, 94(1), 23 - 8
Chloramphenicol resistance in Campylobacter coli: nucleotide sequence, expression, and cloning vector construction; Wang Y et al.; A chloramphenicol-resistance determinant (CmR), originally cloned from Campylobacter coli plasmid pNR9589 in Japan, was isolated and the nucleotide sequence determined, which contained an open reading frame of 621 bp . The gene product was identified as Cm acetyltransferase (CAT), which had a putative amino acid sequence that showed 43% to 57% identity with other CAT proteins of both Gram+ and Gram- origin . Although expression of the cat gene was constitutive in both C . coli and Escherichia coli, results of primer extension experiments indicated that transcription was initiated at different sites in these two species . A kanamycin-resistance determinant, identified as the aphA-3 gene, was located downstream from the cat gene . The codon usage of the cat gene is very different from that used in E . coli, however, the CAT polypeptide was synthesized in large amounts in E . coli maxicells . Therefore, the codon usage bias is not one of the obstacles which affects Campylobacter spp . gene expression in E . coli . New Campylobacter cloning vectors were constructed in this study.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1990 Sep 22, 120(38), 1385 - 9
{The histological diagnosis of chronic gastritis . A German proposal for an integrated nomenclature}; Stamm B; The Gastrointestinal Pathology Study Group of the German Pathological Society has drawn up a proposal for a unifying nomenclature for the graduation and classification of gastritis . The severity of chronic gastritis is divided into 4 grades (minimal, light, moderate and severe) and the activity of the process is characterized by 3 grades (grade 1, 2 and 3 activity) . In addition, the presence or absence of Helicobacter pylori (formerly Campylobacter pylori), the extent and type of intestinal metaplasia, and the degree of glandular atrophy are recorded . To the two already well established types of gastritis (type A and type B) a third type is added, type C gastritis due to biliary reflux or other chemical, mechanical or toxic influences.

Infect Immun, 1990 Sep, 58(9), 2738 - 44
Surface array proteins of Campylobacter fetus block lectin-mediated binding to type A lipopolysaccharide; Fogg GC et al.; Campylobacter fetus strains with type A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a surface array protein layer (S+) have been found to be pathogenic in humans and animals . Spontaneous laboratory mutants that lack surface array proteins (S-) are sensitive to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum . The ability of lectins to determine the presence of the S-layer and differentiate LPS type was assessed . We screened 14 lectins and found 3 (wheat germ agglutinin, Bandeiraea simplicifolia II, and Helix pomatia agglutinin) that agglutinated S- C . fetus strains with type A LPS but not S- strains with type B or type C LPS or S+ strains . However, the S+ type A strains were agglutinated after sequential water extraction, heat, or pronase treatment, all of which remove the S-layer, whereas there was no effect on the control strains . Specific carbohydrates for each lectin and purified LPS from a type A C . fetus strain specifically inhibited agglutination of an S- type A strain . In a direct enzyme-linked lectin assay, binding to the S- type A LPS strain was significantly greater than binding to the S+ strain (P = 0.01) or to a Campylobacter jejuni strain (P = 0.008) . Consequently, these results indicate that the three lectins bind to the O side chains of C . fetus type A LPS but that the presence of the S-layer on intact cells blocks binding.

Gastroenterology, 1990 Sep, 99(3), 697 - 702
Urea protects Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori from the bactericidal effect of acid; Marshall BJ et al.; Colonization of the stomach with Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori is common in patients with duodenal ulcer disease, which is known for its high acid secretion . Although the bacterium is usually isolated by culture of a gastric biopsy specimen, viable organisms may sometimes be found in the acidic gastric juice . It was postulated that urease, by generating ammonia, protected H . pylori from acid . To test this hypothesis, the pH susceptibility of H . pylori, Proteus mirabilis, and the urease-negative Campylobacter jejuni was examined in the presence and absence of urea . It was found that without urea the three bacteria were all highly susceptible to acid . In striking contrast, the addition of 5 mmol/L of urea completely protected H . pylori but not P . mirabilis or C . jejuni from pH values as low as 1.5 . Furthermore, the protective effect of urea on H . pylori was found with urea concentrations as low as 0.05 mmol/L . It is concluded that the high urease activity of H . pylori enables it to survive in gastric acid.

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 1990 Sep-Oct, 13(5), 367 - 9
"Campylobacter upsaliensis" sepsis in a boy with acquired hypogammaglobulinemia; Chusid MJ et al.; A 16-year-old boy with lupus erythematosus and hypogammaglobulinemia developed bacteremia with "Campylobacter upsalinesis," a recently described Campylobacter species with minimal catalase activity . Because "C . upsaliensis" Gram stains poorly and because it is susceptible to antibiotics in standard selective media, it may be overlooked in routine handling of blood cultures.

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1990 Sep 1, 59(1-2), 225 - 30
Identification of flagellar and associated polypeptides of Helicobacter (formerly Campylobacter) pylori; Luke CJ et al.; Flagella of Helicobacter pylori were isolated from intact organisms by shearing and differential centrifugation . Treatment of the flagella with the detergent Triton X-100 removed the flagellar sheath, which was confirmed by electron microscopy, and the remaining naked flagella were shown by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to consist primarily of a single 54 kilodalton (kDa) polypeptide . This was confirmed by immunogold labelling and electron microscopy of detergent treated whole organisms, using a mouse antiserum specific for the 54 kDa polypeptide . Polypeptides solubilised from crude flagellar preparations by detergent treatment were found to have molecular weights of 26, 30, 58, 62, 66 and 80 kDa . These polypeptides are possible components of the flagellar sheath and they may represent outer membrane proteins, based on the assumption that the flagellar sheath is related in composition to the outer membrane of the organism . Analysis and definition of these components of the surface structures of the organism are important in understanding the interaction between the organism and its host in pathogenesis.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1990 Sep, 43(9), 1629 - 48
{Basic and clinical studies on norfloxacin in the pediatric field}; Iwai N et al.; Pharmacokinetic , bacteriological and clinical studies on norfloxacin (NFLX), a quinolone-carboxylic acid antibacterial agent, were conducted in the pediatric field . 1 . Serum concentrations and urinary excretion of NFLX after single dose of 2.2 approximately 5.6 mg/kg (mean 4.4 +/- 1.2 mg/kg) were determined in 13 children with ages between 6 and 11 years . The mean peak serum concentration of the drug was 0.37 +/- 0.20 micrograms/ml at 2 hours after administration . The mean half-life of the drug in serum was 2.8 +/- 0.4 hours and the serum concentration at 8 hours was 0.11 +/- 0.06 micrograms/ml . The mean urinary concentration reached a maximum of 125.2 +2- 166.2 micrograms/ml in pooled urine from 0 to 2 hours and the mean urinary recovery rate in the first 8 hours after administration was 22.1 +/- 6.0% . A dose-response relationship was observed between doses/body weight and peak serum concentrations . 2 . The clinical efficacy, bacteriological efficacy and the safety of NFLX were evaluated in 65 pediatric patients with ages between 2 years 10 months and 15 years 7 months with infections . In 62 assessable cases (acute purulent tonsillitis 9 cases, acute pneumonia 3 cases, chronic rhinitis 1 case, urinary tract infections 15 cases, and acute colitis 34 cases), clinical efficacies were excellent in 48 cases, good in 13 cases, and fair in 1 case with an overall efficacy rate of 98.4% . Staphylococcus aureus 1 strain, Staphylococcus epidermidis 1 strain, Escherichia coli 10 strains, Salmonella sp . 5 strains, Morganella morganii 1 strain, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3 strains, Haemophilus parainfluenzae 1 strain and Campylobacter jejuni 12 strains were isolated from the patients as pathogens . Bacteriologically, all of these strains were eradicated except that 3 strains of C . jejuni only decreased . With regard to side effects, dizziness and nausea were observed in 1 case each but they were slight and the continuation of the treatment was possible . No abnormal laboratory test data were observed . From the above results, NFLX was considered to be a useful drug for the treatment of pediatric infections.

Vet Microbiol, 1990 Sep, 24(3-4), 367 - 79
Species-specific DNA probes for Campylobacter species isolated from pigs with proliferative enteritis; Gebhart CJ et al.; Cloned, chromosomal DNA probes from porcine isolates of Campylobacter hyointestinalis and C . mucosalis were developed for the detection and identification of these putative swine enteric pathogens . High molecular weight chromosomal DNA from each species was used to construct genomic libraries in plasmids . Recombinants were selected which hybridized strongly to the homologous organism, but not to any other species of Campylobacter . Species-specific recombinants were labeled with phosphorus-32 and tested for sensitivity by dot blot hybridization to various dilutions of DNA and bacteria from each swine species, including C . hyointestinalis, C . mucosalis, C . coli and C . jejuni . Specificity was tested by hybridizing these probes against various strains of C . hyointestinalis or C . mucosalis, and against reference strains of all other described Campylobacter species . A C . hyointestinalis-specific probe and a C . mucosalis-specific probe were identified which were capable of detecting 1 ng of DNA or 10(4) cfu by bacterial spot blotting on nylon membranes . These probes hybridized to intestinal mucosal scrapings containing C . hyointestinalis and C . mucosalis obtained from pigs with proliferative enteritis, but not to material from normal pigs . Thus, cloned, chromosomal DNA probes may be useful in the detection and identification of bacteria involved in swine proliferative enteritis.

Ann Clin Lab Sci, 1990 Sep-Oct, 20(5), 329 - 36
Histologic characteristics of Campylobacter pylori (Helicobacter pylori) mediated gastritis; Madan E et al.; One hundred-nineteen specimens were reviewed to determine whether or not there were histologic changes specific for Campylobacter pylori (CP), (Helicobacter pylori) mediated gastritis . Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Brown-Hopp, and Wright-Giemsa stained sections were examined independently by two pathologists for (a) the presence of acute cryptitis, (b) percent and degree of crypt involvement, and (c) spectrum of inflammatory cells within the lamina propriae . The amount of mucus was quantified on the Periodic Acid Schift (PAS)-Alcian Blue stain sections . Changes in the character of the mucus were noted by using both the PAS-Alcian Blue and the High Iron Diamine-Alcian Blue . A positive specimen for Campylobacter pylori (CP+), (Helicobacter pylori) was defined as one in which curved or spiral shaped microbes were identified on Wright-Giemsa and Brown-Hopp stain . Seventy-eight specimens were CP+ and 41 CP- . Statistically significant histologic findings included the extent and degree of superficial cryptitis and the preponderance of plasma cells in CP+ cases . These findings confirm aspects seen in an animal model and suggest that there is an histologic pattern consistent with C . pylori (Helicobacter pylori) mediated gastritis.

Nippon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi, 1990 Sep, 87(9), 1815 - 21
{Correlation between Campylobacter pylori and chronic atrophic gastritis}; Ito S et al.; The correlation between urease activity of Campylobacter pylori and atrophic gastritis was studied . On the basis of fundamental study on the optimal pH of C . pylori urease activity, urease activity of 38 biopsied specimens were measured under pH 5 condition, and compared with the positive ratio of C . pylori . In this study, sensitivity was 86.7%, and specificity was 87.0%, respectively . Mean urease activity of C . pylori positive specimens was 3.69 mIU/mg protein, and under this condition, C . pylori was likely to produce ammonia of 0.0218 mumole per minute, enough to damage the gastric mucosa . In addition, there was encountered high urease activity in the specimens which showed moderate glandular atrophy and severe mucosal inflammation . In conclusion, urea-urease-NH3 sequence is most likely to have some association with gastric glandular atrophy.

Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1990 Sep 1, 103(9), 302 - 5
{The pathogenicity of Campylobacter jejuni as a monoinfection and as a mixed infection with Escherichia coli 078:K80 in broilers}; Glunder G et al.; Two week old broilers (n = 61) with a monoinfection with Campylobacter jejuni (0.5 ml of suspension containing 10(5) CFU/ml per os) showed reduced increase in weight during week 3 after infection compared to the control group . An other group of chickens (n = 31) was additionally infected with a suspension of Escherichia (E.) coli O78:K80 via drinking water from day 4 to 6 after the primary infection . This mixed infection provoked clinical signs of a disease and reduced increase in weight during the first two weeks of the experiment . Seven broilers of this group showed a fibrinous pericarditis and/or perihepatitis . Four of these chickens died . It can be concluded from the experiment that an infection with Campylobacter causes reduced weight gain and supports a systemic infection with E . coli.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1990 Sep, 38(7), 700 - 4
{Identification of Campylobacter jejuni by using a biotinylated probe}; Bollet C et al.; A DNA biotinylated probe for the rapid identification of Campylobacter jejuni in culture (Enzo Biochem, New York) has been evaluated . The hybridized biotinylated DNA probe is detected by its interaction with streptavidin linked to horseradish peroxidase . Sixteen strains of C . jejuni, including type strain . 24 strains of other Campylobacter and Helicobacter species, and 59 strains of other general have been studied . The probe was highly sensitive (100%) and specific (100% inside the genera Campylobacter and Helicobacter) . All Campylobacter strains gave strong signals, and only three weak signals have been observed with non-Campylobacter strains . Our results indicate that specific recombinant DNA probe should offer a reliable and rapid method for routine diagnosis of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis.

Minerva Med, 1990 Sep, 81(9), 601 - 3
{Campylobacter pylori infection . Results of an investigation of 130 patients}; Ferrero D et al.; After recalling the main data on diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment of CP infection, the results of a study on 130 patients are presented.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1990 Sep 1, 120(35), 1253 - 6
{Etiology of diarrheal diseases in immunocompetent and HIV-positive patients}; Steinmann E et al.; In 1986 and 1987 the stool samples of 206 patients of the Medical Outpatient Clinic Basel were examined prospectively for bacteria, protozoa and worms . Clinical data of the patients were recorded by questionnaire . The patient group comprised 63 immunocompetent patients as well as 23 HIV-infected patients, all with symptoms of acute enteritis . The control group consisted of 120 healthy persons . Pathogenic organisms were found in the stools of 17.5% of the immunocompetent patients with enteritis . The most common germs were Campylobacter jejuni, Giardia lamblia and Salmonella enteritidis . Isospora belli, found in 2 cases (8.7%), was the only pathogen found in HIV-infected patients . The most frequent pathogen found in 7.5% of the control group was Giardia lamblia . The facultative pathogenic protozoon Blastocystis hominis was found in 16.7-19.0% of the 3 groups . There was no correlation between clinical symptoms and the results of stool examinations . Stool examinations in the immunocompetent patients corresponded to the known distribution of pathogenic germs in Switzerland . The homogeneous distribution of Blastocystis hominis in the 3 groups examined proves the high rate of infection . There is no evidence of a significant correlation between clinical symptoms of enteritis and infection with Blastocystis hominis in immunocompetent patients.

J Bacteriol, 1990 Sep, 172(9), 5211 - 7
Use of pulsed-field agarose gel electrophoresis to size genomes of Campylobacter species and to construct a SalI map of Campylobacter jejuni UA580; Chang N et al.; To determine the physical length of the chromosome of Campylobacter jejuni, the genome was subjected to digestion by a series of restriction endonucleases to produce a small number of large restriction fragments . These fragments were then separated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with the contour-clamped homogeneous electric field system . The DNA of C . jejuni, with its low G+C content, was found to have no restriction sites for enzymes NotI and SfiI, which cut a high-G+C regions . Most of the restriction enzymes that were used resulted in DNA fragments that were either too numerous or too small for genome size determination, with the exception of the enzymes SalI (5' .. . G decreases TCGAG .. . 3'), SmaI (5' ... . CCC decreases GGG ... . 3'), and KpnI (5' .. . GGTAC decreases C ... . 3') . With SalI, six restriction fragments with average values of 48.5, 80, 110, 220, 280, and 980 kilobases (kb) were obtained when calibrated with both a lambda DNA ladder and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome markers . The sum of these fragments yielded an average genome size of 1.718 megabases (Mb) . With SmaI, nine restriction fragments with average values ranging from 39 to 371 kb, which yielded an average genome size of 1.726 Mb were obtained . With KpnI, 11 restriction fragments with sizes ranging from 35 to 387.5 kb, which yielded an average genome size of 1.717 Mb were obtained . A SalI restriction map was derived by partial digestion of the C . jejuni DNA . The genome sizes of C . laridis, C . coli, and C . fetus were also determined with the contour-clamped homogeneous electric field system by SalI, SmaI, and KpnI digestion . Average genome sizes were found to be 1.714 Mb for C . coli, 1.267 Mb for C . fetus subsp . fetus, and 1.451 Mb for C . laridis.

Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao, 1990 Sep, 21(4), 427 - 9
{Primary study on pathogenesis of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis}; Deng X et al.; The invasiveness and heat-labile enterotoxin of 11 human strains of C . jejuni were detected in NIH mice inoculated with the C . jejuni strains; the methods of plate immunological hemolysin test and SPA-coagglutination test were employed . Ten strains of the bacteria invaded the intestine; 7 strains (45.46%) were positive in SPA-coagglutination test; and 4 (36.36%) produced enterotoxin . C . jejuni in Chengdu area possess multiple pathogenicity, e.g invasiveness and heat-labile enterotoxin, but we did not find definitive correlations between the clinical manifestation and resource of strains.

Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao, 1990 Sep, 21(4), 390 - 3
{Comparative study of Campylobacter pyloridis and Campylobacter jejuni under electron microscope}; Wang Y et al.; Specimens were made by preparing the ultrathin sections after negative staining and ruthenium red staining . The specimens were observed under electron microscope . Results revealed that the shapes of Campylobacter pyloridis (Cp) and C . jejuni (Cj) were similar, but distinctive differences in their structures were observed . Cp had one to five sheathed flagella at one end with bulbous tips . Cj had only one unsheathed flagellum on each end without a bulbous tip . The cell body of Cp was longer than that of Cj . A layer of thick and dense delicate filament-like substance was attached to the surface of the cell body of Cp in the ultrathin sections with ruthenium red staining, in the case of Cj only a little of such a substance could be noted.

J Assoc Physicians India, 1990 Sep, 38 Suppl 1, 695 - 8
Unusual features of Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori--associated gastritis in India . A study of 200 cases; Nanivadekar SA et al.; Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori has been cultured from the antral biopsies of 85-90% of patients of gastritis, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer at different centres . Studies conducted all over the world have firmly implicated this organism in the aetiology of active superficial gastritis and recurrences of duodenal ulcer . Two hundred patients with upper abdominal pain, distension, vomiting and/or haemetemesis were subjected to OGD scopy . In 163 of these patients there was endoscopic evidence of gastritis; in 24 there was DU; in 3, GU and in 10 it was normal . Diagnosis of H pylori infection was made by the rapid biopsy urease test which is nearly 100% specific and 98% sensitive . 170 out of 200 patients were positive for H pylori . Among these were 138 patients of gastritis (84.6%); 22 cases of DU (91.6%); 2 cases of GU (66.6%) and 8 in whom endoscopy was normal . Histological examination of the antral biopsy specimens showed mild to severe infiltration of mucosa with lymphocytes and plasma cells . None of the 170 H pylori positive cases showed polymorphonuclear infiltration which has been stressed repeatedly by most Western authors to be characteristic of "active" superficial gastritis associated with H pylori infection . Even in those with a history of dyspepsia of barely 4 weeks duration or less there was no PMN infiltration in the mucosa . Thus the local response to infection by H pylori of the gastric mucosa is different in Indian patients.

J Assoc Physicians India, 1990 Sep, 38 Suppl 1, 689 - 91
Relative merits of various rapid biopsy urease tests for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori (Campylobacter pylori); Bhasin DK et al.; Three rapid urease tests, i.e., liquid urea broth containing phenol red as indicator, liquid urea broth containing bromothymol blue as indicator and CLO gel were compared in 109 patients of dyspepsia for the diagnosis of Campylobacter pylori (Helicobacter pylori) infection . Mean time taken for positive reaction in liquid broth with phenol was 3 minutes (range 0.6 to 5.3 minutes) with bromothymol blue was 3.5 minutes (range 0.4 to 5.5 minutes) while with CLO gel it was 101 minutes (range 11-261 minutes) . There was no difference in results of liquid urea broth containing phenol red and bromothymol blue . The difference in timing of urea broth containing phenol red and bromothymol blue was statistically significant as compared to CLO gel (p less than 0.05) . Rapid urease tests employing liquid urea broth are quick, simple and reliable for the diagnosis of Helicobacer pylori infection.

Jpn J Med, 1990 Sep-Oct, 29(5), 542 - 4
Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus meningitis with chronic alcoholism and diabetes mellitus; Kato H et al.; A case of Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus meningitis is reported . The patient had underlying diseases, namely chronic alcoholism and diabetes mellitus . The infection did not respond to Piperacillin and Cefotaxime, but did respond to Ampicillin and Moxalactam . The patient was discharged on the 33rd hospital day showing no neurological deficit complications, and has remained free of recurrent disease for one month after the discontinuation of therapy.

Pediatr Med Chir, 1990 Sep-Oct, 12(5), 447 - 51
{Reactive arthritis}; Gerloni V et al.; The term reactive arthritis was introduced to describe an acute non-purulent arthritis complicating an infection elsewhere in the body . Reactive arthritis can also be classified into HLA-B27 associated and non-associated forms . Rheumatic fever is an example of the HLA-B27 non-associated forms with genetic factors other than HLA-B27 involved . HLA-B27 associated reactive arthritis includes enteric, urogenic and idiopathic arthritides . The bacteria known to trigger post-enteritic reactive arthritis are: Yersinia, Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile and Brucella; those known to trigger post-urethritic reactive arthritis are Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum, but often the germ remains unidentified . Mechanisms through which susceptibility to reactive arthritis is linked to HLA-B27 antigen are still incompletely understood, but a clue could be cross-reactivity between B27 and a surface antigen of pathogenic germs . The clinical profile of the disease is characterized by an asymmetrical oligoarthritis with involvement particularly of the peripheral joints of the lower limbs . The arthritis generally recovers without sequelae within a few weeks or months . Accompanying features can be the involvement of enthesis and tendon sheets in form of a talalgia or dactylitis . In some cases the arthritis can relapse and chronicize . In some cases, in addition, involvement of the axial skeleton can occur (spondylitis and/or sacroiliitis) . Another feature of the disease is the frequent association with typical extra-articular manifestations such as uveitis and muco-cutaneous lesions.

J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 1990 Sep-Oct, 5(5), 514 - 7
Rapid diagnosis of Campylobacter pylori infection by urea test paper; Yu Z et al.; Antral biopsy specimens from 106 patients were examined by culture, Gram stain and silver stain for Campylobacter pylori . Biopsies were also examined by a urea test paper test (UTPT) . Of 106 patients studied C . pylori was detected in 68 (64.2%) by Gram stain, silver stain and culture . The UTPT was positive in 63 (59.4%) specimens . Five had false negative results using the UTPT with no false positive subjects . Thus, UTPT has a sensitivity of 92.6% (63/68) and a specificity of 100% . Of the 63 specimens that were UTPT positive, 45 were positive within 1 min, 58 were positive within 5 min . The remainder became positive between 5 and 15 min . There was a negative correlation between the time required for positive UTPT and the number of C . pylori per pit as seen on silver stained sections (P less than 0.05) . UTPT is a rapid and sensitive method for detecting C . pylori in gastric mucosa . This enables early therapy, if indicated, before discharge from hospital . Moreover, the urea test paper method is cheap and easily stored.

J Bacteriol, 1990 Sep, 172(9), 5035 - 43
Antigenic differences among Campylobacter fetus S-layer proteins; Dubreuil JD et al.; Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of S-layer proteins extracted from Campylobacter fetus strains by using acid glycine buffer showed that the predominant S-layer proteins of different strains had subunit molecular weights in the range of 90,000 to 140,000 . Electron microscopy revealed oblique S-layer lattices with a spacing of approximately 5.6 nm (gamma = 75 degrees) on wild-type strains VC1, VC119, VC202, and VC203 . Three variants of C . fetus VC119 producing a predominant S-layer subunit protein of different molecular weight (Mr) from that of the parent were also examined . Each variant produced an oblique lattice morphologically indistinguishable from that of the parent . Amino-terminal sequence analysis showed that the S-layer proteins of the VC119 parent and variants were identical up to residue 18 and that this sequence differed from but was related to the first 16 N-terminal residues shared by the S-layer proteins of the three other wild-type C . fetus isolates . Western immunoblot analysis with an antiserum prepared to the VC119 protein and an antiserum prepared to C . fetus 84-40 LP (Z . Pei, R . T . Ellison, R . V . Lewis, and M . J . Blaser, J . Biol . Chem . 263:6416-6420, 1988) showed that strains of C . fetus were capable of producing S-layer proteins with at least four different antigenic specificities . Immunoelectron microscopy with antiserum to the VC119 S-layer protein showed that C . fetus cultures contained cells with immunoreactive oblique S-layer lattices as well as cells with oblique S-layer lattices which did not bind antibody . This suggests that C . fetus S-layer proteins undergo antigenic variation . Thermal denaturation experiments indicated that the antigenicity conferred by the surface-exposed C . fetus S-layer epitopes was unusually resistant to heat, and the thermal stability appeared to be due to the highly organized lattice structure of the S . layer . Protease digestion of purified VC119 S-layer protein revealed a trypsin-, chymotrypsin-, and endoproteinase Glu-C-resistant domain with an apparent Mr of 110,000, which carried the majority of the epitopes of the S-layer protein, and a small enzyme-sensitive domain . The trypsin- and chymotrypsin-resistant polypeptides shared an overlapping sequence which differed from the N-terminal sequence of the intact S-layer protein.

J Biol Chem, 1990 Aug 25, 265(24), 14529 - 35
Surface array protein of Campylobacter fetus . Cloning and gene structure; Blaser MJ et al.; The high molecular mass (97-149 kDa) surface array proteins (SAP) of Campylobacter fetus are critical to virulence . We created a bank of 160,000 random 1.0-6.5-kilobase (kb) chromosomal DNA fragments of C . fetus strain 84-32 (23D) using lambda gt11 . Screening this bank in Escherichia coli Y1090 with antibody raised against purified SAP permitted isolation and purification of a clone with a 4.0-kb insert . Subcloning this insert in the E . coli vector, pUC9, permitted expression of a protein of approximately 100 kDa, not fused with beta-galactoside or inducible by isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside . Digestion with restriction endonucleases, and construction of deletion mutations indicated that the gene extended over 2.8 kb, proceeding toward the start of the beta-galactosidase gene . Taking advantage of a unique PstI site at 1.7 kb, we subcloned PstI-EcoRI fragments in both orientations into M13 vectors, then generated and sequenced 48 deletion mutants . In the 3974-base insert, an open reading frame, beginning at nucleotide 24 and terminating at 2825, was found to encode a 933-amino acid polypeptide having a calculated molecular mass of 96,758 daltons . The first 20 amino acids exactly match those determined from amino-terminal sequencing, indicating that this protein is secreted without a leader sequence . The deduced amino acid composition matches that of the purified SAP . We identified a ribosomal binding site 9 bases upstream, and a putative transcription terminator (delta G = -12.4) 21 bases downstream . There is partial homology of primary and secondary structure with five other bacterial S-layer proteins.

Med Klin (Munich), 1990 Aug 15, 85(8), 463 - 6
{Serology and culture diagnosis of Campylobacter jejuni infections}; Zotz RB et al.; Campylobacter jejuni is known today as one of the most common pathogens in acute infectious enteritis . In 77 patients serological testing by complement fixation as well as stool cultures were performed . A campylobacter jejuni infection was identified in 53% by culture and in 64% by serology, only in 17% the diagnosis was made with both methods . We conclude, that because of these data stool culture and serological testing should be used simultaneously . The complement fixation technique shows an increase in serum titer one to three weeks after beginning of the illness and a decrease in serum titer after four to eight weeks . For this reason it is an appropriate method for the identification of acute infections.

Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 1990 Aug, 37(6), 407 - 11
Serogroups of Campylobacter jejuni from man and animals; Varga J et al.; A total of 186 campylobacter strains from aborted calf and sheep fetuses, from scouring dogs, rabbits and man, and from retailed poultry were isolated and examined biochemically and serologically for heat stable antigens . Immune sera were produced in rabbits against Penner reference strains from 1 to 60, and against two field isolates . Out of 186 biochemically tested strains 179 (96.2%) proved C . jejuni and only 6 (3.2%) C . coli . One strain has been identified as C . laridis . In cattle and sheep 3.2 and 21.7% respectively of all campylobacter abortions were due to C . jejuni infection . The same agent caused 12.7% of diarrhoea of dogs . The campylobacter infection rate of freshly slaughtered and dressed chicken varied between 25 and 64.3% . Out of the serologically examined 140 C . jejuni strains 118 (84.3%) could be assigned to 16 Penner serogroups and 13 (9.3%) to 2 further serogroups . Serogroups 8 (31.4%), 1 (19.3%) and 2 (12.1%) occurred most frequently . The human isolates represented the widest serotype distribution, as 32 tested strains belonged to 12 serogroups . All those serogroups which caused abortion or diarrhoea in animals or were isolated from poultry carcases were isolated also from man with diarrhoea, but some serogroups were found only in man.

Mol Cell Probes, 1990 Aug, 4(4), 261 - 71
Use of non-radioactive DNA probes for detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in stool specimens; Taylor DE et al.; DNA probes specific for C . jejuni (pDT1720 containing a 1475 base pair fragment) and for C . jejuni and C . coli (pDT1719 containing a 1845 base pair fragment) were isolated from a bacteriophage lambda gt11 genomic library of C . jejuni, using antiserum prepared against a 46 kDa major outer membrane protein of C . jejuni . The two probe-fragments had different restriction maps and were only moderately related by DNA hybridization analysis . A non-radioactive labelling kit which consisted of alkaline phosphatase conjugated anti-digoxigenin antiserum and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl phosphate with nitroblue tetrazolium as the colour substrate, which gives a purple colour for positive hybridization, was used to test 140 stool specimens, 70 of which were culture positive and 70 of which wer culture negative for Campylobacter spp . The pDT1720 fragment (C . jejuni probe) could detect a minimum of 1 x 10(5) C . jejuni cells on filters, whereas the pDT1719 fragment (C . coli probe) was 100-fold less sensitive . The C . jejuni probe demonstrated a sensitivity of 93% with culture positive stool samples, however, 15% of culture negative samples were also recorded as positive using this non-radioactive DNA probe.

J Med Microbiol, 1990 Aug, 32(4), 255 - 61
A method for detecting Shiga toxin and Shiga-like toxin-I in pure and mixed culture; Ashkenazi S et al.; Shiga toxin and Shiga-like toxins (SLTs, syn . Verotoxins) are currently detected by tissue culture assays that are expensive, time-consuming and require specialised facilities and experienced personnel . We have developed a rapid method to detect Shiga toxin and SLT-I (Verotoxin 1) based on their binding to globotriosyl ceramide (Gb3) . Bound toxin was then detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with monoclonal antibodies . The direct detection of cytotoxins from pure culture plates and from a mixed bacterial culture was studied . Using polymyxin extraction (0.1 g/L, 30 min, 37 degrees C) and Gb3-based ELISA we detected toxin from reference strains Shigella dysenteriae 1 strain 60R (Shiga toxin) and Escherichia coli O26:H11 strain H30 (SLT-I), and from clinical isolates of E . coli O157:H7 and O26:H11 (both SLT-I) from 11 patients with diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis or haemolytic uraemic syndrome . Toxin production by these strains was confirmed by a radiolabelled HeLa cell assay and the structural genes were detected by DNA hybridisation . The Gb3-based ELISA could detect SLT-I in extracts of a mixed culture even when the toxin-positive strains represented only 1% of the mixture . No cross-reactivity was found with bacteria that produce other cytotoxins, such as other E . coli and Shigella, Salmonella, Aeromonas and Campylobacter spp.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1990 Aug 1, 197(3), 355 - 7
Effect of Campylobacter spp-induced enteritis on growth rate and feed efficiency in pigs; Straw BE; Diarrhea caused by Campylobacter spp-induced enteritis was observed in pigs that were part of a pneumonia study . Growth rate, feed conversion, and daily health status had been recorded for each pig in the trial . Because diarrhea was the only clinical sign of disease that developed in the control group of pigs, and no other diseases were detected in these pigs at slaughter, it was possible to examine the effect of diarrhea on growth rate and feed efficiency . During the course of the study, 6 of the 16 control pigs had severe diarrhea, 2 were moderately affected, and another 8 were slightly affected or remained clinically normal . Compared with the mean values for each pig, feed intake and daily weight gain were reduced in the week preceding the appearance of clinical disease, but not during the time when diarrhea was observed . Overall performance of pigs with severe diarrhea was not different from that of pigs that were not affected.

Gut, 1990 Aug, 31(8), 886 - 9
Investigation of seemingly pathogen-negative diarrhoea in patients infected with HIV1; Connolly GM et al.; Thirty three consecutive patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV1) with persistent diarrhoea which remained undiagnosed after microbiological examination of six stool samples and rectal histology were investigated for malabsorption . All had xylose and Schilling tests, distal duodenal biopsy, comprehensive barium studies, microbiological examination of six further stool samples, and repeat rectal histology . A microbiological or histological diagnosis of infection was made in 12 patients (multiple organisms in three) . Cryptosporidia were identified on five occasions, cytomegalovirus on four, Giardia lamblia on two, and herpes simplex, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enteritidis, and Entamoeba histolytica once each . No organism was found when weight loss was less than 5 kg or stool volume less than 400 ml/day (n = 9) . Pathogens were identified in nine of 13 patients (69%) with weight loss greater than 10 kg and stool volume more than 800 ml/day . Barium studies were normal except for ileal flocculation in two patients with cryptosporidiosis . Evidence for malabsorption existed in 24 patients--impaired xylose absorption (n = 19) and abnormal Schilling test (n = 21) . Of the patients with a severely abnormal Schilling test, a pathogen was identified in 11 (79%) (including all five with cryptosporidia, and two of the patients with only moderate diarrhoea and weight loss) . A simple scoring system based on degree of weight loss and Schilling test result may help to identify the HIV positive patient with seemingly pathogen-negative diarrhoea in whom further investigations are likely to show a specific cause.

Dig Dis Sci, 1990 Aug, 35(8), 993 - 7
Helicobacter pylori-related gastroduodenal disease in children . Diagnostic utility of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Glassman MS et al.; To evaluate the accuracy of IgG and IgA serological tests in establishing a diagnosis of Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori gastric infection, 60 children presenting with chronic abdominal pain were prospectively studied . Endoscopic antral biopsies were obtained and analyzed for the presence of H . pylori using three standard methods: culture and identification of bacterial isolates, microscopic examination for morphologically characteristic bacteria, and urease production by the biopsy specimen . Concomitantly obtained serum samples were analyzed for the presence of IgG and IgA antibodies against H . pylori surface antigens using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . Thirty-four of 60 (56.6%) had histological evidence of chronic active gastritis, eight of whom (13.3%) also had evidence of H . pylori infection by at least one criteria . Six of the eight infected patients had H . pylori demonstrated by all three methods . Of the eight infected patients, seven had IgG antibodies against H . pylori (sensitivity of 87%) and six had IgA antibodies (sensitivity of 75%) . Among the six patients who had H . pylori infection confirmed by all three methods, all had IgG antibodies (sensitivity of 100%) . In the patients without evidence of H . pylori infection, the IgG ELISA had a specificity of 96% (50/52), and the IgA ELISA had a specificity of 100% (52/52) . Our data suggest that serological testing for the presence of antibodies against H . pylori may be a useful diagnostic tool in screening children with chronic abdominal pain for the presence of gastric infection with H . pylori.

Am J Gastroenterol, 1990 Aug, 85(8), 944 - 8
Prevalence of Helicobacter (formerly Campylobacter) pylori infection in Saudia Arabia, and comparison of those with and without upper gastrointestinal symptoms; al-Moagel MA et al.; A causative role is now accepted for Helicobacter (formerly Campylobacter) pylori in type B gastritis, and evidence is accumulating that H . pylori infection plays a major contributory role in duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, and epidemic gastric cancer . The prevalence of H . pylori in any population remains unknown . We compared the prevalence of H . pylori infection in the Riyadh region of Saudia Arabia, using a specific and sensitive ELISA for IgG antibody against the high molecular weight cell-associated antigen of H . pylori (urease) . Subjects were interviewed, demographic data were collected, and a serum sample was obtained . Subjects completed a questionnaire that included questions about level of education, smoking, medications used, presence and frequency of symptoms referable to the upper gastrointestinal tract, and family history of ulcer disease . We studied 557 individuals (ranging in age from 5 to 91 yr) . The prevalence of H . pylori infection increased rapidly with age: from 40% of those ages 5-10 yr, to more than 70% of those 20 or older . H . pylori infection occurred with significantly more frequency in adults with less than 12 yr of schooling, compared with adults who had attended college . The high rate of acquisition of H . pylori infection in Saudia Arabia emphasizes that studies of H . pylori-disease associations must consider the baseline prevalence of H . pylori infection in that population.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1990 Aug, 94(2), 187 - 91
The gastric juice urea and ammonia levels in patients with Campylobacter pylori; Kim H et al.; The authors studied gastric juice ammonia and urea nitrogen levels to determine how they are altered by gastric Campylobacter pylori (CP) infection . Patients with chronic gastritis (20), peptic ulcer (24), hepatic cirrhosis (10), chronic renal failure (13), or gastric remnant (20) were included . Endoscopic biopsy specimens stained with the Warthin-Starry stain were evaluated for the presence of CP . Blood and gastric juice analysis was performed for 11 of the patients with chronic renal failure and 37 patients from the remaining groups . CP was identified in gastric biopsies from 50 of 87 (57.5%) patients, including 87.5% with peptic ulcer and 40-50% of those with chronic gastritis, cirrhosis, chronic renal failure, or gastric remnant . CP infection had no effect on blood urea nitrogen or blood ammonia levels in any group of patients . The urea nitrogen level of gastric juice was higher in patients with chronic renal failure than in other groups but was not related to CP infection . CP infection was associated with a significant increase in gastric juice ammonia levels, both in patients with chronic renal failure (23.3 mmol/L vs . 2.90 mmol/L; {P less than 0.05}) and in other groups (5.48 mmol/L vs . 1.26 mmol/L {P less than 0.0001}) . The authors conclude that elevation of gastric juice ammonia level is an indicator of gastric CP infection.

Infect Immun, 1990 Aug, 58(8), 2686 - 9
Polynucleotide sequence relationships among flagellin genes of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli; Thornton SA et al.; DNA probes that encode a complete flagellin gene and various internal regions of the Campylobacter coli VC167 flagellin genes were hybridized to 30 strains of C . coli or C . jejuni from 20 different Lior serogroups . The results indicated a high overall degree of homology among all of the strains examined . Although the most variable regions occurred within the middle of the gene, significant DNA homology was observed among many serogroups in this region of the molecule.

Infect Immun, 1990 Aug, 58(8), 2414 - 9
Partial purification and characterization of the enterotoxin produced by Campylobacter jejuni; Daikoku T et al.; Campylobacter jejuni enterotoxin was partially purified from culture supernatant . The purified fraction after gel filtration indicated three bands at 68, 54, and 43 kilodaltons on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) . This fraction enhanced the adenylate cyclase activity of HeLa cell membranes by 1.5-fold over that of the control . The study with anti-cholera toxin immunoglobulin G (IgG) and ganglioside affinity column chromatographies revealed that the eluent from the anti-cholera toxin IgG column chromatography exhibited a single band (68 kDa) on SDS-PAGE and native PAGE, whereas the eluent from ganglioside column chromatography exhibited two bands (68 and 54 kDa) on SDS-PAGE . These suggest that the 68-kDa polypeptide should have an immunological relationship with cholera toxin, and the 68- and 54-kDa polypeptides might be responsible for the recognition of ganglioside.

An Esp Pediatr, 1990 Aug, 33(2), 113 - 6
{Primary peptic ulcer in infancy and childhood . Personal experience}; Lama More R et al.; We report a retrospective review of primary peptic ulcer peptic disease in 61 children . The follow-up period ranged from 1 month to 6 years . All cases were confirmed by endoscopic examination and related with radiological studies result . The number of ulcer peptic disease detected increased as much as the number of endoscopies were performed annually . In the last 20 patients pinch biopsies from antrum were taken looking for Campylobacter pylori, encountering 10 positives . The relation male:female were 2:1 . Gastrointestinal bleeding had occurred in children below 6 years and abdominal pain was seen in older children . All of patients who had C . pylory infection had had recurrent abdominal pain . Three peptic ulcer were documented in patients with cystic fibrosis, which had the worse response to medical treatment . Others, had a satisfactory response.

J Gen Microbiol, 1990 Aug, 136 ( Pt 8), 1639 - 43
Characterization of an rRNA gene-specific cDNA probe: applications in bacterial identification; Cox N et al.; Discontinuous DNA complementary to Escherichia coli 16S + 23S ribosomal RNA was synthesized by random oligonucleotide priming using reverse transcriptase . cDNA generated from native or denatured rRNA template was labelled by incorporation of either {alpha-32P}dCTP or digoxigenin-labelled dUTP during synthesis, followed by template hydrolysis . The specific activity of the radiolabelled cDNA was 10(7)-10(8) c.p.m . (micrograms rRNA template)-1 with 60-92% incorporation after 5 h . The length of the reverse transcript was between 20 and 1140 nucleotides and was unaffected by exclusion of primer . The cDNA probe could detect 3 pg rRNA by quantitative slot blot . In the non-radiolabelling digoxigenin system 3 micrograms template gave 0.5-2.0 micrograms cDNA after 24 h with a length of between 100 and 1225 bases . This probe could detect 50 pg rRNA . Probes were evaluated in the comparison of Pasteurella haemolytica biotypes by hybridization to Southern blots of restriction-endonuclease-digested total DNA . The digoxigenin-labelled probe was used to identify clinical isolates of Campylobacter jejuni to demonstrate its potential use in laboratories requiring high-sensitivity detection without the use of radioisotopes.

Can Assoc Radiol J, 1990 Aug, 41(4), 201 - 6
The radiologic and endoscopic investigation and etiologic classification of gastritis in children; Manson DE et al.; In 11 children the endoscopic criteria for gastritis were correlated with radiologic and pathological findings . An etiologic classification is proposed . The diagnoses included gastric involvement by Crohn's disease (five children), eosinophilic gastroenteritis (one), diffuse varioliform gastritis (two), erosive gastritis associated with Campylobacter pylori infection (two) and idiopathic erosive gastritis (one) . Eight of the nine double-contrast barium studies and only one of the three single-contrast examinations correlated with the endoscopic and histologic findings . In 10 children the endoscopic results correlated well with the biopsy findings.

Isr J Med Sci, 1990 Aug, 26(8), 434 - 8
Campylobacter pylori in Israel: prospective study of prevalence and epidemiology; Braverman DZ et al.; Antral biopsy samples were taken from 147 patients undergoing gastroscopy . Campylobacter pylori was cultivated from 100 of these patients . C . pylori was isolated from 76% of the specimens showing any degree of histologic gastritis, but from only 11% of specimens with completely normal histology . A questionnaire was completed on all patients and included demographic, epidemiologic and clinical information . Sephardic origin, smoking, and a bad taste in the mouth were more prevalent in the campylobacter-positive group . Previous use of antibiotics was negatively associated with the presence of C . pylori . Histologically confirmed gastritis was highly associated with the presence of C . pylori, especially in the moderate or severe grades in which 84% of biopsy specimens were positive . C . pylori was also cultivated from 50% of patients with mild gastritis, in 88% of patients with duodenal ulcer and in 71% of patients with gastric ulcer . The presence of C . pylori in 11% of normal specimens and the absence of C . pylori in 24% of specimens with gastritis further raises the question of the exact role played by C . pylori in the etiology of gastritis.

J Trop Med Hyg, 1990 Aug, 93(4), 280 - 3
Correlation between human and animal bio-serogroups of Campylobacter isolates in Nigeria; Adegbola RA et al.; Campylobacter enteritis is endemic in Nigeria as in most other developing countries of the world . This paper examines the common biotypes and serogroups of Campylobacter in human and animal isolates . The observed correlation suggests a possible animal to human route of infection in Nigeria . Implications on preventive and control measures are discussed.

Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 1990 Aug-Sep, 8(7), 449 - 52
{Sensitivity of enteropathogenic bacteria to furazolidone}; Llovet T et al.; The sensitivity in vitro of 348 strains of 18 enteropathogen agents to furazolidone was investigated during the period of 1987-1989 . All strains of Shigella sonnei (17), S . flexneri (17), S . boydii (16), Escherichia coli enteropathogen (40), E . coli enteroinvasive (20), Campylobacter jejuni (50), Vibrio cholerae 01 (5), Vibrio cholerae non 01 (5), V . parahaemolyticus (5), V . alginolyticus (2), Aeromonas hydrophila (5), A . caviae (5), A . sobria (5), and Plesiomonas shigelloides (12) were sensitive (MIC < or = 8 mg/l), except a strains of E . coli enteropathogen (MIC 16 mg/l) . The 15.5% of the 51 strains of Salmonella enterica belonging to the type I isolated between 1987 and 1989 were resistant (MIC > or = 16 mg/l) . A similar degree of resistance was observed in 20 strains of this agent isolated between 1978 and 1980 . The 30 strains of Yersinia (including 15 strains of Y . enterocolitica 03) presented extreme values of MICs of 8 and 16 mg/l.

Vnitr Lek, 1990 Aug, 36(8), 759 - 62
{Morphologic changes in chronic active superficial Campylobacter pylori-positive antrum gastritis after treatment with bismuth}; Sorf M et al.; The authors investigated the effect of one month bismuth treatment (Bismuthi citrici 120 mg per capsule), 4 x 120 mg/day, on morphological changes of the gastric mucosa along with the effect on Campylobacter pylori (CP) in a group of 23 probands with histologically verified active superficial CP positive antrum gastritis . The probands suffered only from functional dyspepsia, to eliminate the action of other disease of the digestive tract on chronic gastritis . Complete eradication of CP occurred in 65.2% and disappearance of granulocytic infiltration as a manifestation of activity in 73.9% . The disappearance of activity correlated with the eradication of CP in 88.2 . The authors evaluated also the degree of circular nuclear cellulization (grade 1-3) . After one-month treatment it was reduced by 1 grade in 56.5% in the antrum, while in the corpus it remained unaltered in the majority . Complete histological normalization of the mucosa was not recorded.

Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1990 Aug, 23(3), 220 - 31
Comparison of four different methods for detection of Helicobacter pylori from gastric biopsies; Lee N et al.; Helicobacter pylori are commonly found colonizing the gastric mucosa of different populations . Its presence may be important in the pathogenesis of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease . The detection rates vary widely depending upon the diagnostic methods applied . In this study, multiple gastric biopsies were taken from the fundal and antral mucosa of 25 patients during endoscopy . In one patient, the procedure was repeated about two months after the initial biopsy . A total of 52 sets of specimens were obtained . One sample from each site was used to make imprint smear and tissue section . The other sample was used for microbiological culture and rapid urease test . An association between histological confirmed chronic gastritis (both active and inactive) and the morphological diagnosis of H . pylori by tissue sections was found in all of the 26 cases (52 specimens) . There was an excellent concordance (96.2%) between the morphological diagnosis of H . pylori in the Gram-stained imprint smears and the tissue sections . There was a good concordance (86.5%) between the histology and the bacterial culture . Interestingly, a different species of gastric campylobacter-like organism with similar morphological appearance was also cultivated . The results of rapid urease test are unsatisfactory because urease was detected in less than 10% of culture-positive biopsies after 1 hour and 71.1% after 24 hours . In summary, culture and histology are complementary to each other . The combination of both is the "gold standard" for confirming the presence of H . pylori . As for rapid diagnosis, the Gram-stained imprint smears are shown to give satisfactory results.

Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi, 1990 Aug, 29(8), 457 - 60, 509
{Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the serodiagnosis of Campylobacter pylori infection}; Zhang QB et al.; Antibody activities to campylobacter pylori in serum were estimated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to crude antigens, prepared by sonication of whole organisms obtained from bacterial culture in 100 patients with chronic gastritis . Significantly raised serum IgG antibody activities to C . pylori was found in colonised patients with gastritis, especially in patients with active gastritis . High activities were also found beyond the age of 30 . In 6 patients cleared of C . pylori with furazolidone and/or colloidal bismuth subcitrate (De-NoL), serial testing has shown a fall in activity to normal level by 1/2 year in 4 patients . The specificity and sensitivity of the sero-diagnostic assay was 85.3% and 97% respectively . The positive and negative predictive values were 92.8% and 93.5% respectively . The results indicate that such a serodiagnostic assay could be used to screen patients with C . pylori colonisation in epidemiological surveys.

J Formos Med Assoc, 1990 Aug, 89(8), 683 - 6
Evaluation of urease test, gram stain, culture, and histology in the detection of Campylobacter pylori; Wang WM et al.; To evaluate the commonly available tests for detection of Campylobacter pylori infection in the human stomach, we prospectively performed endoscopy and biopsy from the antrum of the stomach in 121 consecutive patients . Four tests, including the urease test, Gram stain, culture, and the hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) stain were used to detect the presence of C . pylori . A C . pylori positive was defined by a positive culture or positive results in two of the other three tests . The sensitivity of the urease test, Gram stain, culture, and H & E stain was 95%, 95%, 71%, and 97%, respectively, and the specificity of those tests was 96%, 100%, 100%, and 73%, respectively . For diagnosis, theoretically, all four tests should be performed from the biopsy specimens . In our experience, the culture was less sensitive, and the H & E stain was less specific, while the urease test and Gram stain were more rapid and had high sensitivity and specificity in the detection of C . pylori infection.

Leber Magen Darm, 1990 Jul, 20(4), 180, 183 - 6
{Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection}; Nowottny U et al.; The endemic behaviour of Helicobacter pylori (H.p., formerly known as Campylobacter pylori) among the population of the town (57,000 inhabitants) and rural district (116,000 inhabitants) of Landshut was investigated with consideration being given to nationality, socio-economic status, housing and the local supply of drinking water . The study involved 894 patients, whose consecutive gastric biopsies were sent to the pathological institute of the Municipal Hospital in Landshut . The overall H.p . incidence was 51.1%, the average age of those infected being 56.9 years . No difference was found in the rate of infection between the municipal and rural populations (54.5%, average age 57.4 years/48.3%, average age 56.4 years) . The population of foreigners revealed a significantly higher H.p.-positive rate (72.3%, average age 41.7 years) as compared with the native population (49.9%, average age 57.7 years) . In the case of parts of the town whose inhabitants generally lived in smaller apartments with a lower standard of hygiene a considerable greater incidence of H.p . (up to 73.6%, average age 54.2 years) was observed as compared with areas with a low population density and detached houses (38.5%, average age 59.2 years) . Considerable differences in rates of infection were established in the individual small towns and marketplaces of the rural district (between 40 and 71.4%, average age 58.6-59.1 years) . No correlation was found to the supply of drinking water . Overall, the results of this study indicate a person-to-person transmission of H.p., possibly favoured by more frequent physical contact under more cramped living conditions in socio-economically disadvantaged strata of the population and by ethnological factors.

Br Vet J, 1990 Jul-Aug, 146(4), 334 - 40
The application of a transport and enrichment medium to the diagnosis of Campylobacter fetus infections in bulls; Lander KP; The use of a transport and enrichment medium (TEM) in the diagnosis of Campylobacter fetus infections in bulls is described . The medium significantly improved the diagnosis rate in samples which, because of the length of time between collection and receipt at the laboratory, were unsuitable for processing by direct culture . The TEM was able to support the viability, and subsequent multiplication, of C . fetus in some samples for up to 7 days before the TEM was incubated . The submission of paired samples of TEM, one containing unfiltered preputial washing (PW) and the other containing PW filtered through a 0.60 micron cellulose acetate filter, significantly increased the accuracy of diagnosis.

Br Vet J, 1990 Jul-Aug, 146(4), 327 - 33
The development of a transport and enrichment medium for Campylobacter fetus; Lander KP; A transport and enrichment medium was developed for Campylobacter fetus . From inocula of between 10 and 35 organisms the medium was able to support the multiplication of 19 of 21 strains of C . fetus if the medium was incubated immediately after inoculation; when incubation was delayed for 3 days after inoculation, only seven of the 21 strains multiplied . From inocula of 100-350 organisms all 21 strains multiplied following immediate incubation, and 20 of 21 when incubation was delayed for 3 days . From inocula of about 10(4) organisms all strains multiplied following immediate or delayed incubation . The medium restricted the growth of Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Scand J Gastroenterol, 1990 Jul, 25(7), 746 - 50
Erosive prepyloric changes in patients with end-stage renal failure undergoing maintenance dialysis treatment; Kang JY et al.; We endoscoped 322 of 422 patients with end-stage renal failure undergoing maintenance dialysis treatment to determine the prevalence of erosive prepyloric changes (EPC) in uraemia . EPC grade 1 was found in 79 patients (25%), grade 2 in 16 (5%), and grade 3 in 43 (13%) . EPC grades 2 and 3 were commoner among uraemic patients than among non-uraemic patients presenting for gastroduodenoscopy (13 of 198 = 6%; p less than 0.001) . Patients with EPC grades 2 and 3 were older, had been receiving dialysis longer, and were more likely to be receiving haemodialysis rather than peritoneal dialysis when compared with patients without EPC . Histologic gastritis of the body and antrum was less common among patients with EPC grades 2 and 3 than among patients without EPC . The prevalence of Campylobacter-like organisms was similar in patients with and without EPC.

Scand J Gastroenterol, 1990 Jul, 25(7), 725 - 30
How reliable are the 14C-urea breath test and specific serology for the detection of gastric Campylobacter?
Husebye E, O'Leary D, Skar V, Melby K.
Detection of gastric Campylobacter by the 14C-urea breath test and serology were correlated to biopsy culture in 25 unselected outpatients referred for gastroscopy . All the 17 culture-positive patients had positive 14C-urea breath test, and 16 had positive serology . Of eight culture-negative patients, six patients had negative breath test and seven negative serology . A high degree of reproducibility was found when two subsequent breath tests were performed in 11 healthy volunteers . The breath test values obtained at 10 min showed a strong correlation (r = 0.97, p less than 0.001) to the accumulated values within 30 min . Breath sampling once, 10 min after intake of 2.5 microCi 14C-urea, seems sufficient for the detection of gastric Campylobacter . The 14C-urea breath test correlates well with biopsy culture and provides a sensitive tool for the detection of gastric Campylobacter . Serology also corresponds well with biopsy culture and should provide a useful tool for epidemiologic studies.

J Infect, 1990 Jul, 21(1), 71 - 5
Peritonitis caused by Campylobacter jejuni and serologically confirmed in a patient being treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis; Goodman DJ et al.; A case of Campylobacter jejuni peritonitis in a patient being treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is described . The significance of the organism isolated from our patient was initially doubtful because of a rapid defervescence of symptoms with minimal specific antibiotic therapy, lack of a preceding diarrhoeal illness and the time taken to isolate and identify the organism . Serial serum IgM, IgA and IgG antibody estimations clearly showed an acute seroconversion confirming that the strain of C . jejuni isolated was the causative organism in this case.

J Clin Microbiol, 1990 Jul, 28(7), 1565 - 9
Use of an alkaline phosphatase-labeled synthetic oligonucleotide probe for detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli; Olive DM et al.; A commercially available synthetic nucleic acid probe (SNAP) conjugated to alkaline phosphatase was compared with standard culture techniques for detecting Campylobacter species . The SNAP was able to detect either 5 ng of C . jejuni DNA or 10(5) CFU of bacteria . The SNAP could also detect DNA extracted from 10(5) CFU in mock-infected stool samples . The SNAP detected C . jejuni and C . coli but showed no reactivity with C . laridis, C . fetus subsp . fetus, C . fetus subsp . venerealis, C . fennelliae, "C . upsaliensis," C . cinaedii, C . fecalis, C . hyointestinalis, C . mucosalis, or Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori . The SNAP also showed no cross-reactivity with other enteric pathogens . When applied to pure cultures, the SNAP detected 55 clinical isolates of C . jejuni and 11 clinical isolates of C . coli, with an accuracy of 100% . When applied directly to clinical specimens, the SNAP detected Campylobacter spp . in 19 of 23 culture-positive stool specimens (sensitivity, 82.6%; specificity, 100%) . Pure cultures of the Campylobacter strains isolated from the four probe-negative, culture-positive stool specimens gave positive reactions with the SNAP . While the SNAP had excellent sensitivity and specificity for isolated bacterial colony isolates, the main limitation to the Campylobacter probe detection kit may be the sensitivity limit on direct detection of Campylobacter organisms in stools.

Infect Immun, 1990 Jul, 58(7), 2214 - 9
Infection of adult Syrian hamsters with flagellar variants of Campylobacter jejuni; Aguero-Rosenfeld ME et al.; Two variants of Campylobacter jejuni IN1 differing in the expression of flagella, IN1 (Fla+ Mot+, wild type) and IN1-NM (Fla- Mot-), were tested for their ability to establish infection in adult hamsters . Animals were challenged intracecally with 2 X 10(9) to 5 X 10(10) CFU and monitored for evidence of infection . None of the challenged animals developed illness . There was a significant difference, however, in the ability of IN1 to infect hamsters (35 of 43) compared with that of IN1-NM (1 of 42) (P less than 0.01) . Additionally, eight animals challenged with IN1-NM excreted only the campylobacters of Fla+ phenotype, which were shown to be identical with the parental Fla+ Mot+ type . Both groups of animals developed serum immunoglobulin G antibodies to outer membrane proteins of IN1 as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; however, only animals that excreted Fla+ organisms developed antiflagellin antibodies . In vitro reversibility from Fla+ to Fla- occurred with a frequency of 9.2 X 10(-6) per cell per generation; however, reversion from Fla- to Fla+ could not be detected in vitro . Further characterization of IN1-NM showed that it produced a cytoplasmic 62K flagellin subunit protein, but this protein lacked six epitopes detected in IN1 and also differed in its two-dimensional gel electrophoresis pattern . The results of these studies support the concept that an intact flagellum is necessary for intestinal infection with C . jejuni and that this model may be useful for studying the immune response to C . jejuni.

Infect Immun, 1990 Jul, 58(7), 2149 - 55
Evidence of reinfection with multiple strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in Macaca nemestrina housed under hyperendemic conditions; Russell RG et al.; A prospective bacteriologic study of 18 infant pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) housed in a nursery facility in which Campylobacter spp . are endemic was undertaken to determine the epidemiology of infection and reinfection . The isolates of Campylobacter jejuni and C . coli cultured from 8 of the 18 infants were characterized by serotyping, DNA hybridization, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein profiles . The chronology of infection was indicative of multiple reinfections with different strains of C . jejuni and C . coli during the 12-month study of each infant . The duration of infection with a particular strain was 3 to 4 weeks . Infants were also infected with nalidixic acid-resistant campylobacters . These observations indicated that long-term infections under endemic conditions are caused by continual reinfection . C . jejuni or C . coli infection correlated with diarrhea in 5 of the 18 infants at 1 to 4 months of age.

J Infect Dis, 1990 Jul, 162(1), 156 - 62
Opsonic activity of specific human IgG against Helicobacter pylori; Tosi MF et al.; There is a strong association between chronic gastroduodenal disease in adults and children and the recovery of Helicobacter pylori (formerly Campylobacter pylori) from gastric biopsy specimens . However, data relevant to host defense mechanisms directed against this organism are scarce . The ability of H . pylori-specific antibody and complement to enhance the in vitro phagocytosis and killing of H . pylori by human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) were studied . Sera with IgG antibody to H . pylori from five children with culture-proven H . pylori gastric disease markedly enhanced complement-dependent phagocytosis of H . pylori in an assay using flow cytometry to measure uptake of fluorescent-labeled bacteria by PMNL . Absorption of specific antibody from patient sera with an excess of H . pylori organisms completely abrogated this enhancement . IgG purified from plasma with high IgG antibody titers to H . pylori enhanced complement-dependent phagocytosis of H . pylori and increased the killing of this organism by PMNL in the presence of 5% human opsonic complement by one full log . IgG antibody to H . pylori appears to be highly functional in vitro in promoting complement-dependent phagocytosis and killing of H . pylori by PMNL.

Minerva Dietol Gastroenterol, 1990 Jul-Sep, 36(3), 133 - 7
{Campylobacter pylori (C . pylori): an occasional finding or a constant pathogenetic factor in peptic and inflammatory gastroduodenal pathology? Personal observations}; Licata A et al.; The detection of CP in the mucosa of the gastric antrum had led to the supposition of this bacterium's potential pathogenetic role in the onset and continuation of peptic ulcer and/or inflammatory gastroduodenal disease . After reviewing the literature, the Authors report the incidence rate of the presence of C.P . in the mucosa of the gastric antrum in 110 symptomatic patients . Endoscopic examination revealed a negative diagnosis, or the presence of gastric and/or duodenal ulcer, or aspecific inflammatory disease . C.P . was detected using the quick urea test and histomorphological analysis after modified Giemsa staining on bioptic endoscopic specimens . C.P . were present in 86.6% of duodenal ulcers, 94.8% of gastro-duodenal inflammation, and 29.4% of endoscopical normal patients . These results confirm that C.P . should not be considered an occasional finding but almost a constant factors . The importance of performing the quick urea test during endoscopic examination is underlined, since if positive an appropriate therapeutic protocol can be started as soon as possible.

Wiad Lek, 1990 Jul 1, 43(13), 672 - 8
{Campylobacter pylori--its role in diseases of the upper digestive tract . The present and future}; Zamorska I et al.; In the paper an outline of modern knowledge is presented on Campylobacter pylori (Helicobacter pylori) which participates in certain upper digestive tract diseases . The history is described of studies on this organism and modern methods of its identification are discussed . The sites of presence of this microorganism are presented in the upper part of the digestive tract and the diseases of this part of the digestive tract are described which are associated with the presence of Campylobacter pylori . The methods of treatment are mentioned in patients infected with this organism, with the criteria of treatment effectiveness.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1990 Jul, (7), 3 - 6
{The adhesion of clinical isolates of Campylobacter jejuni to intestinal epithelial cells in vitro}; Gorelov AV et al.; The adhesive activity of C . jejuni isolated from feces of children with Campylobacter infection was studied with the use of a newly developed model . 47 clinical isolates were analyzed; of these, 91% were found to be enteroadhesive to a variable degree . As the result of in vitro studies, Campylobacter were found to have much greater tropism to colonic cells and epithelial cells of Peyer's patches in comparison with the epithelial cells of the small intestine . The correlation between the degree of adhesive activity and the severity of the course of Campylobacter infection in children.

Avian Dis, 1990 Jul-Sep, 34(3), 602 - 6
Influence of host lineage on cecal colonization by Campylobacter jejuni in chickens; Stern NJ et al.; The resistance to cecal colonization by Campylobacter jejuni was assessed by challenging three crossbred stocks of commercially available broiler chickens . These three stocks, designated A, B, and C, were related as follows: Offspring from four pedigreed grandparent flocks were used as progenitors . Stock B was derived by cross-breeding grandparent 1 with grandparent 3 . Stocks A and C were crossbreeds from grandparents 1 and 2 and grandparents 3 and 4, respectively . Campylobacter jejuni were gavaged into 48-hour-old chicks, using the same levels of challenge dose for each of the different chicken stocks . Six days post-challenge, the birds were sacrificed, and cecal contents were plated onto Campylobacter-selective media . Results from two replicate trials with three isolates of C . jejuni indicated that chicken stock A was colonized in only two of 60 ceca, stock B in six of 60, and stock C in 19 of 60 chicken ceca . Statistical analysis of these data indicate that resistance to cecal colonization by C . jejuni was significantly (P less than 0.05) influenced through chicken host lineage.

Avian Dis, 1990 Jul-Sep, 34(3), 595 - 601
Influence of antibody treatment of Campylobacter jejuni on the dose required to colonize chicks; Stern NJ et al.; This study was designed to clarify the role of antibodies in controlling chicken colonization by Campylobacter jejuni . Cecal colonization by C . jejuni was compared after the organism was exposed either to phosphate-buffered saline, normal rabbit serum, rabbit hyperimmune anti-C . jejuni serum, or anti-C . jejuni antibodies extracted from chicken bile . Antibodies from chicken bile were extracted by affinity absorption against outer-membrane proteins from the challenge organism . Sera were heated 1 hour at 56 C to destroy complement activity . Bacterial inoculum levels were enumerated after 1 hour exposure at 4 C to the various treatments . The heated sera and the bile antibodies were not bactericidal, and bacterial agglutination was not evident . Serial dilutions of the antibody-treated C . jejuni were given by gavage into 1-day-old chicks . Six days later, the ceca were removed from the chicks, and samples were cultured on Campylobacter-charcoal differential agar . The colonization dose-50% was increased by twofold to 160-fold when the organism was preincubated with hyperimmune antiserum or the bile antibodies as compared with preincubation with phosphate-buffered saline . We conclude that antibodies inhibit chicken cecal colonization by C . jejuni.

Avian Dis, 1990 Jul-Sep, 34(3), 588 - 94
Influence of Campylobacter jejuni cecal colonization on immunoglobulin response in chickens; Myszewski MA et al.; The immunoglobulin response of chickens to colonization by Campylobacter jejuni isolates B-540 and Clin-1 was monitored . Chicken humoral IgG and biliary secretory IgA (sIgA) responses were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . Samples were taken from 128 C . jejuni-colonized chickens and 104 uncolonized chickens housed in a controlled environment . An indirect ELISA was performed using the homologous isolate of C . jejuni as the capture antigen and was developed with the specific goat anti-chicken IgG or IgA alkaline phosphatase conjugates . The ELISA absorbance values of the test samples at 405 nm (serum diluted 1:32 and bile diluted 1:10) were normalized in direct proportion to standard sera and bile sample values . In the colonized chickens, humoral IgG activities were highest at hatch, dropped to their lowest level after 2 weeks, and increased by 8 weeks to levels similar to those detected at hatch . The sIgA activity was lowest at hatch and increased by 4 weeks in colonized chickens while remaining lower in the control chickens . Chickens colonized with isolate B-540 showed a primary sIgA response during the first 4 weeks and reached a plateau over the final 4 weeks . In spite of these limited humoral and secretory immunoglobulin responses, once the chicken ceca was colonized by C . jejuni, the organism persisted throughout the 8-week experiment.

Z Gesamte Inn Med, 1990 Jul 1, 45(13), 389 - 91
{The frequency of demonstration of Campylobacter pylori}; Kunz U et al.; In 376 patients who underwent gastroscopy the presence of Campylobacter pylori by microscopy, bacterial culture and urea test was studied . Additionally, the histological examination of the antral mucosa was performed . The organisms were detected in 47.9% of the biopsy specimens (37.2% in normal endoscopic findings and 70% in duodenal ulcers) . Dependence on sex was not found and also no significant difference of Campylobacter pylori detection in patients younger than 45 years compared with those who are older . However there was a strong correlation between the presence of Campylobacter pylori and the histological results (p less than 0.05) . In comparison with international literature we found a distinctly lower percentage of positive Campylobacter pylori rate in patients with peptic ulcer; the association between the presence of Campylobacter pylori and the degree of gastritis was confirmed.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1990 Jul, 64(7), 787 - 93
{The serotype distribution of Campylobacter jejuni strains among gastroenteritis in hospitals over 7 year period in Tokyo}; Saito K et al.; Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from gastroenteritis at 4 general hospitals of Tokyo Metropolitan during the period from 1981 to 1987 were serotype according to the slide agglutination test (TCK system) developed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Research Laboratory of Public Health . Two thousand four hundred seventy-nine strains isolated from sporadic cases among infants and children, 1,962 (78.5%) were typed by 33 typing sera numbered TCK 1 through TCK 33 and leaving 537 strains (21.5%) untypable . Out of the typable strains, 1,643 strains reacted with only single serum, while 319 strains reacted with 2 or more antisera . The most common serogroups included TCK 21, 20, 7, 1, 4, 23, 24, 10, 30 and 12 . Out of the 1,250 strains isolated from sporadic cases among adults, 974 strains (77.9%) were typed and 276 strains were untypable . The most common serogroups were similar to those of infants and children . Serogroups TCK 1, 7, 4 and 21 were consistently the common serogroups every year during the 7 year study . Isolation frequency of serogroup TCK 30 have increased remarkably since 1986, while TCK 23, 14 and 9 have decreased.

Can J Public Health, 1990 Jul-Aug, 81(4), 268 - 71
An outbreak of Campylobacter enteritis associated with a community water supply; Alary M et al.; In June 1987, an outbreak of acute enteritis occurred over a period of 2 weeks in a small rural community where the potable water supply is unfiltrated and unchlorinated . Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 6 patients . A case-control study performed in a local fiberglass shop where workers drink a lot of water, showed an association between the occurrence of enteritis and the consumption of 10 or more 8-ounce glasses of water per day (Odds Ratio = 6, p = 0.04) . The attack rate of enteritis was 23.2% (13/56) in that industry where a dose response relationship was also noted (p = 0.05) . C . jejuni was not recovered from the local water supply, which had temporarily been chlorinated the day before the samples were drawn . However, samples taken just before the outbreak showed high coliform counts . This episode suggests that unprotected water systems may be contaminated by C . jejuni.

Postgrad Med, 1990 Jul, 88(1), 83 - 7, 90
Vacation diarrhea . How should it be managed?
Potts JF, Setness PA.
Traveler's diarrhea in North America is most often a self-limited disease that requires little medical intervention unless the course is prolonged or especially severe . Diagnosis is almost always made by a stool examination or culture . The most common causative organisms are Campylobacter jejuni and Giardia lamblia . Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is a less frequent cause . Patients should be advised regarding the need for fluid replacement . Antibiotic therapy should be considered only in rare circumstances.

Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol, 1990 Jul, 39(4), 207 - 12
{Clinical and epidemiologic findings in studies of Campylobacter infections}; Pazdiora P et al.; During the period between May 1987 and April 1989 from 929 patients hospitalized at the Clinic for Infectious Diseases with acute diarrhoeal disease Campylobacter infection was detected in 10.6%; a bacterial aetiology was confirmed in 29% . The maximum incidence of campylobaterioses was in the summer months, among those affected children aged 1-14 years predominated . Analysis of the course of the disease in children under three years revealed typical high fever and blood in the faeces--in half the patients . Carriership of Campylobaters was short, as a rule 2-3 weeks . In cases reported to the hygiene service in the region contact with animals was reported by half the patients . In particular chickens and smoked meat products were considered a suspect vehicle.

Aten Primaria, 1990 Jul-Aug, 7(7), 498 - 501
{Etiological research on acute gastroenteritis in the city of Cádiz}; Diaz J et al.; We researched the microbial etiology of 5,836 diarrheal processes in outpatients and inpatients at the Social Security Hospital in Cadiz, for the purpose of evaluating their microbiological and epidemiological characteristics . Bacterial gastroenteritis accounted for 51.6% of the cases, while 31.7% were viral and 16.6% were protozoal in origin . Salmonella enterica (35.6%) is the most frequently involved microorganism, especially in the summer, followed very closely by Rotavirus (31.7%) . The incidence of Campylobacter jejuni (13.8%) and Cryptosporidium (7.1%) is also important . Due to the influx of tourists and their consumption of seafood, eggs and derivatives, acute gastroenteritis is a frequent pathology in our city . The number of cases has increased in recent years, and those of an infectious nature represented 27.2% of all cases recorded for the period 1988-1989.

J Vet Diagn Invest, 1990 Jul, 2(3), 208 - 12
Laboratory findings associated with abomasal ulcers/tympany in range calves; Mills KW et al.; The etiology of abomasal ulcers/tympany was investigated in 48 animals from 36 ranches in Wyoming and Nebraska . Results indicate that subclinical trace mineral deficiencies of copper and/or selenium exist in the range cattle in west central Nebraska and Wyoming . Etiological agents most frequently incriminated by bacteriologic cultures and/or histopathic examination were Clostridium perfringens and Campylobacter species . Histopathologic evaluation of abomasums revealed 31 of 38 cases contained abundant gram-positive bacteria associated with the damaged abomasal mucosa . Campylobacter-like organisms were demonstrated in 9 of 38 cases using the modified Dieterle stain . Clostridium perfringens was isolated in 14 of 38 cases, and Campylobacter jejuni was recovered from 5 of 38 cases.

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 1990 Jul-Aug, 13(4), 333 - 6
In vitro activity of tosufloxacin against bacterial enteric pathogens; Glick EJ et al.; The in vitro activity of tosufloxacin (A-61827), a new quinolone antibiotic, was compared with that of four other quinolones against 162 bacterial enteric pathogens . Susceptibility testing was performed by using an agar dilution method . The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was defined as the lowest concentration of antibiotic without visible growth . Tosufloxacin was the most active agent against Campylobacter jejuni and C . coli, and ciprofloxacin was the most active agent against Salmonella, Shigella, and Vibrio . The frequency of spontaneous point mutational resistance to tosufloxacin for three C . jejuni ranged from 1.2 x 10(-9) to 5.1 x 10(-13) . No significant differences in mutational frequency were seen among the quinolones.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1990 Jun 23, 120(25), 946 - 7
{Erythema nodosum in Campylobacter jejuni colitis}; Frohli P et al.; We report the case of a 27-years-old woman with erythema nodosum associated with ulcerative colitis due to Campylobacter jejuni as diagnosed by serology, endoscopy and histology . This case indicates a hitherto rarely described etiology of erythema nodosum.

Electrophoresis, 1990 Jun, 11(6), 467 - 74
Interlaboratory comparative study of the numerical analysis of one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic protein patterns of Campylobacter strains; Costas M et al.; Twenty-nine bacterial strains of the genus Campylobacter were examined independently at two collaborating institutes, the National Collection of Type Cultures, London and the Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Rijksuniversiteit Gent . The one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic protein patterns of the strains were analysed using computerised numerical methods which employed a correlation coefficient and a clustering algorithm . The electrophoretic methods used at the two institutes included both major differences such as gel composition and running conditions and minor differences in buffer composition . Although the algorithm on which similarity and clustering were computed were the same, the detailed treatment of scan patterns differed . The resulting protein patterns in the gels differed markedly in appearance but after numerical analysis the two systems were equally effective in their ability to speciate the strains . There were, however, differences in the relationships between the species defined at the two institutes and these were at least partly due to the different background subtraction methods employed . In conclusion, the portability and reproducibility of the two systems for identification was demonstrated but for definitive classification further standardization may be required.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1990 Jun, 34(6), 1232 - 6
Eradication of Helicobacter mustelae from the ferret stomach: an animal model of Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori chemotherapy; Otto G et al.; Colonization of the ferret stomach by Helicobacter mustelae has been suggested as a possible animal model for Helicobacter pylori-associated gastroduodenal disease of humans . Our study was designed to determine whether antimicrobial chemotherapy could eradicate H . mustelae from ferrets . Triple antimicrobial therapy combining amoxicillin, metronidazole, and bismuth subsalicylate was successful in eradicating the organism from 5 of 7 (71%) adult ferrets . Despite apparent in vitro susceptibility, neither chloramphenicol monotherapy nor a polytherapeutic regimen combining tetracycline, metronidazole, and bismuth subsalicylate proved effective in the eradication of H . mustelae . Several strains isolated after unsuccessful polytherapy showed markedly increased resistance to metronidazole . These preliminary findings are similar to results of H . pylori treatment trials with humans and suggest that the ferret may be a useful model for evaluating and comparing potential antimicrobial modalities for the eradication of H . pylori.

Isr J Med Sci, 1990 Jun, 26(6), 319 - 24
ELISA for Campylobacter jejuni antibodies in Israeli children with diarrhea and in healthy soldiers; Schwartz D et al.; An ELISA test was employed to detect Campylobacter jejuni antibodies, using as antigen the glycine-HCl buffer extract of a local isolate . The antibody response (IgG, IgA and IgM) was examined in a group of 32 children (age 0-12 years) with C . jejuni enteritis diagnosed by the isolation of the agent . Controls were represented by two groups of children matched according to their age and sex: a) children with enteritis of unknown etiology, and b) healthy children . In addition, 66 healthy soldiers (aged 18-19), from whom serum specimens were collected during the first year of military service, were tested . The results indicated that the serodiagnosis of C . jejuni infection by ELISA is specific and sensitive regarding each Ig tested . The test for IgG was the most sensitive (72%) and that for IgM the most specific (100%) . The healthy young adult soldiers showed significantly higher mean levels of IgG and IgA antibodies than the healthy children, suggesting that in Israel exposure to C . jejuni commonly occurs during early childhood . The ELISA for C . jejuni can improve the diagnosis of campylobacteriosis for clinical and epidemiological purposes.

Hepatogastroenterology, 1990 Jun, 37(3), 345 - 9
Aggressive factors or altered protective capacity of the gastric mucosa in chronic liver disease; Parodi MC et al.; This study was conducted to assess the behavior of various parameters involved in mucosal protection (mucus and prostaglandins) and of presumed aggressive factors (hydrochloric acid and Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori in 20 patients with chronic liver disease, with or without clinical and instrumental signs of portal hypertension . The two groups of patients showed no difference from controls with respect to gastric acid secretion and the presence of antral Helicobacter pylori . The amount of gastric soluble mucus was reduced and the quality altered in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension . The mucus of subjects with chronic active liver disease with no gross signs of portal hypertension showed significant qualitative differences from that of normal controls . The prostaglandin E2 concentration in the gastric mucosa was lower than normal in both groups of liver disease patients, but prostaglandin F2 alpha did not appear to differ between patients and controls.

J Trop Pediatr, 1990 Jun, 36(3), 101 - 3
Bacterial aetiology of infantile diarrhoea in Papua New Guinea; Miwatani T et al.; Bacterial examination of stools of children with diarrhoea was carried out at Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, where little information is available concerning the causative bacteria of diarrhoea . Shigellae, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter jejuni, and Aeromonas hydrophila were isolated with the decreasing frequency in that order . Among these, enterotoxigenic E . coli and C . jejuni were isolated for the first time in this country . Although Vibrio parahaemolyticus was recovered from sea water, no cases suffering from this organism were found.

Eur J Epidemiol, 1990 Jun, 6(2), 111 - 7
Occurrence of plasmids in "Campylobacter upsaliensis" (catalase negative or weak group) from geographically diverse patients with gastroenteritis or bacteraemia; Owen RJ et al.; The natural occurrence of plasmids in "Campylobacter upsaliensis" (catalase negative or weak campylobacters: CNW group) was investigated . The 62 strains isolated from patients with gastroenteritis or bacteraemia in five countries (South Africa, Belgium, Sweden, UK and Australia) were screened for plasmid DNA, which was detected in 54 (87%) of them . Plasmids were of various sizes between 1.4 and 90-Md and up to three or possibly four plasmids were present in 26 (42%) strains . A total of 15 different plasmid profile types were identified . Strains of profile type 2, containing 2.8-, 34- and 60-Md plasmids and a less distinct 5-Md plasmid, were the most frequently encountered (22 strains) and they exhibited a wide geographical distribution . Overall the 34- and 2.8-Md plasmids were the commonest occurring in 58 and 55% of plasmid containing strains respectively . Nine strains from dog faeces were also examined and some had identical profiles to human isolates, suggesting a possible animal to man transmission route . These findings show that plasmid profiling has considerable potential as a typing method for "C . upsaliensis".

J Med Microbiol, 1990 Jun, 32(2), 105 - 9
The prevalence of anti-Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori antibodies in patients and healthy blood donors; Loffeld RJ et al.; An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a sonicated suspension of Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori as antigen was used to detect anti-H . pylori antibodies in 517 patients without dyspepsia or peptic ulcer symptoms and 401 healthy blood donors . The criterion of seropositivity was determined from a receiver operating curve computed with the values of optical densities of 48 sera from dyspeptic patients with proven helicobacter-associated gastritis and 16 sera from dyspeptic patients with normal antral mucosa and no microbiological or histological evidence of H . pylori infection . The 227 (44%) seropositive persons amongst the patient group appeared to be significantly higher than the 142 (35%) sera with antibodies in the blood donors tested (p less than 0.03), even when adjustment was made for increasing age . We conclude that the prevalence of antibodies against H . pylori increases with age and that although antibodies are more prevalent in patients attending a hospital than in healthy blood donors, seropositivity suggestive of current or past infection can be found in one third of a randomly chosen population of blood donors.

J Med Microbiol, 1990 Jun, 32(2), 101 - 4
Bacteriophages in Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori; Schmid EN et al.; Bacteriophages in different stages of maturation were found in thin sections of a clinical isolate of Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori . Mature phage heads measured 70 x 60 nm and the tail at least 120 nm . Lysogeny was maintained during subculture on blood agar for more than 3 months after isolation from a gastric biopsy.

Epidemiol Infect, 1990 Jun, 104(3), 397 - 404
Bismuth subsalicylate in the prevention of colonization of infant mice with Campylobacter jejuni; Hanninen ML; Infant mice were used for the evaluation of the efficacy of bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) in the prevention of the growth of Campylobacter jejuni in the intestine . The MIC90 of ten C . jejuni strains was 900 micrograms/ml . Of three dosage regimens tested, continuous treatment before and after the bacterial challenge, mimicking the way BSS is used in the prevention of traveller's diarrhoea, was the most effective . Growth inhibition was dose dependent; the high dose of 2000 micrograms per day was more effective than 300 micrograms per day . After cessation of treatment, campylobacter counts increased to the same level as in the control animals.

J Infect Dis, 1990 Jun, 161(6), 1299 - 301
Persistence of Helicobacter pylori in conventionalized piglets; Eaton KA et al.; Gnotobiotic piglets were challenged at 3 days of age with Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori and then transferred to conventional housing at 24 days of age . Piglets were sacrificed 43-45, 57-60, and 87-90 days after challenge . H . pylori was recovered from the stomachs of all piglets challenged except for two piglets sacrificed 45 days after challenge . H . pylori was not recovered from uninfected control piglets . In addition to H . pylori, Lactobacillus and Bacillus species were recovered from conventionalized piglets . Serum from infected piglets contained H . pylori-specific IgG, IgM, and IgA . IgM titers peaked at 14 days after challenge and then declined . IgG and IgA titers continued to rise over the course of the experiment . Piglets in both uninfected control and challenged groups demonstrated lymphofollicular gastritis, but the gastritis was more severe in challenged piglets.

J Infect Dis, 1990 Jun, 161(6), 1237 - 41
Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infections in Thailand; Perez-Perez GI et al.; Serologic studies in developed countries indicate that Helicobacter (formerly Campylobacter) pylori infection is uncommon until the third decade of life and achieves a peak prevalence of 50% in the seventh decade . In developing countries the epidemiology of H . pylori has not well been described . A sensitive and specific serologic assay for H . pylori infection was validated in Thai patients also studied by culture and histologic examination of biopsy specimens . The prevalence of H . pylori antibodies in persons from a rural Thai community began early (17.5% of children 5-9 years old), increased to 55% during the third decade of life, and peaked (75%) in the 30- to 49-year age group . At a Bangkok orphanage where enteric infections are hyperendemic, 74% of children 1-4 years old were seropositive . This study shows that the prevalence of H . pylori infection in Thailand is higher than in industrialized countries . The high infection rate at the orphanage suggests that person-to-person transmission of H . pylori may be occurring.

Infect Immun, 1990 Jun, 58(6), 1992 - 4
Helicobacter pylori urease activity is toxic to human gastric epithelial cells; Smoot DT et al.; A human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line was used to evaluate the contribution of urease from Helicobacter (formerly Campylobacter) pylori to its cytotoxicity . Gastric cells cultured in medium supplemented with 20 mM urea were exposed to 5 x 10(6) CFU of H . pylori per ml with or without the addition of a urease inhibitor, acetohydroxamic acid . Viabilities of cells exposed to H . pylori for 2, 24, and 48 h, assessed by incorporation of neutral red dye, were 60, 27, and 16%, respectively; however, the viabilities of cells exposed to both H . pylori and acetohydroxamic acid were 92, 46, and 20% after 2, 24, and 48 h, respectively, (P less than 0.001) . Therefore, the urease activity of H . pylori may play an important role in its pathogenicity, and inhibition of this enzyme activity may have therapeutic potential.

Infect Immun, 1990 Jun, 58(6), 1848 - 52
A domestic ferret model of immunity to Campylobacter jejuni-induced enteric disease; Bell JA et al.; Oral or intravenous inoculation of previously unexposed juvenile and adult ferrets with Campylobacter jejuni uniformly resulted in intestinal colonization lasting 2 to 12 days . Disease varied from mild to moderate diarrhea, which resolved in 2 to 3 days . Orally infected animals developed agglutinin titers of 8 to 256 within 3 weeks, while those infected intravenously developed titers of 256 to 2,048 . Ferrets which had recovered from campylobacteriosis all developed high titers of agglutinating and bacterial antibodies but were readily colonized by subsequent oral inoculation with the same strain of C . jejuni . Orally infected ferret kits 3 to 6 weeks of age exhibited the same general pattern of infection and disease as adults, but diarrhea was somewhat more severe . Kits resolved their diarrhea in 1 to 6 days and developed agglutinin titers in serum of 16 to 32 within 3 weeks . A series of five oral or rectal inoculations of kits during the 5- to 9-week age interval resulted in progressively shorter clearance times and eventual strain-specific resistance against infection, as well as disease . Gnotobiotic adults showed the same pattern of strain-specific accelerated clearance and resistance to disease . Kits born to immune dams with high levels of whey antibodies had passively acquired serum agglutinin titers of 256 to 2,048 . These kits showed no resistance to colonization with the homologous strain of C . jejuni but were completely refractory to diarrhea . These observations suggest that (i) some form(s) of specific immunity, rather than factors relating solely to age or normal flora, is responsible for resistance to C . jejuni colonization and disease production and (ii) humoral immunity at a level that does not prevent colonization can protect against enteric disease caused by this organism.

Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi, 1990 Jun, 29(6), 339 - 41, 382
{Comparison of colloidal bismuth subcitrate with ranitidine in healing and relapse of Campylobacter pylori-associated duodenal ulcers}; Hu FL et al.; Eighty patients with Campylobacter pylori-associated duodenal ulcer disease were randomly allocated to receive colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS)tablet 120 mg four times a day or ranitidine 150 mg twice daily in a trial comparing the effects of these drugs in short-term healing and post-healing relapse rates of duodenal ulceration . At 8 weeks 88.1% (37/42) of those on CBS and 92.1% (35/38) of those on ranitidine had ulcers healed . The difference is not significant . After ulcer healing, the cumulative rates of relapse, as determined endoscopically, for symptomatic and asymptomatic ulcers were 19.4% (6/31) for CBS and 46.7% (14/30) for ranitidine at 6 months (P less than 0.05) and 41.9% (13/31) for CBS and 73.3% (22/30) for ranitidine at 12 months (P less than 0.05) . As campylobacter pylori was cleared in 35 of the 42 patients (83.3%) in the CBS group, while only one of the 38 patients (2.63%) in the ranitidine group (P less than 0.005), it is possible that the clearance of Campylobacter pylori by CBS is instrumental to the reduction of the rate of reulceration.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1990 Jun, 21(2), 307 - 11
Behavior of urban based child caretakers in the home treatment of diarrheal diseases; Varavithya W et al.; Behaviors of low income urban mothers and child caretakers in the treatment of childhood less than 5 year diarrhea were analysed from a surveillance study conducted between August 1988 and July 1989 . Help seeking behaviors of mothers and caretakers for 412 episodes of child diarrhea were as follows: investigators 37.1%, drug stores 18.2%, wait and see or self treatment 17.0%, private clinics 12.6%, near by hospital 10.2%, and local health center 4.9% . Major treatment practices included ORT alone (54%) and ORT plus antibiotics and/or antidiarrheal drug (22%) . Overall ORT usage was 76% . Twelve percent of diarrheal episodes no treatment was given to the children . Antimicrobials were believed to be essential in addition to ORT especially when diarrhea was associated with fever, vomiting and bloody stools . Thirty-six percent of invasive diarrhea cases (Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter) were treated with antibiotics . Only 18.2% of noninvasive diarrhea received antibiotics, most of this antibiotic use being in rotavirus diarrhea where vomiting and some fever are prominent . Availability of oral rehydration salts (ORS) and good experience with ORT were the key to the extensive use or ORT in this study . A surprisingly small number of mothers and child caretakers (4.9%) sought help from the local health center when their children had diarrhea.

Vnitr Lek, 1990 Jun, 36(6), 573 - 9
{Campylobacter pylori and treatment of duodenal ulcer}; Zelenkova J et al.; The authors subjected to endoscopic examination 90 patients with duodenal ulcers . From each patient they collected a bioptic specimen of the gastric antrum and duodenal bulbus for microbiological and histological examination . They found that for detection of C . pylori the microscopic examination was most useful . The presence of C . pylori in the gastric antrum was detected in 87% of the subjects and in the duodenal bulb only in 48% . The difference is significant at the 0.01 level . To 43 patients of the group Ranitidine was administered . The ulcer was cured within 4 weeks in 35 subjects . Ranitidine did not affect the presence of C . pylori and antral gastritis . After cure of the ulcer the authors administered Tarivid to 10 patients with persisting C . pylori positivity . The presence of C . pylori and antral gastritis were not affected by this treatment.

Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 1990 Jun, 57(2), 129 - 31
The use of sensitivity discs in the identification of Campylobacter species; Ribeiro LM et al.; Filter paper discs were impregnated with a solution containing 20 mg of triphenyltetrazolium chloride per millilitre, and used in the typing of catalase-positive Campylobacter species . Also used were filter paper discs impregnated with cephalothin at 30 micrograms/ml, 60 micrograms/ml and 3 mg/ml and nalidixic acid at the same concentrations, as well as commercially available discs containing 30 micrograms of, respectively, cephalothin and nalidixic acid . Results obtained proved the technique to be reliable and easier to interpret than previously used methods, and laboratory prepared filter paper discs compared favourably with commercial discs.

Keio J Med, 1990 Jun, 39(2), 112 - 6
Preliminary study on the microbiology of Campylobacter pyloridis and gastric histopathology; Ren J et al.; Biopsy samples were taken endoscopically from the antral-mucosa of 693 patients with peptic ulcer and chronic gastritis presenting dyspepsia symptoms . Campylobacter pyloridis cultures were positive in 59 of 98 (60.2%) cases and histopathologically the organisms were found in 411 of 693 cases (59.3%) . Pathologically, Campylobacter pyloridis was positive in 273 out of 300 patients with chronic superficial gastritis (91.0%), in 102 of 249 patients with chronic atrophic gastritis (40.9%), in 36 out of 144 patients with chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinalization or dysplasia (25.0%) . We found that there was a significant association between the presence of Campylobacter pyloridis and chronic superficial gastritis, also the degree of lymphocyte infiltration showed a strong inverse association with the presence of Campylobacter pyloridis, suggesting that a local immune response might exert an important action in the eradication of this organism . These findings support the view that Campylobacter pyloridis, may be etiologically related to chronic gastritis and peptic ulceration, even though its role still remains to be determined.

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1990 Jun 1, 57(3), 189 - 93
DNA analysis of intracellular Campylobacter-like organisms associated with the porcine proliferative enteropathies: novel organism proposed; McOrist S et al.; Intracellular Campylobacter-like organisms are a consistent feature of the porcine proliferative enteropathies . The relationship between these organisms and known Campylobacter sp . previously associated with the disease was studied using restriction enzyme analysis and DNA-DNA blot hybridization techniques . BglII restriction enzyme fragment patterns of DNA of the Campylobacter-like organisms were fundamentally different from those of C . mucosalis, C . hyointestnalis, C . jejuni, and C . coli . Crude DNA preparations from Campylobacter-like organisms hybridized strongly with homologous preparations, weakly with porcine DNA and not at all with DNA from Campylobacter sp . Fragment specific DNA probes prepared from Campylobacter-like organisms only hybridized with homologous preparations . This work suggests that the intracellular Campylobacter-like organisms are not one of the known Campylobacter sp . It is possible that they are a novel, uncultured organism worthy of a new name, such as HC . intracellulare'.

J Clin Microbiol, 1990 Jun, 28(6), 1482 - 3
Evaluation of the indoxyl acetate hydrolysis test for the differentiation of Campylobacters; Hodge DS et al.; Indoxyl acetate hydrolysis is a rapid, inexpensive differential test which can be performed easily to help identify campylobacter . A total of 571 Campylobacter cultures, including atypical variants, representing 10 species was tested.

J Clin Microbiol, 1990 Jun, 28(6), 1314 - 20
Isolation, characterization, and host-cell-binding properties of a cytotoxin from Campylobacter jejuni; Mahajan S et al.; A 68,000-molecular-weight protein was isolated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from the organism-free filtrate of a fully virulent clinical strain of Campylobacter jejuni . The eluted protein was heat labile, was inactivated at either pH 3.0 or 9.0, was sensitive to trypsin, and was lethal for fertile chicken eggs . It also had toxic effects on chicken embryo fibroblast, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), and intestinal 407 (Int407) cells . A monoclonal antibody (CETPMAb4) raised to this eluted toxic protein (ETP) from C . jejuni abolished these toxic activities . Homology between C . jejuni ETP and Vibrio cholerae toxin was not observed in that specific antisera to each did not block their respective toxic activities . In enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, ETP, unlike chlorea enterotoxin, did not bind to GM1 ganglioside . Furthermore, the C . jejuni toxin had cytotoxinlike properties and induced rounding of CHO cells . Binding of ETP to Int407 and primary chicken embryo fibroblast cells was maximal after 2 h as assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and this toxin adherence to host cell membranes was significantly reduced by prior treatment of the cells with proteolytic enzymes, neuraminidase, or glutaraldehyde but not by treatment with beta-galactosidase, lipase, Nonidet P-40, or sodium metaperiodate . In competitive binding assays, sugars, lectins, or GM1 ganglioside did not adversely influence uptake of ETP by these cells . These results suggest that the ETP produced by C . jejuni is a cytotoxin which binds to Int407 cells via a protein- or glycoproteinlike receptor on cell membranes and possesses properties dissimilar to those of V . cholerae toxin.

Isr J Med Sci, 1990 Jun, 26(6), 316 - 8
Acute gastroenteritis due to double infection with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli or Salmonella and another bacterial pathogen; Eshel G et al.; Two enteric bacterial pathogens were concomitantly isolated from the feces of 18 infants less than 6 months of age admitted to the Assaf Harofeh Medical Center over a 7-year period . In all but two patients stool cultures grew enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, six of serogroup 0119 . The other organisms cultured were Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni and Aeromonas hydrophila . The usual clinical presentation was diarrhea, dehydration and vomiting of acute onset, and low grade fever . Patients with gastroenteritis due to a single agent compared with multiple pathogens had a milder course of disease, a milder degree of dehydration and acidosis, a lesser need for i.v . fluid treatment and shorter hospitalization.

Gastroenterol Clin North Am, 1990 Jun, 19(2), 273 - 92
Gastritis in the elderly; Green LK et al.; The elderly have an increased prevalence of gastritis and the complications associated with it . The two major classes of acute and chronic gastritis, type A and B, are discussed as they relate to clinical findings, histologic features, and pathogenesis . An age-related increase in the frequency of Helicobacter pylori (formerly Campylobacter pylori) infection in the elderly parallels the known age-related increase in the prevalence of gastritis . The close association between gastritis in the elderly and hypochlorhydria and gastric carcinoma is also explored.

Epidemiol Infect, 1990 Jun, 104(3), 405 - 11
Application of a new phagetyping scheme to campylobacters isolated during outbreaks; Salama SM et al.; A new scheme for phagetyping campylobacters has been evaluated using strains isolated from five outbreaks . The phagetyping results have been compared with the results of Penner serotyping, Lior serotyping and Preston biotyping . Phagetyping recognized the causative strains in all of the incidents and also differentiated these strains from animal and environmental strains isolated during these investigations . In some outbreaks phagetyping proved to be more discriminatory than serotyping or biotyping, e.g . strains of Penner serotype 2, and serogroup 4, 13, 16, 50 were subdivided by this method . Phagetyping is to be recommended for typing strains from outbreaks and although the results indicate that it may be used alone we advocate that it should be used in conjunction with one of the established typing methods.

Can J Microbiol, 1990 Jun, 36(6), 449 - 51
Catalase activity in Campylobacter jejuni: comparison of a wild-type strain with an aerotolerant variant; Vercellone PA et al.; A comparison of Campylobacter jejuni VPI strain H840 (ATCC 29428), which can grow at O2 levels up to 15%, with variant strain MC711-01 (which can grow at O2 levels up to 21-26%) indicated that the specific activity of catalase in crude cell extracts was higher in the variant by a factor of 1.6 to 2.5, depending on cultural conditions . Smaller differences occurred with superoxide dismutase activity, while peroxidase activities were invariably lower in the variant strain . The variant strain was much more resistant than the wild type to the bactericidal effects of H2O2 . The results suggest that catalase activity might be one of the factors associated with the greater tolerance of O2 by the variant strain . However, both strains became more susceptible to H2O2 when cultures were initially grown at 6% O2 and then shifted to 21% O2; thus the role of catalase in the oxygen tolerance of C . jejuni is probably minor.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1990 Jun, 34(6), 1294 - 6
Emergence of aminoglycoside resistance genes aadA and aadE in the genus Campylobacter; Pinto-Alphandary H et al.; Resistance to streptomycin or spectinomycin or both in five Campylobacter coli strains, two Campylobacter jejuni strains, and a Campylobacter-like strain was studied by enzymatic assays and dot blot hybridization . Resistance was due to 6- or 3",9-aminoglycoside adenylyltransferases and to new types of phospho- and adenylyltransferases.

Infect Immun, 1990 Jun, 58(6), 1749 - 56
Identification of Campylobacter jejuni surface proteins that bind to Eucaryotic cells in vitro; de Melo MA et al.; To understand the role of Campylobacter jejuni surface proteins in the interaction of C . jejuni with cultured mammalian cell lines in vitro, we developed a ligand-binding assay . This procedure allowed us to antigenically identify C . jejuni outer membrane proteins (OMPs) that attach to intact host cell membranes . OMPs isolated from an invasive strain and a less invasive strain were antigenically indistinguishable . However, we found that proteins with molecular masses of 28 and 32 kilodaltons (kDa) from just the invasive strain bound to HEp-2 cell monolayers . Binding of the 32-kDa OMP was cell line specific and correlated directly with the ability of the invasive C . jejuni strain to penetrate . Such a correlation was probably also true for the 28-kDa OMP . We also investigated the binding of glycine acid extracts with cell line HEp-2 . We identified four proteins with apparent molecular masses of 28, 32, 36, and 42 kDa in the invasive strain extracts that bound to HEp-2 cells . In contrast, only the 36-kDa protein from the less invasive strain bound to HEp-2 cells . Our data suggest that binding of these surface exposed proteins may play a key role in C . jejuni-host cell interactions and ultimate invasion.

Ann Rheum Dis, 1990 Jun, 49(1), 426 - 33
Role of enterobacteria and HLA-B27 in spondyloarthropathies: studies with transgenic mice; Nickerson CL et al.; Several MHC (major histocompatibility complex) genes are associated with increased incidence of disease . The strongest association is between the class I gene, HLA-B27, and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) . HLA-B27 is also highly associated with Reiter's syndrome . As not all subjects with HLA-B27 develop AS or Reiter's syndrome, environmental factors may have a key role in the pathogenesis of these arthritic diseases . Several studies have implicated klebsiella in the development of AS, whereas Reiter's syndrome may result from infection with yersinia, shigella, salmonella, campylobacter, or chlamydia . Transgenic mice present a unique opportunity to study the association of specific MHC genes and disease . HLA-B27 transgenic mice were produced to study the association of HLA-B27, bacterial infection, and arthritic disease . Mice with the HLA-B27 gene are more susceptible to intravenous infection with Yersinia enterocolitica 0:8 WA than negative litter mates as shown by a higher incidence of spinal abscesses and mortality . Understanding the mechanism(s) responsible for this difference may yield valuable insights into the pathogenesis of HLA-B27 associated disease in humans.

J Med Microbiol, 1990 Jun, 32(2), 93 - 100
Hydrophobic characterisation of Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori; Pruul H et al.; Cell-surface hydrophobicity of Helicobacter (formerly Campylobacter) pylori was tested by aqueous two-phase partitioning and hydrophobic interaction chromatography . The hydrophobicity of H . pylori greatly exceeded that of Campylobacter fetus subsp . fetus, C . jejuni and Bacillus subtilis . A partition coefficient (PC) of hydrophobicity in the two-phase system was determined for H . pylori . PC was dependent on pH and the PC value was increased by greater than 20-fold at pH 2.5 . Lithium cations increased PC, indicating a net negative surface charge . The presence of urea prevented the relative loss of hydrophobicity at raised pH . Exposure of H . pylori to proteolytic enzymes reduced the ability of the bacteria to adhere to human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) . These findings suggest that H . pylori possesses protein-associated hydrophobic factors that are responsible for the non-opsonic adherence to PMN cell membranes.

Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 1990 May 19, 134(20), 1010 - 2
{Guillain-Barré syndrome following Campylobacter jejuni enteritis}; Beenen LF et al.; A 7-year-old boy nine days before onset of a Guillain-Barre-syndrome had had enteritis caused by Campylobacter jejuni . The clinical signs were restricted to minor motor and sensory deficits in the limbs; 5 weeks after the onset of the syndrome, recovery was complete . So far, 16 cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome after a Campylobacter enteritis have been reported in the literature.

N Z Med J, 1990 May 9, 103(889), 207 - 9
A further study of the epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections; Brieseman MA; Epidemiological data on notifications of Campylobacter jejuni infections is given for the Christchurch health district area . The number of notifications rose steadily to a peak of 883 cases in 1987 (rate 261 per 100,000 population) . Christchurch shows consistently higher rates than the rest of New Zealand . Peak incidence is in the 0-4 age group; there is a high incidence amongst males and in rural areas; peak incidences in spring/summer; occupational risks have not been identified; chicken consumption is high amongst the sufferers, but statistical significance uncertain . The major association identified amongst campylobacter cases is a household contact with dogs . This has a risk factor of 1.25 to 2 times.

Vrach Delo, 1990 May, (5), 14 - 6
{The frequency of detecting Campylobacter pylori in biopsies of the gastric mucosa}; Kanishchev PA et al.; Campylobacter pylori were detected in 70% of patients with diseases of the digestive tract . It was found endoscopically that presence of Campylobacter pylori is always accompanied by changes of gastric mucosa, mainly in the antral region . There were no specific symptoms characteristic of Campylobacter pylori gastritis . There was a close correlation between the presence of Campylobacter pylori and activity of the inflammatory process (active gastritis in 73.6% of patients).

Jpn J Antibiot, 1990 May, 43(5), 895 - 900
{Clinical evaluation of norfloxacin in pediatrics}; Okada T et al.; We have evaluated the effectiveness and safety of norfloxacin (NFLX) in 18 children with infectious diseases . Doses ranging from 5.6 to 18.8 mg/kg/day for t.i.d . or q.i.d . were used . The causative bacteria were Campylobacter jejuni in 3 cases, Salmonella typhimurium in 1, Staphylococcus aureus in 2, Haemophilus influenzae in 1 and unknown in 11 cases . Except 1 strain of S . aureus, all the bacteria mentioned above were eradicated . Clinical effects were excellent in 8, good in 8, poor in 2, and the total efficacy rate was 88.9% . No side effects nor abnormal laboratory test results were observed . These results have shown that the NFLX is a usefull drug for infectious diseases in the pediatric field.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1990 May, 43(5), 877 - 83
{Clinical effect of norfloxacin in pediatric field}; Ishikawa J et al.; We have investigated bioavailability, clinical efficacy, side effect and antimicrobial activity of norfloxacin (NFLX) to evaluate the efficacy and safety in the pediatric field . Results are summarized as follows 1 . After oral administration of 100 mg, Tmax was 2 hours and T 1/2 were 4.2 and 2.6 hours in 2 cases . 2 . In 10 cases of urinary tract infection (UTI) and 4 cases of intestinal tract infection (ITI), clinical efficacy rate was 100% (14/14) . 3 . In UTI, causative bacteria were all eradicated . In ITI, 1 case with Campylobacter jejuni remained unchanged . Overall eradication rate was 92.9% (13/14) . 4 . Antimicrobial activities to clinically isolated organisms such as Gram-negative rods or Staphylococcus aureus, MIC of NFLX was clearly superior to those of cefaclor, amoxicillin, nalidixic acid, fosfomycin and erythromycin . 5 . Side effect of dipsia was observed in 1 case and eosinophilia was found in 1 case . But these reactions were mild and we were able to continue the administration of the drug . The above results suggest that NFLX is a useful and safe drug for the therapy of UTI and ITI in the pediatric field.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1990 May, 43(5), 872 - 6
{Clinical studies on norfloxacin in the field of pediatrics}; Haruta T et al.; We studied clinical effects of norfloxacin (NFLX, AM-715) tablets . The results we found are summarized as follows: 1 . Ten patients with 5 diseases were medicated with 7.0-14.8 mg/kg of the drug 3 times daily for 6-8 days . They consisted of one-each with tonsillitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, 4 with Campylobacter enteritis, 3 with other enteritis . Clinical responses to the treatment were excellent in 8, good in 1 and fair in 1, with an efficacy rate of 90% . Bacteriologically, of 9 isolates for which changes in populations were followed, 6 were eradicated and 3 remained unchanged, with an eradication rate of 66.7% . 2 . No . adverse reactions nor abnormal laboratory test values attributable to the drug were observed . 3 . These results suggest that this new quinolone drug may be useful, against bacterial infections in children 6 years and older.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1990 May, 43(5), 842 - 51
{Bacteriological and clinical studies on norfloxacin in the field of pediatrics}; Kuno K et al.; Bacteriological and clinical studies on norfloxacin (NFLX) were carried out in the field of pediatrics, and the results obtained are summarized as follows: 1 . The MICs of NFLX against clinically isolated organisms were determined to compare with MICs of nalidixic acid, amoxicillin, cefaclor, erythromycin and fosfomycin . NFLX had low MICs against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and, particularly, showed higher antimicrobial activity to Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae and Campylobacter jejuni than any other drugs tested . 2 . Seventeen pediatric patients (11 cases of enteritis, 4 cases of urinary tract infections, 1 case of tonsillitis and 1 case of pyoderma) were treated orally with NFLX in daily doses ranging from 3.1 to 16.7 mg/kg t.i.d . for 6-14 days . Rates of clinical effectiveness and bacterial elimination were 94.1% and 58.8%, respectively . 3 . None of the treated children showed clinical symptoms indicating the occurrence of side effects nor abnormal laboratory findings except 1 patient with eosinophilia . These results indicate the usefulness of NFLX in the treatment of bacterial infections in the pediatric field.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1990 May, 43(5), 837 - 41
{Clinical study on norfloxacin in pediatrics}; Minamitani M et al.; Pediatric infections were treated with norfloxacin (NFLX), a pyridonecarboxylic acid antibiotic developed by Kyorin Co., Ltd., to investigate its clinical efficacy . 1 . Thirteen patients were treated with NFLX . These patients included of 5 with Campylobacter enteritis, 4 with Salmonella enteritis, 3 with dysentery and 1 with acute enteritis . 2 . Of 14 pathogens identified, complete eradications were observed with 13 strains and partial eradication was seen in 1 case . Thus, overall eradication rate was 92.9% . 3 . These were no symptoms nor abnormal laboratory findings which indicated an occurrence of side effect due to the NFLX treatment.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1990 May, 43(5), 826 - 36
{Laboratory and clinical studies on norfloxacin in pediatrics}; Sato Y et al.; Norfloxacin (NFLX, AM-715) is a new quinolone antibacterial agent . In the present study, we carried out laboratory and clinical investigations on NFLX in the field of pediatrics . The obtained results are summarized as follows . 1 . NFLX was very active against Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Klebsiella sp., Enterobacter sp . and Pseudomonas aeruginosa among Gram-negative rods . Antibacterial activities of NFLX against Gram-positive cocci were lower than those against Gram-negative rods but superior to activities of usual quinolone agents . MIC values of NFLX against Campylobacter jejuni were distributed in a range of less than or equal to 0.05-0.78 micrograms/ml . 2 . A peak serum level of 0.49 micrograms/ml was observed in 2 subjects and its urinary recoveries were 13.7%, 21.5%, respectively . 3 . Clinical efficacies to NFLX were excellent in 25 patients and good in 9 patients with a efficacy rate of 92% . In a bacteriological examination, causative organisms were eradicated with an eradication rate of 87% . 4 . No side effects were observed except eosinophilia in 1 patient . These findings indicate that NFLX will be useful and safe drug against bacterial infections in pediatrics.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1990 May, 43(5), 808 - 25
{Laboratory and clinical studies on norfloxacin in the pediatric field}; Toyonaga Y et al.; In bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on norfloxacin (NFLX, AM-715), the following results were obtained: 1 . Antibacterial activity of NFLX, nalidixic acid (NA), amoxicillin (AMPC), cefaclor (CCL), erythromycin (EM) and fosfomycin (FOM) against clinically isolated bacteria was examined, and it was found that MIC80 of NFLX against Staphylococcus aureus was 3.13 micrograms/ml, thus NFLX exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity than NA, AMPC, CCL, EM and FOM . NFLX also showed good activities to those strains of S . aureus which were resistance to NA, AMPC, CCL, EM and FOM . 2 . MIC80 of NFLX against Escherichia coli was 0.05 micrograms/ml or lower, thus NFLX showed better activity than NA, AMPC, CCL, EM and FOM . 3 . In single oral administration at fasting of NFLX at dose levels of 1.5-2.4 and 2.5-3.4 mg/kg in tablet form mean peak values of serum concentration were 0.32 micrograms/ml reached in 1 hour and 0.38 micrograms/ml in 2 hours, T1/2's obtained were 1.7-4.0 and 2.2-2.9 hours and AUC's were 1.54 +/- 0.52 and 2.02 +/- 0.93 micrograms.hr/ml, respectively . Urinary recovery rates of 11.6-46.9%, 13.8-35.4% in 6-8 hours were demonstrated with the 2 ranges of dose levels, respectively . 4 . NFLX was administrated to 34 patients consisting of 8 cases of acute pneumonia, 3 cases of acute tonsillitis, 3 cases of bacterial colitis, 19 cases of urinary tract infections and 1 case of purulent parotitis . The clinical efficacy rate was 97.1% including 34 cases with excellent results in 28, good in 5 and fair in 1 . 5 . The bacterial eradication rate was 96.8% (30/31) with one exception of a Campylobacter jejuni strain . 6 . NFLX was given to patients according to a dosing regimen with 4.5-21.4 mg/kg/day dose levels for 3 doses daily except 1 case of UTI where 2 daily doses were given daily . 7 . No adverse reactions were observed . Abnormal laboratory test value was obtained in 1 case where eosinophilia was found . The above results have suggested that NFLX is a useful and safe antimicrobial agent against bacterial infections in children.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1990 May, 43(5), 799 - 807
{Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies in the pediatric field on norfloxacin}; Nakazawa S et al.; We have evaluated norfloxacin (NFLX), a fluoroquinolone agent, in tablet form for its efficacy and safety in the field of pediatrics . 1 . Mean serum concentrations of NFLX following oral administration to 3 children at dose levels of 3.2 mg/kg, 3.7 mg/kg and 5.4 mg/kg were, respectively, 0.7 microgram/ml, 0.18 microgram/ml and 0.64 microgram/ml at 2-4 hours . Mean serum half-lives (T1/2) of NFLX were 2.5-2.9 hours and mean urinary recovery rates in the first 6 hours after administrations were 7.1-30.7%, depending on dose levels . 2 . Antibacterial activities of NFLX against clinically isolated 30 organisms from children were determined . MIC of NFLX against Staphylococcus aureus was similar to that of ABPC, 0.39-25 micrograms/ml . MIC of NFLX against Escherichia coli was approximately less than or equal to 0.10 microgram/ml . This MIC value was lower than other antibiotics . MIC of NFLX against Vibrio parahaemolyticus was less than or equal to 0.10 microgram/ml . 3 . NFLX was administered to 30 patients (7 patients with Salmonella enteritis, 7 patients with Campylobacter enteritis, 5 patients with other enteritis, 1 patient with bacillary dysentery, 8 patients with urinary tract infection, 2 patients with skin soft tissue infection) . The clinical responses of these 30 patients were as follows; excellent: 24 patients, good: 4 patients . The efficacy rate was 93.3% . 4 . The bacteriological efficacy rate of NFLX against clinically isolated 29 organisms from children was 75.9%, including 3 cases in which other antimicrobial agents had been ineffective . Especially against Salmonella spp . was superior to other agents tested . 5 . Neither clinical adverse reaction nor abnormal laboratory data was found in any of these 33 patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Jpn J Antibiot, 1990 May, 43(5), 790 - 8
{Clinical evaluation of norfloxacin in children}; Meguro H et al.; Oral new quinolone, norfloxacin (NFLX, AM-715), was evaluated for its safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics in children . 1 . NFLX was effective in 88.0% of 25 cases infected with Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus including methicillin-resistant strains, and other bacteria . 2 . After single oral administration of 50 mg and 100 mg NFLX tablet at fasting, mean peak values of serum concentration were 0.35, 0.48 microgram/ml and T1/2 values were 2.2, 2.7 hours, respectively . 3 . No adverse reactions suggestive for arthropathy were encountered with NFLX therapy with daily doses of 4.6-35.7 mg/kg (maximum 600 mg per day) and duration of 3 to 19 days . From these preliminary data, NFLX seems to have a place in the treatment of pediatric infectious diseases.

J Clin Pathol, 1990 May, 43(5), 397 - 9
Antral Helicobacter pylori in patients with chronic renal failure; Shousha S et al.; Patients with chronic renal failure who were undergoing dialysis were recently shown to have a low prevalence of duodenal Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori colonisation in spite of a high incidence of gastric metaplasia . The prevalence of the organism in the gastric antrum of 50 similar patients was estimated and compared with that in a control group comprising 120 consecutive patients with no renal failure who were being investigated for a variety of symptoms and signs related to the upper alimentary tract . Seventeen of the patients with renal disease had upper gastrointestinal symptoms . The prevalence of antral H pylori was significantly less in patients with renal disease (12, 24%) than in the control group (51, 42%), but was associated with a similar active chronic inflammatory reaction with prominent lymphoid follicles . The prevalence of the bacteria in patients with renal disease was similar to that reported in normal volunteers, and was the same whether the patients had upper gastrointestinal symptoms or not . This low prevalence may be related to the wide variety of medication, including antibiotics, which these patients are prescribed during the course of their illness.

Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1990 May, 273(1), 33 - 5
Effect of bismuth subcarbonate against Campylobacter pylori: do citrate ions improve antibacterial activity?
Vogt K, Warrelmann M, Hahn H.
The minimum inhibitory concentrations of three bismuth subcarbonate preparations: 1 . bismuth subcarbonate, 2 . a mixture of 50% bismuth subcarbonate and 50% citric acid, 3 . a mixture of 50% bismuth subcarbonate and 50% potassium citrate were assayed against 30 strains of Campylobacter pylori employing the agar dilution method . Bismuth subcarbonate alone exhibited an MIC50 of 2 mg/l and was more effective than the two combinations (MIC50 4 mg/l) . It is concluded that the addition of citrate ions does not improve antibacterial activity.

Mod Pathol, 1990 May, 3(3), 271 - 6
Duodenal bulb biopsy findings for patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia with or without Campylobacter pylori gastritis; Frierson HF Jr et al.; Duodenal bulb biopsy specimens from 85 patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia (30 of whom had normal stomachs and 52 of whom had Campylobacter pylori gastritis) were examined for the presence and amount of gastric surface epithelial metaplasia (using both the hematoxylin and eosin stain and the Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff method), acute inflammation, and C . pylori (using the Giemsa stain) . Gastric metaplasia occurred in the duodenal bulb in 61% of patients with gastric C . pylori and in an identical percentage for those who lacked C . pylori gastritis . For patients with gastric metaplasia, foci of metaplastic cells were seen in 70% of their bulb biopsy fragments . The Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff stain was superior to the hematoxylin and eosin stain for detecting gastric metaplasia . Only one of 33 patients without gastric C . pylori had gastritis and duodenitis . Fourteen of 52 (27%) patients with C . pylori gastritis had duodenitis; C . pylori was seen in the duodenal biopsy specimens from 13 of these patients . The organisms were often few, requiring oil immersion microscopy for detection . Each patient with duodenitis had gastric metaplasia, but some of these metaplastic foci were not inflamed . When present in the duodenum of patients with C . pylori gastritis, gastric metaplasia, acute inflammation, and C . pylori are typically patchy . Hence, several biopsy fragments of the duodenal bulb would be required for studies designed to determine the effectiveness of compounds used to treat C . pylori duodenitis.

Scand J Gastroenterol, 1990 May, 25(5), 496 - 500
Suppression of gastric urease activity by antacids; Berstad K et al.; Campylobacter pylori (CP) infection among healthy employees at the section of gastroenterology was studied by means of the carbon-14 urea breath test . Fourteen of 46 individuals (30.4%) were infected with Campylobacter pylori (CP+) . Eleven CP+ individuals were treated with a low-dose regimen of antacids (four tablets a day) for 2 weeks . The 14C recovery dropped from 8.36 +/- 1.26% before treatment to 5.70 +/- 1.24% (p = 0.023) approximately 12 h after the last intake of antacids, a 31.8% reduction, indicating suppression but no eradication of the C . pylori infection . A new breath test 2 weeks after cessation of treatment indicated that the suppressive effect of antacid on C . pylori infection was short-lived.

Endoscopy, 1990 May, 22(3), 114 - 7
Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori infestation and the development and progression of chronic gastritis: results of long-term follow-up examinations of a random sample; Villako K et al.; One hundred and thirty-nine subjects representing a randomly selected sample of an Estonian urban population examined endoscopically, bioptically and bacteriologically in 1979 was re-examined in 1985 . In the antrum the development of superficial gastritis was clearly associated with the appearance or persistence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infestation . The further progression of superficial gastritis could less clearly be related to HP infestation, although regression and progression of antral superficial gastritis was significantly associated with the disappearance or presence of the bacteria . The progression of atrophic antral gastritis as well as the development and progression of all body gastritis seemed unrelated to the HP infestation . It is concluded, that HP infestation is in some way involved in the appearance of the first stages of chronic gastritis, but is less related or unrelated to its further progression, which is probably determined mainly by factors other than HP.

J Clin Microbiol, 1990 May, 28(5), 1039 - 46
Characterization and description of "Campylobacter upsaliensis" isolated from human feces; Goossens H et al.; During a 3-year period, "Campylobacter upsaliensis" was isolated from 99 patients . Phenotypic characterization and numerical analysis of protein electrophoregrams showed evidence that "C . upsaliensis" is a distinct Campylobacter species with unique characteristics . The MBCs of 13 antibiotics were determined . In general, these organisms were highly susceptible to drugs that were present in the selective isolation media, making none of the available selective media suitable for the isolation of "C . upsaliensis." Ten strains were found to be resistant to erythromycin (MBCs, greater than or equal to 12.50 mg/liter) . Plasmid DNA was detectable in 89 of the 99 strains; 16 plasmid profiles could be identified . Plasmid pattern 16, containing four plasmids of 52, 32, 5.5, and 2.6 megadaltons, represented 60.7% of the plasmid-containing strains . None of the "C . upsaliensis" strains could be agglutinated with antisera against heat-labile antigens from C . jejuni, C . coli, or C . laridis . "C . upsaliensis" was found to be susceptible to serum killing and was readily phagocytized by human polymorphonuclear cells.

Am J Vet Res, 1990 May, 51(5), 718 - 22
Plasmid profiles of six species of Campylobacter from human beings, swine, and sheep; Boosinger TR et al.; Twenty-four isolates representing 6 species of Campylobacter were screened for plasmids . A large plasmid with an approximate molecular weight of 38 Mdal was detected in 5 C jejuni isolates originally recovered from diarrheic human beings, in one isolate of C coli recovered from diarrheic pigs, and in 1 isolate of C sputorum ssp mucosalis and 2 isolates of C hyointestinalis recovered from pigs with proliferative enteritis . One isolate of C coli and 1 isolate of C hyointestinalis contained an additional smaller plasmid with an approximate molecular weight of 1.6 Mdal; this plasmid was partially mapped by restriction endonuclease digestion . Fifteen Campylobacter isolates contained no detectable plasmids: 2 C coli, 2 C sputorum ssp mucosalis, 2 C fecalis, 1 C fetus ssp fetus, and 8 C hyointestinalis isolates . In summary, 37.5% of the Campylobacter isolates contained a 38-Mdal plasmid, with 8% having both 38 Mdal and 1.6-Mdal plasmids; 62.5% contained no detectable plasmids.

J Pediatr, 1990 May, 116(5), 707 - 13
Protection of breast-fed infants against Campylobacter diarrhea by antibodies in human milk; Ruiz-Palacios GM et al.; To investigate the role of breast-feeding in preventing diarrhea caused by Campylobacter jejuni, we followed 98 Mexican children prospectively for 2 years beginning at their birth . Attack rates of diarrhea in children less than 6 months of age who were not fed human milk were 2.3 times greater than those in children of the same age who were fed human milk . Breast-fed children remained free of diarrhea for a longer time than non-breast-fed children (p less than 0.0005) . The diarrhea attack rate caused by C . jejuni for non-breast-fed infants was significantly greater (p less than 0.005) than that in the breast-fed group . Secretory IgA milk antibody titers against glycine acid-extractable antigen of C . jejuni were high in colostrum, decreased during the first month of breast-feeding, and generally persisted throughout lactation . Human milk consumed by children in whom Campylobacter diarrhea developed did not contain secretory IgA antibodies to the glycine acid-extractable common antigen of Campylobacter . This study shows an association between Campylobacter antibodies in human milk and prevention of diarrhea caused by Campylobacter.

Gastroenterology, 1990 May, 98(5 Pt 1), 1250 - 4
Surface hydrophobicity of gastric mucosa in peptic ulcer disease . Relationship to gastritis and Campylobacter pylori infection; Spychal RT et al.; The hydrophobicity of biopsy specimens of gastric mucosa in 228 dyspeptic subjects undergoing diagnostic endoscopy was assessed by measuring the plateau-advancing contact angle of saline drops using a goniometer . Subjects with duodenal ulcers (n = 49) and gastric ulcers (n = 17) had significantly lower mean contact angles than controls (n = 124) without ulcer (57 degrees in duodenal ulcer, 59 degrees in gastric ulcer vs . 66 degrees in controls; p less than 0.0001) . There was no change in contact angle after healing with H2-receptor antagonists by comparison with pretreatment (59 degrees vs . 56 degrees for duodenal ulcer, n = 15; 57 degrees vs . 59 degrees for gastric ulcer, n = 5) . Controls with gastritis had lower contact angles than those without (61 degrees, n = 50, vs . 70 degrees, n = 63; p less than 0.0001) . The presence of Campylobacter pylori was associated with a significant decrease in contact angle in controls (59 degrees, n = 39, vs . 70 degrees, n = 75; p less than 0.0001).

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1990 May, 64(5), 597 - 603
{Comparison of three methods for detecting Campylobacter pylori and measurement of human antibody titers against the whole organisms}; Yokota K et al.; In order to detect Campylobacter pylori in the gastric mucosa, three different methods as 1) culture of the organisms, 2) immunostaining by monoclonal antibody against the cells, and 3) urease test were compared . In the disease group, positive % of each methods was 64, 75 and 74 . However, positive % common to the three methods was only 48 . The corresponding rate of culture and urease tests, and that of culture and staining methods was 81% and 60%, respectively . Therefore, it was concluded that urease test was a useful method, and that the three methods were necessary to confirm the existence of the organisms in the gastric mucosa . Total positive % of culture and staining methods in disease and control groups was 77 and 31, respectively, indicating that positive % of the disease group was much higher than that of the control group . Anti C . pylori titer was compared between culture-positive and culture-negative patients by ELISA . The titer of the former was significantly higher than that of the latter.

Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed, 1990 May, 189(6), 536 - 42
Search for Campylobacter species in the public water supply of a large urban community; Megraud F et al.; A survey of the water distribution network of a large urban community was performed during a one year period . In addition to standard indicator bacteria, Campylobacter species were looked for after filtration of 500 ml water samples by enrichment of the original filter followed by subculture on a Skirrow's medium as well as a direct filtration procedure on a non selective agar . All steps were performed at 37 degrees C . Specimens collected at the springs (206), treatment stations (206) and at different points along the network (479) were tested . Fourteen strains of Campylobacter were isolated . They were cephalothin resistant and hippurate negative but they did not grow at 42 degrees C . None of them was part of the enteropathogenic Campylobacters . All except one were found in untreated water; in 11 cases among 13 tested, standard indicator bacteria were positive . We conclude that there is a low incidence of Campylobacter species in the water supply tested, that they are sensitive to chlorination and that testing standard indicator bacteria is an effective indicator for Campylobacter species.

Rev Infect Dis, 1990 May-Jun, 12(3), 387 - 92
Cardiovascular and bacteremic manifestations of Campylobacter fetus infection: case report and review; Morrison VA et al.; A case of bacteremia due to Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus with concomitant pleuropericarditis in a previously healthy patient is presented . The organism is ubiquitous, but most commonly causes infection in patients with chronic underlying illnesses . The pathogenesis of human infection has not been definitively elucidated . Bacteremia is the most common clinical manifestation of this infection, although cases of thrombophlebitis, mycotic aneurysm, endocarditis, and pericarditis have also been reported . The treatment of choice for most infections is gentamicin, with chloramphenicol recommended for infection involving the central nervous system . Tetracyclines and erythromycin are alternative agents . Prolonged therapy is essential to the prevention of relapse . A high index of suspicion is necessary for the recognition of this organism in the appropriate clinical settings.

J Clin Microbiol, 1990 May, 28(5), 1016 - 20
Identification of Campylobacter cinaedi isolated from blood and feces of children and adult females; Vandamme P et al.; Five Campylobacter-like organisms isolated from blood and feces were identified by numerical analysis of gel electrophoretic protein profiles and immunotyping as Campylobacter cinaedi . Two of these strains were isolated from adult females; the remaining three strains were isolated from children, two of whom were girls . C . cinaedi has hitherto been isolated only from rectal swabs and blood of homosexual and bisexual males with gastrointestinal symptoms . The results presented extend our knowledge of the features and the habitat of C . cinaedi.

J Virol, 1990 May, 64(5), 2168 - 74
Is herpes simplex virus associated with peptic ulcer disease?
Lohr JM, Nelson JA, Oldstone MB.
To test the hypothesis that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) may be associated with peptic ulcer disease, we examined ulcerative lesions of the distal stomach and proximal duodenum for the presence of nucleic acids and antibodies specific for HSV-1 . Utilizing in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction with sequencing, gastric or duodenal tissues from 4 of 22 patients (18%) with documented peptic ulcer disease demonstrated the presence of both specific HSV-1 nucleic acid sequences and proteins . HSV-1 was found restricted in clusters of cells near the margin of the ulcer but was absent at sites distal to the lesion . Several of such HSV-1-infected cells also contained cholecystokinin . These cholecystokinin-containing cells are of neuroendocrine origin and receive contact from the vagal nerve . Campylobacter pylori bacteria were not found in three of the four peptic ulcer tissues that harbored HSV-1 . Further, none of the stomach or duodenal tissue samples from 33 patients undergoing clinical evaluation, but having no evidence of peptic ulcer disease, had HSV-1 materials . Thus, our data suggest that a subset of peptic ulcer disease may be associated with HSV-1 and raise the possibility that some peptic ulcers may be caused by this virus.

J Clin Microbiol, 1990 May, 28(5), 1060 - 1
Unsaturated fatty acids and viability of Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori; Hazell SL et al.; Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori was found to be sensitive to the toxic effects of an unsaturated fatty acid (arachidonic acid) . Data are presented that support the hypothesis that exogenous catalase added to basal media enhances the growth of H . pylori by preventing the formation of toxic peroxidation products from long-chain unsaturated fatty acids.

J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 1990 May-Jun, 5(3), 277 - 80
Campylobacter pylori infection: experience in a multiracial population; Goh KL et al.; Over a 15-month period, 399 patients with dyspepsia were investigated for the presence of Campylobacter pylori infection . Half of the patients (50.6%) had Campylobacter organisms in the antrum of the stomach . C . pylori was found in 96.1% of patients with histological changes of chronic active gastritis in the antrum . Of patients with duodenal and gastric ulcers, 87.8% and 87.5%, respectively, had Campylobacter organisms, as did 39.3% of patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia . C . pylori infection was most commonly found in Chinese and Indians . Although the prevalence of infection appeared to increase with age, there was an equal distribution amongst the sexes.

Med Clin (Barc), 1990 Apr 21, 94(15), 561 - 3
{Diagnosis of Campylobacter pylori infection of the gastric mucosa: histologic and microbiologic aspects}; Sainz S et al.; The usefulness of culturing gastric biopsies obtained by endoscopic visualization, Gram stain, immediate and late urease test, and histologic observation of Campylobacter pylori in the diagnosis of gastric mucosa infection by Campylobacter pylori was assessed in 75 patients . Four antral biopsies were obtained in 75 patients, 35 with duodenal ulcer and 40 with nonulcerous dyspepsia and all specimens were subjected to the above procedures . Positive criteria for infection were either a positive culture or the concurrence of positive Gram stain, positive urease test before 24 hours and observation of the Campylobacter pylori at the histologic preparations . The sensitivity and specificity of every test was calculated . The most useful tests were the biopsy culture and the early urease reaction . It should be pointed out that the ureasa test is rapidly done, has a low cost, and possess a high degree of reliability . Therefore it is very useful to the clinician and to the endoscopist.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1990 Apr 7, 120(14), 475 - 84
{AIDS and gastrointestinal tract: a summary for gastroenterologists and surgeons}; Hirschel B; The majority of patients with Aids suffer from diarrhea and weight loss, as well as opportunistic infection and tumors of the gastrointestinal tract; endoscopy is frequently necessary . Often, but not always, it is possible to identify an opportunistic tumor or infection which explains the patient's signs and symptoms . In other cases, HIV may itself be pathogenic . The most important opportunistic pathogens are Candida albicans (stomatitis and esophagitis), cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus (esophagus, stomach, biliary system, colon), cryptosporidium (small intestine, biliary system), Isospora belli (small intestine), salmonella, shigella, and campylobacter (small and large intestine, septicemia), and Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (liver, spleen, intestinal submucosa, and bacteremia) . Involvement of the gastrointestinal tract is frequent in Kaposi's sarcoma, though it is often asymptomatic . In contrast, gastrointestinal lymphomas are aggressive and rapidly progressive tumors.

J Comp Pathol, 1990 Apr, 102(3), 279 - 90
Electron microscopy of intestinal adenomatosis in the blue fox, Alopex lagopus; Eriksen K et al.; Scanning electron microscopy of adenomatous intestinal tissue in the blue fox revealed an irregular surface topography of the colon with increased diameter of the crypt openings and prominent ridge formations between crypts . The ileum showed villous atrophy and fusion . Microvilli were short and irregular . Small ulcerations of intestinal mucosa were seen . Freeze-fracture revealed curved intracellular organisms in the altered epithelial cells . Transmission electron microscopy showed features associated with immaturity and high protein synthesis . Filamentous extensions from the basolateral plasma membrane of altered epithelial cells sometimes penetrated the basal lamina . The cytoplasm contained numerous polyribosomes, nuclei had many indentations and large and irregular nucleoli . Intracellular bacteria, with morphology corresponding to Campylobacter spp . were found in the apical epithelial cytoplasm . No host-cell-derived membrane was seen to surround the bacteria.

J Pathol, 1990 Apr, 160(4), 333 - 4
Helicobacter pylori is not identified in areas of gastric metaplasia of gall bladder; Arnaout AH et al.; Sections from 200 cholecystectomy specimens were searched microscopically for areas of gastric metaplasia and Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori colonization . The presence of gastric metaplasia was confirmed in 31 cases by the presence of tall columnar cells with abundant apical neutral mucin . Examination of haematoxylin and eosin and, in some cases, Warthin-Starry stained sections failed to demonstrate H . pylori in any of these 31 cases or in 29 other cases with 'bladder neck-type mucous gland metaplasia' . The failure of H . pylori to colonize areas of gastric metaplasia in the gall bladder confirms their intolerance to high concentrations of bile.

Indian J Exp Biol, 1990 Apr, 28(4), 341 - 5
Aeromonas sobria in bubaline (water buffalo) abortion: growth requirement, biochemical characters, antibiotic susceptibility, experimental pathogenicity and serology; Das AM et al.; A . sobria was isolated unexpectedly on Campylobacter selective medium from abortion specimens of 16 buffaloes . All strains (AS1-AS16) required Campylobacter growth supplement (sodium pyruvate, sodium metabisulphate and ferrous sulphate) and 10% C02 atmosphere on primary isolation . They were unusually sensitive to bile salt and failed to grow on MacConkey's agar . Biochemically, these strains were homogeneous but antibiogram profile and physiological/other characters revealed a moderate heterogeneity . In vitro antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed a number of antibiotics effective whereas only a few (penicillin and co-trimoxazole) ineffective against these strains . It took 9 days for 3 x 10(8) A . sobria organisms/ml in 5 ml quantity to terminate the pregnancy in an experimentally infected buffalo via iv route . Foetal and placental lesions were classical as that of field cases . The infection evoked serum antibody response . Apparently disease-free buffalo sera were devoid of such antibodies.

J Clin Microbiol, 1990 Apr, 28(4), 817 - 8
Culture confirmation of Campylobacter spp . by latex agglutination; Nachamkin I et al.; A commercial latex agglutination test {Meritec-Campy (jcl), Meridian Diagnostics, Cincinnati, Ohio} was evaluated for identification of Campylobacter jejuni, C . coli, C . laridis, and other Campylobacter isolates . The test had 100% sensitivity in detecting C . jejuni and C . coli but low sensitivity with C . laridis isolates . C . upsaliensis strains reacted with the test . The test had 100% specificity for 101 non-Campylobacter organisms.

Am J Gastroenterol, 1990 Apr, 85(4), 394 - 8
Ablation of exaggerated meal-stimulated gastrin release in duodenal ulcer patients after clearance of Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori infection; Graham DY et al.; An exaggerated increase in meal-stimulated gastrin is a common finding in patients with duodenal ulcer . Duodenal ulcer patients also exhibit an increase in the number of parietal cells, which results in an increase in maximum acid output . There are also data to suggest that acid hypersecretion may not predate the ulcer disease, but is acquired, possibly due to the trophic effects of the exaggerated gastrin release on parietal cells . We investigated meal-stimulated gastrin release in nine Helicobacter pylori-infected individuals; eight patients with chronic duodenal ulcer and one H . pylori-infected healthy control, both before and after therapy designed to eradicate H . pylori infection . We also simultaneously measured intragastric pH in six duodenal ulcer patients . Eradication of the H . pylori infection reversed the exaggerated meal-stimulated gastrin release (gastrin secretion fell from 141 + 16 pg/ml/h before treatment to 98 +/- 7 pg/ml/h after, p less than 0.01) without affecting intragastric pH . Whereas exaggerated meal-stimulated gastrin release may be an important pathogenetic feature of duodenal ulcer disease, we conclude that it is secondary to the H . pylori infection . This study provides further insight into the role of H . pylori in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer disease . We postulate that reversal of the abnormalities in gastrin secretion will be associated with a gradual return of gastric secretion to normal.

J Periodontol, 1990 Apr, 61(4), 228 - 33
Susceptibility and resistance of plaque bacteria to minocycline; O'Connor BC et al.; The in vitro susceptibility of 55 strains of subgingival plaque bacteria to minocycline was determined . A concentration of 1 microgram/ml minocycline was found to inhibit 85% of the strains tested and the MIC ranged from 0.03 to 32 micrograms/ml . For 71% of the strains tested the MBC was at least 4 times greater than the corresponding MIC, suggesting a bacteriostatic activity for minocycline . A concentration of 20 mg/ml of magnesium ions was capable of neutralizing 8 micrograms/ml of minocycline and was used to eliminate "carry-over" effects inherent in the experimental procedure . After 6 to 7 weeks exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of minocycline there was no appreciable increase in the MICs of most organisms with the exception of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans NCTC 10981 and Campylobacter concisus NCTC 11485 . Short term (6 hour exposure of bacteria to minocycline (8 micrograms/ml) markedly reduced the viability of a number of periodontopathogens but had little effect on the viability of Veillonella parvula NCTC 11456 and Fusobacterium nucleatum NCTC 11326 . These in vitro investigations have demonstrated that minocycline is capable of inhibiting most of the periodontitis-associated bacteria tested and can kill some of these bacteria after a comparatively short exposure time . However, some of the organisms tested exhibited a low susceptibility to minocycline and others became less susceptible following exposure to low concentrations of the antibiotic for several weeks.

J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 1990 Apr, 10(3), 357 - 60
Rapid endoscopy room diagnosis of Campylobacter pylori-associated gastritis in children; Yeung CK et al.; A modified urease broth test was used in 109 gastric biopsy specimens of children that yielded a 96% sensitivity and a 100% specificity rate for Campylobacter pylori infection . The longest reaction time was less than or equal to 4 min . The correlation between the degree of C . pylori infection and the reaction time was found to be highly significant (gamma = 0.78, p less than 0.001) . Patients were examined as outpatients, and immediate medications were prescribed for eradication of the bacteria on the basis of the urease broth test results . This is the first report on the use of this modified rapid urease test for the diagnosis of C . pylori infection in children.

Gan To Kagaku Ryoho, 1990 Apr, 17(4 Pt 1), 575 - 88
{Campylobacter pylori in patients with gastroduodenal disease}; Fukuda Y et al.; Recent advances of Campylobacter pylori (C . pylori) in human gastric disease and peptic ulcer were reviewed . C . pylori is a microaerophilic, motile, gram negative spiral rod bacterium . And all strains of C . pylori has a strong urease activity . In our experience . 91% of duodenal ulcer, 88% of gastric ulcer and 43% of control have C . pylori associated gastric mucosa . Patients of peptic ulcer with C . pylori infection were high relapse than patients of peptic ulcer without C . pylori, C . pylori is now known to be the most common and important case of pathologic gastritis, and C . pylori infection have been associated with gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, and non-ulcer dyspepsia . Although it has been only possible to culture C . pylori for about 6 yr in Japan, there are already sufficient data available to allow us to develop the basic framework that relates C . pylori gastritis to the causation of peptic ulcer disease.

J Clin Invest, 1990 Apr, 85(4), 1036 - 43
Pathogenesis of Campylobacter fetus infections . Role of surface array proteins in virulence in a mouse model; Pei Z et al.; We developed a mouse model to compare the virulence of Campylobacter fetus strains with (S-plus) and without (S-minus) surface array protein (S-protein) capsules . In adult HA/ICR mice pretreated with ferric chloride, the LD50 for S-plus strain 84-32 was 43.3 times lower than its spontaneous S-minus mutant 84-54 . Seven strains of inbred mice were no more susceptible than the outbred strain . In contrast to the findings with Salmonella typhimurium by others, 3 X 10(7) CFU of strain 84-32 caused 90% mortality in C3H/HeN (LPSn) mice and 40% mortality in C3H/HeJ (LPSd) mice . High-grade bacteremia in HA/ICR mice occurred after oral challenge with S-plus C . fetus strains and continued for at least 2 d, but was not present in any mice challenged with S-minus strains . Bacteremia at 30 min after challenge was 51.6-fold lower in mice pretreated with 10 microliters of rabbit antiserum to purified S-protein than after pretreatment with normal rabbit serum . Challenge of mice with a mixture of S-minus strain 84-54 and free S-proteins at a concentration 31.1-fold higher than found in wild-type strain 84-32 caused 30% mortality, compared with 0% with strain 84-54 or S-protein alone . These findings in a mouse model point toward the central role of the S-protein in the pathogenesis of C . fetus infection . The S-protein is not toxic per se, but enhances virulence when present on the bacterial cell surface as a capsule.

J Bacteriol, 1990 Apr, 172(4), 1853 - 60
Genomic organization and expression of Campylobacter flagellin genes; Guerry P et al.; Campylobacter coli VC167, which undergoes an antigenic flagellar variation, contains two full-length flagellin genes, flaA and flaB, that are located adjacent to one another in a tandem orientation and are 91.5% homologous . The gene product of flaB, which has an Mr of 58,946, has 93% sequence homology to the gene product of flaA, which has an Mr of 58,916 (S . M . Logan, T . J . Trust, and P . Guerry, J . Bacteriol . 171:3031-3038, 1989) . Mutational analyses and primer extension experiments indicated that the two genes are transcribed under the control of distinct promoters but that they are expressed concomitantly in the same cell, regardless of the antigenic phase of flagella being produced . The flaA gene, which was expressed at higher levels than the flaB gene in both phases, was transcribed from a typical sigma 28-type promoter, whereas the flaB promoter was unusual . A mutant producing only the flaB gene product did not synthesize a flagellar filament and was nonmotile . Southern blot analysis indicated that flagellar antigenic variation involves a rearrangement of flagellin sequence information rather than the alternate expression of the two distinct genes.

Infect Immun, 1990 Apr, 58(4), 992 - 8
Purification and N-terminal analysis of urease from Helicobacter pylori; Hu LT et al.; Urease of Helicobacter pylori (formerly Campylobacter pylori) is believed to represent a critical virulence determinant for this species . Ammonia generated by hydrolysis of urea may protect the acid-sensitive bacterium as it colonizes human gastric mucosa . An H . pylori strain, cultured from a gastric biopsy of a patient with complaints of abdominal pain and a history of peptic ulcer disease, was isolated on selective medium and cultured in Mueller-Hinton broth supplemented with 4% fetal calf serum . Whole cells were ruptured by French pressure cell lysis, and soluble protein was chromatographed on DEAE-Sepharose, phenyl-Sepharose, Mono-Q, and Superose 6 resins . Purified urease represented 6% of the soluble protein of crude extract, was estimated to have a native molecular size of 550 kilodaltons (kDa), and was composed of two distinct subunits of apparent molecular sizes of 66 and 29.5 kDa . On the basis of subunit size, a 1:1 subunit ratio as measured by scanning densitometry of Coomassie blue-stained sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, and estimated native molecular size, the data are consistent with a stoichiometry of (29.5 kDa-66 kDa)6 for the structure of the native enzyme . Km for urea was estimated at 0.2 mM . By N-terminal analysis, the 29.5-kDa subunit of H . pylori urease was found to share significant amino acid sequence similarity with the smallest of three subunits of the Proteus mirabilis and Morganella morganii ureases, as well as to the amino terminus of the unique jack bean subunit . The 66-kDa subunit also shared up to 80% similarity with the largest of three subunits of P . mirabilis, M . morganii, and Klebsiella aerogenes ureases and to internal sequences (amino acids 271 to 285) of the jack bean urease subunit . Thus, the amino acid sequence is conserved among ureases with one, two, and three distinct subunits, suggesting a common ancestral urease gene . Also, urease subunits of M . morganii and jack bean were specifically recognized by antisera raised against the 66-kDa subunit of H . pylori urease, demonstrating that at least some antigenic determinants were conserved among ureases from different species.

Med Interne, 1990 Apr-Jun, 28(2), 145 - 52
Biochemical changes induced by Campylobacter pylori in the gastric juice; Andreica V et al.; The biochemical changes induced in the gastric juice by the presence of Campylobacter pylori (CP) were followed up in 151 patients with various gastric and duodenal diseases . The diagnosis of CP infection was made by the urease test . In the presence of CP urea decreased in the gastric juice and ammonia increased . The sialic acid, fucose and hexoses, glucide components of the mucus glycoproteins dissolved in the gastric juice, underwent no change in the presence of CP . The hexosamines in the gastric mucus increased significantly in CP patients . Urease activity is present in the gastric juice even in the absence of CP, probably due to other microorganisms present in the human stomach . This does not exclude the use of the urease test for the diagnosis of CP infection . However the test can only be used in the bioptically removed gastric mucosa samples, not in the gastric juice.

J Comp Pathol, 1990 Apr, 102(3), 265 - 78
Morphology and immunoperoxidase studies of intestinal adenomatosis in the blue fox, Alopex lagopus; Eriksen K et al.; In a blue fox farm about 300 of 400 weanling pups were affected with diarrhoea and prolapse of the rectum . About 40 pups died in an emaciated state after a few days of disease . Eight pups were submitted for examination . Pathological findings were restricted to the caecum, proximal colon and rectum, with occasional extension to the ileum . Affected areas revealed a thick and rigid intestinal wall, a narrow lumen and a thickened, wrinkled and sometimes ulcerated mucosa . Histologically, the mucosa showed long tortuous crypts outlined by a high pseudostratified epithelium which lacked goblet cells . Epithelial cells revealed increased basophilia, and mitoses were seen along the entire crypt length and in the surface epithelium . Silver impregnation showed curved organisms in the apical cytoplasm of the altered epithelial cells . Penetration of the muscularis mucosa by the altered epithelial cells was frequent . The avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase complex (ABC) technique revealed positive organisms in the apical cytoplasm of altered epithelial cells, when rabbit antisera against different biotypes and serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli were used . Antisera against Campylobacter sputorum subsp . muscosalis and Campylobacter hyointestinalis were negative.

East Afr Med J, 1990 Apr, 67(4), 223 - 30
Aetiology of diarrhoea in pre-term neonates at Kenyatta National Hospital nursery, Nairobi, Kenya; Mutanda LN et al.; The aetiology of two outbreaks of diarrhoea in pre-term neonates (March-August; September, 1987), at Kenyatta National Hospital was studied . The first outbreak involved 98 neonates and enteropathogenic E . coli of different serotypes were the most commonly isolated agents (54%), with serotype 086a:K61 dominating . These were followed by Salmonella (16%) also of different groups, and then rotavirus (6%) . Two campylobacter and two Shigella were isolated from four individual neonates . Mixed infections were mainly those of Salmonella and E . coli (5 cases) . E . coli serotype 086 was found to be in circulation throughout the study period (March-August, 1987), whilst 044:0125 and 0128 circulated for a limited period . Salmonella and some strains of E . coli caused persistent diarrhoea despite antibiotic therapy . Nosocomial infections were found to play a role in subsequent diarrhoeas . In the second diarrhoea outbreak, again enteropathogenic E . coli and Salmonella were the most frequently isolated . However, in this outbreak, there was no single E . coli serotype revealed that some possessed plasmids of 120-160 megadalton . However, a search for human immunodeficiency viral antibodies in 120 stools produced negative results.

J Chir (Paris), 1990 Apr, 127(4), 223 - 6
{Surgical treatment of infectious aneurysm of the popliteal artery . Description of a case caused by Campylobacter jejuni and a review of the literature}; Goeau-Brissonniere O et al.; The authors describe a case of mycotic aneurysm of the popliteal artery secondary to Campylobacter jejuni-derived infectious endocarditis treated by excision and in situ femoro tibial venous bypass, and take the opportunity to review 14 literature cases of infectious aneurysm of popliteal artery . This diagnosis is most frequently evoked by the development in an infectious setting of a throbbing inflammatory mass in the popliteal fossa . Management is aimed at controlling the infection and insuring proper distal vascularization . Eradication of the infection rests with the excision of the aneurysm and adequate antibiotherapy for at least 6 weeks . Distal vascularization is best provided (2 cases) by extra-anatomical bypass . However, in situ bypassing (9) is possible provided apyrexia and negative blood cultures have been obtained by preoperative antibiotherapy . The material used must be a venous autograft, whenever possible.

Infect Immun, 1990 Apr, 58(4), 1101 - 5
Effect of enteroviruses on adherence to and invasion of HEp-2 cells by Campylobacter isolates; Konkel ME et al.; Coinfection of HEp-2 epithelial cells with coxsackievirus B3, echovirus 7, poliovirus (LSc type 1), porcine enterovirus, and Campylobacter isolates was performed to determine if a synergistic effect could be obtained . The invasiveness of Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 33560 was significantly increased for HEp-2 cells preinfected with echovirus 7, coxsackievirus B3, and UV-inactivated (noninfectious) coxsackievirus B3 particles . Additionally, the invasiveness of C . jejuni M96, a clinical isolate, was significantly increased for HEp-2 cells preinfected with coxsackievirus B3 . Poliovirus and porcine enterovirus had no effect on C . jejuni ATCC 33560 adherence and invasiveness . Furthermore, poliovirus had no effect on the ability of C . jejuni M96 to adhere to and invade HEp-2 cells . Campylobacter hyointestinalis and Campylobacter mucosalis, two noninvasive isolates, did not invade virus-infected HEp-2 cells . The increase in the invasiveness of C . jejuni appeared to be the result of specific interactions between the virus and the HEp-2 cell membrane . The data suggest that the invasiveness of Campylobacter spp . is dependent upon the inherent properties of the organism . Virus-induced cell alterations can potentiate the invasiveness of virulent Campylobacter spp . but are not sufficient to allow internalization of noninvasive bacteria.

Ital J Gastroenterol, 1990 Apr, 22(2), 64 - 5
The influence of high blood levels of urea on the presence of Campylobacter pylori in the stomach: a clinical study; Di Giorgio P et al.; In order to determine whether urea influences the presence of Campylobacter pylori (Cp) in the stomach, the incidence of this infection was determined in patients with chronic renal failure who received no treatment (group A) or underwent regular hemodialysis (group B) . A third group was examined as control . Biopsies from the gastric antrum were taken for histological investigation and for Cp detection . No significant differences among the 3 groups of patients were found with regards to the incidence of Campylobacter pylori . Urea can be considered as a preferred metabolite but no proof that high levels influence the occurrence of the organism in the stomach was found.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1990 Apr, 56(4), 877 - 80
Microbiological quality and safety of zoo food; Richter ER et al.; Two types of commercial products for feeding zoo animals (a frozen meat product, referred to as zoo food, and a dry product, referred to as dry food) were microbiologically examined for spoilage organisms (aerobic, psychrotrophic, coliform, Escherichia coli, mold, and yeasts) and pathogens (Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter jejuni) . Levels of microorganisms in frozen ground zoo food were compared with those in frozen ground beef and frozen ground turkey meat . The level of microbial contaminants in frozen ground zoo meat was found to be similar to that in frozen ground beef and higher than that in frozen ground turkey meat . Sixty percent of the frozen zoo meat samples were Salmonella positive, and all of the samples were L . monocytogenes positive . Dry zoo food was documented to have microbial levels lower than those in frozen zoo meat; the pathogen levels were less than 1/25 g of food . Defrosting zoo meat at 10, 25, and 37 degrees C for 24 h showed that 10 degrees C is the best temperature for defrosting frozen ground zoo meat loaves (length, 9 in . {22.8 cm}; radius, 2 in . {5.1 cm}) without affecting the microbiological quality or safety of the product.

Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 1990 Mar 31, 134(13), 643 - 7
{The course of benign stomach ulcer; results of a follow-up study}; Drapers JA et al.; A follow-up investigation was conducted in 112 patients in whom a benign gastric ulcer had been found endoscopically between 1978 and 1984 . Nine patients had been operated upon, mainly in the earlier years . Out of 65 patients ultimately selected for the study 38 underwent gastroscopy and 35 could be evaluated . Of these 21 (60%) had complaints and another 60% used intermittent or continuous medication because of complaints referred to the stomach . In 15 patients erosions (4) or benign gastric ulcers (11) were found . In all patients in whom it was looked for Campylobacter pylori was found in the gastric mucosa . The benign gastric ulcer is a chronic, recurrent affection . We did not find a large proportion of asymptomatic recurrent ulcers . Many patients continue to use drugs . The complaints in patients with mucosal lesions are often atypical.

Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax, 1990 Mar 27, 79(13), 389 - 90
{The urease rapid test (CLO test) . Attempt at statistical analysis for the evaluation of Campylobacter colonization in the gastric antrum}; Allmendinger G et al.; CLO-tests: A statistical analysis for the evaluation of the presence of Campylobacter pylori in antral mucosal biopsies . Antral biopsies taken in a sample of 475 endoscopy patients were positive for CLO on 21% of 77 controls, compared with 39% of non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) patients without and 69% with a history of former peptic ulcer . Epigastric pain was associated with a positive CLO-test more frequently than belching or heart burn . Patients with NUD of Turkish or Yugoslavian nationality had a significantly higher rate of positive CLO-reactions compared with Germans or Italians with the same diagnosis . In 96 patients with peptic ulcer, the percentage of positive CLO-test decreased significantly in old persons.

BMJ, 1990 Mar 24, 300(6727), 774 - 7
Cryptosporidiosis in England and Wales: prevalence and clinical and epidemiological features . Public Health Laboratory Service Study Group.
{13C-urea breath test as a non-invasive method for the detection of Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori}
Cooreman M, Hengels KJ, Krausgrill P, Strohmeyer G.

Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitat DusseldorfThe 13C-urea breath test was used for diagnosing noninvasively the possible presence of Helicobacter (formerly called Campylobacter) pylori in 20 patients with dyspepsia (ten men and ten women, mean age 40.2 {24-74} years) . H . pylori was cultured from 14 patients, while in six the culture was negative . The proportion of 13C in expired air was measured by isotope mass-spectrometer and expressed as Delta (basal value about 20%) . A dose of 2.5 mg urea per kg body-weight (BW) was ingested after a standard meal . The test was repeated with 1.75 and 1.0 mg/kg BW in five subjects . Delta had increased significantly after 30 min in all H . pylori-positive patients (P less than 0.001) . The maximal value after 90 min ranged from 38 to 114%; in the H . pylori-negative patients it was 24% . After 1.75 and 1.0 mg/kg urea the maximal value after 90 min was 39-52% and 30-52%, respectively . Using a dose of 2.5 or 1.75 mg/kg BW tagged urea one can reliably distinguish between presence and absence of H . pylori . It is sufficient to test a basal and a 90-min expired-air sample.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1990 Mar 1, 196(5), 731 - 4
Efficacy of a vaccine to prevent Chlamydia- or Campylobacter-induced abortions in ewes; Hansen DE et al.; In a sheep flock, Chlamydia psittaci, Campylobacter fetus, Ca jejuni, and Salmonella dublin caused abortions . A vaccine that contained C psittaci type I from 2 sources: a cow with pneumonia and an aborted ovine fetus, Ca fetus, Ca jejuni, and 4 strains of K99 Escherichia coli was given to 240 ewes before they were bred . All fetuses, placentas, and lambs, that died within 36 hours of birth were examined for infectious agents . Of 55 abortions, 30 (55%) were caused by Chlamydia or Campylobacter spp; 25 of the 30 (83%) abortions took place in the nonvaccinated group (n = 240) . Forty-five more lambs survived in the vaccinated group than in the nonvaccinated group . Abortion rates for Chlamydia and Campylobacter spp (2.1 vs 10.4% in vaccinated and nonvaccinated groups, respectively) were significantly different (P = 0.003) . Abortion rates for S dublin were not significantly different between groups . The Salmonella epizootic was controlled quickly by sanitation and treatment procedures . The vaccine was at least 80% efficacious against Chlamydia and Campylobacter spp and appeared to be protective.

Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 1990 Mar, 37(2), 158 - 60
Bovine diarrhea associated with Campylobacter hyointestinalis; Diker KS et al.; An enteric disease affected 16 ruminating calves . The disease was characterized by a nonspecific, mild to severe diarrhea and wasting . Two calves died during the course of disease . C . hyointestinalis was isolated from 12 to 14 calves . The antibody titers of affected calves to C . hyointestinalis varied from 1:20 to 1:160 . The disease was successfully treated with chloramphenicol.

Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 1990 Mar, 37(2), 148 - 52
Serogroups of Campylobacter fetus and Campylobacter jejuni isolated in cases of ovine abortion; Varga J et al.; Of 38 aborted ovine fetuses from 23 sheep flocks 29 C . fetus subsp . fetus and 22 C . jejuni were isolated and examined biochemically and serologically for heat-stable antigens . Serologic examinations were carried out by passive haemagglutination test . In case of C . fetus subsp . fetus strains alkaline antigen extraction was used . Antisera to two serogroups of C . fetus and to Penner serotype reference strains 1 to 60 were produced in rabbits . Abortion was caused in 18 (78.3%) flocks by C . fetus subsp . fetus and in 5 (21.7%) flocks by C . jejuni . Six C . fetus subsp . fetus strains grew well at both 43 and 25 degrees C . With one exception all C . fetus subsp . fetus were resistant, whereas all 29 C . fetus subsp . venerealis strains were sensitive to 30 micrograms/ml cefoxitin and cefamandole . These two cephalosporins can be used to differentiate the two subspecies of C . fetus . Passive haemagglutination test using alkaline antigen extraction is a proper method for the examination of heat-stable antigens of both C . fetus subspecies . Out of 24 C . fetus subsp . fetus strains 13 belonged to serogroup A(01), and 11 to serogroup B(02) . C . jejuni strains examined belonged to Penner serogroup 1 (6 strains), to serogroup 5 (4 strains) and to serogroup 8 (4 strains).

Recenti Prog Med, 1990 Mar, 81(3), 142 - 5
{The role of Campylobacter pylori in gastroduodenal pathology}; Sirigu F et al.; Biopsy specimens from the gastric antral mucosa of 194 patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms were studied with the Warthin-Starry silver stain to demonstrate the presence of Campylobacter Pylori (CP) . Of these patients, 44 had peptic ulcer visible on endoscopic investigation . Spiral bacteria were detected in 70 out of 75 specimens with histologically active gastritis (93%), in 34 of 54 specimens with inactive form of gastritis (63%) and in 26 of 65 specimens without morphological changes (40%) . Of 44 patients found to have gastric or duodenal ulcers, 33 also had bacteria . No significant differences between patients with endoscopically visible peptic ulcer and those without ulcer were seen . Our results indicate a close relationship between the active form of chronic gastritis and Campylobacter; however they do not show a definite association with peptic ulcer.

Z Gesamte Inn Med, 1990 Mar 1, 45(3), 78 - 80
{The site of recurrent ulcer following stomach surgery (Billroth I and II)}; Bretzke G et al.; In 69 patients with recidivation ulcer after an operation of the stomach (51 times Billroth II and 18 times Billroth I) was investigated whether or not there are differences in the localisation of an ulcer . In patients operated on according to Billroth II ulcers of the anastomoses are dominating, whereas in patients operated on according to Billroth I the majority of ulcers is to be found in the residual stomach . The causes for the deviating distribution pattern are not unequivocal . Changed diagnostics (in the first place endoscopy), different effect of the bile reflux, differing colonisation with Campylobacter pylori and differences in the size of the resection are discussed . The free interval between operation and recidivation of ulcer is distinctly shorter in Billroth I patients.

Kokyu To Junkan, 1990 Mar, 38(3), 277 - 81
{A case of right-sided infective endocarditis in a drug addict}; Ohshima H et al.; A 49-year-old man was admitted to Mitsui Memorial Hospital because of fever of unknown origin . Since one year ago, he had often used intravenous narcotic drugs . Ten months before his admission, he had his first experience of fever and a chill . Four months later, he was admitted to a hospital under the diagnosis of pneumonia and he was treated successfully . After his discharge, he began to use drugs again, which resulted in the repetition of fever and chills during four months prior to his admission to our hospital . On admission, physical findings concerning the patient were unremarkable, except for mild hepatomegaly . ECG and chest X-ray were normal . Laboratory data revealed marked inflammatory changes and severe liver injury . Blood culture disclosed Campylobacter fetus and two dimensional echocardiography showed a large vegetation on the anterior tricuspid valve . He was diagnosed as isolated tricuspid infective endocarditis accompanied with acute hepatitis due to drug abuse . Moreover pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy showed decreased perfusion in the right lower lung field, which suggested that pneumonia of six months ago was due to septic pulmonary emboli from the infected tricuspid valve . The combined antibiotics therapy was successful . By the follow-up echocardiographic studies, the size of vegetation was observed to decrease progressively.

J Clin Microbiol, 1990 Mar, 28(3), 559 - 65
Genotypical variation of Campylobacter pylori from gastric mucosa; Oudbier JH et al.; In a previous study, the recurrence of the Campylobacter pylori infection after apparently successful antibacterial therapy was determined to be due to recrudescence rather than reinfection . Although the DNA patterns of pre- and posttreatment isolates were very similar, we detected minor differences between the two patterns in about one third of the patients . These differences were not artifacts, but originated in the coexistence in the stomach of (sub)populations of bacteria with slightly different chromosomal DNAs, plasmids, or both . The presence of such (sub)populations was probably caused by mutation in vivo, as mutation in vitro was demonstrated in one patient after the original isolate was subcultured 10 times . Minor differences were not correlated with a difference in susceptibility to the antibiotic(s) that was used . An additional conclusion of this investigation was that the results of plasmid analysis should be interpreted very carefully when this method is used as an epidemiologic marker in the investigation of C . pylori infections.

Bol Asoc Med P R, 1990 Mar, 82(3), 107 - 10
Gastric campylobacter-like organisms and active antral gastritis in Puerto Rico; Toro DH et al.; We attempted to verify if the reported association of gastric campylobacter like organisms (GCLO) with active antral gastritis holds true in our population . All patients undergoing elective upper endoscopy were eligible for the study unless they had a history of gastric cancer or previous antrectomy . Biopsy specimens from 100 consecutive patients were examined blindly for the presence of inflammatory activity and/or intestinal metaplasia . The presence of GCLO was determined by the acridine orange fluorescence technique . A total of 131 antral biopsies examined were classified as either normal, active gastritis, chronic gastritis with activity and chronic gastritis without activity . GCLO were identified in 84% of the biopsies with inflammatory activity (active gastritis and chronic gastritis with activity) . However, GCLO were found only in 11% of those biopsies with chronic gastritis without activity . It is therefore our conclusion that the previously reported association of GCLO with active gastritis holds true for our population.

Acta Cytol, 1990 Mar-Apr, 34(2), 211 - 3
Cytologic diagnosis of Campylobacter pylori-associated gastritis; Davenport RD; Forty-nine paired gastric brushings and biopsy specimens were reviewed to determine the cytologic presentation of Campylobacter pylori-associated gastritis . The bacterium was identified in ten routinely prepared cytologic specimens, seven of which were positive for C pylori by biopsy . C pylori could be readily distinguished from other bacteria and was accompanied by inflammation and reparative atypia of gastric epithelial cells . Gastric brushing cytology is an effective method of diagnosing C pylori-associated gastritis.

J Infect Dis, 1990 Mar, 161(3), 507 - 11
Patient-to-patient transmission of Campylobacter pylori infection by fiberoptic gastroduodenoscopy and biopsy; Langenberg W et al.; Three instances of subclinical reinfection with Campylobacter pylori were observed in two successfully treated patients during follow-up of C . pylori gastritis . The reinfections occurred 1 month and 21 months (patient 1) and 32 months (patient 2) after the completion of antibacterial treatment . Sequential measurement by ELISA of serum IgG antibody levels to the microorganism showed a significant increase in two of the three instances of reinfection . Patient-to-patient transmission was proved by restriction enzyme analysis of bacterial DNA . Between patients the endoscope had been mechanically cleaned using a detergent and treated with 70% ethanol . The risk of gastroscopic cross-infection with C . pylori was estimated by retrospective analysis of the data of 281 negative examinations (107 in 47 initially negative patients and 174 in 37 cured patients) . The frequency in uninfected patients of documented endoscopic transmission of C . pylori infection was 1.1% in this study, corresponding with three iatrogenic acquisitions of manifest infection for every 1000 gastroduodenoscopies in our clinic.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1990 Mar-Apr, 84(2), 294 - 6
Helicobacter (= Campylobacter) pylori in Africa; Holcombe C et al.; Epigastric pain is a common complaint throughout Africa, mostly in the form of non-ulcer dyspepsia . It has recently been suggested that Helicobacter (= Campylobacter) pylori, a bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosa and causes type B gastritis, may be the cause of this epigastric pain . This paper reports the endoscopic, histological and bacteriological findings in 57 patients presenting with epigastric pain to the University of Maiduguri teaching hospital during one year, together with a review of the African literature . Of 57 patients, 49 had non-ulcer dyspepsia, 7 peptic ulceration and 1 carcinoma of the stomach . 93% of the patients had histological gastritis, and of these 87% were colonized with H . pylori . The bacterium was cultured from 13 patients . This high prevalence of gastritis and H . pylori has been found throughout Africa . The figures support a causative role for H . pylori in histological gastritis . At present the evidence in support of a causative role in non-ulcer dyspepsia is not strong enough to be able to recommend the routine use of anti-H . pylori therapy in patients with epigastric pain.

Vet Pathol, 1990 Mar, 27(2), 73 - 80
Enterocecocolitis associated with intraepithelial Campylobacter-like bacteria in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus); Schoeb TR et al.; We examined 28 suckling, weanling, and young adult rabbits with lethargy, inappetence, and mucinous, semifluid feces . Sixteen of the rabbits had intestinal lesions . In eight of these rabbits, the primary changes were multifocal to diffuse epithelial proliferation and accumulation of lymphocytes, macrophages, or both in the lamina propria of the small intestine, cecum, and sacculated colon . In two of these rabbits, the accumulation of macrophages in the lamina propria was extensive . The other eight rabbits had erosive and suppurative cecocolitis, and four of the rabbits with proliferative lesions also had suppurative cecocolitis . In Warthin-Starry-stained sections of affected intestine, curved or spiral bacteria were visible within degenerated or hyperplastic epithelium, in luminal exudate, or in both . Such organisms were sparse or not found in the other 12 rabbits, which did not have intestinal lesions . The bacteria ultrastructurally resembled intraepithelial Campylobacter-like bacteria previously observed in proliferative enteritis in a variety of species and in acute typhlitis in young rabbits . In immunofluorescence tests, Campylobacter-like bacteria in epithelial cells, crypt lumina, and in luminal exudates in both proliferative and erosive lesions bound monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antisera prepared against intracellular bacteria found in proliferative enteritis in pigs, hamsters, and ferrets . These observations indicate that a condition similar to proliferative enteritis of swine, hamsters, and other species also occurs in laboratory rabbits.

Gastroenterol Clin North Am, 1990 Mar, 19(1), 183 - 96
Campylobacter pylori and its role in peptic ulcer disease; Tytgat GN et al.; In almost all patients with genuine nondrug-induced duodenal or gastric ulcer there is evidence of gastric Campylobacter pylori colonization and concomitant inflammation . C . pylori is only demonstrable in the duodenal cap when there is "gastric mucus metaplasia." Suppression or eradication of C . pylori with antibiotic therapy may accelerate duodenal ulcer healing . The relapse rate of duodenal ulcer is less after temporary clearing or permanent eradication of C . pylori . As eradication of C . pylori reduces or eliminates gastric (and duodenal) inflammation, this renders the gastroduodenal mucosa less susceptible to reulceration . Interference with C . pylori status presumably explains the retardation of relapse of duodenal ulcer healing with colloidal bismuth subcitrate.

Acta Cytol, 1990 Mar-Apr, 34(2), 205 - 10
Identification of Campylobacter pylori in gastric biopsy smears; Faverly D et al.; The use of gastric biopsy imprint smears to diagnose Campylobacter pylori was compared with the use of tissue sections and cultures . Multiple gastric biopsies were taken from the mucosa of 42 patients during endoscopy . Imprint smears were prepared from the samples used to make tissue sections; other samples were used for microbiologic culture . There was a good concordance (93%) between the morphologic diagnosis of C pylori in the air-dried, Giemsa-stained smears and the tissue sections; the cytologic preparations were clearly positive in six cases (14%) whose sections contained low numbers of the organisms . There was a concordance of 83% between the combined morphologic techniques and the bacteriologic culture . Six positive cases were detected only by the morphologic techniques while one positive case was detected only by bacteriologic culture . C pylori was identified in one or more preparations of the antral biopsy specimens in 23 (55%) of the 42 cases, including 23 (74%) of the 31 cases with a final diagnosis of gastritis or ulcer . These results show the usefulness of the cytologic study of gastric biopsy smears in diagnosing C pylori infections.

J Anim Sci, 1990 Mar, 68(3), 884 - 91
Public health and research perspectives on the microbial contamination of foods; Jackson GJ; Scientific advances in methodology and epidemiology have resulted in a renewed awareness of foodborne disease, and increased contact among nations of the world has stimulated rapid global distribution of foods as well as foodborne pathogens . New food vehicles are being identified for old, familiar pathogens, and new pathogens are being discovered . Current research in food microbiology has spurred development of rapid and specific methods to identify these pathogens and to assess their virulence . Organisms of recent interest, such as Bacillus, Yersinia, Campylobacter, Listeria, Sporothrix, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Anisakis, are the foci of new investigations, as are the more familiar foodborne pathogens, Salmonella, Shigella, Clostridium, Staphylococcus, Entamoeba and Ascaris . Some foodborne organisms, such as parasitic protozoa, serve as hosts for unique bacterial and viral symbionts but also might become infected with mammalian viruses . The remote possibility of the transmission of human immunodeficiency viruses in foodborne protozoa is discussed.

Mayo Clin Proc, 1990 Mar, 65(3), 414 - 26
Helicobacter pylori: controversies and an approach to management; Ormand JE et al.; Helicobacter pylori (formerly, Campylobacter pylori) is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium with a strong affinity for gastric-type epithelium . Convincing evidence indicates that H . pylori plays an etiologic role in the development of chronic, nonspecific gastritis, and it may play an important role in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer disease . An etiologic role for this organism in chronic gastric ulceration, nonulcer dyspepsia, and gastric carcinoma is not established . Whereas the diagnosis of H . pylori infection is relatively straightforward, the questions of when and how to treat the infection do not have established answers . A high rate of recrudescence follows most currently used therapeutic interventions . Until the pathogenicity of H . pylori in clinical disease is further supported and additional treatment trials have been completed, a conservative management approach is recommended.

Arch Intern Med, 1990 Mar, 150(3), 541 - 6
Empiric antimicrobial therapy of domestically acquired acute diarrhea in urban adults; Goodman LJ et al.; From June 1985 to September 1987, 202 adults were enrolled in a randomized, double-blinded study comparing ciprofloxacin (500 mg) with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (160 mg/800 mg) or placebo for adults with acute diarrhea . All patients were treated on the day of presentation and received medication on a twice-daily schedule (every 12 hours) for 5 days . Bacterial isolates from these patients included 35 Campylobacter, 18 Shigella, and 15 Salmonella . Treatment at the time of presentation with ciprofloxacin compared with placebo shortened the duration of diarrhea (2.4 vs 3.4 days), and increased the percentage of patients cured or improved by treatment days 1, 3, 4, and 5 . Similar significant differences for sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim compared with placebo were not seen.

J Med Virol, 1990 Mar, 30(3), 219 - 29
Prospective study of diarrheal diseases in Venezuelan children to evaluate the efficacy of rhesus rotavirus vaccine; Perez-Schael I et al.; The efficacy of a rhesus rotavirus vaccine (MMU 18006, serotype 3) against infantile diarrhea was evaluated by active home surveillance of a group of 320 children 1-10 months of age in Caracas, Venezuela . During a 1 year period following oral administration of vaccine or placebo under a double-masked code, over 600 diarrheal episodes were detected . Etiologic studies revealed that heat-stable toxin (ST) producing enterotoxigenic E . coli (ETEC) was the most common diarrheal agent detected (34%) followed by enteropathogenic E . coli (EPEC, 10.9%), heat-labile toxin (LT) producing ETEC (7.6%), rotavirus (6.9%), Cryptosporidium (4.8%) and Campylobacter (1.3%) . ST-producing ETEC were also recovered from over 20% of control stool specimens obtained during diarrhea-free periods, whereas EPEC, rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, and Campylobacter were rarely detected in such control specimens . Rotavirus was responsible for about one-half of the more severe cases of diarrhea . Twenty-two of 151 infants who received placebo (14.6%) and eight of 151 receiving a 10(4) PFU dose of vaccine (5.3%) had rotavirus diarrhea during the follow-up period for an efficacy level of 64% against any rotavirus diarrhea . However, vaccine efficacy reached 90% against the more severe cases of rotavirus diarrhea and was noticeably high in the 1-4 month age group . Serotypic analysis of the rotaviruses detected suggests that the resistance induced by the vaccine was type specific since significant protection was only evident against serotype 3 rotaviruses . A 10(3) PFU dose tested initially in 18 children did not appear to protect against rotavirus diarrhea.

Mil Med, 1990 Mar, 155(3), 111 - 6
Travelers' diarrhea among U.S . Navy and Marine Corps personnel during a Western Pacific deployment; Adkins H et al.; The incidence and etiology of travelers' diarrhea was studied in a crew of 1,914 sailors and marines aboard a U.S . Navy ship during a western Pacific deployment . Questionnaires completed by 301 troops indicated that 52% had at least one episode of diarrhea during the deployment; however, only 5% of the ship's company sought treatment . Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was the most commonly identified pathogen (23%), followed by Giardia lamblia (6%), Salmonella (3%), rotavirus (2%), and Shigella, Campylobacter jejuni, and Entamoeba histolytica (1% each) . In 66% of the episodes no etiologic agent was found . None of the risk factors thought to be associated with travelers' diarrhea could be statistically associated with the diarrhea group in comparison to questionnaire respondents who denied having had the illness.

Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 1990 Mar, 8(3), 153 - 6
{Biochemical, physiological, and enzymatic study of 78 strains of Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori isolated from gastroduodenal biopsies}; Reina J et al.; A biochemical, physiological and enzymatic study of 78 C . pylori strains isolated from gastroduodenal biopsies is reported . All strains were positive in the oxidase, catalase and urease tests . 97.4% produced SH2 in the lead acetate band and 79.4% showed beta-hemolytic activity in sheep blood agar . In the antibiotic selection tests, C . pylori was characterized to be resistant to nalidixic acid and sensitive to cefalotin . The enzymatic study demonstrated the presence of acid and alkaline phosphatases . This finding and the urease test give C . pylori a define bacteriological character which differentiate it from the remaining campylobacteria.

Med J Aust, 1990 Feb 19, 152(4), 186, 188 - 9
Tropical arthritis in Papua New Guinea: a reactive arthritis; Lloyd A et al.; An idiopathic, asymmetrical oligoarthritis affecting young adults is prevalent in the tropical regions of Africa, Asia and Melanesia . A serological study was undertaken in 23 consecutive patients with polyarthritis . Each patient was assigned two paired control subjects . A standardized history, physical examination and investigations were performed . Acute and convalescent sera were examined for evidence of recent infection . The presence of HLA-B27 was determined . Twelve (52%) of the 23 patients had more than one of the clinical features of a reactive arthritis . No serological evidence was found of acute infection with viruses (arboviruses, enteroviruses, mumps, rubella, adenoviruses, Epstein-Barr virus and hepatitis B), Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Yersinia or syphilis . HLA-B27 was found in 14 (61%) of the 23 patients in contrast with in seven (17%) of the 41 control subjects (P less than 0.001) . In two patients with HLA-B27, diagnostic titres of antibodies to Campylobacter jejuni-Campylobacter coli indicated recent infection . The presence of HLA-B27 antigen was significantly (P less than 0.05) associated with the presence of the clinical features of reactive arthritis . This study suggests that "tropical arthritis" commonly is a reactive arthritis that is associated with the presence of HLA-B27.

N Engl J Med, 1990 Feb 8, 322(6), 359 - 63
Intrafamilial clustering of Helicobacter pylori infection; Drumm B et al.; Colonization of the gastric antrum by Helicobacter pylori (formerly Campylobacter pylori) has been associated with primary gastritis . We determined the frequency of colonization by H . pylori in gastric-antrum biopsy specimens from 93 children undergoing gastroscopy for the evaluation of upper gastrointestinal symptoms . We also determined H . pylori IgG antibody levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in coded serum samples from these children, family members, and control subjects of comparable ages . Among 27 children with primary, or unexplained, gastritis, H . pylori was identified by silver staining in 24 biopsy specimens and by culture in 22; specific antibodies were present in 23 children (96 percent) . Three children with unexplained gastritis had no evidence of H . pylori in the antrum, nor did any of 13 children with secondary gastritis or any of 53 children with normal antral histologic features; specific antibodies were present in only 1 of these 69 children . H . pylori antibody was detected in 25 of 34 parents of colonized children, but in only 8 of 33 parents of noncolonized children (P less than 0.001) . Of 22 siblings of children colonized by H . pylori, 18 had specific antibodies, as compared with only 5 of 37 controls (P less than 0.001) . We conclude that H . pylori-specific IgG antibodies are associated with bacterial colonization of the gastric antrum by this organism . The intrafamilial clustering of H . pylori infection suggests that there may be person-to-person spread of these bacteria.

J Bacteriol, 1990 Feb, 172(2), 949 - 55
Natural transformation in Campylobacter species; Wang Y et al.; Growing cells of Campylobacter coli and C . jejuni were naturally transformed by naked DNA without the requirement for any special treatment . Transformation frequencies for homologous chromosomal DNA were approximately 10(-3) transformants per recipient cell in C . coli and 10(-4) in C . jejuni . Maximum competence was found in the early log phase of growth . Campylobacters preferentially took up their own DNA in comparison with Escherichia coli chromosomal DNA, which was taken up very poorly . Three new Campylobacter spp.-to-E . coli shuttle plasmids, which contained additional cloning sites and selectable markers, were constructed from the shuttle vector pILL550A . These plasmid DNAs were taken up by campylobacters much less efficiently than was homologous chromosomal DNA, and transformation into plasmid-free cells was very rare . However, with the use of recipients containing a homologous plasmid, approximately 10(-4) transformants per cell were obtained . The tetM determinant, originally obtained from Streptococcus spp . and not heretofore reported in Campylobacter spp., was isolated from an E . coli plasmid and was introduced, selecting for tetracycline resistance, by natural transformation into C . coli.

Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi, 1990 Feb, 28(2), 110 - 2, 128
{Histochemical and electron microscopic observation of the gastric wall after vagotomy}; Chen DD; Eight dogs underwent gastric total truncal vagotomy and another 8 had gastric superselective vagotomy . Specimens were take from anterior wall of gastric corpus and antrum at weeks after operation for histochemical and electron microscopic observation . The results showed: (1) the sympathetic postganglionic fibers in gastric wall were completely damaged . (2) response of gastric antrum mucosa to CCK-8 and gastric G-17 lowered markedly . (3) the amount of parietal cells increased, the structure of follicular atrophied, the number of mitochondrion in cytoplasm, and the stroma and micrailli on folilculi wall increased . (4) The Campylobacter-like organism (CLO) were found in mucosa of gastric antrum and corpus after operation . The authors discussed the role of gastric sympathetic nerve on gastric secretion and movement, and the relationship between CLO and ulcer recurrence after gastric superselective vagotomy.

Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 1990 Feb, 37(1), 31 - 4
Campylobacter jejuni in poultry giblets; Khalafalla FA; A total of 200 poultry giblets, 50 each of chickens, ducks, squab and turkeys, were examined for the presence of Campylobacter jejuni . In chicken giblets, C . jejuni was isolated from gizzards, hearts, livers and spleens with incidences of 28%, 10%, 40% and 16% respectively while 24%, 6%, 36% and 10% of duck gizzards, hearts, livers and spleens were positive for the organism, respectively . C . jejuni was detected in 6% of squab gizzards, in 10% of squab livers but failed to be detected in squab hearts & spleens . In turkey giblets, 16% of gizzards, 4% of hearts, 30% of livers and 8% of spleens were positive for the organism . C . jejuni was more frequently isolated from liver samples than gizzard, spleen and heart samples, each constituting of 29%, 18.5%, 8.5% and 5%, respectively . High incidence of C . jejuni was recorded among chicken giblets (23.5%), followed by duck giblets (19%), then turkey giblets (14.5%) and finally squab giblets (4%).

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1990 Feb, 64(2), 169 - 73
{Semiquantitative culture of Campylobacter pylori in gastroduodenal disorder}; Tsuneoka H et al.; Results of semiquantitative culture of the gastric mucosa for Campylobacter pylori (C . pylori) are reported . The samples were obtained by biopsy at the pyloric antrum along the lesser curvature from 197 patients with various gastric or duodenal disorders . 1) C . pylori was found in most cases with duodenal ulcer (100%), gastric ulcer (87.7%) and acute gastric mucosal lesion (AGML) (87.5%) . Relatively heavy infestation was usual in these diseases, while relatively small amounts of the organism were found in various frequencies in other gastroduodenal disorders . 2) Samples from gastric ulcer cases under H2-blocker treatment had reduced amount of C . pylori as compared with those from untreated cases (p less than 0.01) . C . pylori decreased in quantity in each case of AGML after successful treatment with a H2-blocker but not in a case without favorable response . 3) C . pylori distributed evenly among the gastric mucosa sampled at the margin of the ulcer and that at a relatively healthy portion in the pyloric antrum of the same stomach . 4) There was a modest, positive correlation between the amount of C . pylori and that of inflammatory cells, especially of neutrophilic granulocyte, in the gastric mucosa (r = 0.679), while there was a weak, negative correlation between the former and the extent of intestinal metaplasia of the epithelial cells (r = -0.479) . 5) Quantitative rather than qualitative observation of C . pylori seems mandatory for considering the relevance of the bacterium to gastric and duodenal disorders . Although C . pylori can be found in the mucosa of the stomach with any type of disorder, its quantity tends to parallel with the activity of duodenal as well as gastric ulcer.

Vnitr Lek, 1990 Feb, 36(2), 170 - 6
{Campylobacter pylori, its detection and association with common pathologic conditions of the gastro-duodenum}; Fixa B et al.; The authors evaluate clinical experience based on a correlation between the clinical condition and the finding of Campylobacter pylori (CP) in a total of 1027 specimens of the gastric mucosa . They confirmed the high incidence of CP in patients with a fresh duodenal ulcer (g 7%) but also in the inactive stage of duodenal ulcer disease (97.8%) and in patients with a pyloric ulcer (94.4%) . An analogous incidence of CP in patients with so-called isolated duodenitis (in the course of the disease no ulcer lesion was ever detected), i.e . in 95.5%, indicates the relationship of this condition with peptic ulcer disease . The authors indicate diagnostic possibilities as regards CP infection by cultivation, rapid urease tests and microscopic examination and they emphasize the practical value of urease tests . Based on their own experience the authors confirm the high eradication effect of bismuth preparations, in particular bismuth subsalicylate and colloid bismuth subcitrate.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1990 Feb, 34(2), 368 - 70
In vitro activities of tosufloxacin, temafloxacin, and A-56620 against pathogens of diarrhea; Bryan JP et al.; Tosufloxacin (A-60969 HCl), a new quinolone with broad activity against gram-positive and anaerobic organisms, was compared in vitro with other quinolones against bacterial pathogens of diarrhea . Tosufloxacin was the most active agent against Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp., Aeromonas hydrophila, and Vibrio spp . Temafloxacin (A-62254) also demonstrated good activity against these organisms.

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1990 Feb, 55(3), 333 - 8
Production and characterisation of Campylobacter jejuni enterotoxin in a synthetic medium and its assay in rat ileal loops; Saha SK et al.; A synthetic medium for production of Campylobacter jejuni enterotoxin was developed for the purposes of its purification by modifying syncase medium, replacing sucrose with glucose, and supplementing with 0.025% sodium pyruvate, 0.25% sodium metabisulphite, 0.001% ferric chloride and 0.1% L-cysteine, adjusted to pH 6.7 . Culture filtrates of a human diarrhoeal and a chicken isolate, grown in this medium caused fluid accumulation ranging between 0.50-0.70 ml/cm of rat ileal loop . The kinetics of toxin production indicated a peak at 36 h and decline by 72 h, coinciding with the period of release of protease by the organism . At least 0.4 rat ileal loop units of enterotoxic activity was recovered per ml of culture filtrates and one unit of this toxin contained only 14 micrograms of protein . The toxin is heat-labile, pH dependent, nonhaemolytic, resistant to trypsin, sensitive to papain and pronase and may show subunit molecular weight analogy with CT subunits.

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1990 Feb, 9(2), 142 - 4
Campylobacter jejuni infection occurring during pregnancy; Simor AE et al.; Campylobacter infections occurring during pregnancy have been associated with spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, prematurity and neonatal sepsis, all ten Campylobacter jejuni infections diagnosed in the approximately 24,000 pregnant women attending a 520-bed hospital between January 1984 and December 1988 were reviewed . Nine women delivered healthy babies at term . In one case, Campylobacter infection at 28 weeks of gestation was associated with premature labour and delivery with subsequent neonatal sepsis and death . One other infant developed Campylobacter jejuni enterocolitis at 3 days of age . Although maternal Campylobacter jejuni infection tends to be mild and self-limited, there may be more serious complications for the fetus or neonate, especially if infection occurs before the third trimester of pregnancy.

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1990 Feb, 9(2), 135 - 8
Possible evidence of invasiveness of Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori; Andersen LP et al.; Gastric/duodenal biopsy material from 52 patients was examined immunohistochemically for Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori . Specimens from 34 of the patients harboured Helicobacter pylori along the mucosal surface and 13 of these featured, in addition, immunopositive material within the lamina propria . The remaining 18 biopsies were non-reactive . This observation suggests that Helicobacter pylori can penetrate the epithelium and its basement membrane, resulting in the production of specific systemic antibodies.

Arch Dis Child, 1990 Feb, 65(2), 189 - 91
Helicobacter pylori in Gambian children with chronic diarrhoea and malnutrition; Sullivan PB et al.; Infection with Helicobacter pylori (formerly Campylobacter pylori) was studied by measuring antibody titres to H pylori in Gambian children . Serological evidence of infection was found in 12 of 82 (15%) infants aged less than 20 months; this increased to 62 of 135 (46%) in those aged 40-60 months . Positive serology was found in 41 of 77 (53%) infants with chronic diarrhoea and malnutrition (mean age 19 months, range 5-36) compared with 18 of 70 (26%) of age matched healthy controls and nearly a quarter (12/49, 24%) of age matched undernourished (marasmic) subjects . These data show that infection with H pylori is common in the Gambia and that in infancy this infection is associated with chronic diarrhoea and malnutrition.

Neth J Med, 1990 Feb, 36(1-2), 46 - 52
Campylobacter jejuni: clinical and diagnostic value of serum antibody titres; Kolkman JJ et al.; Eighty patients with either bacteriologically confirmed Campylobacter jejuni infection and/or an antibody titre value of at least 1:80, determined by ELISA, were studied . A significant correlation was found between titre value and severity of symptoms (P = 0.015) . Although a correlation was noted between symptoms score and endoscopic abnormalities, this was not quite statistically significant (P = 0.053) . Comparison of patients with a titre of at least 1:1280 and those with lower titre values revealed a significantly higher symptom score (P = 0.019) and endoscopic score (P = 0.015) in patients with a higher antibody level . By using the previously recommended titre of 1:640 as a cut-off point for active infection, all significant differences were lost . Of 12 patients with positive stool culture, 7 had a titre value of at least 1:1280, suggesting a sensitivity of 58% . However, of 20 patients with negative culture, 4 showed this titre value, three of whom were studied several weeks after the onset of their illness . In those patients with clinically proven Campylobacter infection, the antibody response was characterized by a rapid initial rise and a slow four-fold drop in antibody titre after 3 to 5 months . Colonic involvement of the infection was seen in 63% of our patients with positive cultures . Our results support the conclusion that ELISA is a valuable method of diagnosing C . jejuni infections when stool cultures are likely to become negative, as is the case in prolonged complaints or complications after gastro-enteritis or in proctocolitis or after the use of antibiotics . Serial serum samples have no advantage over a single sample for antibody detection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

J Clin Microbiol, 1990 Feb, 28(2), 395 - 7
Isoprenoid quinones of Campylobacter cryaerophila, C . cinaedi, C . fennelliae, C . hyointestinalis, C . pylori, and "C . upsaliensis"; Moss CW et al.; The isoprenoid quinone contents of Campylobacter cryaerophila, C . cinaedi, C . fennelliae, C . hyointestinalis, C . pylori, and "C . upsaliensis" were determined by reverse-phase thin-layer and high-performance liquid chromatography . All six of these recently named Campylobacter species contained menaquinone-6 (MK-6), but only C . hyointestinalis and "C . upsaliensis" contained 2,{5 or 8}-dimethyl-3-farnesyl-farnesyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (*MK-6), a previously described novel menaquinone of the Campylobacter genus . C . cryaerophila, C . cinaedi, C . fennelliae, and C . pylori contained an unidentified quinone (Un-MK-6) with a molecular weight of 580 and a base peak ion of m/e = 225 by mass spectrometry but with chromatographic properties different from those of MK-6 . *MK-6 and Un-MK-6 are important chemotaxonomic markers of Campylobacter and Campylobacter-like organisms.

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