Salmonella

Isr J Med Sci, 1982 Oct, 18(10), 1032 - 6
Salmonella and Shigella adherence to the intestine of mice; Golderman L et al.; The in vivo adherence of {14C}glucose-labeled Shigella and Salmonella strains to the intestine of the mouse was investigated . Salmonella strains adhered significantly better to the small bowel mucosa than to the large bowel, while Shigella strains adhered significantly better to the colonic mucosa than to the small bowel mucosa . A mannose-sensitive lectin-bearing Salmonella strain adhered significantly better to the jejunal mucosa than did a mannose-resistant variant . A mannose-sensitive Shigella strain adhered significantly better to the colonic mucosa than did the mannose-resistant strain . The addition of a mannose derivative diminished but did not abolish the adherence of the mannose-sensitive strains . These findings suggest that different segments of the intestine may have different receptors for bacteria regardless of their pathogenicity . Adherence may depend, in part, on the presence of mannose-sensitive lectin on the bacterial surface . Mannose derivative can partially inhibit bacterial adherence to the intestinal epithelium . Despite the lack of pathogenicity of Salmonella and Shigella in the mouse, this model can be further used for studying the adherence process, as well as the therapeutic measures that interfere with it.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1982 Oct, 50(1), 34 - 40
Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in chronic typhoid carriers; Dham SK et al.; Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to Salmonella typhi were studied in 10 chronic typhoid carriers, and in healthy controls . Carriers showed impaired cellular reactivity to S . typhi antigens in the leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMI) . Carriers did not show a generalized depression of cell-mediated immunity in that delayed hypersensitivity skin test responses to recall antigens, peripheral blood T cell numbers, and lymphocyte transformation responses to mitogens were normal . Lymphocyte transformation in the presence of S . typhi antigen occurred to a greater extent than normal in four of six subjects tested and suggested the possibility of dissociated defects of cellular immunity . Carriers showed normal humoral immunity, as judged by antibodies to the flagellar and somatic antigens of S . typhi and S . paratyphi and to Vi antigens of S . typhi . The results suggest that the carrier state may be the consequence of a specific defect in cell-mediated immune responses to S . typhi.

Mutat Res, 1982 Oct, 97(5), 359 - 70
Reliability of the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair test in testing of coded carcinogens and noncarcinogens; Williams GM et al.; The hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair test was evaluated for its reliability using a series of coded samples . Among the 30 chemicals tested, 15 were general reference compounds and 15 were chemicals that had been tested for carcinogenicity in the U.S . National Cancer Institute Bioassay Program . The latter group were from the same lot that had been used for the in vivo testing and had also been tested for mutagenicity in the Ames test . From the group of 15 reference compounds, 5 were positive for DNA repair and all 5 were carcinogens . Of the 10 samples scored as negative, 4 were noncarcinogens and 6 were carcinogens . Among the 6 carcinogens were 3 compounds whose carcinogenicity probably does not involve the production of DNA damage . From the 15 coded chemicals that were tested for carcinogenicity by the NCI in long-term animal studies, 7 were scored as positive . 5 of these were judged carcinogenic in the in vivo bioassays and the other 2, which were also mutagenic in Salmonella, showed some indication of carcinogenicity . Of the 8 compounds that were scored as negative, 5 were noncarcinogenic . Among the 3 carcinogens that were not detected, there was at least one whose carcinogenicity probably does not involve DNA damage . Thus, the results of this study indicate that positive results in the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair test are highly specific for carcinogens and that the test is also highly sensitive in the detection of DNA-damaging genotoxic carcinogens.

Mutat Res, 1982 Oct, 105(4), 205 - 10
Comutagenic effect of norharman with aminopyridine derivatives; Wakabayashi K et al.; The mutagenicities of 3 monoaminopyridines, 4 methyl-substituted monoaminopyridines and 3 diaminopyridines were tested with or without norharman in the Salmonella assay system . None of the compounds was mutagenic without norharman . However, 3-aminopyridine and 2-amino-3-methylpyridine were mutagenic in the presence of norharman and S9 mix; 3-aminopyridine was mutagenic to TA98, but not to TA100, while 2-amino-3-methylpyridine was mutagenic to both TA98 and TA100, although its mutagenicity was much stronger in TA98.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1982 Oct, 79(19), 5971 - 5
SOS chromotest, a direct assay of induction of an SOS function in Escherichia coli K-12 to measure genotoxicity; Quillardet P et al.; We present and evaluate the SOS chromotest, a bacterial test for detecting DNA-damaging agents . It is a colorimetric assay based on the induction by these agents of the SOS function sfiA, whose level of expression is monitored by means of a sfiA::lacZ operon fusion . The response is rapid (a few hours), and does not require survival of the tester strain . Dose-response curves for various chemicals include a linear region . The slope of this region is taken as a measure of the SOS inducing potency . Comparison for a number of substances of known genotoxicity of the SOS inducing potency determined in the SOS chromotest with the mutagenic potency determined in the Salmonella assay (mutatest) revealed a striking quantitative correlation over more than 7 orders of magnitude . The sensitivity of the SOS chromotest (lowest amount detected) is equal to that of the mutatest and generally 4-40 times higher than that of a phage induction assay (inductest) . From a practical point of view our observations contribute to the validation of the SOS chromotest as a test for detecting genotoxins and in particular genotoxic carcinogens . From a theoretical standpoint the results suggest that mutagenic potency measured in the mutatest reflects the level of induction of an SOS function and that most genotoxins are inducers of the SOS response in bacteria.

Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 1982 Oct, 60 (Pt 5), 513 - 28
The interaction of activated macrophages with normal and neoplastic cells; La Posta VJ et al.; The interaction of various cell types with Salmonella enteritidis 11RX activated macrophages was examined . P815 tumour cells, Concanavalin A-activated blast cells and splenic lymphocytes were tested for their ability to bind to activated macrophages whilst the ability to inhibit macrophage-mediated lysis of 51Cr-labelled P815 tumour cells was tested with unlabelled tumour cells and blast cells . All three cell types were bound by activated macrophages but only P815 cells were lysed by the activated macrophages and only these cells could act as cold target inhibitors of cytolysis . This phenomenon could not be explained by the release of cytotoxic factors resulting from the interaction of blast cells with activated macrophages . The lack of cold target inhibition by blast cells may have been due to the detachment of initially adherent blast cells leaving the activated macrophages free to interact with tumour cells.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1982 Oct, (10), 81 - 4
{Genetics of the immune response of Karakul sheep immunized with E . coli and Salmonella vaccines . I . Individual differences in the immune response}; Petrov RV et al.; The capacity for immune response after immunization with E . coli and Salmonella vaccines has been analyzed in a population of astrakhan sheep, depending on their genotype . Sharply defined individual differences in immune response to the same antigen have been shown, and oppositely reacting animals have been selected . Among the animals showing highly pronounced reaction to one antigen (E . coli) the presence of the animals with a low level of reaction to the other antigen (Salmonella), and vice versa, has been established.

Can J Microbiol, 1982 Oct, 28(10), 1150 - 7
Incidence of plasmid DNA in Salmonella strains isolated from clinical sources in Ontario, Canada, during 1979 and 1980; Taylor DE et al.; Gel electrophoresis of DNA from 70 clinical strains of Salmonella revealed a heterogenous plasmid population . Plasmid DNA, ranging in molecular weight from 1.4 X 10(6) to 145 X 10(6), was demonstrated in 26 of 32 antibiotic-resistant strains . Several resistant strains carried up to six plasmids; however, of these, five strains which were multiply resistant contained a single plasmid of molecular weight 54 X 10(6) to 145 X 10(6) . Only one incompatibility group H2 (IncH2) plasmid (pDT28) was detected in a strain of S . heidelberg; thus, this represents a reduction in the prevalence of these plasmids in Ontario Salmonella strains since 1974 . The pDT28 plasmid resembled other IncH2 plasmids by its high molecular weight (145 X 10(6) ) and by virtue of its temperature-sensitive mode of transfer, resistance to tellurium, and inhibition of coliphage development . Of the 38 antibiotic-susceptible Salmonella strains, approximately half contained plasmids, ranging in molecular weight from 1.4 X 10(6) to 60 X 10(6) . The plasmid-containing antibiotic-susceptible strains carried either a group of two to four small plasmids, with molecular weights less than 4.5 X 10(6), or a single large plasmid of molecular weight 23 X 10(6) or 60 X 10(6).

Am J Vet Res, 1982 Oct, 43(10), 1721 - 8
Binding of 125I-labeled endotoxin to bovine, canine, and equine platelets and endotoxin-induced agglutination of canine platelets; Meyers KM et al.; Endotoxin from Escherichia coli O127:B8, Salmonella abortus-equi and S minnesota induced clumping of some canine platelets (PLT) at a final endotoxin concentration of 1 microgram/ml . Endotoxin-induced clumping of canine PLT was independent of PLT energy-requiring processes, because clumping was observed with canine PLT incubated with 2-deoxy-D-glucose and antimycin A . The PLT responded to adenosine diphosphate before, but not after, incubation with the metabolic inhibitors . Endotoxin induced a slight and inconsistant clumping of bovine and equine PLT at high (mg/ml) endotoxin concentration . High-affinity binding sites could not be demonstrated on canine, bovine, and equine PLT, using 125I-labeled E coli O127:B8 endotoxin . Nonspecific binding was observed and appeared to be due primarily to an extraneous coat on the PLT surface that was removed by gel filtration . The endotoxin that was bound to PLT did not appear to modify PLT function . An attempt to identify plasma proteins that bound physiologically relevant amounts of endotoxin was not successful . The significance of the endotoxin-induced clumping or lack of it on the pathophysiology of endotoxemia is discussed.

Mutat Res, 1982 Oct, 96(2-3), 167 - 86
Difference in liver homogenates from Donryu, Fischer, Sprague-Dawley and Wistar strains of rat in the drug-metabolizing enzyme assay and the Salmonella/hepatic S9 activation test; Yoshikawa K et al.; Comparison studies for detecting differences between liver microsome and S9 preparations from 4 strains (Donryu, Fischer, Sprague-Dawley, Wistar) of young male rats were carried out with pretreatment of the animals by inducers such as PCBs and PB plus 5,6-BF . Each microsome fraction was assayed for the enzymic activity of metabolism of model substrates such as aniline, benzophetamine, BP, DMN and 7-ethoxycoumarin . The hepatic S9 sample was also compared, as regards its metabolizing ability to activate 9 pre-mutagens (2AA, AAF, o-AAT, BP, DAB, DMBA, DMN, m-PDA, quinoline) to directly acting mutagens in the Salmonella/hepatic S9 activation test by using TA98, TA100 and TA1537 strains with or without cytochrome P450 inhibitors (SKF-525A, metyrapone, 7,8-benzo-flavone) . In the enzymic assay with PCBs-induced microsomes, BP hydroxylation a strain-specific difference: the microsomes from Fischer and Wistar rats were more effective for metabolizing BP than those from the other strains of rat . The effect of induction by BP plus 5,6-BF for Fischer rats showed relatively higher enzymic activity in the same induction group . Other microsomes prepared from rats with and without induction by PB plus, 5,6-BF did not show a clear-cut strain dependency in the enzymic activities assayed . In the mutation experiments with hepatic S9 samples, the examination of DAB and quinoline revealed a marked strain difference when S9 samples prepared from PCBs-pretreated and PB-plus-5,6-BF-induced rats were used: the S9 sample from Fischer rats was available for activating the two pre-mutagens to directly acting mutagens . No marked difference in the metabolic activation of the remaining 7-pre-mutagens was observed on other S9 preparations . In examinations of mutagenicity activities with the use of three inhibitors, the two S9 preparations made with the two induction methods showed inhibition profiles closely similar to each other . However, there were minor differences in the profiles by these inhibitors . From these findings it was concluded that Fischer rat-liver S9 is useful for detecting mutagens in the metabolic activation test, when induction by PB plus 5,6-BF was used in the Ames Salmonella test.

Mutat Res, 1982 Oct-Nov, 102(3), 237 - 47
Mutagenicity of airborne particles; Fukino H et al.; The mutagenicity of airborne particles was studied in the Ames Salmonella system . The mutagenic activity of benzene extracts from airborne particles was more active in strain TA98 in the presence and absence of S9 mix than in strain TA100 . The presence of mutagens, other than benzo{a}pyrene (B{a}P), which did not require S9 mix, was indicated . However, the monthly variation of direct-acting mutagenic activity showed a pattern similar to that of B{a}P at atmospheric concentration . The monthly variations of atmospheric NO, NO2, NO-2 and NO-3 concentrations were also similar to that of the direct-acting mutagenic activity . Atmospheric concentrations of heavy metals such as Pb, Zn, Cd, V and Cu were also found to be related to direct-acting mutagenic activity . These results suggest that emissions from automobiles, home heaters and power plants etc . may be a primary source of atmospheric, direct-acting mutagens . It is suggested that secondary direct-acting mutagens might be partly formed by the nitration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with NO2 in the atmosphere because concentrations of B{a}P, NO2 and NO-3 increased simultaneously when the highest direct-acting mutagenic activity was observed.

Mutat Res, 1982 Oct-Nov, 102(3), 221 - 35
Comparative study of the genotoxic properties of Eastern and Western U.S . shale oils, crude petroleum, and coal-derived oil; Lockard JM et al.; A multiple bioassay approach was used to characterize and compare the genotoxicities of an Eastern U.S . (Kentucky) shale oil with the genotoxicities of Western U.S . shale oil, petroleum crude oil, and a coal-derived fuel oil . While the coal-derived oil was mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity (Ames) assay, the shale oils had negligible to weak mutagenicity, and petroleum crude oil was not mutagenic . All the samples were also tested in the following mammalian test systems: an in vitro sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) assay in human lymphocytes and in vivo tests for induction of sperm abnormalities, micronuclei, and SCE in bone marrow of mice . Slight but statistically significant increases (P less than 0.001) in SCE in human lymphocytes were induced by all samples except petroleum crude oil . Neither sample induced a significant number of mutational events in either of the in vivo systems . In these preliminary studies no major differences in the genotoxicities of Eastern and Western shale oils were observed . The results were consistent with the following order of mutagenic potency: coal oil greater than Eastern and Western shale oil greater than petroleum crude oil.

Food Chem Toxicol, 1982 Oct, 20(5), 535 - 9
Inhibition of protein pyrolysate mutagenicity by retinol (vitamin A); Busk L et al.; The mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella-microsome test of four protein pyrolysate products, formed during the cooking of meat, (Trp-P-1, Trp-P-2, Glu-P-1 and Glu-P-2) was found to be inhibited by the addition of vitamin A in vitro in the form of retinol . The effect is interpreted as an inhibition of the metabolic activation of the mutagens to their respective ultimate mutagenic forms since retinol has been shown to have no effect on the survival of the Salmonella cells, no effect on directly acting mutagens and no effect on the formation of NADPH in the test system . The results demonstrate the need for an increased understanding of the interaction of dietary components in evaluating mutagenic/carcinogenic risks from processed food.

Poult Sci, 1982 Oct, 61(10), 1962 - 7
Incidence of Salmonella in fresh dressed turkeys raised under Salmonella-controlled and uncontrolled environments; Campbell DF et al.; The incidence of salmonella in turkeys from experimental salmonella-controlled and uncontrolled, or normal, flocks processed at three turkey slaughter plants were compared . The results indicate that processing salmonella-controlled turkeys in a plant that routinely kills normal birds may result in the contamination of the salmonella-controlled birds, probably due to salmonella in the plant environment . The salmonella-controlled turkeys studied tended to have a lower incidence of salmonella than normal birds . These observation indicate that salmonella control practices in turkey raising can result in a salmonella reduction in market birds even under existing commercial slaughter, evisceration, and cooling procedures.

Eur J Pharmacol, 1982 Sep 24, 83(3-4), 199 - 205
Fever, antipyretics and serum iron levels in rabbits; Cremades A et al.; The intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of bacterial endotoxin (Shigella dysenteriae) produces a rise in deep-body temperature in rabbits . The increase in body temperature was partially inhibited by polymyxin B (P), and completely suppressed by ketoprofen (K) . The systemic injection of bacterial endotoxins (Shigella dysenteriae or Salmonella typhosa) elicited an elevation of body temperature in rabbits which was partially blocked by polymyxin B and completely antagonized by ketoprofen . Serum iron concentration fell in rabbits treated with Salmonella typhosa endotoxin and rose after injections of ketoprofen, polymyxin B, indomethacin and ketoprofen plus endotoxin (En) . However, the total increases in serum iron levels were higher after antipyretics than after ketoprofen plus endotoxin treatment . These results show that the antipyretics antagonized the rise in body temperature and the fall in serum iron concentration induced by bacterial endotoxin and all the drugs used in this study to induce antipyresis increased serum iron levels.

Vet Rec, 1982 Sep 11, 111(11), 216 - 9
Survey of the health and husbandry of small poultry flocks in Great Britain; Curtis PE et al.; An investigation into the health and husbandry of 15 small poultry flocks was undertaken . Each flock was visited in July and a questionnaire on management practices and disease history was completed . The flocks were clinically examined and serological tests for Salmonella pullorum, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M synoviae, M meleagridis, Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease, infectious bronchitis, eggdrop syndrome 76, adenoviruses and reoviruses were carried out . Oesophageal and cloacal swabs were cultured for mycoplasma and pullorum reactors were cultured . M gallisepticum, M synoviae, M meleagridis and M gallinarum infections were detected and serological reactions for all the viral diseases, except egg drop syndrome 76, were found . Evidence of Newcastle disease and pullorum disease was encountered . Lice were present in five flocks and mites in four flocks . Welfare standards varied.

J Biol Chem, 1982 Sep 10, 257(17), 10510 - 7
Changes in high density lipoprotein content following endotoxin administration in the mouse . Formation of serum amyloid protein-rich subfractions; Hoffman JS et al.; Bacterial endotoxin is a potent inducer of the serum amyloid protein (apo-SAA), a high density lipoprotein (HDL) apoprotein . In a study of the induction of apo-SAA and the structure of apo-SAA-rich lipoprotein particles in mice, we have observed that, following intraperitoneal administration of Salmonella typhosa lipopolysaccharide (50 micrograms), plasma apo-SAA levels rose from base-line levels of less than 1% to greater than 20% of the HDL protein content at 20 h postinjection . No changes in the relative content of other HDL apoproteins were noted; analysis of apo-SAA-rich HDL lipid content indicated a significant decrease (10%) in phospholipid content relative to that of control HDL . Two major apo-SAA isotypes, apo-SAA1 and apo-SAA2, were identified, having apparent molecular weights of 12,600 and 11,800, respectively, and isoelectric points of 6.35 and 6.20, respectively . Quantitative immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that essentially all of the apo-SAA was bound to lipoprotein particles containing apo-A-I . Apo-SAA was distributed among higher density HDL subfractions than were other HDL apoproteins following density gradient centrifugation, and subfractions having apo-SAA:apo-A-I molar ratios of greater than 2:1 were identified . These results indicate the formation of a subset of apo-SAA-rich HDL particles following apo-SAA induction by endotoxin.

J Biol Chem, 1982 Sep 10, 257(17), 10518 - 22
Secretion of serum amyloid protein and assembly of serum amyloid protein-rich high density lipoprotein in primary mouse hepatocyte culture; Hoffman JS et al.; The serum amyloid protein (apo-SAA) is a unique high density lipoprotein apoprotein exhibiting dramatic increases in plasma concentration following host injury . The events involved in the secretion of apo-SAA and assembly of apo-SAA-rich lipoprotein particles were studied in primary, serum-free culture of adult BALB/c mouse hepatocytes harvested 3 h following administration of the potent apo-SAA inducer, bacterial endotoxin (50 micrograms of intraperitoneally administered Salmonella typhosa lipopolysaccharide) . An approximately 3.5-fold increase in the initial rate of apo-SAA secretion was observed over that of hepatocytes isolated from control mice, whereas the rate of apo-A-I secretion was unchanged by endotoxin administration . Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and autoradiography of {35S}methionine-labeled cell products indicated the synthesis of both major mouse apo-SAA isotypes by hepatocytes . Essentially all of the secreted apo-SAA chromatographed in Sephadex G-150 with an elution volume corresponding to a molecular weight of approximately 12,000 . Approximately 90% of the secreted apo-SAA was recovered in fractions (d greater than 1.21 g/ml) following ultracentrifugal fractionation . In media supplemented with human lipoproteins (100 micrograms/ml), approximately 50% of the secreted apo-SAA was recovered in the high density lipoprotein fraction . These results suggest that mouse apo-SAA is secreted in monomeric form and becomes associated with lipoproteins in the intravascular compartment.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1982 Sep, 252(4), 490 - 506
Epidemiological studies on Salmonella in a certain area ("Walcheren Project") V . Studies into the possibility of fattening pigs free from Salmonella; Oosterom J et al.; Studies performed some years ago showed that Salmonella-free pigs for slaughter could be produced under experimental conditions if a number of hygienic measures were taken, such as the purchase of Salmonella-free piglets, the use of properly pelletized feed, thorough cleaning and disinfecting of the pigsty and the prevention of all contamination from the surroundings . In this paper four trials are described which examined whether pigs could also be fattened free from Salmonella under practical conditions on the farm . For this purpose one pigsty on a Salmonella-contaminated farm was used, in which the aforementioned hygienic measures were taken . Despite all these precautions it proved impossible to obtain Salmonella-free pigs . In fact, in three of the four experiments a massive Salmonella infection became manifest among the pigs . The experiments revealed a number of ways in which contamination might have occurred . The existence of these routes of infection was caused by the fact that the measures described above were not carried out accurately, an indication that it will be very difficult to meet the hygiene requirements under farming conditions . Further experiments will have to ascertain whether this is generally the case . In the third and fourth trials, the investigations were not confined to the farm, but were also extended to the period of slaughtering . These made it clear that transportation as well as the waiting time in the slaughterhouse also provided many opportunities for contamination of the pigs, in spite of extensive cleaning and disinfecting of both the cattle-truck and the lairages.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1982 Sep, 13(3), 380 - 4
Salmonella and Shigella carrier rates and environmental sanitation in a rural district, Central Thailand; Sakdisiwasdi O et al.; The study of Salmonella and Shigella carrier rates were carried out in two Tambol (sub districts) . Klongjik, Kanon-Laung and Amphur (district) Bang-Pa-In . The carrier rates of Salmonella and Shigella were 3.3% and 0.8% respectively . Most Salmonella strains were sensitive to the antibiotics commonly used; only 6.4% and 3.2% were resistant to tetracycline and neomycin . All Shigella isolated were resistant to chloramphenicol and 75% to tetracycline . One fourth of the families defecated in the river or canal or went to the field and one third disposed the garbage into the river or canal . This contaminated water was used for drinking by 62.7% of all families and only 28.1% treated the water by boiling . The disease vectors bothering the villagers were rats 58.8%, flies and cockroaches which served as important vehicles for cross contamination . The prevalence rate of diarrhoeal disease in the villages was 1933 per 100,000 and presented as the morbidity rate of this disease in the district hospital, only 355 to 363 per 100,000 in 1979 and 1980 . Health care for diarrhoeal diseases in these villages were 61% by self-medication, 36% using the village healer and only 3% went to the district hospital . The effective means to eliminate transient and chronic carriers of Shigella and Salmonella typhi may be very important but other means of prevention of diarrhoeal diseases of typhoid fever are through the sanitary disposal of human excreta and the development of safe water supply should be emphasized.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1982 Sep-Oct, 133(2), 245 - 54
{A proposal for Salmonella nomenclature}; Le Minor L et al.; A single species, composed of six subspecies, was found in the genus Salmonella following a numerical taxonomy and a study of the DNA relatedness (see p . 223, Le Minor et al.) . The Salmonella nomenclature is herein updated to take into account modern taxonomic knowledge . The single Salmonella species is S . choleraesuis (type species) . Six subspecies are proposed: (1) S . choleraesuis subsp . choleraesuis subsp . nov . is composed of all Salmonella strains formerly assigned to the subgenus I; (2) S . choleraesuis subsp . salamae subsp . nov . corresponds to the former subgenus II; (3) S . choleraesuis subsp . arizonae comb . nov . is composed of monophasic serovars of the former subgenus III ("Arizona"); (4) S . choleraesuis subsp . diarizonae subsp . nov . is composed of diphasic serovars of the former subgenus III ("Arizona"); (5) S . choleraesuis subsp . houtenae subsp . nov . corresponds to the former subgenus IV; and (6) S . choleraesuis subsp . bongori subsp . nov . is composed of strains positive for dulcitol fermentation, ONPG, and KCN tests . Type strains are proposed for each subspecies . The name of S . choleraesuis subsp . choleraesuis serotypes (e.g . typhimurium) should be used without italicization or underlining (e.g . S . choleraeusis subsp . choleraesuis ser . typhimurium) . A practical and unofficial use of non-italicized serotype names is discussed.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1982 Sep-Oct, 133(2), 223 - 43
{The taxonomy of Salmonella}; Le Minor L et al.; A collection of 88 Salmonella reference strains including the so-called subgenus I (20 strains), subgenus II (21 strains), subgenus III (= Arizona, 21 strains), subgenus IV (20 strains) and 6 atypical strains (bongor group) was submitted to 90 carbon source utilization tests and 41 biochemical tests . A cluster analysis (Jaccard coefficient, clustering according to the variance) yielded 7 phenons; 35 strains from these 7 phenons were studied by DNA relatedness (S1 nuclease method with DE81 filters) . Six hybridization groups, largely concordant with the phenon, were distinguished . Comparison of phenetic and genomic criteria allowed us to subdivide the genus Salmonella into 6 taxa corresponding to (1) subgenus I, subdivided phenotypically into an adapted group and a ubiquitous group, (2) subgenus II, (3) monophasic serovars of subgenus III, (4) diphasic serovars of subgenus III, (5) subgenus IV, and (6) bongor group . The taxonomic level of each of the 6 taxa is not that of a subgenus, but that of a subspecies.

Am J Vet Res, 1982 Sep, 43(9), 1703 - 5
Occurrence of salmonellae in animal feed ingredients in Saudi Arabia; Nabbut NH et al.; Of 346 samples of animal feed ingredients (144 complete feed, 88 feed concentrate, 42 calcium carbonate, 30 meat meal, 29 fish meal, and 13 mixed meat and bone meal), 42 (12.13%) were contaminated with salmonellae . The rate of Salmonella contamination varied according to the nature of the feed sample . Seven (53.84%) of the mixed meat and bone meal, 14 (48.27%) of the fish meal, 12 (13.63%) of the feed concentrate, 7 (4.86%) of the complete feed, and 2 (4.76%) of the calcium carbonate samples contained salmonellae . The 49 Salmonella isolates represented 18 serotypes; the 5 most frequent serotypes in decreasing order were S lille, S new-haw, S livingstone, S kentucky, and S typhimurium . The 4 most common somatic serogroups encountered were C1, E2, B, and C3.

J Infect Dis, 1982 Sep, 146(3), 322 - 7
Salmonella dublin infections in the United States, 1979-1980; Taylor DN et al.; Human isolates of Salmonella dublin were reported to the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, 103 times in 1980, as isolation rate nearly twice that reported in 1979 . In 1979 and 1980 S . dublin was isolated predominantly in the western United States, frequently from males (60% of the total), from adults older than 40 years of age (55%), and from blood (37%) . Detailed histories were obtained for 39 cases outside of California and Oregon, and 32 cases were matched with 62 age-, sex-, and locality-matched control subjects . We found that persons infected with S . dublin were more likely to have suffered from chronic noninfectious diseases (P less than 0.001) and were more likely to have ingested antacids (P less than 0.01) than their controls . In the case-control study, 21 (66%) of the infected persons were hospitalized and six (19%) died . When exposure to cattle, beef, or dairy products was examined, we found that cases differed significantly from controls only by a more frequent consumption of raw milk (P less than 0.001).

Mutat Res, 1982 Sep, 102(2), 105 - 12
A solvent effect on the mutagenicity of tryptophan-pyrolysate mutagens in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay; Arimoto S et al.; The effect of adding organic solvents to the pre-incubation mixture in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay was examined in tests of the tryptophan-pyrolysate mutagens, 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido{4,3-b}indole (Trp-P-1) and 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido{4,3-b}indole (Trp-P-2) . Acetonitrile enhanced the mutagenic activity of Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2 by an order of magnitude under optimal conditions . Strong enhancement of mutagenicity was also observed for the addition of ethanol, methanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane and N,N-dimethylformamide . The enhancing effect of acetonitrile on the mutagenicity of Trp-P-2 was found to be result of enrichment of the active metabolite in the assay system.

Afr J Med Med Sci, 1982 Sep-Dec, 10(3-4), 85 - 9
Investigation of the presence of Salmonella in two Nigerian meat packing plants; Addo PB et al.; Two large and very well established meat processing plants supervised by the Veterinary Public Health Department were examined to assess the incidence of Salmonella within the premises and on the processed carcasses . The overall incidence was 65 out of the 252 samples or 25.9% . Salmonella was found in forty-one of 167 samples (25%) in one and twenty-four out of eighty-five samples (29%) in the other . The high incidence shows a high degree of probability of contamination of the products from both plants . The public health significance of the findings is emphasized and control problems are high-lighted.

Biochemistry, 1982 Aug 3, 21(16), 3866 - 78
Structural studies of P22 phage, precursor particles, and proteins by laser Raman spectroscopy; Thomas GJ Jr et al.; For the study of the protein--protein and protein--nucleic acid interactions in the assembly of virus particles, laser Raman spectra have been obtained in H2O and D2O solutions and as a function of temperature for the following Salmonella phage P22 components: mature phage particles, isolated mature phage DNA, mature protein shells empty of DNA, precursor protein shells (procapsids), and purified coat, scaffolding and tail-spike proteins . The spectra confirm that the condensed DNA within the phage capsid assumes the B-form secondary structure similar to aqueous DNA and reveal no evidence of specific molecular interactions between subgroups of DNA and protein subunits of the phage capsid . No differences were detected in the highly irregular secondary structure of the major capsid protein in mature capsids, empty capsids (lacking DNA), procapsids, and empty procapsids (lacking scaffolding protein) . Features of both primary and secondary structures of the viral scaffolding and tail-spike proteins are also revealed by the spectra . Differences in thermal stability of tyrosyl side-chain interactions were observed between scaffolding protein extracted from the procapsid and within the procapsid . These differences correspond to different hydrogen bonding configurations of p-hydroxyphenyl groups and provide indirect evidence for the participation of the scaffolding proteins in specific macromolecular interactions within the procapsid.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1982 Aug, (8), 42 - 5
{Plasmid DNA of Salmonella derby}; Vartanian MK et al.; S . derby K 89 isolated from sick children have been found to contain plasmids which determine the resistance of these organisms to penicillin and chloramphenicol . 3 types of plasmid DNA with molecular weights of 40 . 12 and 8 megadaltons (Md) have been detected by electrophoretic analysis . The dissociation of the large plasmid (40 Md) into 3 independent replicons has been observed . The circular, covalently closed forms of the DNA cointegrate and its constituent replicons have been identified by electron microscopy . In S . derby K 89 grown in broth prepared from dried meat concentrate the loss of these plasmids is observed, and the culture thus becomes sensitive to penicillin and chloramphenicol . This suggests that dried meat concentrate contains some factor capable of eliminating the plasmids.

J Toxicol Environ Health, 1982 Aug, 10(2), 255 - 66
Absence of in vitro genotoxicity of pyrvinium pamoate in sister-chromatid exchange, chromosome aberration, and HGPRT-locus mutation bioassays; Lake RS et al.; A single preparation of U.S.P . pyrvinium pamoate that exhibited promutagen activity in Salmonella/mammalian microsome reverse mutation assays was subjected to in vitro mammalian cell bioassays . Cytotoxicity limiting doses of dimethyl sulfoxide-solubilized drug were without effect in the absence and/or presence of liver S9 fraction from Aroclor-1254-induced rats in an in vitro Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell assay for chromosome aberration and sister-chromatid exchange induction at concentrations of 0.025-0.78 microgram/ml . Forward gene mutation at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase (HGPRT) locus in Chinese hamster (V-79) cells was studied with and without exogenous metabolic activation at concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 10 micrograms/ml . In concurrent promutagen controls, dimethylnitrosamine, benzo{a}pyrene, and cyclophosphamide caused significant (p less than 0.05) increases over controls in each respective assay endpoint under the metabolic activations used . These results suggest that intrinsic mutagenic activity manifested in lower microbial systems does not have a corresponding effect in mammalian cells . Coupled with the lack of solubility and poor absorption in vivo, we concluded that the drug, when used In the single oral dose mode of administration, possesses a negligible somatic and germinal genotoxicity risk.

J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Aug, 16(2), 276 - 80
Quantitation of rabbit immunoglobulin G antibodies to Salmonella minnesota Re by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Eskenazy M et al.; An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed which allowed the measurement of rabbit immunoglobulin G antibodies directed to Salmonella minnesota Re glycolipid . Efficient adsorption of the antigen to polystyrene could only be effected provided it had been previously dialyzed against 0.2 M EDTA (pH 7.0) and subsequently treated with 0.2% sodium deoxycholate (15 min at 56 degrees C) in 0.05 M diethanolamine buffer (pH 9.6) . The method is by far more sensitive than quantitative precipitation in the determination of IgG antibodies . Inhibition by glycolipid of binding S . minnesota Re antibodies to immobilized glycolipid attests to the specificity of the assay and permits the detection of as little as 100 ng of glycolipid.

J Hyg (Lond), 1982 Aug, 89(1), 111 - 7
A comparisoin of the R25 modification of Rappaport s enrichment medium with strontium chloride B for salmonella isolation from sewage polluted natural water; Harvey RW et al.; The relation of salmonella isolation efficiency and the size of inoculum introduced from a buffered peptone water culture of sewage polluted water into strontium chloride B medium was investigated . Two separate studies were made, one using enrichment at 37 degrees C, the other at 43 degrees C . From these trials, two inocula suitable for efficient salmonella isolation were determined . Using this information, strontium chloride B medium was compared with modified Rappaport's broth (R25) . The inoculum used with R25 was 0.005 ml, determined in an earlier study . Two incubation temperatures were employed with strontium chloride enrichment (37 and 43 degrees C) . Rappaport's medium was incubated at 37 degrees C only . Elevated temperature enrichment at 43 degrees C improved the performance of strontium chloride B, but Rappaport's broth still gave significantly better results . This supports earlier studies on simplification of salmonella isolation and standardization of routine technique on a single enrichment medium: Rappaport broth (R25) incubated at 37 degrees C.

Eur J Clin Invest, 1982 Aug, 12(4), 345 - 50
The interaction of zinc and vitamin A in human schistosomiasis; Mikhail MM et al.; Levels of vitamin A and components of its transport protein complex, retinol binding protein and prealbumin, as well as zinc and its major binding proteins albumin and alpha 2-macroglobulin were measured in plasma of ninety-one male Egyptian patients with active schistosomal infection and thirty-two healthy adult males . Patients were divided into four groups: Group I had active schistosomiasis without associated complications; Group II had schistosomiasis complicated by colonic polyposis; Group III had advanced schistosomiasis, hepatosplenomegaly and/or ascites; and Group IV had chronic salmonella septicaemia in addition to schistosomiasis . Results showed that all patient groups had subnormal levels of plasma vitamin A, retinol binding protein, prealbumin, zinc and albumin (P less than 0.005 for all parameters) but elevated alpha 2-macroglobulin (P less than 0.001) when compared to the control group . Alterations in the vitamin A transport proteins increased with schistosomal complications and were closely correlated to changes in vitamin A (P less than 0.005), but alterations of albumin and alpha 2-macroglobulin were less consistent and did not correlate with changes in zinc levels . There was a highly significant correlation, however, between plasma zinc concentrations and those of vitamin A, retinol binding protein and prealbumin (P less than 0.001 for all correlations) in all groups of patients as well as the control group . These findings indicate that the binding and transport proteins of both zinc and vitamin A were adversely affected by schistosomiasis and its various complications . Deficiencies of both zinc and vitamin A seem to be interrelated in this disease and the vitamin A transport system may be largely dependent on zinc status.

Biochimie, 1982 Aug-Sep, 64(8-9), 797 - 801
The SOS chromotest: direct assay of the expression of gene sfiA as a measure of genotoxicity of chemicals; Quillardet P et al.; We used a gene fusion, placing the lacZ gene encoding beta-galactosidase under the control of the sfiA promoter, to construct a new tester strain for genotoxic agents . The assay is performed in a few hours and involves simple enzymatic assays . The dose response curves contain a linear portion which enables to define the SOS Inducing Potency (SOSIP) of compounds . For the compounds tested SOSIPs extend over 7 decades and correlate generally well with the mutagenic potency assayed in the Salmonella/microsome assay (Mutatest) and in a phage induction assay (Inductest) . Sensitivities (lowest amount detected) are comparable in the SOS Chromotest and Mutatest but lower in the Inductest . Our results suggest that at least part of the response in the Mutatest depends on the induction of an SOS function, and that most of the genotoxins are inducer of the SOS system -i.e . can lead to activation of the RecA protease.

Am J Vet Res, 1982 Aug, 43(8), 1413 - 7
Sensitivity of smooth Salmonella cholerae-suis var kunzendorf field strains to antibody complement under various conditions; Griffith RW et al.; Seventy-two field strains of smooth Salmonella cholerae-suis var kunzendorf were obtained from outbreaks of swine parathyroid . The field strains were examined for susceptibility to killing by antibody-complement (Ab-C) after they were exposed to Tris-EDTA, lysozyme, or saline solution . Considerable differences were found in susceptibility to killing by Ab-C in the strain population . Some strains were highly sensitive to Ab-C under all experimental conditions, whereas others became sensitive only after prior exposure to Tris-EDTA or to lysozyme . One strain was resistant to all treatments . Numerical decrease of colony-forming units by Tris-EDTA affected the population independently of decrease of the colony-forming units by Ab-C in saline solution . Evidence was obtained to indicate that Tris-EDTA may inhibit growth of S cholerae-suis in addition to the documented effect of Tris-EDTA on the release of lipopolysaccharide from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.

J Trop Med Hyg, 1982 Aug, 85(4), 139 - 41
Bacteriological investigations of infantile gastroenteritis in Ife, Nigeria; Akinterinwa MO et al.; This study examined rectal swabs of 84 infants aged between 4 weeks and 5 years old, who reported with gastroenteritis at the out-patient department of Ife State Hospital . Patients consisted of 47 males and 37 females . Bacterial pathogens {enteropathogenic E . coli (10 strains), Salmonella sp . (1 strain) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (2 strains)} were isolated from 13 patients . A single pathogen was recovered from each patient . Almost all (12) pathogens were isolated from patients under 2 years old, who comprised 63 (75%) of the total sample . The highest isolation rate (22%) was in the age group 18-23 months, which consisted of 37 (44%) of the study population.

Food Chem Toxicol, 1982 Aug, 20(4), 365 - 9
Mutagens from the cooking of food . III . Survey by Ames/Salmonella test of mutagen formation in secondary sources of cooked dietary protein; Bjeldanes LF et al.; A survey of mutagen formation during the cooking of a variety of protein-rich foods that are minor sources of protein intake in the American diet is reported (see Bjeldanes, Morris, Felton et al . (1982) for survey of major protein foods) . Milk, cheese, tofu and organ meats showed negligible mutagen formation except following high-temperature cooking for long periods of time . Even under the most extreme conditions, tofu, cheese and milk exhibited fewer than 500 Ames/Salmonella typhimurium revertants/100 g equivalents (wet weight of uncooked food), and organ meats only double that amount . Beans showed low mutagen formation after boiling and boiling followed by frying (with and without oil) . Only boiling of beans followed by baking for 1 hr gave appreciable mutagenicity (3650 revertants/100g equivalents) . Seafood samples gave a variety of results: red snapper, salmon, trout, halibut and rock cod all gave more than 1000 revertants/100 g wet weight equivalents when pan-fried or griddle-fried for about 6 min/side . Baked or poached rock and deep-fried shrimp showed no significant mutagen formation . Broiled lamb chops showed mutagen formation similar to that in red meats tested in the preceding paper: 16,000 revertants/100 g equivalents . These findings show that as measured by bioassay in S . typhimurium, most of the foods that are minor sources of protein in the American diet are also minor sources of cooking-induced mutagens.

Mutat Res, 1982 Aug, 97(4), 267 - 81
An empirical approach to the statistical analysis of mutagenesis data from the Salmonella test; Bernstein L et al.; A number of recent papers have suggested basing the statistical analysis of Salmonella (Ames) mutagenicity test results on a mathematical model of the complete dose-response curve . For most mutagens at low doses the curve increases linearly; then, as the dose increases, the curve may flatten and finally turn downwards due primarily to effects of toxicity . The exact mechanism underlying this shape is, however, not well understood and is likely to vary for different chemicals . A different approach is to assume that the initial part of the curve is linear and to base the statistical analysis solely on this region, reasoning that it contains most of the interpretable information about the mutagenesis dose response . In this paper a formal method of deciding which points are on the initial linear part of the curve is described, and a statistical method is proposed for analyzing these points . Computer simulations are used to examine the properties of the procedure and comparisons are made with a previously proposed mathematical model of the whole curve . It is concluded that the method suggested here provides a very satisfactory, robust method for the standard analysis of Salmonella data.

Mutat Res, 1982 Aug, 97(4), 247 - 56
Development of a toxicity test to be coupled to the Ames Salmonella assay and the method of constriction of the required strains; Waleh NS et al.; A 'toxicity' test protocol is described here to be used for determining the bactericidal effect of the chemicals which are tested for their mutagenic activity by the Ames method . Two sets of strains, isogenic with the Ames tester strains except for their his character, are constructed . One set is the his+ derivatives of the tester strains which are used for measuring the survival of the inoculum cells after exposure to the chemical . The other set is the stable his- derivatives of the tester strains which are used for simulating the background growth in the Ames mutagenicity plate test . The per cent survival of the his+ cells in the inoculum in the presence of the 'filler cells' is used as a measure of the toxic effect of the chemical.

Mutat Res, 1982 Aug, 105(1-2), 29 - 36
Mutagenesis in Salmonella after NADH-dependent microsomal activation of dimethylnitrosamine; Fong LY et al.; The mutagenic activity of dimethylnitrosamine activated by rat-liver microsomes in the presence of NADH was compared with that obtained with NADPH . 3 histidine auxotrophic strains of Salmonella underwent reversions after activation with NADH as the sole coenzyme . All 3 tester strains showed a dose-response relationship with dimethylnitrosamine (10-125 mumoles per plate) after NADH-supported activation . With NADH as the sole coenzyme, the most sensitive strain, hisG46, showed a 105-fold increase in mutagenesis frequency as compared with the 230-fold increase obtained with NADPH . Activation of dimethylnitrosamine in the presence of NADH and NADPH, in combination, produced mutagenesis at frequencies above those seen with NADH alone, but less than or equal to those seen with NADPH as the only coenzyme during the activation step . Experiments in vitro showed that microsomal incorporation of carbon from {14C}dimethylnitrosamine was highest in the presence of NADPH, lowest with NADH and reached intermediate levels when both coenzymes were present . The source of the microsomes in all experiments was liver from rats pre-treated with Aroclor 1254.

J Hyg (Lond), 1982 Aug, 89(1), 125 - 8
Salmonella organisms in garden fertilizers of animal origin; Smith HW et al.; Of 120 specimens of garden fertilizers of animal origin purchased in retail shops, 40 (33.3%) were found to be contaminated with salmonella organisms . Untreated bone meal (53.1%) was the most heavily contaminated but 25% of specimens of this product classed as heat-treated or sterilized were positive . In all, 32 serotypes were identified.

Mutat Res, 1982 Aug, 95(2-3), 79 - 93
Prophage induction and mutagenicity of a series of anti-tumour platinum(II) and platinum(IV) co-ordination complexes; Mattern IE et al.; 11 platinum compounds with nitrogen donor ligands, previously tested for anti-tumour activity, were studied for induction of prophage lambda and for mutagenicity in the Ames assay, with various strains of Salmonella . The compounds included cis and trans isomers of Pt(II) and Pt(IV) complexes and were tested with and without metabolic activation . All the cis compounds elicited prophage induction, whereas the trans compounds were inactive . Mutagenicity was found only in strains containing the R factor, indicating that SOS-type repair processes are required for the conversion of initial DNA lesions into mutations . Mutation induction was also influenced by the excision-repair process . The 2 trans compounds were not, or only slightly, mutagenic; all other compounds were mutagenic in at least one strain, exhibiting a 2-20-fold increase over the spontaneous background level . Addition of liver homogenate had no significant effect on the number of mutants . One compound induced exclusively frameshift mutations . The other mutagenic compounds induced frameshift mutations as well as base-pair substitutions . 7 compounds were more mutagenic for the repair-proficient than for the repair-deficient strains; only one showed the opposite effect . This suggests that for mutagenicity testing of platinum compounds, repair-proficient strains are more sensitive indicators . The differences in response of the various strains are more sensitive indicators . The differences in response of the various strains toward the compounds suggest the formation of different DNA lesions and/or a selective action of repair processes on these lesions . In general, a good qualitative correlation was observed between prophage-inducing capacity, mutagenicity in bacterial and mammalian cells and anti-tumour activity.

Am J Dis Child, 1982 Aug, 136(8), 722 - 4
Salmonella vertebral osteomyelitis: a case report with literature review; Le CT; Salmonellosis rarely causes osteomyelitis in previously healthy children . A 15-year-old girl was found to have vertebral osteomyelitis due to Salmonella cerro, the first-reported case to the best of our knowledge . Standard treatment with ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole failed to cure the infection . She recovered after a course of moxalactam therapy and surgery.

J Biol Chem, 1982 Jul 10, 257(13), 7864 - 71
Maturation of the tail spike endorhamnosidase of Salmonella phage P22; Goldenberg DP et al.; As part of a genetic analysis of the in vivo folding and subunit assembly of the P22 tail spike endorhamnosidase, we have studied the maturation of the newly synthesized 76,000-dalton polypeptide chains into thermostable tail spike oligomers . Four of 15 temperature-sensitive mutations in the structural gene for this protein result in electrophoretically distinct tail spikes . Cells mixedly infected with wild type and an electrophoretic variant produce two hybrid species, with mobilities intermediate between the parental species, indicating that the native tail spike is a trimer . Mature trimers are resistant to denaturation by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS): at room temperature the trimer migrates in an SDS gel as if it were not binding significant amounts of SDS, whereas the heat-denatured chain migrates as expected of an SDS-polypeptide complex . The mature trimer is also resistant to trypsin digestion . Lysates of infected cells contain SDS and trypsin-sensitive forms of the newly synthesized tail spike polypeptide chains . These are probably incompletely or incorrectly folded chains . SDS and trypsin resistance were used to measure the efficiency of in vivo folding and subunit assembly of the mature trimer from its polypeptide chains . This decreased from 90% at 27 degrees C to only 15% at 42 degrees C . These results are consistent with the existence or a labile intermediate or step in the folding or subunit assembly of the thermostable tail spike protein . We discuss the possibility that the achievement of certain structural features of mature proteins may entail difficulties in their folding pathways.

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1982 Jul-Dec, 75(7-12), 351 - 60
{Frequency of Salmonella serotypes isolated from the Milanese population in 1980}; Gelosa L et al.; During 1980 from Provincial Public Health Laboratory of Milan 134.000 bacteriological human stool tests were carried out and 3.371 Salmonella strains were isolated with 2,5% incidence . S . typhi murium was most frequent serotype (13,03%), immediately followed S . panama (13,00%) and then S . infantis (7,36%) . During 1980 16 new serotypes were first isolated and the strains cotrimoxazolo sensibility , rifampicin resistance and streptomycin intermedium sensibility demonstrated.

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1982 Jul-Dec, 75(7-12), 310 - 21
{Microbiological criteria for the evaluation of the hygienic safety of edible mollusks}; Gelosa L; Microbiological controls were carried out on 184 edible mollusca (121 mytilus and 63 amygdala ) researching as the bioindicators of contamination E coli, Salmonella, pathogenic and alophilic Vibrio, in order to offer greater safety to shell fish consummators . The acquired results confirmed opportunity to perform microbiological controls including the research of the Vibrio, although the are problems for theirs taxonomy and pathogenicity.

Ukr Biokhim Zh, 1982 Jul-Aug, 54(4), 395 - 9
{Phospholipid composition of mucous membrane tissue in the gastrointestinal tract of rabbits in simulated Salmonella infections}; Arsen'eva LS et al.; The paper deals with the phospholipid composition in the mucosa tissue of different areas of gastrointestinal tract and in membranes of the villous margin of small intestine enterocytes under conditions of experimental salmonellosis infection . A decreased relative content of cardiolipin is observed in all periods of the infection process in the stomach mucosal tissue and in the period of the disease height and convalescence--in the sigmoid colon . Phosphatidyl choline appears in the tissue of duodenum and jejunum during the height of the infection process . An increase in a relative content of lysophosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl serine and a decrease in that of phosphatidyl ethanolamine are revealed in membranes of enterocyte villous margin when modelling the diarrhea process by the intraperitoneal administration of the lipopolysaccharide complex of salmonellas . The found changes in the composition of phospholipids in the mucous membrane tissue and membranes of the enterocytes villous margin are supposed to reflect alterations in the functional state of the intestine barrier and play a definite role in development of the diarrhea syndrome.

Poult Sci, 1982 Jul, 61(7), 1314 - 21
Effect of various media and incubation conditions on recovery of inoculated Salmonella from poultry feed; Cox NA et al.; Samples of commercially pelleted poultry feed (30 g) were inoculated with nalidixic acid-resistant marker strains of Salmonella heidelberg or S . montevideo at levels of 1 (low), 20 (medium), or 40 (high) cells/g of feed, then 100 ml of either a nonselective preenrichment medium (lactose broth) or a selective enrichment medium {selenite cystine (SC) or tetrathionate brilliant green (TT) broth} was added and incubated at either 37 or 43 C for 24 or 48 hr in different experiments . Four selective plating media {MacConkey with 100 ppm nalidixic acid, brilliant green (BG) sulfa, modified BG, bismuth sulfite} were then streaked . MacConkey agar with nalidixic acid served as a control to which the other three plating media were compared . After 24 hr incubation at 37 C, colonies with characteristics typical of Salmonella were selected from the plates and examined biochemically and serologically to determine if they were the marker organism . In this study, preenrichment was counterproductive, because the marker organisms were recovered much more often with direct enrichment in SC or TT broth than with reenrichment in lactose broth . The TT broth produced 135 positive recoveries, whereas only 88 positive recoveries were made with SC . No differences were observed between 37 and 43 C or 24 and 48 hr incubation of the selective enrichment media . Overall efficiency of the plating media for Salmonella recovery from feed, when compared to the control (MacConkey), was BG sulfa, 65%;modified BG, 64%; and bismuth sulfite, 40% . The most effective enrichment broth-plating medium combination was TT-BG sulfa, yielding 86% positive recoveries when compared to the control.

J Physiol, 1982 Jul, 328, 361 - 70
On the pyrogenic action of intravenous lipid A in rabbits; Kenedi E et al.; 1 . Previous evidence purporting to show that lipid A is the pyrogenic moiety of endotoxin is demonstrably inconclusive . 2 . We have extracted lipid A from endotoxin of Salmonella typhosa and tested the pyrogenic action of the lipid A, the residual polysaccharide and the parent endotoxin, by intravenous injection in conscious rabbits . 3 . Lipid A dissolved in an aqueous solution of rabbit serum albumin induced a significant pyrexia of short latency, while neither rabbit serum albumin alone, nor the polysaccharide from S . typhosa, affected body temperature . The physical presence in the injectate of the polysaccharide from S . typhosa did not enhance the pyrogenicity of the lipid . 4 . Dose-response curves for lipid A and the parent endotoxin, over the dose range 10 ng-20 micrograms, showed that lipid A incorporated in endotoxin was much more pyrogenic than pure lipid A in solution . When separated from the polysaccharide component of endotoxin, lipid A lost more than 99.9% of its pyrogenic activity, at threshold doses.

Can J Comp Med, 1982 Jul, 46(3), 272 - 8
The relationships of salmonellae from infected broiler flocks, transport crates or processing plants to contamination of eviscerated carcases; Rigby CE et al.; Three flocks raised for broiler or roaster performance tests were studied to determine the incidence and sources of salmonellae during the growing period, transport and processing and to relate these to contamination of processed carcasses . Day old chicks in two of the tests, (tests IV and V), were treated with a culture of intestinal anaerobes derived from mature chickens . The incidence of salmonellae during the growing period was too low to permit any conclusions about the efficacy of this culture in preventing Salmonella infection, but it had no adverse effect on flock performance . Carcasses from all three flocks were contaminated with salmonellae . Although the test IV flock was raised free of salmonellae, 46% of the carcasses tested from this flock were contaminated . The apparent source was the transport crates, 99% of which yielded salmonellae before the flock was loaded . In test V, 92% of the carcasses tested yielded salmonellae . The apparent sources were: flock infection (apparently originating from the parent flock), contaminated crates, spread during transport, and plant contamination . The flock of test VI was infected with Salmonella albany, and 54% of the carcasses tested were contaminated with this serovar . Carcasses of chicks infected early in life were more likely to be contaminated than those of chickens which contacted salmonellae later in the growing period.

J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Jul, 16(1), 197 - 9
New Salmonella serotype: Salmonella enteritidis serotype Grandhaven (30(1):r:1,2); McDougal DL et al.; A new Salmonella serotype, Salmonella enteritidis serotype Grandhaven (30(1):r:1,2), was isolated from the stool of a 35-year-old man with mild gastroenteritis . He had just returned from Sudan, Africa.

Mutat Res, 1982 Jul, 104(6), 339 - 44
Investigation of the butyrophenone tranquilizer azaperone and its main metabolites with the Salmonella/microsome test; Scheutwinkel-Reich M et al.; In previous experiments, azaperone was found to be weakly mutagenic, after metabolic activation, in the Ames assay . In this study, we subjected metabolites found in rat and swine to the Salmonella/microsome test . 5 histidine-auxotrophic strains were used . The main metabolites could be classified as weakly mutagenic substances.

Mutat Res, 1982 Jul, 104(6), 333 - 7
Investigation, with the Salmonella/microsome test, of psychopharmaceuticals used in meat production; Preiss AM et al.; Azaperone, acepromazine, xylazine and diazepam were tested for mutagenic activity . To screen these veterinary drugs we used the Salmonella/microsome test on 5 histidine-auxotrophic strains, with and without metabolic activation . Azaperone and xylazine were found to be weakly mutagenic.

Infect Immun, 1982 Jul, 37(1), 387 - 9
Intestinal immunoglobulin A responses in rabbits to a Salmonella typhi strain harboring a Shigella sonnei plasmid; Keren DF et al.; Salmonella typhi 5076-IC, which contains a plasmid that encodes the form I antigen of Shigella sonnei and which expresses S . typhi 9 and 12 and S . sonnei form I antigens, was used to immunize rabbits via chronically isolated ileal loops . Intestinal immunoglobulin A activity was detected against S . typhi, S . sonnei form I, and S . typhi strain 5076-IC . Thus S . typhi 5076-IC can effectively elicit mucosal immunoglobulin A to both S . typhi and S . sonnei.

Toxicol Lett, 1982 Jul, 12(2-3), 185 - 90
Effect of endotoxin and its degradation products on hepatic mixed-function oxidase and heme enzyme systems in mice; Yoshida M et al.; Effect of Salmonella minnesota R595 endotoxin (R595 GL) and its chemical degradation products on hepatic cytochrome P-450, delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase and heme oxygenase activity in mice was examined . The levels of cytochrome P-450 and ALA synthetase activity were significantly decreased following the administration of R595 GL, whereas heme oxygenase activity was markedly increased . The effects of endotoxin were dose-dependent for the range of about 1 to 2 micrograms per mouse . The result of a comparative study using R595 GL and its degradation products suggested that intact lipid A moiety plays an important role in the activity of endotoxin . In addition, it was found that the depressant effect of endotoxin on the hepatic mixed-function oxidase system in mice was abrogated by treatment with cortisone.

Mutat Res, 1982 Jul, 99(1), 53 - 17
International Commission for Protection against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens . ICPEMC working paper 2/6 . An appraisal of predictive tests for carcinogenicity; Purchase IF; The history of the development of the DNA damage-induced somatic mutation theory of cancer induction, and of the development of predictive tests for carcinogenicity, is reviewed briefly . On the basis of present information, it is concluded that all predictive tests for carcinogenicity of chemicals should be based primarily on validation using established carcinogens and non-carcinogens . The validation studies reported frequently suffer from limitations in design . Predictive tests pass through three stages during validation . First, the developing tests have been subjected to limited validation but show sufficient promise to warrant further development . 10 such tests are identified from the 100 tests reported in the literature . The second stage test can be considered as developed, when adequate validation studies have been completed to enable the selection of a test for its particular performance criteria . Only 9 such tests were identified of which only 1 still requiring further development can be considered as a useful primary screening test . 2 further tests can be considered as confirmatory tests to be used as a back-up to bacterial mutation assays . Finally, the established tests have been validated on a large scale in several laboratories . At present there is only one established test, namely the Salmonella/microsome test (Ames test) . A second assay, based on E . coli, may be considered in this category because of its similarity to the Salmonella test . In conclusion, some guidelines for using predictive tests for regulatory and other purposes are given.

Ann Immunol (Paris), 1982 Jul-Aug, 133D(1), 71 - 6
Passive protection against heterologous gram-negative bacteria mediated by antiserum to epimeraseless Rc mutant of Salmonella minnesota; Konstantinov G et al.; Antiserum to the epimeraseless Rc mutant of Salmonella minnesota was prepared by immunization of rabbits . The antiserum provided good protection in mice i.p . challenged with 125 and 25 LD50 doses of live heterologous Gram-negative bacteria i . e . S . typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The protection against Klebsiella pneumoniae was negligible . Pre-immune rabbit serum produced only marginal protection . The protective effect of S . minnesota Rc antibodies was entirely abolished upon absorption of Rc antiserum with homologous bacteria . Pre-immune and absorbed sera exhibited a similar protective effect at lower LD50 values, namely 5 and 1 LD50.

Arch Sci Med (Torino), 1982 Jul-Sep, 139(3), 299 - 316
{Extraintestinal localizations of salmonellosis}; Biglino A et al.; Some of the most frequent extraintestinal infections due to salmonella germs have been examined . The literature on meningoencephalitic, cardiovascular and osteoarticular complications is reviewed and many other observations regarding disseminations in other organs and systems are reported . The pathogenetic mechanisms relating to such complications are considered and assessed.

Can J Comp Med, 1982 Jul, 46(3), 279 - 82
Most probable number cultures for assessing Salmonella contamination of eviscerated broiler carcasses; Rigby CE; Rinse fluids collected from eight different lots of commercially processed broiler carcasses were cultured for salmonellae by a meat probable number method . Most probable number values of 80 or less were obtained from all carcasses in three of the eight lots, but two lots contained carcasses which yielded more than 1000 salmonellae . Similar numbers of salmonellae were recovered in repeated rinses of the same carcasses, suggesting that only a small proportion of the total population was recovered in each rinse . Five lots originated from flocks of known Salmonella status . More salmonella were recovered from carcasses which originated from flocks infected in the first week of life than from flocks infected at a later date . Carcasses from a flock which was processed immediately after a contaminated flock yielded more salmonellae than carcasses processed at the beginning of the day in a clean plant.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1982 Jul, (7), 69 - 73
{Increased sensitivity of immune macrophages to the cytotoxic action of virulent shigellae}; Belaia IuA et al.; The in vitro interaction of live bacteria belonging to virulent and avirulent Shigella and Salmonella strains with peritoneal macrophages obtained from mice immunized by the intragastric administration of these bacteria has been studied . In contrast to Salmonella-activated macrophages capable of resisting the intracellular proliferation and the cytopathic action of homologous bacteria, Shigella-activated macrophages become more sensitive to the cytopathic action of virulent shigellae . The ability of shigellae to render an aggravating cytopathic effect on the activated macrophages correlates with the virulence of dysentery bacilli and is practically absent in avirulent strains, including S . flexneri 2a No . 516 M vaccine strain.

Isr J Med Sci, 1982 Jul, 18(7), 753 - 9
Clinical features of viral and bacterial gastroenteritis in hospitalized children; Jonas A et al.; The clinical course of 119 children, hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis of known etiology, was studied . The severity of disease was measured by a scoring system that showed that the disease caused by Escherichia coli was the most severe, followed in decreasing order by Salmonella, human reovirus-like agent (HRLA) and Shigella . The clinical features of salmonella and shigella infections differed from those reported in other countries . Fifty percent of all patients recovered after 5 days of treatment, but 20% of the patients with bacterial infections continued to have symptoms for 10 days or longer . The relationships between etiological agents and various symptoms were measured by odds ratios . These associations may provide a basis for clinical prediction of the etiological agent.

N Engl J Med, 1982 Jul 1, 307(1), 1 - 6
Molecular epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in salmonella from animals and human beings in the United States; O'Brien TF et al.; We collected serotyped isolates of salmonella from reference laboratories in the United States, tested their susceptibility to antibiotics, and extracted plasmids from isolates that were resistant to a different combination of antibiotics from each of three serotypes . Restriction-endonuclease digestion showed that within each of the three groups, plasmid molecules from animal and human isolates were often identical or nearly identical . One serotype-plasmid combination appeared to be endemic in cattle in 20 states and infected 26 persons in two states . The human cases, which were not recognizably related except for their common plasmids, appeared to be clustered in time but geographically dispersed, like cases in previous outbreaks spread by food products . These findings suggest that resistance plasmids may be extensively shared between animal and human bacteria, and that spread of multiresistant strains of salmonella among animals and human beings, as observed in Britain, may have been undetected in the United States for lack of comparable surveillance.

Fundam Appl Toxicol, 1982 Jul-Aug, 2(4), 153 - 7
Mutagenicity of diesel exhaust particle extracts: influence of driving cycle and environmental temperature; Clark CR et al.; General Motors and Volkswagen diesel passenger cars (1980 and 1981 model year) were operated on a climate controlled chassis dynomometer and the particulate portion of the exhaust was collected on high volume filters . Dichloromethane extracts of the exhaust particles (soot) collected while the cars were operated under simulated highway, urban and congested urban driving cycles were assayed for mutagenicity in Salmonella strains TA-98 and TA-100 . Driving pattern did not significantly influence the mutagenic potency of the exhaust particle extracts or estimates of the amount of mutagenicity emitted from the exhaust despite large differences in particle emission rates and extractable fraction of the particles . Mutagenicity of extracts of exhaust particles collected while the vehicles were operated at test chamber temperatures of 25, 50, 75 and 100 degrees F were also very similar . The results suggest that driving pattern and environmental temperature do not significantly alter the emission of genotoxic combustion products from the exhaust.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1982 Jul, 252(3), 347 - 54
Osmotic shock fluids from salmonella R-mutants . Chemical composition and protective capacity against S . typhimurium infection in mice; Muller W et al.; Salmonella R-mutants of different chemotype were subjected to osmotic shock treatment according to the method of Willis et al . (18) . Chemical composition (protein, LPS, palmitic acid and nucleic acids) as well as the polypeptide patterns of the shock fluid and hypertonic fluid (in which the cells were suspended before shock treatment) were determined and compared with material extracted by urea treatment carried out to get protein from the cell surface . The results indicate that even components from the cell surface have been released by shock treatment . All the extracts mentioned above showed protective activity in mouse against infection.

Eur J Biochem, 1982 Jul, 125(2), 431 - 6
Distribution and antigenic properties of the O-determinants of Salmonella zuerich (1, 9, 27 46); Nghiem HO et al.; Fractionation of the O-polysaccharide derived from Salmonella zuerich (1, 9, 27, 46) on a concanavalin A polymer permitted immunological and chemical analysis on the different fractions . The S . zuerich O-polysaccharide preparation is composed of two distinct populations of molecules: one, ZB1-, devoid of O-antigenic determinant 1, and the other, ZB1+, carrying the determinant 1 . This determinant is linked to the presence of D-glucosyl residues on the side chain . O-polysaccharide molecules 1-, devoid of D-glucose, are shown to carry simultaneously both determinants 27 and 46 . These determinants are not evenly distributed on the molecules . The expression of determinants 46 (-{Tyv}-betaMan-, where Tyv = tyvelose) seems to be restricted to a distinct specific configuration, and it is altered by the presence of either determinant 27 (-{Tyv}-alphaMan-) or determinant 1 (Glc-Gal-) in the close neighbourhood . Molecules 1+ are partially or completely substituted by glucosyl residues and react with anti-1 antibodies . They are characterized by the same uneven distribution of determinants 27 and 46 as molecules ZB1- . In conclusion, the O-polysaccharide chains are heterogeneous . They contain simultaneously factors 27, 46, and often also 1.

Gene, 1982 Jul-Aug, 19(1), 109 - 16
The ntr genes of Escherichia coli activate the hut and nif operons of Klebsiella pneumoniae; Tuli R et al.; Regulation of the synthesis of glutamine synthetase and of the arginine and glutamine transport systems (Ntr phenotype) in Salmonella have been shown to require two regulatory genes on the C-terminal side of the glnA gene (McFarland et al., 1981) . We have cloned a HindIII-EcoRI DNA fragment from Escherichia coli coding for analogous properties with respect to the Ntr phenotype in E . coli . A plasmid containing this E . coli DNA fragment joined to another fragment carrying a cyanobacterial glnA gene (but no functional regulatory genes) was introduced into a Klebsiella pneumoniae mutant with a Gln-Ntr- phenotype, i.e., which could not derepress nitrogenase . The cyanobacterial gene made the Klebsiella strain Gln+ and the E . coli DNA fragment made the strain Ntr+, including the ability to derepress nitrogenase fully . Thus the products of the glnA-linked ntr genes of E . coli can regulate expression of the Ntr-dependent genes of Klebsiella.

Food Chem Toxicol, 1982 Jun, 20(3), 265 - 7
The mutagenicity of some edible mushrooms in the Ames test; von Wright A et al.; The mutagenic activity of five wild and two cultivated species of edible mushrooms was studied in the Ames Salmonella/microsome test system . The wild mushrooms tested were four species of the genus Lactarius (L . necator, L . torminosus, L . helvus and L . rufus) and bolete (Boletus edulis) . The cultivated species were champignon (Agaricus bisporus) and shiitake (Lentinus edodes) . All the mushrooms were mutagenic to tester strains sensitive to base-pair substitution mutagens, and L . necator, L . rufus and B . edulis also had some frameshift activity . Metabolic activation was not required and the mutagenic activity could be detected even in boiled mushroom extracts . After fractionation with organic solvents (ethanol followed by diethyl ether) the activity was recovered in the ether phase as well as the aqueous phase in the case of L . necator, but remained in the aqueous phase of the A . bisporus and Lentinus edodes extracts.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1982 Jun, 48(3), 551 - 4
Antibodies in serum and secretions 1 year after salmonella gastroenteritis; La Brooy JT et al.; The antibody response in serum and intestinal fluid in eight patients 1 year after their recovery from salmonella gastroenteritis was measured by solid phase radioimmunoassay and compared to the immune response within a few weeks of infection, reported previously in these and other patients . High concentrations of intestinal antibody were found in six patients compared to the concentrations found in 10 control subjects . By contrast the serum antibody concentration in the patients was only marginally higher than in the controls . The use of IgA and IgG specific antisera in the assay confirmed the presence of IgA antibody in the absence of IgG antibody in the gastrointestinal secretions, and the predominance of IgG antibody in the serum . The prolonged immune response in the gut after acute bacterial gastroenteritis supports the possibility of effective immunization against diseases entering via the gut.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1982 Jun, 43(6), 1354 - 9
Mutagenicity of anthraquinone and hydroxylated anthraquinones in the Ames/Salmonella microsome system; Liberman DF et al.; The mutagenicity of anthracene, anthraquinone, and four structurally similar compounds of each was evaluated in the Ames/Salmonella microsome assay . Anthraquinone was shown to be mutagenic for strains TA1537, TA1538, and TA98 in the absence of rat liver homogenate . The four anthraquinone derivatives tested were mutagenic for TA1537 exclusively . None of the anthracenes exhibited mutagenic activity.

Infect Immun, 1982 Jun, 36(3), 943 - 8
Isolation and characterization of a cross-reacting antigen in strains of Bacteroidaceae; Marx A et al.; A Bacteroidaceae cross-reacting antigen (BCA) was isolated from several strains belonging to species in the genera Fusobacterium and Bacteroides . We showed that each of the 28 strains examined synthesized either BCA or the O-specific lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . The structural difference between the two antigens was demonstrated by passive hemagglutination . BCA coated erythrocytes spontaneously and reacted with equal intensity to all bacterial antisera of BCA+ strains, whereas LPS was species specific and also coated erythrocytes after the antigen was treated with NaOH . BCA is an acid polysaccharide as proven by immunoelectrophoresis and by its capacity to form a salt linkage with lysozyme . Chemical analysis demonstrated the presence of galactosamine, glucosamine, galactose, glucose, mannose, and N-acetyl . BCA was nontoxic and did not contain lipid A in its molecule . The small particle size of BCA determined its hapten character . When attached to acid-treated Salmonella minnesota Re cells, it acted as an immunogen . By immunizing rabbits with this hapten-bacterial cell suspension, we obtained a highly potent antiserum that agglutinated all BCA+ strains.

J Hyg (Lond), 1982 Jun, 88(3), 413 - 23
Differential typing of Salmonella agona: type divergence in a new serotype; Barker R et al.; An international collection of 419 isolates of Salmonella agona was phage typed, biotyped and colicine typed . Of 16 recognized phage types, 15 were represented . Three phage types (I, V and XVI) accounted for 84% of all isolates, were widely distributed and may be interconvertible . Biotyping afforded little type differentiation; thus 92.6% of the isolates belonged to biotype 1 a . A rhamnose non-fermenting variant line (of biotype 5a) became established in Zaire from 1979 to 1980 . A maltose late-fermenting line of biotype 1 a, isolated in Scotland in 1974, did not thereafter become established . Two Col+ lines (producing colicine I b) accounted for 45 of 68 colicinogenic isolates . The implication of type diversification and the phylogenetic significance of these findings are discussed.

Dig Dis Sci, 1982 Jun, 27(6), 549 - 52
Duodenal intubation as a source of typhoid fever; Maudgal DP et al.; Typhoid fever developed in three patients during a period of 13 weeks . Although each of these patients was admitted to a different London hospital, the patients became ill approximately 10 days after undergoing duodenal intubation in one gastroenterology unit . All other patients who had undergone duodenal intubation in the unit during that period of time were investigated . Salmonella typhi was isolated from bile and feces of two out of the 20 other patients (carriers) . In each of the three patients who developed typhoid fever, intubation followed within two days of intubation of one of the carriers . After use in each patient, the polyvinyl tubes had been thoroughly washed with disinfectant and detergent . There were no further cases of typhoid fever when a new tube was used for each patient.

Geriatrics, 1982 Jun, 37(6), 30 - 6, 39-40, 44
Fever of unknown origin in the elderly; Cunha BA; The most efficient diagnostic approach to fever of unknown origin (FUO) involves the analysis of clues obtained from a careful history and physical examination, the fever pattern, and selected tests . Fever patterns may assist diagnosis in the absence of other clinical clues . For example, a morning temperature spike instead of the usual afternoon spike may suggest tuberculosis, periarteritis nodosa, or Salmonella bacteremia.

Mutat Res, 1982 Jun, 101(4), 269 - 81
Mutagens in larger fungi . I . Forty-eight species screened for mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/microsome assay; Sterner O et al.; Specimens of large fungi (mushrooms) were screened for mutagenic activity by the Salmonella/microsome assay, with strains TA98, TA2637 and TA100 . Our of 48 species tested, 37 exhibited a significant but for the most part weak activity . The activity observed in the presence of S9 mix was typically between 0 and 50% of that without, and in no case was the activity increased in the presence of microsomal enzymes . Six metabolites reported to occur in some of the species included in this investigation were also tested . Significant mutagenic activity was found with isovelleral (5) from Lactarius sp., agaritine (3) from Agaricus bisporus and related sp . and beta-nitraminoalanine (7) from Agaricus silvaticus . Isovelleral may be a major mutagen in some of the sharp-tasting and mutagenic Russulaceae sp . A . bisporus (cultivated specimen) was weakly mutagenic toward all three strains of S . typhimurium, used, and agaritine was weakly active toward TA2637 alone . This implies that this fungus might contain other mutagenic material as well . beta-Nitraminoalanine was not found in the particular collection of A . silvaticus tested here . The mutagenicity observed for the fungus in this work may therefore be due to other metabolites . Even though many species found to be mutagenic are used as food, it seems premature to make specific recommendations about eventual health risks . Further information is needed about the chemistry and toxicology of the active compounds as well as about the effects of various methods used in preparing mushrooms for food.

Obstet Gynecol, 1982 Jun, 59(6 Suppl), 29S - 30S
Salmonella bredeney mastitis during pregnancy; Stamm AM; A young woman developed mastitis due to Salmonella bredeney during the 25th week of her first pregnancy and recovered with ampicillin therapy . Unusual microorganisms occasionally cause breast disease . Material for Gram stain, cultures, and susceptibility studies should be obtained before treatment in all cases.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1982 Jun, 252(2), 193 - 5
{CO2-dependent mutant of Salmonella typhi causing typhoid fever in two patients}; Aleksic S et al.; A CO2-dependent mutant of Salmonella typhi was isolated from anaerobic but not from aerobic blood-cultures of two patients with typhoid fever . Both patients diseased after return from their home country Turkey . The strains developed in a CO2-enriched atmosphere and under anaerobic but not aerobic culture conditions . This property remained stable during 20 subcultures . The fermentative and serological pattern was identical with S . typhi T2 . Both strains were of lysovar E1a.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1982 Jun, 30(6 Pt 2), 560 - 2
{Salmonella dublin enteric fever in two compromised hosts}; Hemmer RJ et al.; Salmonella (S) dublin is a rare cause of human enteric fever . We studied 2 compromised hosts, one of them being treated for lymphocytic leukemia and the other for chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Both had recurrent enteric fever caused by S . dublin . Both strains were resistant to chloramphenicol and to ampicillin and the patients were treated by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole to which the organism was sensitive . Investigations failed to discover an extraintestinal localisation and stool cultures remained negative after antibiotic treatment . One patient had a relapse of enteric fever at every relapse of his leukemia; the second patient after his second episode of enteric fever was treated prophylactically during 3 months . When he stopped antibiotic prophylaxis a fatal S . dublin septicemia occurred . We suggest that compromised hosts with S . dublin infection be treated prophylactically to prevent relapse.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1982 Jun, 30(6 Pt 2), 539 - 42
{Compatibility groups of resistance plasmids from Gram negative bacteria isolated in Algeria }; Rahal K; The plasmids characterized in Algeria generally belong to the C and F1 me compatibility groups . With the exception of Vibrio cholerae el for the two groups are found in many bacterial species . Plasmids belonging to group C are the only stable in Vibrio cholerae el tor . The possibility that epidemics of Vibrio cholerae el tor carrying C plasmids might be observed, should not be excluded . On the other hand, it is presently impossible to guess what will be the future epidemic plasmid in Salmonella typhi and paratyphi B.

Can J Microbiol, 1982 Jun, 28(6), 650 - 3
Evaluation of an X-ray microprobe technique as a possible aid to detect salmonellae; Richter ER et al.; The X-ray microprobe was examined as a possible aid in the detection of salmonellae . Results obtained indicate that specific bacterial antigen (Salmonella) increased in phosphorus and sulfur after reaction with the fluorescein isothiocyanate tagged specific antibody . Nonspecific antigen (Escherichia coli) did not increase in phosphorus and sulfur after reaction with fluorescein isothiocyanate tagged anti-Salmonella antibody . The technique developed supports the hypothesis that X-ray microprobe analysis may be useful in detecting salmonellae, or other bacteria, by determining increases in the elemental constituents of bacterial cells when reacted with elemental-tagged antibodies.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1982 Jun, (6), 33 - 5
{Ecological tolerance of Salmonellae isolated from the water of surface reservoirs}; Androsova SV et al.; On the basis of the study of different physico-chemical and sanitary parameters in the open water basins of the Volga delta and the comparison of these parameters with the changes in the size of Salmonella populations the confines of the ecological tolerance of this species have been shown.

Mutat Res, 1982 Jun, 94(2), 315 - 30
A new Salmonella tester strain, TA97, for the detection of frameshift mutagens . A run of cytosines as a mutational hot-spot; Levin DE et al.; We have developed a new Salmonella tester strain, TA97, for use in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test . DNA sequencing has shown that this strain contains an added cytosine, resulting in a run of six cytosines at the mutated site in the histidine D gene . Its mutagenic specificity is similar to that of the frameshift mutagen tester strain, TA1537, which also contains an added cytosine in a run of cytosines and is currently among the five standard tester strains used for general mutagen screening . We assessed the mutagenic potency of 21 frameshift mutagens for TA1537 and TA97 . TA97 was considerably more sensitive than TA1537 to reversion by these frameshift mutagens . In addition, one agent, PR toxin (from Penicillium roqueforti), which was not detected by any of the previously existing standard tester strains, did revert TA97; and two substituted aryl-alkyl triazenes, which had not been reported previously to be frameshift mutagens, were mutagenic in this new tester strain . We suggest that TA1537 be replaced by TA97 for general screening of mutagenicity.

N Engl J Med, 1982 May 27, 306(21), 1249 - 53
Salmonellosis associated with marijuana: a multistate outbreak traced by plasmid fingerprinting; Taylor DN et al.; In January and February of 1981, 85 cases of enteritis caused by Salmonella muenchen were reported from Ohio, Michigan, Georgia, and Alabama . Initial investigation failed to implicate a food source as a common vehicle, but in Michigan 76 per cent of the patients, in contrast to 21 per cent of the control subjects, admitted personal or household exposure to marijuana (P less than 0.001, relative risk = 20) . Marijuana samples obtained from patients' households contained as many as 10(7) S . muenchen per gram . The outbreak-related isolates of S . muenchen were sensitive to all antibiotics and were phenotypically indistinguishable from other S . muenchen . Plasmid fingerprinting, however, revealed that all isolates related to marijuana exposure contained two low-molecular-weight plasmids (3.1 and 7.4 megadaltons), which were absent in control strains . Plasmid analysis of the isolates showed that the outbreaks in Ohio, Michigan, Georgia, and Alabama were related, and analysis of isolates submitted from various other states demonstrated that cases associated with marijuana may have been dispersed as far as California and Massachusetts.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1982 May 15, 180(10), 1222 - 6
Infectious agents associated with neonatal calf disease in southwestern Idaho and eastern Oregon; Bulgin MS et al.; Over a 2-year period, 296 episodes of disease involving 226 1-to-60-day-old calves were referred to the Caldwell Veterinary Teaching Center . Infectious disease agents were found in 96% of the cases . Salmonella spp were the most frequently isolated agents from dairy calves, whereas coronavirus was the agent most commonly associated with diarrhea in beef calves . Multiple agents were found in 20% of the dairy calves and in 12% of the beef calves . Salmonella dublin, which is associated with severe disease in man, made up a large percentage of the Salmonella spp isolated (40%) . In vitro drug sensitivities indicated that a high percentage of Salmonella and Escherichia coli were resistant to drugs, especially to the drugs commonly used to treat calf diarrhea.

Fortschr Med, 1982 May 6, 100(17), 785 - 91
{Enteral yersiniosis--a serious disease? Current knowledge of clinical aspects, diagnosis and therapy}; Weber A; Enteral yersiniosis is caused either by Y . enterocolitica 0-group I (syn . serotype 0:3) and 0-group V (syn . serotype 0:9) or Y . pseudotuberculosis type I-VI . The clinical symptoms are mostly like enteritis, enterocolitis, acute abdomen, mesenteric lymphadenitis, or ileitis terminalis . Post-infection reactions are possible like septicemia, arthritis and erythema nodosum . Only cultural and serological examinations confirm the diagnosis of enteral yersiniosis . In the judgement of serological results it is necessary to consider the cross-reactions of Y . enterocolitica 0-group V to Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis and also to the antigenic community of Y . pseudotuberculosis type II respectively IV to Salmonella group B respectively D . With exception of septicemia, it is not necessary to treat enteral yersiniosis with antibiotics.

J Med Microbiol, 1982 May, 15(2), 215 - 21
Effector cell-mediated immune response in mice immunised with Salmonella; Nair R et al.; Effector responses of cell-mediated immunity were studied in mice immediately and 3 months after immunisation with different kinds of salmonella vaccine . Whereas immunisation with live Salmonella enteritidis generated delayed hypersensitivity and activated macrophages, immunisation with formalised vaccine generated neither . Although activated macrophages had declined considerably by 3 months after immunisation, the delayed-hypersensitivity response had persisted . It was possible to generate activated macrophages in these mice by stimulation with sonicate antigens of the immunising strain or Salmonella paratyphic C . Delayed-hypersensitivity responses were elicited in mice, immunised with live S . enteritidis, by sonicate antigens of the homologous strains, S . gallinarum or S . paratyphi C.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1982 May, 48(2), 389 - 95
Studies of cellular and humoral immunity in typhoid fever and TAB vaccinated subjects; Dham SK et al.; An assessment of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to Salmonella typhi antigens in patients with acute typhoid infection, TAB inoculated subjects and in healthy controls is reported . Cell-mediated immunity as assessed by the leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMI), and developed in all cases with typhoid fever . Positive LMI was evident in the first week of the illness and was maintained during the evolution of disease and in some patients was still present after a year . It also developed at the end of 3 weeks in five out of nine TAB vaccinated subjects . Weakly positive LMI was noticed in only two of twenty asian and caucasian controls . Antibodies, determined by the standard Widal test, were significantly raised in both patients with typhoid fever and TAB inoculated subjects . The antibodies and cellular reactivity developed almost simultaneously but there was no correlation between the agglutination titres and LMI positivity, implying that they are independent of each other . Typhoid patients also showed significantly raised serum IgM and IgA levels and increased concentrations of secretory IgA in their saliva.

Res Vet Sci, 1982 May, 32(3), 368 - 73
Protection of cattle against experimentally induced salmonellosis by intradermal injection of heat-killed Salmonella dublin; Aitken MM et al.; A single intradermal dose (7.5 mg) of heat-killed Salmonella dublin protected two out of three cattle against intravenous challenge with live S dublin . A second dose of 8 mg increased the protection rate to six out of seven . Four of the survivors had transient diarrhoea and S dublin was recovered from the carcases of four killed at four to 21 weeks after infection . Protected animals had elevated serum antibody titres and their serum passively protected rats against intraperitoneal challenge . The resistance of vaccinated cattle, presumably immunological in character, was not associated with leucocyte migration inhibition by salmonella antigen, depression of serum iron levels or haematological changes.

Eur J Biochem, 1982 May, 124(1), 191 - 8
The chemical structure of lipid A . Demonstration of amide-linked 3-acyloxyacyl residues in Salmonella minnesota Re lipopolysaccharide; Wollenweber HW et al.; In Salmonella minnesota lipopolysaccharide the lipid A backbone, a substituted diphosphorylated beta 1,6-linked D-glucosamine disaccharide molecule, carries approximately seven residues of fatty acids: one each of dodecanoic, hexadecanoic, D-3-hydroxytetradecanoic and D-3-O-(tetradecanoyl)-tetradecanoic acid in ester linkage and two of D-3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid in amide linkage . In the present study it is shown that treatment of the lipopolysaccharide with alkali at elevated temperature leads, through a beta-elimination reaction, to the generation of amide-bound delta 2-tetradecanoic acid . This suggested that the 3-hydroxyl group of amide-bound hydroxy fatty acids carried a substituent . To elucidate the nature of the substituent, free Salmonella lipid A was methylated with methyl iodine in the presence of silver salts followed by mild acid hydrolysis, a procedure which is known to cleave amide (and not ester) bonds selectively . In the hydrolysate, by means of combined gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry the methyl esters of 3-O-(dodecanoyl)-tetradecanoic and 3-O-(hexadecanoyl)-tetradecanoic acid were identified . This shows that in lipid A amide-linked 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid residues are 3-O-acylated by dodecanoic and hexadecanoic acid, respectively . Quantitative analyses suggest that the Salmonella lipid A backbone is substituted by four D-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl residues, two being present as esters and two as amides . The nonhydroxylated fatty acids are not bound directly to the backbone . Rather, they are attached to hydroxyl groups of 3-hydroxytetradecanoyl residues: specifically, tetradecanoic acid substitutes ester-bound and dodecanoic and hexadecanoic acid amide-bound 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid.

Am J Med, 1982 May, 72(5), 768 - 74
Human Yersinia enterocolitica infections in Wisconsin . Clinical, laboratory and epidemiologic features; Snyder JD et al.; Yersinia enterocolitica has been sought in stool and blood culture specimens by the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene (SLH) since 1973 . Clinical information on symptoms, duration of illness, and use of antibiotics for 41 persons with Y . enterocolitica infections from January 1, 1979, to September 30, 1980, was obtained by telephone interviews . Diarrhea and abdominal pain were the most common symptoms of the ill persons; extraintestinal symptoms were infrequently reported . Ten infected persons (24 percent) had no illness . Review of a 10 percent sample of all stool specimens cultured at the SLH from June 20, 1977, to June 20, 1979, revealed that Salmonella was the most commonly isolated enteric pathogen (15.4 percent) followed by Shigella (2.0 percent) and Y . enterocolitica (0.7 percent) . Several different biotypes and serotypes of Y . enterocolitica were associated with illness . Y . enterocolitica isolates were uniformly susceptible to a wide variety of antibiotics, and most isolates were resistant to ampicillin . Epidemiologic studies showed that persons with Y . enterocolitica infections were more likely to live in rural counties than were all persons sending stool samples or those having Salmonella infections; underlying illness was identified as a risk factor for infection.

Cancer Res, 1982 May, 42(5), 1722 - 6
Effect of microsomal cytochrome P-450 isozyme induction on the mutagenic activation of 2-aminoanthracene; Norman RL et al.; Two rabbit microsomal cytochrome P-450 isozymes . Forms 4 and 6, which are differentially induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the liver in an age-dependent fashion, catalyze the activation of 2-aminoanthracene to a mutagen in the Ames Salmonella mutagenesis assay . We have shown previously that in the presence of saturating concentrations of 2-aminoanthracene, Form 4 is 15-fold more active than Form 6 in the activation of this mutagen . Similar differences in the activation of 2-aminoanthracene are observed between liver microsomes isolated from TCDD-treated adult rabbits, in which Form 4 predominates, and microsomes from rabbit neonates exposed transplacentally to TCDD prior to birth, in which Form 6 predominates . However, when the extent of mutagenesis is limited by the amount of 2-aminoanthracene and is independent of the rate of activation, the number of revertants produced is similar for microsomes isolated from either newborn or adult TCDD-treated rabbits . Under these conditions, the extent of mutagenesis obtained for a given amount of 2-aminoanthracene will depend on the balance between activation and competing reaction pathways leading to detoxication . Thus, differences in the rate of activation between adult and newborn microsomes are probably offset by similar differences in the rates of competing pathways of metabolism . This is consistent with the finding that the overall rate of 2-aminoanthracene metabolism by the adult microsomes is greater than that of the neonate . In order for the extent of mutagenesis to be independent of rate, the half-life of 2-aminoanthracene was seen to be less than approximately 12 min.

Mutat Res, 1982 May-Jun, 104(4-5), 233 - 7
Mutagens in larger fungi . II . The mutagenicity of commercial pickled Lactarius necator in the Salmonella assay; Sterner O et al.; In the course of an ongoing screening of larger mushrooms for the occurrence of chemical mutagens, 33 out of 48 species tested exhibited a significant direct mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/microsome assay (Sterner et al., 1982) . (No mutagens requiring metabolic activation were indicated.) These findings are of some concern, since mushrooms are used extensively as food in many areas, and there are strong indications that carcinogens in food are of considerable importance in cancer aetiology (Sugimura, 1979) . A recent communication by Knuutinen and von Wright (1982) on the mutagenicity of 4 Lactarius species collected in Finland prompts us to report our own results from mutagenicity tests with commercially preserved (pickled) Lactarius necator.

Mutat Res, 1982 May-Jun, 104(4-5), 225 - 31
Retinoids as inhibitors of ortho-aminoazotoluene-induced mutagenesis in the Salmonella/liver microsome test; Busk L et al.; Earlier, we reported that vitamin A (retinol), in vitro, exhibits a strong inhibitory effect on the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 in the Ames Salmonella/microsome test . This paper reports the same inhibitory effect on the mutagenicity of an aminoazo dye, ortho-aminoazotoluene . Furthermore, the inhibitory effect was exerted by retinol esters such as retinol acetate and retinol palmitate, the latter being the physiological storage form of vitamin A . The inhibition is interpreted as an effect on the mixed-function oxidases that convert ortho-aminoazotoluene to its ultimate mutagenic form.

Prostaglandins Leukot Med, 1982 May, 8(5), 437 - 46
Role of prostaglandins E1, E2, F2 alpha, I2 and thromboxane in salmonella-associated arthritis in rats; Karmali RA et al.; Salmonella-associated arthritis of rats was used as an experimental model for in vivo evaluation of prostaglandins in chronic inflammation . Since the arthritic lesions were localized mainly in the hind paws, femorla vein plasma measurements of prostaglandins were made to estimate the amounts of PGE1, PGE2 alpha, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and TXB2 produced during the progression of the arthritic disease . PGE1 production was significantly increased in the early phase of infection but these changes were inversely related to the joint swelling in the later stages of the disease . Changes in products of arachidonic acid (20:4 omega 6) were opposite to those observed in PGE1, a product of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, (20:3 omega 6), in that measurable levels of these chemicals were lower in the early phase of infection but there was a progressive increase in each compound during the chronic phase of inflammation . Concentrations of PGE2, PGF2 alpha, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and TXB2 increased proportionately to the severity of the arthritic lesion.

Mutat Res, 1982 May, 94(1), 23 - 9
pH-sensitive mutagenic activity in ozone-treated 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in the Salmonella/microsome assay; Chambers TM et al.; Treatment with ozone inactivates the mutagenicity of many carcinogens in aqueous solution . The colon carcinogen, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) has been reported an exception; ozone treatment converts dimethylhydrazine from a non-mutagen into a mutagen . In the Salmonella/microsome assay, the mutagenicity of ozone-treated dimethylhydrazine was dependent on pH . The ozonation product was a strong mutagen in acidic solution but was not mutagenic in basic solution . The mutagenicity of the acidic ozonation product was inactivated by raising the pH of the solution . Unlike untreated dimethylhydrazine, its ozonation product in basic solution was not converted to a mutagen in this ozone-low pH system.

Infect Immun, 1982 May, 36(2), 696 - 703
Dissociation of innate susceptibility to Salmonella infection and endotoxin responsiveness in C3HeB/FeJ mice and other strains in the C3H lineage; Eisenstein TK et al.; Studies of various mouse strains in the C3H lineage have shown that there is no correlation between innate susceptibility to Salmonella infection and sensitivity to the toxic or mitogenic effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . C3H/HeNCrlBR mice were Salmonella resistant, but sensitive to the toxic and mitogenic effects of LPS, whereas C3HeB/FeJ mice were Salmonella susceptible as the C3H/HeJ mice, yet were mitogenically responsive to LPS and sensitive to its lethal effects . Furthermore, other mouse strains (C3H/HeTex and C3H/HeDub) displayed intermediate susceptibility to Salmonella infection and were responders to the mitogenic and toxic effects of LPS . These results are interpreted to mean that endotoxemia cannot be a major factor in the pathogenesis of Salmonella infection and provide evidence for the involvement of multiple factors in the control of innate resistance to Salmonella infection in mice of the C3H lineage.

Immunology, 1982 May, 46(1), 67 - 73
Both genetic background and environmental factors modify the phenotypic expression of H-2 associated genes participating in the polygenic control of antibody responsiveness to Salmonella antigens; Bouthillier Y et al.; The genetic control of responsiveness to flagellar (f) and somatic (s) antigens of Salmonellae was studied in high (H) and low (L) lines of mice selected for the character 'antibody response to sheep erythrocytes' . The minimal immunogenic dose was, for the two antigens, lower in H than in L mice and the dominance of the responder phenotype was then greater in F1 hybrid females than in males . Genes associated with H-2 locus intervene in the responses to each antigen . Their expression was found to vary according to the conditions of immunization and to the sex . The quantifiable H-2 effect was measured in interline hybrids, i.e . on an heterogeneous genetic background equivalent to that of F2 . In the case of the flagellar (f) antigen, the H-2 locus was responsible in secondary response for about 50% of the interline difference in the two sexes . In the primary response, the H-2 effect was only observed in females . It was smaller (25% of the interline difference) and independent of the antigen dose . In contrast, with somatic (s) antigen the H-2 locus did not intervene in the control of secondary response . The H-2 effect in the primary response was again only found in females . Unexpectedly, the allele linked to the H-2 phenotype of L mice had a more favourable effect on hybrid responsiveness than that linked to the phenotype of H mice.

Ann Immunol (Paris), 1982 May-Jun, 133C(3), 383 - 6
{Preparation of monospecific anti-Salmonella LPS antibodies from bacteria immobilized in polyacrylamide gel}; Goichot J et al.; The use of an immunoabsorbent obtained by entrapping Salmonella cells into a polyacrylamide gel lattice enabled us to obtain anti-O monospecific immune sera which can be used for a quick serological identification of some species of Salmonella in the course of a diagnosis . In this paper we describe a method for immobilization of S . typhimurium as well as the preparation of monospecific anti-05 antibodies from plurispecific anti-S . haifa rabbit immune sera . This separation of anti-O monospecific antibodies avoids the repeated and often tedious adsorption of anti-Salmonella immune sera by the corresponding whole bacteria . Such Salmonella, entrapped into the polyacrylamide gel lattice, can be used several times without appreciable loss of their affinity properties.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1982 May, 252(1), 43 - 51
Evaluation of Salmonella and Shigella identification with the MS2-BID automatic system; Chomarat M et al.; The precision of the Abbott MS-2 system was evaluated for the rapid identification of Salmonella and Shigella strains in 5 hours . The results of 113 strains of Salmonella and 52 strains of Shigella studied showed a total agreement of 68% and 90% respectively with the API 20E method and with sero-agglutination taken as reference . But in 12.40% and 2% of the cases the Salmonella and Shigella strains were not recognised and no warning message was given by the automate . Moreover, during the daily utilisation of the apparatus, the 21 strains labelled Shigella and Salmonella were later shown to belong to other genera . The MS-2 BID system is therefore of limited interest in medical and in food microbiology.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1982 May, 252(1), 35 - 42
Inhibitory effect of indomethacin on skin permeability reactions mediated by heat-labile enterotoxins of Salmonella weltevreden, Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae; Kaura YK et al.; Indomethacin, a rapid and intense inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, was used with a view to find out similarity in secretory mechanism of heat-labile enterotoxins of three diarrhoea producing enteric bacteria viz., Salmonella weltevreden, Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae in rabbits . A significant inhibition (90% to 94%) of biological activity of indomethacin pretreated Salmonella enterotoxin was evident in indomethacin treated rabbits, whereas the biological activity was found comparatively low (28% to 76%) in the untreated enterotoxin preparations . In contrast, the skin permeability reaction to cholera toxin remained unaltered in the absence of pretreatment of cholera toxin with indomethacin and it dropped to 55% in pre-treated toxin preparations . There was complete inhibition of biological activity of E . coli enterotoxin which did not receive indomethacin pretreatment . Based on these observations it may be inferred that indomethacin inhibits skin permeability response of heat labile enterotoxin of S . weltevreden both by blocking the effect of prostaglandins (Blocking mechanism) as well as by prostaglandin-adenyl cyclase pathway . The reduction in the biological activity of cholera toxin seems to be occurring through blocking of prostaglandins by indomethacin . In case of E . coli enterotoxin the inhibition mechanism seems operating through prostaglandin-adenyl cyclase system . These observations indicate that the Salmonella enterotoxin shares some similarity with enterotoxins of E . coli and Vibrio cholerae in respect of mechanism of action.

Cancer Lett, 1982 May-Jun, 16(1), 33 - 41
DIfferential ability of Ambystoma tigrinum hepatic microsomes to produce mutagenic metabolites from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic amines; Anderson RS et al.; A number of carcinogenic aromatic amines when activated by liver microsomes from a salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, are mutagenic for Salmonella tester strains sensitive to frameshift mutagens . However, 2 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (benzo{alpha}pyrene (BaP) and perylene) that are rendered mutagenic by mammalian microsomes are not activated by Ambystoma mixed-function oxidases . BaP was chosen for study because it is a well-known environmental carcinogen; perylene, an isomer of BaP, has been implicated as a etiological agent in cutaneous neoplasia in Ambystoma . These results support the observation that amphibians are quite resistant to PAH carcinogenesis and suggest that aromatic amines may be more appropriate model carcinogens.

J Med Microbiol, 1982 May, 15(2), 173 - 80
Identification of salmonellae of serogroup C1 by immunofluorescence and co-agglutination with antiserum against an oligosaccharide-protein conjugate; Ekwall E et al.; Antiserum specific for salmonella O7 antigen raised by immunisation of rabbits with an artificial conjugate consisting of oligosaccharide and bovine serum albumin (Os-BSA) . The oligosaccharide was a pentasaccharide isolated after cleavage of the O antigen polysaccharide chain of Salmonella thompson (O antigen 6, 7) with endo-glycanase from bacteriophage 14 . The usefulness of the S . thompson Os-BSA antiserum for rapid and accurate identification of isolates of Salmonella of serogroup C1 (O6, 7) was shown by indirect immunofluorescence tests in which 77 strains of Salmonella of serogroup C1 were correctly identified from among 848 intestinal strains investigated . The finding that three strains of Escherichia coli and most strains of Candida were also positive in immunofluorescence tests with this antiserum is readily explained by the known structural similarities among the antigenic determinants of E . coli, Candida and Salmonella of serogroup C1 . The specificity of the antiserum for the O7 antigen determinant was further demonstrated in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests and in co-agglutination tests with staphylococci sensitised with S . thompson Os-BSA antiserum.

Sci Total Environ, 1982 May, 24(1), 13 - 25
The distribution and origin of mutagens in airborne particulates, detected by the salmonella/microsome assay in relation to levels of lead, vanadium and PAH; Madsen ES et al.; At three stations in central Copenhagen, Denmark, samples of particulate matter were collected simultaneously with different contributions from automobile exhaust products . Samples were obtained at street level, 22 m above street level and within a hospital zone; 32 samples were analysed for levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and elements, as well as for mutagenicity towards S . typhimurium TA1538 . Two classes of mutagens were quantified: a non-polar extract rich in PAH and, other promutagens, and a polar extract containing direct acting mutagens (not requiring microsomal activation) . Covariances between lead and mutagenicity, and the varying distribution of the polar and non-polar mutagens at the stations, indicate that at all stations the mutagenicity of the non-polar extract is dominated by automobile exhaust products . The polar extract is relatively less influenced by primary traffic emissions; a considerable part of the activity of this extract is attributed to secondary emissions, transformed by atmospheric reactions, and primary emissions from stationary sources.

Carbohydr Res, 1982 May 1, 103(1), 29 - 40
Antigenic determinants of Salmonella serogroups A and D1 . Synthesis of trisaccharide glycosides for use as artificial antigens; Iversen T et al.; The disaccharide glycoside 8-methoxycarbonyloctyl 4,6-O-cyclohexylidine-2-O-(tetra-O-benzyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-alpha-D-manno pyranoside (7) was used as a common intermediate to the trisaccharide determinants of both Salmonella serogroups A and D1 . Acetalation of 8-methoxycarbonyloctyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside provided the 4,6-acetal derivative, which was selectively benzoylated to give the partially protected mannoside 4 . Reaction of 4 with tetra-O-benzyl-alpha-D-galacto-pyranosyl chloride afforded the fully protected disaccharide, which, after transesterification, gave the selectively blocked, disaccharide glycoside (7) . Addition of tyvelose by way of its 2,4-di-O-benzoyl-3,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl chloride derivative gave the blocked trisacchride determinant of Salmonella serogroup D1 . 2,4,-Di-O-benzyl-3,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl chloride reacted with 7 to provide, after removal of blocking groups, the paratose-containing determinant of serogroup A.

Sem Hop, 1982 Apr 15, 58(15), 915 - 20
{Non typhoidal Salmonella infections: a clinical study of 491 cases (author's transl)}; Brasseur P et al.; 491 cases of non typhoidal salmonella infections were studied in the Rouen Hospital University Centre . Affected patients are mainly children who usually present mild febrile gastroenteritis . Severe forms with septicemia, enteric fever, or focal manifestations, usually occur in adults . In nearly half the cases an underlying disease or another predisposing condition was found . In these cases, the mortality rate was increased . Antibiotic therapy prolonged post-convalescent excretion of salmonellae . Adequate diet and hygiene are sufficient in mild forms . Antibiotics should be used only in acute salmonella infections.

Tohoku J Exp Med, 1982 Apr, 136(4), 379 - 86
Isolation and characterization of mucoid and non-mucoid Salmonella oranienburg isolated from pleural effusion of a patient with hemolytic anemia; Saitoh Y et al.; Salmonella oranienburg, mucoid and non-mucoid strains, were simultaneously isolated as causative agents from the pleural effusion of a patient with hereditary spherocytosis . The mucoid-typed Salmonella oranienburg was characterized by serological examination, taking advantage of the high frequency of mucoid (M) to non-mucoid (N) variation.

Mutat Res, 1982 Apr, 101(2), 165 - 72
SCE induction in human lymphocytes by combined treatment with aniline and norharman; Takehisa S et al.; In human lymphocytes, aniline was unable to induce an increase of SCEs in vitro with or without metabolic activation by S9 mix . p-Aminophenol, one of the C-hydroxylation metabolites of aniline in the body, however, increased the SCE frequencies of lymphocytes at a concentration of 10-4 M . The addition of norharman to aniline plus S9 mix increased the SCE frequencies . The increase, however, was due to the SCE-inducing activity of norharman . These data show that the addition of norharman, which enhances the sensitivity of the Salmonella/microsome test, does not produce an enhancement of the sensitivity of the SCE test.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1982 Apr, 35(4), 391 - 5
Thiolactomycin, a new antibiotic . I . Taxonomy of the producing organism, fermentation and biological properties; Oishi H et al.; A strain of actinomycetes, isolated from a soil sample, has produced a novel antibiotic (C11H14O2S) containing a unique thiolactone moiety in its molecule . On the basis of taxonomic studies the producing organism was identified as belonging to the genus Nocardia . The antibiotic, named thiolactomycin, exhibits a broad antibacterial spectrum and particularly potent activity against Salmonella, Serratia and Bacteroides . Furthermore, the acute toxicity is weak in experimental animals . These results indicate that thiolactomycin is distinct from other known antibiotics and represents a new type of antibiotic.

J Chir (Paris), 1982 Apr, 119(4), 237 - 40
{Splenic abscess . 3 cases (author's transl)}; Delaitre B et al.; The authors report three cases of splenic abscess . The condition developed twice during a salmonella infection associated in one case with sickle cell disease . In two patients, the spleen was the site of a suppurated infarction . One patient died shortly after operation . Study of the 79 cases of splenic abscess treated surgically published since 1960 reveals a mortality of 16% . This rare condition is seen essentially during typhoid and septicaemias (endocarditis) . Such pathology in also now seen in drug addicts . The diagnosis and, hence, the prognosis should be improved by the use of echography which seems to be the most reliable investigation before peritonitis by rupture which remains a complication associated with a heavy mortality.

Lab Anim Sci, 1982 Apr, 32(2), 193 - 4
Acute hepatitis in an opossum (Didelphis virginiana) infected with Salmonella turnidorp; Lu YS et al.; Salmonella turnidorp was isolated in pure culture from the liver of an opossum that died of acute hepatitis . Microscopically, there were random foci of hepatic coagulation necrosis and gram negative bacteria within hepatocytes . The Salmonella turnidorp isolate was aberrant in that it did not utilize citrate and did not agglutinate by a commercial Salmonella polyvalent antiserum . Additional Salmonella serotypes, including Salmonella mbandaka, Salmonella rubislaw, and Salmonella anatum were isolated from three of five healthy opossums caught in Texas.

Infect Immun, 1982 Apr, 36(1), 432 - 4
Salmonella and arizona infections of alimentary and reproductive tracts of Panamanian lizards; Kourany M et al.; Salmonella and Arizona spp . were isolated from various sites of the digestive and reproductive tracts of lizards . The finding that bacteria in the oviducts and in the internal contents of oviductal eggs were of the same serotype raises the possibility that transovarian bacterial transmission in lizards occurs in nature.

Am J Vet Res, 1982 Apr, 43(4), 706 - 7
Salmonella in the mesenteric lymph nodes of healthy sows and hogs; Keteran K et al.; Mesenteric lymph nodes were collected from healthy sow and slaughter hogs that had been kept in holding pens for an average of 10 and 2 days, respectively, before slaughter at an abattoir . Salmonella was isolated from 58.2% (67/115) of the sows and 31.3% (16/51) of the slaughter hogs . This difference in Salmonella prevalence was significant (chi 2 = 10.22, P less than 0.005); therefore, the hypothesis that there would be no significant difference in the infection rates of sows and slaughter hogs was rejected.

Pediatrics, 1982 Apr, 69(4), 436 - 8
Salmonellosis in infants: the importance of intrafamilial transmission; Wilson R et al.; In a retrospective review of Wisconsin Salmonella surveillance data, we found that 73 (39%) of 187 families with infant index patients has at least one family members with prior diarrheal illness, compared with only 20 (13%) of 158 families with 5- to 9-year-old index patients (P less than .0001) . Prior diarrheal illness was also more commonly identified in families with an infant index patient 0 to 2 months of age (28 of 52 families) than in families with an index patient 3 to 11 months (45 of 135 families) (P less than .02); this difference was found largely in families of infant index patients with siblings . Intrafamilial transmission of Salmonella may explain a large proportion of cases of infant salmonellosis . Older children and adults with salmonellosis may be the most important exposures for infants 0 to 2 months of age.

J Hyg (Lond), 1982 Apr, 88(2), 275 - 84
Antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella isolates from hospitals in Rome; Falbo V et al.; The susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of 569 salmonella isolated collected in 1977-8 from patients in hospitals in Rome was tested . Fifty-nine per cent of all isolates were resistant to one or more antimicrobials . Resistance was most common to sulphathiazole, tetracycline, streptomycin, whereas colistin, gentamicin, tobramycin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and nalidixic acid were the most active in vitro . Multiple resistance was most frequently found in strains of Salmonella wien and S . typhimurium (94% and 38% respectively) . A significant change in the resistance pattern of S . wien was observed between 1977 and 1978, with a significant increase of susceptibility to some antimicrobials in 1978 . Twenty-one R-plasmids transmissible to E . coli K12 were derived from 46 resistant strains of S . typhimurum.

J Hyg (Lond), 1982 Apr, 88(2), 255 - 63
Transmission of Salmonella mbandaka to cattle from contaminated feed; Jones PW et al.; Salmonella mbandaka was isolated from cattle on three dairy farms . The duration of infection was less than four weeks and none of the animals became clinically ill . The animals had all consumed a diet containing a vegetable fat supplement contaminated with S . mbandaka and this was shown to be the source of the infections . It is significant that a feed containing purely vegetable components was incriminated.

J Hyg (Lond), 1982 Apr, 88(2), 231 - 54
The geographical distribution of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A and B phage types during the period 1 January 1970 to 31 December 1973 . A report of the International Federation for Enteric Phage-Typing (IFEPT).
{Recurrent bilateral iritis in a case of salmonellosis (author's transl)}
Huismans H.

Case report on a 24-year-old patient with bilateral recurrent iritis with salmonellosis (bacterial food poisoning) . The stool test revealed salmonella typhi murium . It is remarkable that, in spite of a careful general anamnesis, the patient at first failed to mention the gastroenteric symptoms.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1982 Apr, 93(4), 103 - 5
{Changes in the nephron and neuroendocrine apparatus of the kidneys following the administration of Salmonella endotoxin}; Pal'tsev MA et al.; Electron microscopy was used to examine renal glomerules and tubules, as well as the renal neuro-endocrine apparatus 3 and 24 hours after intravenous injection of 2 mg/kg S . typhimurium endotoxin . The studies demonstrated swelling and vacuolization of the endothelial cells and an increase in the glomerular capillaries of the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with lysosomal sequestration and fibrin emergence 3 hours after endotoxin injection, intravascular coagulation, accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the peritubular capillaries, fat dystrophy of the mesangial cells and nephrocytes in the proximal tubules after 24 hours . The method for mathematical estimation of granulation in the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), designed by the authors, from the density of the contents of epithelioid cell granules enabled the detection of JGA activation, particularly 24 hours after endotoxin injection . The reduction of the number of granules in the interstitial cells of the renal medulla might be due both to JGA activation and endotoxin action that stimulates the synthesis of prostaglandins.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1982 Apr, 43(4), 877 - 93
Enzyme immunoassay for detection of Salmonellae in foods; Minnich SA et al.; An enzyme immunoassay was developed to detect Salmonella in foods . Indirect test protocols were developed for use with microtitration plates or Gilford microcuvettes . Samples from enrichment cultures were mixed with H-specific immunoglobulin G and allowed to react; unbound antibody was removed by three 5-min centrifugation washes; goat anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to alkaline phosphatase was added and allowed to react; and unbound conjugate was removed by centrifugation washing as before . Salmonella-positive samples were indicated by the production of a chromogenic reaction product after the addition of alkaline phosphatase substrate . The color could be read visually or quantified by absorbance . Ninety-eight food samples were examined to compare the enzyme immunoassay with enrichment serology, immunofluorescence, and the Food and Drug Administration pure culture technique . The enzyme immunoassay was sensitive and specific, and it possessed advantages over methods currently in use . Furthermore, when the enzyme immunoassay was used to screen preenrichment media, the results indicated that it might be decidedly more sensitive than the conventional pure culture technique.

Mutat Res, 1982 Apr, 104(1-3), 49 - 54
Mutagenicity and DNA-modifying activity of 2-nitropropane; Speck WT et al.; The results presented herein confirm the mutagenicity in Salmonella of 2-nitropropane and the relative inactivity of 1-nitropropane . The lack of mutagenicity of 1- and 2-aminopropane is also reported . In addition, we have demonstrated the in vitro DNA-modifying activity of 2-nitropropane, and present evidence to suggest that genetic activity of this nitroalkane may not be dependent on the enzymic reduction of the nitro function to the corresponding hydroxylamine.

Mutat Res, 1982 Apr, 104(1-3), 43 - 8
The efficiency of various solvents in the extraction of chemical mutagens from living tissues: a comparative study; Al-Mossawi MJ et al.; The aim of this study is to find out the best solvent to be used in extraction of chemical pollutants from living organisms . Ethanol, benzene, chloroform, pentane, 1,4-dioxan, acetone, cyclohexane and ether were used in extraction of shrimp and clam samples collected from a Fahaheel site . The tissue extracts were tested for their mutagenic activity using E . coli and Salmonella on tester strains . The results revealed that ethanol was more efficient than other solvent in extraction of chemical mutagens concentrated in clams and shrimps.

Mutat Res, 1982 Apr, 104(1-3), 1 - 8
Genetic toxicology studies with 2-nitrobenzofurans and 2-nitronaphthofurans; Weill-Thevenet N et al.; The genetic toxicity of benzofurans and naphthofurans was further examined . (i) Seven new 2-nitronaphthofurans tested give a positive response on strains TA1537, TA1538, TA98, TA100, but not on strain TA1535 . This response depends at least partially on the bacterial nitroreductase activities and is decreased in presence of activating mixture from rat liver . (ii) A correlation is observed between the mutagenic potency assayed in the Mutatest and the phage-inducing potency assayed in the Inductest . The relevance of these results and of complementary tests on uvr + Salmonella strains and the Spermatest are briefly discussed in perspective of the possible genetic toxicity of the compounds on mammals.

Mutat Res, 1982 Apr, 101(2), 127 - 40
Genotoxicity of safrole-related chemicals in microbial test systems; Sekizawa J et al.; The genotoxicity of safrole, 9 compounds that are structurally similar to safrole (anethole, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, estragole, methyl eugenol, eugenol, isoeugenol, isosafrole, piperonal), 5 essential oils, cassia oil, cinnamon bark oil, clove oil, fennel oil) which contain the chemicals tested, and 1 oleoresin was studies in 3 microbial test systems . Only anethole showed mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella reversion assay . All chemicals except anethole, estragole and isosafrole were positive in the Bacillus subtilis DNA-repair test (Rec assay) without S9 . All samples tested were negative in the Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA reversion test . The essential oils and pimenta oleoresin were positive in the DNA-repair test . The results obtained are discussed in relation to the nature of the problems encountered with each test method.

Cancer Lett, 1982 Mar-Apr, 15(3), 209 - 14
Potent mutagenic impurities in a commercial sample of 3-nitro-9-fluorenone; Jin ZL et al.; A commercial sample of 3-nitro-9-fluorenone was a potent mutagen in the Ames Salmonella assay, producing 1000 TA98 net revertants per plate at 0.76 microgram/plate without the presence of liver homogenates (-S9) . After purification by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), 3-nitro-9-fluorenone was found to be at least 6 times less active than the parent sample . The commercial sample was fractionated by HPLC and the mutagenic impurity peaks collected and subjected to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) . The mass spectra of 2 potent mutagenic fractions showed the principal molecular species to be a dinitrofluorenone and an acetamidomononitrofluorenone . Samples of synthetic 2,7-dinitro-9-fluorenone and 2-acetamido-3-nitro-9-fluorenone had mutagenic activities, HPLC retention times, and mass spectra characteristics similar to the mutagenic impurity fractions collected from the commercial sample.

Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1982 Mar-Apr, 75(2), 183 - 91
{Attempts at demonstrating the Schistosoma-Salmonella relationship . In vivo and in vitro studies}; Delaunay-Chaillou MD et al.; The optical microscopy (on histological preparations) and scanning observations of Schistosoma mansoni is conducted in the presence of various species of Salmonella . It is well-obtained that the Schistosoma maturity, its metabolic activity and the action of antibodies anti-salmonella have influenced the bacterian fixation on the worm . An hypothesis about the possible mechanism of this attachment is then developed and also an hypothesis about the protection of bacteria against antibiotherapy among patients infected with Schistosoma and carriers of salmonellosis.

Arch Toxicol, 1982 Mar, 49(3-4), 185 - 90
Mutagenicity of 4,4'-methylenedianiline derivatives in the Salmonella histidine reversion assay; Rao TK et al.; 4,4'-Methylenedianiline and its derivatives were assayed for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsomal mutagenicity assay develop by Ames . A specificity to revert strain TA98 suggests a mechanism of frameshift mutagenesis . Liver microsomal preparations (S-9) from rats induced with phenobarbital were most effective for metabolic activation . Alkyl substitution of 4,4'-methylenedianiline did not alter its mutagenic activity; however, substitution of both positions ortho to the amino group eliminated mutagenic activity . Substitution with alkoxy-carbonyl groups eliminated mutagenic activity, whereas halogen substitution (chlorine, fluorine) enhanced the mutagenic activity . The results presented here show the use of structure-activity studies as predictive tools for the assessment of genotoxic properties of industrial chemicals.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1982 Mar, 65(2), 241 - 8
Microbial hazards associated with bean sprouting; Andrews WH et al.; The behaviour of microorganisms was studied in mung beans and alfalfa seeds before and after germination in modified, commercially available bean-sprouting kits . The microorganism were enumerated by the aerobic plate count (APC) and by total yeast and mold count procedures . Salmonella species were artificially inoculated into selected samples and were enumerated by the most probable number (MPN) method . After germination of the beans or seeds into mature sprouts, significant increases were noted in APCs and in MPN values of Salmonella species . Although counts of yeasts and molds did not increase significantly after germination, these samples show an increase in toxic Aspergillus flavus and potentially toxic Alternaria species . The presence of toxic Penicillium cyclopium molds also increase substantially in 5 samples of a single brand of mung beans . Analysis of selected sprout samples, however, showed no presence of aflatoxin.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1982 Mar, (3), 104 - 7
{Potential use of infrared spectroscopy for the quantitative characterization of the chemical composition of Salmonella typhi preparations}; Zhurko NP et al.; The possibility of using infrared spectroscopy for the evaluation of the chemical composition of S . typhi preparations is shown . The existence of a clear-cut correlation between the optical density of adsorption bands in the region between 1,665 and 1,100 cm-1 and the content of protein, polysaccharide and nucleic acids in the preparations subjected to analysis has been revealed . The character of changes in the infrared spectra of the preparations at different stages of deep cultivation has been studied.

Trop Geogr Med, 1982 Mar, 34(1), 51 - 4
Sickle cell haemoglobinopathy and Salmonella osteomyelitis in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia; Al-Awamy B et al.; Four cases of Salmonella osteomyelitis in children with sickle cell haemoglobinopathy were seen at a hospital in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia . These cases are of interest as the Saudi variety of sickle cell anemia has been previously reported to have a relatively uncomplicated course.

J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Mar, 15(3), 508 - 10
Rapid isolation of Yersinia spp . from feces; Weissfeld AS et al.; Direct plating or cold enrichment or both have been used to isolate Yersinia spp . from feces . Freeze-shock double enrichment and KOH treatment have been recommended for recovery of Yersinia enterocolitica from surface waters and food, respectively . These techniques were evaluated as alternatives for rapid recovery of Yersinia spp . from feces . Stool samples were homogenized in buffered saline and autoclaved . Escherichia coli . Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were each added to the suspension at a final concentration of 1.5 x 10(6) colony-forming units per ml . Yersinia cells were then added to a final concentration of 1.5 x 10(3), 1.5 x 10(4), 1.5 x 10(5), or 1.5 x 10(6) colony-forming units per ml . A total of 21 strains of Y . enterocolitica, 2 of Yersinia kristensenii, and 1 each of Yersinia intermedia and Yersinia fredriksenii were tested . For freeze-shock double enrichment, seeded stool samples were frozen overnight (-70 degrees C), transferred successively to m-tetrathionate broth (6 h . 37 degrees C) and selenite broth (2 h 37 degrees C), and plated on MacConkey, salmonella-shigella, and cellobiose-arginine-lysine agars for quantitation . For KOH treatment, seeded stool samples were mixed with 0.5% KOH at a ratio of 1:2 for 2 min and plated as described above . E . coli, K . pneumoniae, and P . aeruginosa were virtually eliminated after either method was used . All Yersinia strains were recovered after KOH treatment even at the lowest initial concentration (1.5 x 10(3) colony-forming units per ml) . However, after freeze-shock double enrichment, not all strains were retrievable, and those isolates which were recovered were grown only from samples containing the highest number of Yersinia strains (1.5 x 10(6) colony-forming units per ml) . KOH treatment of stool samples seems to be a viable substitute for more protracted methods of recovering Yersinia spp.

J Immunol, 1982 Mar, 128(3), 1420 - 7
Interactions of bacterial lipopolysaccharide with acute-phase rabbit serum and isolation of two forms of rabbit serum amyloid A; Tobias PS et al.; Mixing lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Salmonella minnesota R595) with acute-phase rabbit serum (APRS) results in the formation of two types of complexes . The two complexes are separable from each other and from LPS by CsCl density gradient ultracentrifugation . LPS alone had density 1.38 g/cm3, complex 1.3 had density 1.3 +/- 0.02 g/cm3, and complex 1.2 had density less than 1.20 g/cm3 . At 1 to 10 micrograms LPS/ml APRS, up to 23 micrograms of LPS could be found in complex 1.3, with the remainder of the LPS in complex 1.2 . The capacity of complex 1.2 for LPS was 500 to 600 micrograms LPS/ml APRS . The ability of rabbit serum to form complex 1.3 rose to a maximum in 24 hr post-acute-phase induction . The two complexes were purified by equilibrium density gradient ultracentrifugation and immunoaffinity chromatography using antibodies to LPS and subjected to SDS-PAGE . Complex 1.3 had major peptides after reduction of 91, 64, 61 and 50 kilodaltons . The 61-kilodalton peptide is probably rabbit serum albumin; the others are unidentified . Complex 1.2 had major peptides after reduction whose mobility corresponded to apolipoprotein A-I and serum amyloid A . Complex 1.2 thus seems to be analogous to the LPS-high-density-lipoprotein complexes that form in normal serum except that the latter complexes do not contain serum amyloid A . Rabbit serum amyloid A (SAA) was purified by CsCl equilibrium density gradient ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography into two forms, SAA-1 and SAA-2 . The two forms of SAA have very similar amino acid compositions and m.w . (SAA-1, 11,526 daltons; SAA-2, 11,469 daltons) . They differ primarily in their isoelectric points, 6.57 and 6.27 for SAA-1 and SAA-2, respectively . The complexes 1.2 from several individual rabbits after acute-phase induction were studied by isoelectric focusing . Seven of 10 rabbits showed both forms of SAA; three showed a single form . Two rabbits showing SAA-1 on the first acute-phase induction were reinduced; one rabbit again gave SAA-1 and the other gave SAA-2 . These results suggest that SAA and perhaps other acute-phase reactants may modulate the biologic activity of LPS.

Mutat Res, 1982 Mar, 103(3-6), 275 - 81
Genotoxicity of cocoa examined by microbial and mammalian systems; Renner HW et al.; Unroasted or roasted cocoa powder dispersed in water and applied to Chinese hamsters by stomach tube caused elevated numbers of SCEs in the sister-chromatid exchange test (bone-marrow cells) . Roasted cocoa freed from fat produced distinctly higher SCE values with a linear dose-response relationship, whereas cocoa butter had no influence on SCE levels . Positive results in the SCE test (1.5-fold values of the controls) were obtained after application of about 5 g cocoa/kg b.w . Presumably, because of the smaller quantities that could be administered in this way, positive test results were not found when cocoa was given in the diet instead of being administered by stomach tube . Cocoa from which theobromine was extracted by chloroform did not affect SCE levels . Pure theobromine increased SCE levels in a dose-dependent way . Theobromine was also positive in the micronucleus test at 2 X 40 mg/animal and negative in the chromosome aberration test at 1 X 40 mg/animal . Cocoa and the theobromine were negative in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test both with and without metabolic activation.

Mutat Res, 1982 Mar, 101(1), 11 - 8
Light-induced genetic toxicity of thimerosal and benzalkonium chloride in commercial contact lens solutions; Lovely TJ et al.; Several commercial solutions used for daily care of contact lenses were tested for mutagenicity in 4 strains of Salmonella and for their ability to induce repairable DNA damage in the E . coli DNA polymerase A- assay . 5 of the 13 solutions tested were positive in the polymerase A- assay . These products demonstrated an increased level of genetic toxicity when the assay was conducted under conditions of illumination with visible light . Investigation of the genetic toxicity of some of their components, specifically the preservatives, indicated that thimerosal and benzalkonium chloride were capable of causing repairable DNA damage . Thimerosal was active only when the plates were incubated under conditions of illumination, and thus was light-induced . Benzalkonium chloride was active under conditions of dark incubation, and its genetic toxicity was enhanced when the plates were irradiated with visible light . These results were confirmed in a parallel experiment, in which cells were treated with the test agent and irradiated for a short period in liquid culture and viable cells then determined . None of the commercial products and none of the components tested, were mutagenic in the Salmonella assay.

J Infect Dis, 1982 Mar, 145(3), 292 - 5
A controlled field trial of live Salmonella typhi strain Ty 21a oral vaccine against typhoid: three-year results; Wahdan MH et al.; A controlled field trial of Salmonella typhi strain Ty 21a oral vaccine against typhoid was carried out in Alexandria, Egypt, from March 1978 to March 1981 . A total of 32,388 children was included in the study . The children were divided in two comparable groups, one given three doses of vaccine and the other three doses of placebo . Each dose of vaccine contained 1-8 X 10(9) live Ty 21a bacteria . The population was monitored, and each suspected case of typhoid was investigated bacteriologically and serologically . The effectiveness of the vaccine was assessed by analyzing the number of confirmed cases of typhoid fever in the two groups . The incidence of typhoid fever was 4.9 cases per 10,000 children per year in the control group and 0.2 cases per 10,000 children per year in the vaccine group . The results indicate that, in the dose schedule used, the Ty 21a mutant strain, which is stable and safe, is protective for a period of at least three years.

J Immunol, 1982 Mar, 128(3), 1256 - 60
A new complement-dependent bactericidal factor found in nonimmune mouse sera: specific binding to polysaccharide of Ra chemotype Salmonella; Ihara I et al.; It has been shown that nonimmune mouse sera contain a complement-dependent bactericidal factor that reacts specifically with Ra chemotype Salmonella . In this study we investigate a specific determinant to which this factor binds . This factor bound to Ra chemotype lipopolysaccharide (LPS) but not to S or Re chemotype LPS . The binding was markedly inhibited by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc), which was the nonreducing terminal of the Ra polysaccharide chain and by certain monosaccharides structurally relating to L-glycero-D-mannoheptose, a terminal component of a side branch of Ra polysaccharide . The factor bound to the Ra bacteria could be eluted with a medium containing GlcNAc . These results indicate that the specific determinant is the polysaccharide region of LPS characteristic of Ra chemotype Salmonella . Ca2+ but not Mg2+ was required for the specific binding of the factor to cells of Ra bacteria . A molecule composed of a polypeptide of 28,000 m.w . was found in the active fraction obtained by the monosaccharide elution . However, no polypeptides corresponding to light and heavy chains of mouse immunoglobins were detected from the active fraction.

Rev Infect Dis, 1982 Mar-Apr, 4(2), 551 - 61
Response of typhoid fever caused by chloramphenicol-susceptible and chloramphenicol-resistant strains of Salmonella typhi to treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; Butler T et al.; Chloramphenicol remains the drug of choice for the treatment of typhoid fever in most areas despite the risks of relapses and toxicity . In a comparison of the efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) and chloramphenicol against typhoid fever, 60 patients in Indonesia were randomly assigned to receive either TMP-SMZ (320 mg of TMP and 1,600 mg of SMZ daily) or chloramphenicol (2 g daily) for 14 days . TMP-SMZ was significantly more effective in sterilizing the blood, but the two drugs were equally effective with regard to relapse rate, frequency of prolonged fever, and mortality . Use of TMP-SMZ in Vietnam for the treatment of typhoid fever caused by chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella typhi showed that TMP-SMZ is as effective as ampicillin . Likewise, a review of other published reports suggests that TMP-SMZ has an overall record in the treatment of typhoid fever that is equal to or better than the records of other available drugs . TMP-SMZ has emerged as a satisfactory alternative to chloramphenicol for the treatment of typhoid fever and should be especially useful in areas where chloramphenicol-resistant S . typhi has been isolated.

Scand J Immunol, 1982 Mar, 15(3), 249 - 57
Polyclonal activation of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes by formaldehyde-fixed Salmonella paratyphi B . II . Heterogeneity of B lymphocytes; Chen WY et al.; B-cell 'activation' in cultures stimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM), Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan I, or formaldehyde-fixed Salmonella paratyphi B (SPB) was evaluated by enumeration of cells secreting immunoglobulin (Ig) and by quantitation of Ig released into culture supernatants . A dissociation between these two values was found after day 6 in cultures activated with PWM or SPB, suggesting that Ig-secreting cells (ISC) are heterogeneous in terms of Ig secretion rate . Generation of ISC in cultures activated with PWM or SPB was partially inhibited by hydroxyurea, but Ig levels in culture supernatants were not affected . These results indicate that there are at least two subpopulations of ISC in stimulated peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures, one sensitive to, and the other resistant to, hydroxyurea . The hydroxyurea-resistant subpopulation appeared to be more mature and to release most all of the Ig detected in culture supernatants . Furthermore, time-course studies of ISC numbers and Ig levels showed that each ISC in SPB-stimulated cultures (but not in PWM-stimulated cultures) was more active in Ig synthesis and secretion after day 8 than before day 6, indicating that after day 8 most of the ISC in cultures activated with SPB were hydroxyurea-resistant . These studies suggest that SPB is another useful polyclonal B-cell 'activator' for studies of human B-cell differentiation and function, and that SPB defines two distinct subsets of B cells.

Arthritis Rheum, 1982 Mar, 25(3), 249 - 59
Followup study on patients with Reiter's disease and reactive arthritis, with special reference to HLA-B27; Leirisalo M et al.; An analysis of 160 patients with Reiter's disease, 144 with yersinia arthritis, and 9 with salmonella arthritis was performed, Complete or incomplete Reiter's syndrome was observed in one-third of the patients with yersinia arthritis and in most of those with salmonella arthritis . During the followup period, chronic back pain and joint symptoms were frequent in all the patient groups . Patients who were HLA-B27 positive had a more severe acute disease (more frequent back pain, urologic symptoms, mucocutaneous manifestations, and a longer duration of the disease) and more frequent chronic back pain and sacroiliitis.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1982 Mar, 79(5), 1428 - 32
Structure of the DNA-binding region of lac repressor inferred from its homology with cro repressor; Matthews BW et al.; It is shown that the amino acid sequence and the DNA gene sequence of the 25 amino-terminal residues of the lac repressor protein of Escherichia coli are homologous with the sequences of five DNA-binding proteins: the cro repressor proteins from phage lambda and phage 434, the cI and cII proteins from phage lambda, and the repressor protein from Salmonella phage P22 . The region of homology between lac repressor and the other proteins coincides with the principal DNA-binding region of cro repressor . In particular, residues Tyr-17 through Gln-26 of lac repressor correspond to the alpha-helix Gln-27 through Ala-36 of cro repressor, which we have postulated to bind within the major groove of the DNA and to be primarily responsible for the recognition of the DNA operator region by the protein {Anderson, W . F., Ohlendorf, D . H., Takeda, Y . & Matthews, B . W . (1981) Nature (London) 290, 754--758} . By analogy with cro repressor, we propose that residues 17--26 of lac repressor are alpha-helical and that this helix and a twofold-related alpha-helix in an adjacent subunit bind within successive major grooves of the lac operator, which is in a right-handed Watson--Crick B-DNA conformation . Also, by analogy with cro repressor, we suggest that residues Thr-5 through Ala-13 of lac repressor form a second alpha-helix and contribute, in part, to DNA binding . The proposed structure for the DNA-binding region of lac repressor is consistent with chemical protection data and with genetic experiments identifying the probable locations of a number of the residues of the repressor protein that either do or do not participate in DNA binding.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1982 Mar, 31(2), 328 - 34
Interaction of Salmonella paratyphi A and Schistosoma mansoni in hamsters; Mikhail IA et al.; It has previously been shown that Salmonella paratyphi A associates with adult Schistosoma mansoni worms in animal models and in patients with schistosomiasis, resulting in Salmonella infections that are difficult to manage unless the helminthic parasite is eliminated . In the present study, characteristics of this association were explored . In vitro, fresh serum, but not heat-inactivated (56 degree C, 30 minutes) serum, from normal hamsters (NH) and schistosome-infected hamsters (SIH) equally inhibited bacterial growth . When either group of animals was given S . paratyphi A intracardially, there was a decline in recoverable bacteria in the blood for 3 days, but after the third day, the number of bacteria increased in SIH whereas NH blood became sterile . Co-cultivation of S . paratyphi A in Earle's medium with live worms yielded more bacterial growth than occurred in the medium without worms, suggesting that nutritional factors are involved in the relationship . An intimate association in vivo of bacteria and trematodes was confirmed by culturing Salmonella from both worm surfaces and homogenized worms, with more bacteria being recovered from female worms . Although the bacterial infection induced a significant hepatic shift of adult worms in SIH, oogram analyses were normal and no lethal effect of bacteria on worms was noted.

Mutat Res, 1982 Mar, 93(1), 67 - 81
Comparisons between carcinogenic potency and mutagenic potency to Salmonella in a series of derivatives of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (DAB); Ashby J et al.; 8 derivatives of the rodent liver carcinogen 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (DAB), all of known carcinogenicity in rodents, have been evaluated in the 3 major variants of the Salmonella mutation assay; the standard plate test of Ames et al., the pre-incubation assay of Yahagi et al . and the fluctuation assay of Gatehouse . Although 4 of these chemicals were reported to be non-carcinogenic, and 4 to be of greater carcinogenic potency than DAB, each was mutagenic in a least 2 of the assays . Further, no quantitative correlation between carcinogenic and mutagenic potency was evident in any of the assay employed . The parent carcinogen DAB, 5-dimethylaminophenylazoindazole (a non-carcinogenic bacterial mutagen) and 6-dimethylaminophenylazobenzthiazole (a carcinogenic bacterial mutagen) were administered to rats via intraperitoneal injection, followed, 26 h later, by a sub-acute dose of {14C} dimethylnitrosamine . The histopathological condition of the livers of the treated animals was assessed together with a determination of the extent and nature of methylation by DMN of the DNA in the livers according to the method of O'Connor . Disturbances in both the pathological and DNA-related parameters were observed for the 2 carcinogens while control levels were seen for the non-carcinogen . Within this context the value of short-term assays conducted in vivo is discussed, especially their potential to identify potent mammalian carcinogens from among a collection of structurally related bacterial mutagens.

Ann Trop Paediatr, 1982 Mar, 2(1), 41 - 3
Bilateral gangrene of the feet associated with Salmonella infection in children with sickle cell anaemia; Adeyokunnu AA; Two cases of bilateral gangrene of the feet associated with salmonella infection in Nigerian children with sickle cell anaemia are described . Healing was spontaneous and complete in both cases . A search for sickling phenomenon and salmonella infection is advocated in all African children with so-called idiopathic bilateral gangrene of childhood.

Vopr Virusol, 1982 Mar-Apr, 27(2), 142 - 6
{Immunization with a complex preparation: a new method of influenza prevention . The basis for using a complex preparation for preventing influenza}; Shvartsman IaS et al.; A combined preparation for influenza prevention (CPIP) consisting of an interferon inducer stimulating immunogenesis and killed influenza vaccine is proposed . Twenty five inducers-stimulators have been tested: polynucleotides, polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide extracted from Salmonella typhosa . Intranasal administration of CPIP to laboratory animals markedly stimulates interferon, secretory, and circulating antibody synthesis . Resistance to fatal influenza infection develops within 18 hours after administration of CPIP and its intensity increases in the following 14 days (the observation period.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1982 Mar, 79(5), 1616 - 20
Shared idiotypes among monoclonal antibodies specific for different immunodominant sugars of lipopolysaccharide of different Gram-negative bacteria; Hiernaux J et al.; Shared idiotypes (Ids) were identified on monoclonal antibodies specific for different immunodominant sugars in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria . The first group of monoclonal antibodies is specific for Escherichia coli 0113 LPS, whereas the second group is specific for Salmonella tranaroa LPS . The shared idiotopes borne by these two groups of monoclonal antibodies were identified with monoclonal anti-Id antibodies specific for E . coli LPS-binding monoclonal antibodies and with syngeneic anti-384Id antibodies specific for MOPC 384 and MOPC 870 myeloma proteins . Our data suggest that shared idiotopes are common for antibodies for an antigenic family.

J Immunol, 1982 Mar, 128(3), 1229 - 35
Phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages: changing the carbohydrate of lipopolysaccharide alters interaction with complement and macrophages; Liang-Takasaki CJ et al.; Salmonella transductants and recombinants differing the O-antigenic side chain of their lipopolysaccharide are taken up at different rates by the murine macrophage-like cell line J774 . Bacteria containing abequose, mannose, rhamnose, and galactose in O-antigenic side chain were taken up at the slowest rate; the one containing tyvelose instead of abequose was taken up at an intermediate rate; and the one containing mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, and glucose, instead of the above sequence, was taken up at the highest rate . These rates correlate well with the known virulence of these strains; the most virulent is the one taken up slowest, the one taken up at an intermediate rate is less virulent, and the one taken up fastest is the least virulent . The differences in ingestion rates reflect differences in affinity of the bacteria for the macrophages and not in the rate of ingestion once interaction has occurred, suggesting a receptor-mediated process . The majority of uptake is probably dependent on complement, as shown by the requirement for a serum component(s) destroyed by heating at 56 degrees C or by incubation with zymosan . Specific antibody is not required . We therefore postulate that relative virulence in vivo may reflect the relative ability of the polysaccharide of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to activate complement, thus determining the susceptibility of the bacteria to ingestion via the complement receptor of phagocytic cells.

Mutat Res, 1982 Feb 22, 92(1-2), 29 - 37
The chemical activation of non-mutagenic nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to mutagens; Karpinsky GE et al.; Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including carcinogens, may be non-mutagenic in microorganisms because bacterial nitroreductases are unable to reduce their nitro function to proximate mutagenic hydroxylamines . This reduction of the nitro moiety can be accomplished chemically in situ using zinc dust . The procedure, which is compatible with the Salmonella mutagenicity assay, was used to generate mutagens from chemicals which otherwise are non-mutagenic even in the presence of microsomal preparations.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1982 Feb 15, 710(2), 248 - 51
Changes in phase transition temperature of phospholipids induced by endotoxin; Liu MS et al.; The effects of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella minnesota Re 595) on the phase transition temperature (Tm) of various phospholipids were studied . Endotoxin had no effect on the Tm and the width of the phase transition of dipalmitoyl-sn-3-phosphatidylcholine . Endotoxin at 100 micrograms/ml increased the Tm of dipalmitoyl-sn-3-phosphatidylethanolamine by 1.1 degrees C (P less than 0.01) and narrowed the range of transition from 4.5 to 2.6 degrees C; the endotoxin-induced changes in the Tm and the transition range were abolished by the presence of 0.25 mM CaCl2 . Endotoxin increased the Tm of dipalmitoyl-sn-3-phosphatidic acid by 1.1 (P less than 0.01), 1.2 (P less than 0.01), and 3.1 (P less than 0.01) degrees C at 25, 50 and 100 micrograms/ml, respectively . Furthermore, the width of phase transition of phosphatidic acid was narrowed from 6.5 to 4.0 degrees C by endotoxin at 100 micrograms/ml . The endotoxin-induced changes in the Tm and the transition range of phosphatidic acid were not affected by the presence of EDTA (1 mM) or CaCl2 (0.05-0.1 mM) . These results suggest that endotoxin decreases the fluidity of negatively charged phospholipids such as phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylethanolamine . A change in the physical properties of membrane lipid bilayers induced by endotoxin may have an adverse effect on the function of biological membranes.

Wien Klin Wochenschr, 1982 Feb 5, 94(3), 86 - 9
{Salmonella enteritis in childhood - a tropical problem (author's transl)}; Stogmann W et al.; 148 children with Salmonella gastroenteritis were admitted to the Mautner Markhofsches Kinderspital of Vienna in the 4-year period 1977 to 1980 . The age distribution showed a marked prevalence of infants and young children . Salmonella Wien, typhi murium and enteritidis were the most commonly found Salmonella subtypes . No complications were encountered . After an average stay in hospital of 9 days the patients were considered fit for discharge, although only one third had negative stool cultures, whilst two thirds were convalescent Salmonella excretors . The duration of Salmonella excretion showed a hyperbolic course and was dependent on various factors, but could not be shortened by antimicrobial treatment . The topical problems of Salmonella gastroenteritis are discussed: the age distribution, with the highest incidence in early childhood, the duration of excretion in relation to antimicrobial treatment, the arguments against routine antibacterial treatment, the increase in Salmonella gastroenteritis in Western countries over the past years and the cause of this increase based on the high contamination rate of meat from animals infected by contaminated fodder . Large canteens are particularly vulnerable.

Poult Sci, 1982 Feb, 61(2), 288 - 93
The incidence of Salmonella species and serotypes in young whole chicken carcasses in 1979 as compared with 1967; Green SS et al.; A survey was conducted to determine the incidence of salmonellae in processed, ready-to-market, whole young chickens . Carcasses from 15 federally inspected chickens eviscerating plants were analyzed using a carcass washing technique for determining the presence of salmonellae . The results obtained during the 1979 incidence survey were compared to results obtained in an identical 1967 Salmonella survey . In the 1967 study, salmonellae were isolated from 171 ot the 597 (28.6%) whole chickens tetrathionate broth rinsings analysed . In the 1979 study, 222 of 601 (36.9%) of similarly analysed chicken samples were positive . Percentile positive findings from individual plants range from 7.5 to 73.7% in 1967 and from 2.5 to 87.5% in 1979.

Toxicol Lett, 1982 Feb, 10(2-3), 121 - 7
Evaluation of coal liquefaction technologies by Salmonella mutagenesis; Warshawsky D et al.; Coal liquefaction materials made by two processes were found to be mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome assay . Data from this type of in vitro assay can be used in the toxicological assessment of these processes . Such evaluations of the health and environmental impacts of technologies would aid in the development of alternate energy sources.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1982 Feb, 47(2), 269 - 74
Immunological studies in typhoid fever . II . Cell-mediated immune responses and lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with typhoid fever; Rajagopalan P et al.; The development of the cell-mediated immune response (CMIR) to antigens prepared from Salmonella typhi was investigated in patients suffering from typhoid fever and in normal healthy subjects . The leucocyte migration inhibition test, blast transformation of lymphocytes and active rosette-forming cells were used for detecting CMIR . Peripheral blood lymphocytes were analysed for the numbers and proportions of B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and their subpopulations with receptors for IgM (T micro) or IgG (T gamma) and cells with Fc receptors for IgG . These parameters were correlated with the duration and the severity of illness . The uncomplicated cases of typhoid fever were found to have an intact CMIR as compared to the complicated cases . The ratio of T lymphocyte subpopulations was grossly imbalanced in typhoid patients, the numbers of T lymphocytes and their subpopulations were further altered in he complicated cases as compared to uncomplicated cases . The present study demonstrates a depressed state of CMIR in complicated patients with typhoid fever . CMIR may thus emerge as the cardinal point for recovery in typhoid fever rather than the specific antibodies . The study further demonstrates that imbalance within the subsets of T lymphocytes may be responsible for the depressed state of CMIR in complicated cases of typhoid fever.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1982 Feb, 21(2), 334 - 5
Cefamandole treatment of Salmonella bacteremia; De Carvalho EM et al.; The efficacy of cefamandole in the treatment of 19 patients with salmonella bacteremia was evaluated . Although all of the salmonella strains isolated were highly susceptible to cefamandole in vitro, a therapeutic failure was observed in 7 (36.8%) of the 19 patients.

Am Surg, 1982 Feb, 48(2), 54 - 8
Remote salmonellosis: surgical masquerader; Sandiford JA et al.; The salmonella group of bacteria consists of at least 1700 subtypes and causes widespread gastroenteric disease throughout the world, there being approximately two million cases yearly in the United States alone . An uncommon but interesting complication is the hematogenous lodgment of organisms in other sites of the body with resultant localized abscess formation, often months or years later . We present a review of 15 cases seen in our affiliated hospitals over a nine-year period . Remote salmonellosis most often occurs in patients with underlying systemic disease, such as lupus, malignancy, diabetes, and sickle cell disease, or in association with therapy that suppresses host resistance including steroids and cancer chemotherapy . The most frequent sites of involvement are bone marrow, joints, meninges, pleura, and blood vessels, or in an area of locus minoris resistentiae . The latter include scars, hematomas, fracture sites, prosthetic devices, and neoplasms . Our experience would suggest that these infections, which can remote both in location and time from the original gastrointestinal episode, are perhaps more frequent today than is generally realized . Diagnosis is often delayed because of lack of familiarity with this entity . Treatment consist of either drainage or excision of infected tissue often combined with long-term antibiotics.

J Urol, 1982 Feb, 127(2), 374 - 8
Salmonella Minnesota Re 595 lipid A induced nephritis; Hemstreet GP 3rd et al.; Injection of heat killed bacteria into kidney parenchyma results in pathologic lesions similar to chronic pyelonephritis while immunosuppression reverses this phenomenon . These observations and the propensity of lipid A to bind to cell membranes suggest that the lipid component of bacterial lipopolysaccharide antigens may be important in the pathogenesis of kidney tubule cell death . The right kidneys of syngeneic Fischer 344 rats were repeatedly injected with glycolipid prepared from Salmonella minnesota Re 595 cell walls . As a control, the contralateral kidney was injected with normal saline . The inflammatory response observed in the glycolipid injected kidney was significantly greater (p less than 0.005) than the response detected in the contralateral saline injected control kidney . Electron microscopy of kidney tubule cells incubated with peroxidase conjugated glycolipid demonstrated glycolipid bound to the kidney tubule cell plasma membranes . These studies suggest that individual antigenic components can induce kidney lesions and tubule cell death similar to that seen in chronic pyelonephritis.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1982 Feb, 43(2), 261 - 8
Rapid detection of Salmonella spp . in food by use of the ISO-GRID hydrophobic grid membrane filter; Entis P et al.; A rapid hydrophobic grid-membrane filter (HGMF) method was developed and compared with the Health Protection Branch cultural method for the detection of Salmonella spp . in 798 spiked samples and 265 naturally contaminated samples of food . With the HGMF method, Salmonella spp . were isolated from 618 of the spiked samples and 190 of the naturally contaminated samples . The conventional method recovered Salmonella spp . from 622 spiked samples and 204 unspiked samples . The isolation rates from Salmonella-positive samples for the two methods were not significantly different (94.6% overall for the HGMF method and 96.7% for the conventional approach), but the HGMF results were available in only 2 to 3 days after sample receipt compared with 3 to 4 days by the conventional method.

J Hyg (Lond), 1982 Feb, 88(1), 107 - 11
The effect of time in lairage on the frequency of salmonella infection in slaughtered pigs; Craven JA et al.; Groups of pigs were brought to an abattior by truck and approximately 25 were killed on each of the next 3 days . While the pigs were in lairage they were given water but were not fed . After slaughter the caecal contents of all pigs were cultured to detect Salmonella spp . The organism was isolated from 70% of 145 pigs killed after 1 day in lairage, 49% of 143 pigs that had been in lairage for 2 days and 41% of 135 pigs that had been held for 3 days.

J Bacteriol, 1982 Feb, 149(2), 758 - 67
Isolation and partial characterization of membrane vesicles carrying markers of the membrane adhesion sites; Bayer MH et al.; At areas of adhesion between outer membrane (OM) and inner membrane (IM) in gram-negative bacteria, newly synthesized membrane constituents are inserted, and bacteriophage infection occurs . We describe here the isolation of these sites from cell membrane fractions of Salmonella anatum . Sucrose density gradients yielded membrane vesicles of the OM and IM; their mutual cross-contamination was low, as measured by 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate and beta-NADH-oxidase activities . To mark the areas of lipopolysaccharide synthesis in the envelope (the adhesion sites), we infected S . anatum with phage epsilon 15, which causes a rapid change (conversion) in the cell's O-antigenic composition from serogroup E1 to E2; lipopolysaccharide of type E2 also serves as receptor for phage epsilon 34 . We found that the fractions of intermediate density (Int . M) from briefly converted cells bound both phage epsilon 34 and E2-specific antibody . In the electron microscope, epsilon 34 was seen to have absorbed with a high degree of significance to the Int . M fraction of briefly converted cells, but not to the Int . M fraction of unconverted cells . Furthermore, the Int . M fractions of briefly converted cells coagglutinated anti-E2-coated Staphylococcus aureus, whereas the OM and IM fractions showed comparatively little agglutination . In addition, Int . M material exhibited elevated phospholipase A1 and A2 activities comparable to those of the OM fraction; the IM was essentially phospholipase free . Our data indicate that this membrane fractionation allows one to isolate from Int . M regions a variety of activities associated with adhesion sites.

Infect Immun, 1982 Feb, 35(2), 749 - 51
Salmonella toxin synthesis is unrelated to the presence of temperate bacteriophages; Houston CW et al.; Several strains of Salmonella were examined for an association between the capacity to produce Salmonella toxin and the presence of bacteriophages . Based on the data obtained from this study, we concluded that genetic information responsible for Salmonella toxin synthesis was not inherited by lysogenic conversion.

Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 1982 Feb, 60(Pt 1), 23 - 39
Characterization of the effector cells responsible for tumour resistance in Salmonella enteritidis 11RX-immunized mice; La Posta VJ et al.; In an attempt to characterize the effector cells responsible for tumour resistance in Salmonella enteritidis 11RX-immunized mice the anti-macrophage agent trypan blue was used in both in vivo and in vitro experiments . Resistance was measured in vivo by the clearance of 125I from the peritoneal cavity of mice injected intraperitoneally with 125I-5-iododeoxyuridine labelled Ehrlich Ascites Tumour (EAT) cells . The in vitro correlate was measured by lysis of 51Cr-labelled tumour cells by peritoneal cells (PC) from 11RX-immunized mice . Pre-treatment of resistant mice with trypan blue greatly reduced both 125I clearance and 51Cr release . The in vitro cytolytic activity was non-specific . Fractionation of cytotoxic PC on the basis of adherence to plastic or nylon wool and buoyant density, coupled with the use of appropriate cell targets, showed that the bulk of cytotoxic activity resided with macrophages, with some contribution from other cells such as natural killer cells . Killing of labelled tumour cells could be inhibited by competition with unlabelled cells or by separating the PC and tumour cells by a cell impermeable membrane . This showed that close association between the effector and target cells was necessary before killing could occur.

Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 1982 Feb, 60(Pt 1), 1 - 21
In vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity induced by an attenuated Salmonella: relation to bacterial carrier state and resistance to tumour growth; Ashley MP et al.; In vivo and in vitro parameters of tumour resistance were examined after immunization of mice with the attenuated 11RX strain of S . enteritidis . During the bacterial carrier state produced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intravenous (i.v.) injection of 11RX the mice were resistant to i.p . tumour growth, could destroy i.p . injected 125I- or 131I-labelled tumour cells in vivo and had non-specifically cytotoxic peritoneal cells (PC) which could lyse 51Cr-labelled tumour cells in vitro . Most of the in vivo and in vitro cytotoxic activity could be attributed to activated macrophages (La Posta et al., 1982) . The predominantly local nature of 11RX-induced anti-tumour activity was indicated by the superiority of the i.p . route of infection for induction of tumour resistance and in vivo and in vitro cytotoxicity . After i.v . injection of 11RX, none of the anti-tumour effects outlasted the bacterial carrier state . However, after i.p . infection, a dichotomy was observed between in vitro and in vivo anti-tumour effects . In vitro PC cytotoxicity lasted only for the length of the 11RX carrier state (approximately 30 days), whereas resistance to i.p . tumour growth lasted for 60 to 100 day s and was correlated closely with cytotoxic activity measured in vivo . Possible reasons for this dichotomy are discussed.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1982 Feb, 47(2), 289 - 95
Role of the acute phase response in the Shwartzman phenomenon; Pepys MB et al.; Following elicitation of the local Shwartzman reaction by intradermal injection of Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice, there was a marked acute phase response which was monitored by measuring the serum levels of serum amyloid P component (SAP) and C3 . Prednisolone therapy had no effect on either the cutaneous lesion or the accompanying acute phase response . Also, in vivo complement depletion with cobra factor did not affect the lesion or the SAP response despite gross reduction in serum C3 levels . In contrast, administration of colchicine at the same time as LPS suppressed both the acute phase response and the Shwartzman reaction . Inhibition of the cutaneous reaction by colchicine was abrogated by injecting mice with casein, and unrelated acute phase stimulus, the day before challenge with LPS . These observations suggest that acute phase proteins may participate in pathogenesis of the Shwartzman phenomenon.

Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 1982 Feb, 49(3-4), 223 - 39
Application of the Salmonella mutagenicity assay and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in workplaces exposed to petroleum pitch and petroleum coke; Monarca S et al.; Workplaces of an Italian carbon electrode factory, exposed to petroleum pitch and petroleum coke, were studied using a coupled chemical and biological approach to evaluate occupational mutagenic/carcinogenic hazards . Analytical procedures for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity tests (with TA98 and TA100 strains) were performed on both industrial ingredients (pitch and coke) and airborne particulate matter of the working environment, after fractionating by sequential Soxhlet extractions with four organic solvents of increasing polarity (benzene, chloroform, methanol and acetone) . The results showed: (a) the presence of extraordinarily high PAH (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic) contents in the benzene extracts of petroleum pitch (3.6 wt% of total PAH) and of airborne particulate samples (up to 0.35 wt% of total PAH), in correlation with very high indirect (after metabolic activation) mutagenic responses of benzene extracts with strain TA98; (b) very high indirect mutagenic responses in the other extracts of the airborne particulate samples (especially with strain TA98); (c) the production during the processing at high temperatures of directly acting mutagens (without metabolic activation) which were absent in the starting materials and their release in the air of workplaces . The comparison of chemical analytical and mutagenicity data has proved to be an interesting approach for better defining the relative health hazards due to occupational exposure to potentially mutagenic/carcinogenic petroleum products.

J Lab Clin Med, 1982 Feb, 99(2), 197 - 205
Opsonization of serum-sensitive and serum-resistant Escherichia coli by rough mutant (Re) antisera; Crowley JP et al.; The antibody binding and susceptibility to opsonization of 11 SR and five SS Escherichia coli strains by pooled high-titered rabbit antisera against the core-defective Re chemotype mutant of Salmonella minnesota R595 were studied . Binding of antibody was assessed by an IFA method, and the phagocytic rate was quantitated by measurement of the oxygen consumption of PMNs during phagocytosis . A significant correlation was demonstrated between the property of serum sensitivity and both antibody binding (p less than 0.001) and enhanced susceptibility to phagocytosis (p less than 0.01) after opsonization of these E . coli with rough mutant antisera . Opsonic activity was heat-stable and was primarily in the serum igG fraction . Opsonic antibody was reduced markedly by absorption with the methanol-fixed Re mutant but was only partially reduced by absorption with solvent-extracted Re CGL . IgG antibodies capable of mediating phagocytosis and directed against both extractable and nonextractable antigens of the core-defective Re mutant of S . minnesota R595 reacted with strains of E . coli isolated from neutropenic patients.

Immunology, 1982 Feb, 45(2), 333 - 40
In vivo activation of mouse spleen lymphocytes by lipid A in carrier-free form; Mita A et al.; The immunogenic potential of lipid A, isolated from Salmonella minnesota R595 and made soluble by mild alkaline hydrolysis, was investigated using ICR mice and a modification of the Jerne plaque assay . In the absence of carrier protein of Freund's adjuvant, a single intravenous injection of 100 microgram lipid A induced the development of anti-lipid A antibody-producing cells in the spleen . At the doses used, no heterophile-antibody plaques specific for sheep red blood cell antigen were detectable in recipients of alkali-treated lipid A . Moreover, the specific (anti-lipid A) plaque-forming ability of mice injected with alkali-treated lipid A . Moreover, the specific (anti-lipid A) plaque-forming ability of mice injected with alkali-treated lipid A nearly equalled the ability of mice injected with free lipid A, suggesting that mild alkaline hydrolysis treatment left intact the immunodominance of free lipid A . We also found that alkali-treated lipid A induced an increase in {3H}-thymidine incorporation by splenic T and B lymphocytes . This suggests the possible collaboration of T and B cells in the in vivo production of anti-lipid A antibody.

J Hyg (Lond), 1982 Feb, 88(1), 113 - 9
Influence of multiple plating from fluid media on salmonella isolation from animal feeding stuffs; Harvey RW et al.; The influence of multiple plating of fluid cultures on salmonella isolation from animal feeding stuffs was examined . Four plating were made from broth culture after 24 h at 37 degrees C and four platings from selenite enrichment from 24 h at 43 degrees C . Selenite enrichment followed broth culture which was used as a pre-enrichment stage . Brilliant green MacConkey agar plates were employed for broth subculture and brilliant green MacConkey and desoxycholate citrate agars for selenite subculture . The eight brilliant green plates subcultured from broth and selenite were examined for salmonellas after incubation for 24 h at 37 degrees C . The four desoxycholate citrate agars after 24 h at 37 degrees C were used for motility enrichment . The food sample size was a single 100 g instead of 4 x 25 g cultured in an earlier study . This pooling of samples aimed at technical economy . Quadruple plating played an important part in salmonella isolation from 100 g specimens . The combination of multiple plating with motility enrichment was the most successful technique used.

J Oral Pathol, 1982 Feb, 11(1), 64 - 71
The effect of some varying lipid A structures on the inhibition of fibrillogenesis in basement membrane collagen; Sauk JJ et al.; Acid soluble basement membrane collagen (ABMC) was prepared by extraction of the anterior lens capsules from bovine calf eyes in 0.5 M acetic acid in the presence of the protease inhibitors leupeptin and pepstatin . Thermal aggregates formed from soluble basement membrane collagen were facilitated by heating (28 degree C) the collagen solutions in 0.15 M phosphate buffer . The effects of endotoxins derived from Salmonella minnesota R595, Chromobacterium violaceum an Rhodopseudomonas viridis on the assembly af basement membrane collagen were ascertained by analysis of turbidity curves (340 nm) obtained during aggregation in vitro . All of the endotoxins tested were noted to inhibit the final level of turbidity and to prolong the lag period for thermal assembly . Plotting the increase in turbidity against the logarithm of time of analyzing the turbidity curves as first-order reaction indicated that what was altered was the rate of assembly of fibrils in collagen treated with endotoxin, rather than the mechanism of assembly of these fibrils . These conclusions are supported by Arrhenius plots of basement membrane aggregations in vitro in the presence and absence of endotoxins.

Mutat Res, 1982 Feb, 97(1), 1 - 18
Comparative evaluation of different pairs of DNA repair-deficient and DNA repair-proficient bacterial tester strains for rapid detection of chemical mutagens and carcinogens; Suter W et al.; The aim of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of different pairs of DNA repair-deficient and DNA repair-proficient bacterial tester strains in a mutagenicity/carcinogenicity screen, possibly as complements to the Ames test . 70 carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic compounds, representing a variety of chemical structures, were tested for their DNA-damaging effects, using 6 different DNA-repair-deficient bacterial strains . 2 Bacillus subtilis systems, H17/M45 and HLL3g/HJ-15, were used . The susceptibility of Escherichia coli AB1157 was compared with the susceptibility of 4 recombination-deficient mutants, JC5547, JC2921, JC2926 and JC5519 . The test compounds were applied onto paper disks (spot test, ST), or incorporated into a top agar layer (agar-incorporation test, AT) . The 2 B . subtilis systems were generally found to be more sensitive and reliable than the assays using E coli . The incorporation of the test compounds in the agar increased the sensitivity of the test for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other poorly water-soluble compounds . Hydrazines and several other highly polar chemicals could be tested more efficiently when applied onto paper disks . About 30% of the test compounds did not induce any growth inhibition and so could not be tested properly . In order to evaluate the ability of these DNA-repair tests to complement the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity test in a genetic toxicology screening program, results from this study were compared with published data both on mutagenicity in the Ames test and on carcinogenicity . 8 carcinogens generally found to be non-mutagenic for Salmonella were tested: 2 showed DNA-damaging properties (mitomycin C, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine), 5 failed to do so (actinomycin D, griseofulvin, thioacetamide, diethylstilbestrol, safrole), and one (thiourea) was not toxic, so that no classification was possible . 2 non-carcinogenic bacterial mutagens were examined; one, sodium azide, was equitoxic for repair-proficient and -deficient strains, while the other, nitrofurantoin, primarily inhibited repair-deficient strains . The DNA-repair tests failed to indicate the mutagenic and carcinogenic properties of acridine orange . Nalidixic acid, a non-mutagenic DNA synthesis inhibitor, damaged bacterial DNA . Apart from the differences summarized above, carcinogenicity was indicated correctly by the Salmonella S9 assay and most sets of DNA-repair-deficient and DNA-repair-proficient tester strains evaluated in this study . Thus, several more carcinogens could be detected by performing the Ames test and the bacterial DNA-repair tests in tandem than by using either test alone . Nevertheless, the use of both bacterial in vitro systems in a battery of short-term tests for mutagenicity/carcinogenicity evaluation is not considered to be ideal, since the Ames test and the pairs of DNA-repair-deficient and DNA-repair-proficient tester strains used had several shortcomings in common under the conditions of this study.

J Gen Microbiol, 1982 Feb, 128(Pt 2), 239 - 45
Genetic instability of R plasmids in relation to the shift of drug resistance patterns in Salmonella johannesburg; Chau PY et al.; Observation of the resistance of Salmonella johannesburg to the six drugs ampicillin (A), streptomycin (S), tetracycline (T), chloramphenicol (C), kanamycin(K) and sulphadiazine (Su) was made over the 7 years from 1973 to 1979 . Strains with ASTCKSu- and ASCKSu- resistance patterns predominated in the years 1973-1975 and 1976-1979, respectively . These resistances were found to be mediated by autotransferring plasmids belonging to the incompatibility group FIme . The ASTCKSu-resistance plasmids were unstable, giving rise to deletion variants at a much higher frequency than ASCKSu-resistance plasmids either of natural origin or derived in vitro from the ASTCKSu-resistance plasmids . Thus, the ASCKSu-resistance plasmid might be a deletion variant of the ASTCKSu-resistance plasmid . This is supported by the extensive similarity of their cleavage patterns produced by specific restriction endonucleases.

Infect Immun, 1982 Feb, 35(2), 594 - 9
Polymyxin B suppresses the endotoxin inhibition of concanavalin a-mediated erythrocyte agglutination; Warren JR; The lectin agglutinability of human erythrocytes has been utilized to examine interactions of gram-negative endotoxin with mammalian cell plasma membranes . Erythrocytes treated in buffer with Escherichia coli 0127:B8 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Salmonella minnesota Re595 glycolipid for 1 h became resistant to agglutination by the lectin concanavalin A (ConA) in buffer free of LPS or glycolipid . Polymyxin B, a cationic cyclic lipopeptide which specifically binds to the lipid A toxophore, was tested for possible effects on the LPS and glycolipid inhibition of Con A erythrocyte agglutination . The presence of polymyxin B during the initial 1-h treatment with LPS or glycolipid blocked the ability of the endotoxins to render erythrocytes refractory to agglutination by ConA . Inhibition by polymyxin B was stoichiometric, and in repeated experiments, LPS was completely suppressed in the hemagglutination assay at a polymyxin B:LPS weight ratio of 1:4.1 (increasing polymyxin concentration, constant LPS concentration) and 1:5.1 (constant polymyxin concentration, increasing LPS concentration) . These stoichiometry values are similar to values obtained for inhibition by polymyxin B of LPS lymphoid cell activation . It was concluded, therefore, that endotoxin inhibition of ConA erythrocyte agglutination reflects interactions of erythrocyte membranes with the lipid A region of endotoxin . In addition, the stoichiometry of polymyxin B inhibition suggests a similar extent of lipid A-dependent LPS interaction with erythrocytes and lymphoid cells.

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1982 Jan-Jun, 75(1-6), 122 - 7
{Isolation of Salmonella and Yersinia from human feces and surface water in the province of Ferrara in 1980}; Bucci G et al.; The AA . report the strains of Salmonella and Yersinia isolated from human stools and surface waters in the Province of Ferrara during 1980.

Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1982, 29(4), 255 - 61
Effect of ionizing radiation on chemical and biological properties of Salmonella minnesota R595 lipopolysaccharide; El Sabbagh M et al.; Lipopolysaccharide of the Salmonella minnesota Re mutant R595 was irradiated with 60Co gamma doses of 50, 100, 150 and 200 kGy . The irradiated preparations were less toxic, less active in the Shwartzman reaction and as activators of the complement system, but they had retained the protection activity against the lethal action of endotoxin . The irradiation resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the amounts of constituents (glucosamine, KDO, fatty acids) of the original lipopolysaccharide . With increasing irradiation doses increasing amounts of the irradiated material became dialysable (up to 21% in the 200 kGy sample) . Only 50% of total fatty acids were present in the 200 kGy preparation compared to the parent lipopolysaccharide . The degradation products formed during irradiation have not been identified.

Biomed Pharmacother, 1982, 36(6-7), 286 - 91
Effects of Salmonella infection on hemopoietic stem cells in mice immunized with Salmonella vaccines; Miyanomae T et al.; Effects of Salmonella enteritidis infection on hemopoietic stem cells were examined in mice immunized with killed bacteria and in those immunized with viable bacteria . The results are summarized as follows: i) Mice immunized with the killed salmonellae showed hemopoietic responses similar to those of normal, nonimmunized mice, i . e., increase in CFUs and CFUc in the spleen and decrease in these cells in the bone marrow . ii) Mice immunized with viable salmonellae were protected from such decreases in bone marrow stem cells, but showed a decrease in spleen CFUc, with a concomitant decrease in the peripheral granulocytes . iii) Hemopoietic responses to viable salmonellae of mice immunized with viable bacteria differed from the responses to killed salmonellae of normal, non-immunized mice . These results suggest that both LPS and cell-mediated immune responses affect hemopoietic stem cells in mice infected with salmonellae.

Vet Med Nauki, 1982, 19(10), 9 - 17
{Serum protein spectrum in chickens with different degrees of resistance to Salm . gallinarum, and the relation between globulin levels and antibody formation}; Iotova I; An experiment was carried out with 231 chickens of the Leghorn breed, 177--of the Cornish breed, and 532--of the White Plymouth Rock breed . In order to check the resistance of the birds to typhoid all of them were infected orally at the age of 2.5 months with an 18-hour broth culture of Salmonella gallinarum . Depending on the clinical course of the disease and the results of the bacteriologic investigations the birds were divided into three groups: A--chickens that did not develop the infection; B--survivors; and C--birds that died . The total protein in the serum was determined by the classical method of Kingsley, the protein spectrum--through electrophoresis in agar by the microexpress method of Wieme, and the antibody production--by the classical serum agglutination test . Differences were established in the level of the total globulins as well as in that of alfa, beta, and gamma globulins and the albumins and total protein in dependence on the resistance of chickens to Salmonella gallinarum . These changes were more slightly expressed in the birds that did not develop the disease, and were more strongly expressed in those that died . There were also breed-associated differences as to the deviations of the protein spectrum indices in relation to the resistance to typhoid . A correlation was also established between the level of globulins and the antibody production.

Biomed Pharmacother, 1982, 36(8-9), 348 - 53
Effects of salmonella infection on hemopoietic stem cells in mice; Miyanomae T et al.; Effects of induced salmonella infection on hemopoietic stem cells were studied by comparing hemopoietic response of mice to killed and viable bacteria of an attenuated strain of Salmonella enteritidis . Results are as follows: i) A single injection with viable bacteria induced an increase in pluripotent stem cells (CFUc) and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFUs) in the spleen and a decrease in these cells in the bone marrow, ii) A single injection or repeated injections of killed bacteria resulted in an increase of CFUs and CFUs in the bone marrow as well as in the spleen, iii) Histological examination revealed no inflammatory change that might account for the different hemopoietic responses seen with the viable and killed bacteria . Our results suggest that the hemopoietic responses in salmonella-infected mice reflect not only the influence of LPS but also effects of viable intracellular bacteria on the reticuloendothelial system constituting the hemopoietic microenvironment.

Vet Med Nauki, 1982, 19(5), 28 - 33
{Biological effects of gamma rays on Salmonella gallinarum and their use in controlling fowl typhoid}; Stefanov V et al.; The results are given of following up some biologic effects produced by gamma-rays on Salmonella gallinarum with a view of disclosing the possibilities of their use in the control of fowl typhoid . Used were strains of Salmonella gallinarum isolated from birds affected with acute typhoid . The possibility is stated of the detoxication of an endotoxin of Salmonella gallinarum parallel to the growing intensity of the gamma-rays (1 to 10 Mrad) . It was found that the process of detoxication was better expressed in the irradiation of the bacterial cell in vivo . Rates of 20 Mrad were said to substantially modify the endotoxin, rendering it slightly toxic, it retaining its antigenic properties and haptene activity . The same modification could successfully be used as an allergen in the diagnosis of typhoid of birds when alive . It was also established that the use of sublethal rates of gamma-rays from 30 to 80 krad induced various morphologic and biochemical changes in Salmonella gallinarum . Of interest were likewise the studies of the R-strains and a histidine-dependent strain of Salmonella gallinarum which had retained their immunogenic properties.

Neoplasma, 1982, 29(5), 589 - 95
A benzylidene mannopyranoside derivative with antitumor activity in the spontaneous mammary tumor system; Banks AR et al.; Methyl 2,3,4,6-di-O-benzylidene alpha-D-mannopyranoside (MeDBMP) was synthesized to evaluate its potential as a cytotoxic benzaldehyde liberating agent . MeDBMP was found to cause significant reductions in the sizes of spontaneous mouse mammary carcinomas and to produce long term alterations in their growth characteristics . It was nontoxic at all doses examined and possessed no mutagenic properties in the Ames Salmonella/mammalian-microsome test.

Can J Genet Cytol, 1982, 24(4), 437 - 49
Significance of plant metabolism in the mutagenicity and toxicity of pesticides; Wildeman AG et al.; In an attempt to gain an overall estimate for the influence of plant metabolism on environmental mutagenesis, the mutagenicity of an assortment of agricultural pesticide preparations in the Salmonella bio-assay was evaluated using both rat liver S9 and plant enzyme homogenates as activating systems . The study indicates that plant metabolism can alter the results of this short-term mutagenicity test: some compounds which are non mutagenic in the Salmonella bio-assay (e.g . diquat) give positive responses, some preparations such as captan become more or less mutagenic, and some, such as triallate, become significantly more toxic to the tester strains . Furthermore, dose response curves suggest that even when both plant homogenates and rat liver S9 supernatant activate a compound, the mutagens which are formed may differ . Five-day old alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), corn (Zea mays L . var . Golden Jubilee), bean (Vicia faba L), pea (Pisum sativum L . var . Laxton's Progress), sunflower (Helianthus annuus var . Krasnodarets), tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum L . var . Wisconsin 58), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were tested and compared as activating systems; these were prepared by an assortment of cell disruption techniques including blending, homogenizing, sonication, and high pressure disruption methods . For routine testing, filter sterilized, blended, S14 supernatants of corn or wheat were the most promising . No correlation was observed between levels of activation by the various plant species and their protein contents, catalase, or peroxidase activities . The preparations, however, could be standardized using specific chemical compounds in the bio-assay.

Vet Med Nauki, 1982, 19(9), 52 - 60
{Phagocytic activity and antibody formation in relation to the resistance of poultry to fowl typhoid-pullorum disease}; Iotova I; Vulchanov's method (1954) was employed to study the phagocytic activity, and the classic method with the agglutination test served to follow up the production of antibodies . Some breed-associated differences were observed in the phagocytic activity and the normal serologic antibody titer prior to the infection with Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum . Highest were the indices with the Leghorn breed, followed by the Cornish and Plymouth Rock breeds . Certain breed differences were also established between the size of changes taking place in the phagocytic activity following the infection of birds with Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum . These indices were least changed with the Leghorn breed, more with Cornish, and most Plymouth Rock . There was a correlation between phagocytic activity and the average serologic titer . Higher indices of phagocytosis corresponded to higher average antibody titers.

Vet Med Nauki, 1982, 19(8), 46 - 53
{Poultry resistance to typhoid-pullorum disease by sex and breed}; Iotova I; Studied was the resistance of a total of 1729 birds of the Leghorn, Cornish, and White Plymouth Rock breeds with regard to typhoid and pullorum disease after the oral infection with strain 2348 of Salmonella pullorum and strain 2307 of Salmonella gallinarum . In accordance with the manifested clinical picture and the results of the bacteriologic investigations all birds were divided into three groups--unaffected, survived, and died . There existed breed- and sex-associated variations in the resistance, resp., the susceptibility of birds to both strains of Salmonellae . Highest was the resistance of the Leghorn birds, followed by those of the Cornish breed . Most susceptible proved the birds of the White Plymouth Rock breed . The cocks seemed to be more resistant than the hens . Besides, there was a trend in the females in transferring resistance to both strains, which was common in al birds.

Nutr Cancer, 1982, 4(2), 90 - 8
Nonmutagenicity in vivo of the food flavonol quercetin; Aeschbacher HU et al.; Mice given quercetin per os at concentrations that were about 10(3) times greater than the estimated average human intake of total flavonols were tested for mutagenicity with 2 complementary in vivo mutagenicity/carcinogenicity screening tests--the micronucleus test and the host-mediated assay employing the Ames Salmonella tester strain TA 98 as indicator organism . No mutagenic effect was detected with either test.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1982, (11), 55 - 8
{Limits of the biochemical variability of the Salmonellae isolated from human beings and their possible identification}; Dombrovskii AM; The biochemical properties of 217 Salmonella strains isolated from patients, convalescents and carriers have been studied . Salmonellae with changes in a number of characteristics important for microbiological diagnosis have been found . The possibility of their identification is shown . The probable causes of their appearance are discussed . Recommendations for their detection are given.

Vet Med Nauki, 1982, 19(7), 22 - 9
{Active immunoprophylaxis of Salmonella abortion in sheep}; Ivanov IN et al.; A live vaccine was produced against the salmonellosis abortion in sheep with the use of an attenuated (chemically) strain of Salmonella abortus ovis . It was tested comparatively with a killed vaccine in sheep under experimental conditions . The dynamics of the agglutinating antibodies was followed up after immunization with the two vaccines, studying also the class of the immunoglobulins . It was found that the production of class IgG antibodies in sheep treated with the live vaccine proceeded more rapidly and at a higher level . After challenging with a virulent Salmonella abortus ovis strain te animals treated with the killed vaccine and those left as controls miscarried, while the sheep immunized with the live vaccine lambed normally . The vaccine was applied in field conditions to more than 400 000 sheep without postvaccinal accidents whatever . On farms where Salmonella abortus ovis infection was recorded in sheep the disease has no longer been a problem with the regular annual vaccinations of these animals.

Vet Med Nauki, 1982, 19(6), 29 - 38
{Diagnostic methods in chlamydial abortion in sheep}; Martinov S et al.; Vast serologic, virologic, and morphologic investigations were carried out into the Chlamydial abortion in sheep . Use was made of the complement-fixation test, passive hemagglutination, chick embryos, electron microscopy, concentration, and purification . The disease was demonstrated on a number of farms with the single or combined employment of the above methods . Discussed was the problem of the diagnostic value of the single and twofold titrations of serum samples from sheep that had miscarried . Prerequisites were developed for the modern use and improvement of the serodiagnostics through the application of more sensitive serologic reactions on the base of purified and concentrated Chlamydial antigens . An important condition to confirm and accelerate the isolation of the strains was said to be the employment of electron microscopy both as a prompt and precise method for the early morphologic identification of the Chlamydial isolates and as a precise control on the serial culturing of the strains . Perfected was the morphologic diagnosis of the Chlamydial abortion in sheep through introducing for the first time of direct electron microscopy of negatively contrasting suspensions and ultrathin cross sections of placentae and viscera of aborted fetuses . The method was shown to be precise, demonstrative, and highly effective . It was employed successfully in sheep with mixed infections--Chlamydia and Salmonella, Chlamydia and Listeria, etc.

Poumon Coeur, 1982, 38(5), 285 - 8
Paramunity after oral immunization; Raettig H; Previously, we have proposed the term of paramunity which represented the whole nonspecific defence reactions . Now, we experimentally have demonstrated the importance of an oral polybacterial vaccine in the local defence of the intestine against Salmonella or an enterovirus . The role of interferon was also discussed.

IARC Sci Publ, 1982, (41), 517 - 24
In-vitro metabolism of fluorinated diakylnitrosamines; Janzowski C et al.; To elucidate differences in metabolism caused by fluorination of NDEA and NDBA, these compounds and their fluorinated analogs (NDEA-F3, NDEA-F6, NDBA-F3, NDBA-F6 and NDBA-F1 4) were incubated with rat liver microsomal fractions . Aldehydes, nitrite and unchanged nitrosamines were determined . Additionally, the mutagenicity was investigated with a Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay . NDEA-F6 and NDBA-F1 4 were not appreciably metabolized and were not mutagenic . NDEA, NDEA-F3, NDBA, NDBA-F3 and NDBA-F6 were dealkylated and, to a lesser extent, denitrosated . Dealkylation at the fluorinated alkyl group was inhibited, especially in the case of NDEA-F3 . Whereas NDEA, NDBA, NDBA-F3 and NDBA-F6 were clearly mutagenic, mutagenicity of NDEA-F3 was only marginal.

Environ Mutagen, 1982, 4(5), 605 - 19
In vivo and in vitro genotoxicity of three antihypertensive hydrazine derivatives (hydralazine, dihydralazine, and endralazine); de Flora S et al.; Three antihypertensive hydrazine derivatives (hydralazine, dihydralazine, and endralazine) were found to be genotoxic in four in vivo or in vitro short-term test systems . a) In mice, a single ip administration of the LD50 of the three drugs caused a small but statistically significant increase over controls in DNA elution rate, ie, a modest amount of DNA fragmentation, in three of the four organs (liver, lung, kidney, and spleen) tested, DNA damage being absent in lung for hydralazine and endralazine and in liver for dihydralazine . Only for hydralazine DNA lesions were always repaired within 12 hr, in agreement with the constant lack of cumulative effects in mice given five successive daily doses . The rank of potencies was hydralazine greater than dihydralazine greater than endralazine . b) In mice bone marrow cells, all three hydrazine derivatives induced a modest but statistically significant increase over controls in the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges, the rank of potencies being in this case dihydralazine greater than endralazine greater than hydralazine . c) In the Ames reversion test all three drugs behaved as direct-acting mutagens of low potency, whose activity was not influenced by rat liver nor by mouse liver or lung S-9 fractions . Hydralazine and dihydralazine elicited mixed genetic mechanisms of mutations, while endralazine exclusively induced frameshift errors in Salmonella DNA . The recently developed strain TA97 was the most efficient in revealing frameshift errors with all three drugs . d) The selective lethality assays in a battery of two S typhimurium and five E coli strains confirmed the direct genotoxicity of hydralazine, dihydralazine, and endralazine, in order of potency . Potency was evaluated by means of a sensitive and reliable micromethod procedure . Among those investigated, the recA recombination repair and the lexA post-replication repair ("SOS functions") and, to a lesser extent, also the polymerase I mechanism, appeared to contribute to the specific DNA repair with all three drugs, while excision repair systems (uvrA and uvrB) did not appear to be involved.

Vet Med Nauki, 1982, 19(3), 65 - 8
{Various biochemical properties of Salmonella strains isolated from animal food products}; Palamarov P et al.; Studied were a total of 488 Salmonella strains isolated from food products and washings from productional surfaces for the presence of variants, with the use of tests of producing gas from glucose and hydrogen sulfide and the coincidence of the two properties . It was found that 7 species only had biochemical variants . Most frequent were the variants with S . cholerae suis . Biochemical variants were found in 24.79 per cent of the typed Salmonellae, these of the S . cholerae suis species being 19.26 per cent -- 7.58 per cent were gas-negative, 6.14 per cent were hydrogen sulfide-negative, and 5.53 per cent were simultaneously gas- and hydrogen sulfide-negative . The coincidence was 5.53 per cent, i.e., it lower than the values average for the biochemical variants as cited in the literature . Of all investigated strains of Salmonellae 12.6 per cent were gas-negative, 6.55 per cent--hydrogen sulfide-negative, and 6.35 per cent -- gas- and hydrogen sulfide-negative . The lower values found -- as compared to those of Ewing and Ball -- could be explained by the fact that 77.68 per cent of all biochemical variants belong to Salmonella cholerae suis.

Vet Med Nauki, 1982, 19(1), 3 - 10
{Differentiation of immunoglobulin classes in the chicken}; Surtmadzhiev K et al.; Investigations were carried out to establish and differentiate the humoral immunoglobulins in SPF-chickens, following an antigenic stimulus with Salmonella pullorum . As many as five components were found in the blood sera of the test birds, which were shown to have immunoglobulin properties . They were differentiated as IgM, IgA, IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 . Those of the IgA-type were found in exudate material from the abdominal cavity of birds infected with Salmonella pullorum . In the course of the infectious process initiated by Salmonella pullorum in SPF-birds and followed up for 16 days only immunoglobulins sensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol were produced.

Microbiologica, 1982 Jan, 5(1), 1 - 10
Isolation of Salmonella wien heat-labile enterotoxin; Caprioli A et al.; An enterotoxic activity has been identified in culture filtrates of Salmonella wien . The enterotoxin causes fluid accumulation in rabbit ligated ileal loops, firm induration and erythema in rabbit skin and morphological alteration in chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures; it was revealed by treatment with calcium phosphate gel, and purified on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and BioGel A-1.5 m . The enterotoxic activity was eluted from the BioGel column in two peaks . Approximately 50-70% of the enterotoxic activity of the first peak, corresponding to the excluded volume, was resistant to heating at 75 degrees C for 30 min, while the activity of the second peak was completely destroyed by this treatment . From the heat-labile peak a protein, in homogeneous form, was isolated exploiting its affinity towards agarose gel filtration media . This protein, with enterotoxic activity was also present as shown by SDS-PAGE, in the first peak, eluted from the Bio-Gel column, where it appears to be closely associated with cell wall or membrane components and thus protected from heat denaturation . The isolated enterotoxin is stable in alkaline conditions but it is sensitive to acidic pH values; moreover, it stimulates adenylate cyclase in cell culture systems . Thus, it appears to possess properties similar to both cholera toxin and the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli . These results indicate that the enterotoxin is a protein in nature and it is postulated that it may participate in the pathogenesis of S . wien infection.

Environ Mutagen, 1982, 4(3), 271 - 7
Structure-activity studies on the mutagenicity of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (Tris-BP) and its metabolites in Salmonella; Zeiger E et al.; A series of methylated metabolites of the flame retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (Tris-BP) were tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella, along with the parent chemical and other structurally related chemicals . The metabolites produced a gradient of mutagenic responses in TA1535 in the same dose range and up to the same magnitude as the Tris-BP response . None of the metabolites tested appeared to be the ultimate mutagen, since they all required S-9 for their mutagenic activity.

Avian Dis, 1982 Jan-Mar, 26(1), 26 - 33
Studies on the dissemination of Salmonella in nine broiler-chicken flocks; Higgins R et al.; The salmonella status of nine different broiler-chicken flocks was studied from the day before the chickens were placed in the house until their sixth week of age . The presence of salmonella serotypes in dust, litter, feces, water, and feed was investigated . Dust from different sites was sampled and appeared to be contaminated with salmonellae even after six of the nine houses were disinfected . Defects in the cleaning and disinfection of air inlets and fans seemed to be an important factor for the recontamination of the house . Chickens were often contaminated at the hatchery, and in two houses the percentage of contamination had increased to as much as 82 7% and 88 8% at six weeks of age . Swabbing of intact and fresh feces appeared to be a more reliable technique than culturing the litter for evaluating the shedder state of the flock, and it appeared also to be more rapid and simple than the collection of cloacal swabs.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1982, 48(1), 97 - 103
Host specificity of Salmonella weltevreden typing phages; Sood LR et al.; The host range of the six S . weltevreden typing phages was studied on 1469 strains belonging to 37 different Salmonella serotypes . In addition to S . weltevreden, only S . nchanga, S . give, S . lexington and S . anatum, all belonging to O group E, showed varying degrees of susceptibility to the action of some of the typing phages . Typing phage VI lysed only one strain other than S . weltevreden . All serotypes tested other than S . weltevreden were resistant to phages III and IV even at 1000 times the routine test dilution . Thus, typing phages III and IV were specific for S . weltevreden . The sensitivity patterns of S . weltevreden typing phages were not found to bear much correlation with either somatic of flagellar antigens of Salmonellae.

Ann Immunol (Paris), 1982 Jan-Feb, 133C(1), 103 - 17
{Evolution of splenic lympho-reticular populations during the immune response "in vitro" in the chick (author's transl)}; Corvazier P et al.; The different types of cell population in organotypic cultures of spleen from chicken immunized with Salmonella paratyphi B were enumerated . The kinetics of immunoglobulin and of antiflagellar antibody synthesis followed the cellular variations observed . Two phases were generally observed: one was characterized by a considerable decrease in small and medium-sized lymphocytes by a lytic process and the appearance, by transformation and/or multiplication, of a large population of hyperactive macrophages . The IgM and IgG synthesized between the 2nd and 9th days only partially consisted of antiflagellar antibodies; some were synthesized probably by large basophilic cells and others by the few plasma cells which were observed, generally isolated on the prints . The second phase, from the 11th to the 21st day, manifested a narrower antibody specificity in that all the IgG, the only immunoglobulin synthesized during this period, might be entirely absorbed by the antigen and corresponded to the proliferation of a new lymphoreticular population . A close cellular cooperation seemed to occur at this stage between these two types of population, the macrophages appearing to stimulate lymphopoiesis . Colonies of plasma cells, characteristic of this phase, appeared from the 13th day . These two phases were separated around the 9th day be a brief period of cellular depression . Although the transformations, the contacts and the islets observed among the lympho-reticular populations indicated their plasticity and their capacity for change during the reaction, it must be noted that there was no in vitro example of antibody synthesis occurring without the simultaneous presence of lymphocytes, macrophages and pyroninophile cells.

Poult Sci, 1982 Jan, 61(1), 79 - 83
Survival of Salmonella infantis and Staphylococcus aureus on smoked broiler halves; Hooshyar P et al.; Effects of storage at 5 ad -18 C for up to 28 days and high and low inoculation levels on survival of Salmonella infantis and Staphylococcus aureus on smoked broiler halves were investigated . S . infantis and Staph . aureus counts were significantly reduced during storage . The reduction in counts of S . infantis could not be attributed solely to either temperature or inoculation levels . Storage at 5 C significantly (P less than .05) reduced Staph . aureus counts on smoked broiler halves as compared to storage at -18 C . For Staph . aureus, low inoculation levels (10(3) to 10(4) organisms/ml) resulted in significantly higher mortality rates than did high inoculation levels (10(7) to 10(8) organisms/ml) . At both storage conditions and inoculation levels, Staph . aureus was able to maintain higher populations than S . infantis.

Circ Shock, 1982, 9(2), 129 - 43
Contribution of depressed reuptake to the depletion of norepinephrine from rat heart and spleen during endotoxin shock; Pardini BJ et al.; Norepinephrine content (microgram/g) was depressed in hearts and spleens of fasted male Holtzman rats treated intravenously with Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (14-17 mg/kg) . To investigate the mechanism of norepinephrine depletion during endotoxicosis, in vivo norepinephrine reuptake was evaluated in control and severely shocked rats using the incorporation of 3H-norepinephrine into hearts and spleens . Incorporation of 3H-norepinephrine into spleens of endotoxic rats was reduced 88%, i.e., from a control of 2309 +/- 224 dpm/gm to 270 +/- 69 dpm/gm after endotoxin . In contrast, cardiac tissue incorporation of 3H-norepinephrine was not significantly impaired, i.e., control of 11838 +/- 845 dpm/gm versus severe shock of 17783 +/- 2904 dpm/gm . In vitro analysis of total norepinephrine retained in cardiac and splenic tissue slices incubated with 3H-norepinephrine yielded results consistent with in vivo experiments: Splenic norepinephrine reuptake was significantly decreased on the order of 50% in preparations from endotoxic rats, while myocardial norepinephrine reuptake was the same in both groups . The results indicate that depression of norepinephrine reuptake is a mechanism of norepinephrine depletion in spleens but not hearts of endotoxic rats.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1982, 14(1), 11 - 8
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte function in bacterial and viral infections; Solberg CO et al.; Chemiluminescence (CL) production by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) was examined in 63 patients with bacterial infections and 63 healthy controls . The production was significantly higher in the patients (mean +/- standard error = 134.5 +/- 5.0 X 10(3) cpm) than in the controls (118.9 +/- 2.5 X 10(3) cpm; p less than 0.05) . In 38 patients CL values were within the normal range and in 19 patients above . CL production below that of any control occurred in 6 patients: 3 (of 4) with staphylococcal endocarditis, 2 (of 4) with pneumococcal meningitis and 1 with salmonella septicaemia and osteomyelitis . PMNL hexose monophosphate shunt activity as measured by glucose metabolism correlated with CL production . Patients with low CL production more often had large numbers of juvenile and immature myeloid cells in the peripheral blood than patients with normal or high CL values . 3/6 patients with low CL values died, 2/38 with normal and 0/19 with high values . Directed and spontaneous PMNL migration was examined in 39 of the 63 patients with bacterial infections . 13 patients had PMNLs with higher directed and 16 with higher spontaneous migration capacity than their corresponding controls . The remaining patients had PMNLs with lower migration capacity . 2 of the 39 patients died . Each had PMNLs with low migration capacity . CL production by PMNLs was examined in 16 patients with viral infections and 16 healthy controls . The production was significantly lower in the patients (mean +/- standard error = 105.5 +/- 6.6 X 10(3) cpm) than in the controls (129.1 +/- 5.3 X 10(3) cpm; p less than 0.01) . 15 patients had lower values than their corresponding controls . The PMNL migration capacity was also lower in the patients . These findings indicate that the majority of patients with bacterial infections have PMNLs with normal or increased function . However, some patients have reduced PMNL function and this reduction may contribute to a fatal outcome of the disease . Patients with viral infections usually have reduced PMNL function.

Carcinogenesis, 1982, 3(2), 155 - 9
Fluoro-substituted N-nitrosamines . 2 . Metabolism of N-nitrosodiethylamine and of fluorinated analogs in liver microsomal fractions; Janzowski C et al.; In vitro metabolism of N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) and of its two fluorinated analogs N-nitroso-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl-ethylamine (NDEA-F3) and N-nitroso-bis(2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl)amine (NDEA-F6) was comparatively investigated using rat liver microsomes and S-9 fraction . Aldehydes, nitrite and unchanged nitrosamines were determined . Additionally the mutagenicity was measured in a Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay . NDEA and NDEA-F3 were deethylated and, to a smaller extent, denitrosated . Dealkylation of NDEA-F3 at the fluorinated ethyl group, however, was strongly inhibited . NDEA-F6 was practically not metabolized under the in vitro conditions used . In contrast to NDEA, the mutagenicity of NDEA-F3 was at best marginal; NDEA-F6 was not mutagenic . The results show that substitution of fluorine in beta-position of NDEA strongly influences alpha-C-hydroxylation and denitrosation.

Klin Padiatr, 1982 Jan, 194(1), 23 - 8
{Postinfectious (reactive) arthritis--an important differential diagnosis to juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) (author's transl)}; Schuchmann L et al.; Symptoms, laboratory findings and clinical course of 10 pediatric patients suffering from postinfectious arthritis are described . The postinfectious arthritis is caused by an infection with Salmonella, Versina, Brucella or Shigella . The illness results from a preceding enteritis accompanied by fever . It differs from the juvenile chronic arthritis by the more clarified etiology and pathogenesis and particularly by the markedly shorter course, the lack of functional deterioration and by normal X-ray findings of the joint structure . In the parainfectious cases a similar pathogenesis is suggested, but the time relation is not as clear; the arthritis is diagnosed ahead of the enteritis . The human leucocyte antigen HLA-B 27 can frequently (90%) be proven in patients suffering from postinfectious arthritis . This is related to a genetic disposition of this type of arthritis as it can be observed in juvenile spondylitis ankylosans and in Reiter-syndrome, which can be considered as a special type of postinfectious arthritis.

Antibiotiki, 1982 Jan, 27(1), 29 - 32
{Sensitivity of Algerian Salmonella strains to antibiotics and sulfonamides}; Bronnikov IuN; Four hundred and fourty two Algerian strains of Salmonella, including 392 strains of S . typhi and 50 strains of S . wien were studied with respect to their sensitivity to 36 antibiotics, nitrofurans and sulfonamides . It was found that the hemocultures of Salmonella had a low sensitivity to penicillin and a markedly pronounced sensitivity to ampicillin and tetracyclines . The coprocultures were resistant to these antibiotics . The hemocultures were more sensitive to cephalosporins, streptomycin, levomycetin, sulfamide and aminoglycosides as compared to the coprocultures . All the Salmonella isolates were highly sensitive to bactrim, negram, gentamicin and tobramycin.

Dev Comp Immunol, 1982 Spring, 6(2), 209 - 18
Lipopolysaccharide-binding lectin from the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, with specificity for 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (KDO); Rostam-Abadi H et al.; A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding lectin was recovered from the serum of Limulus polyphemus by ion-exchange chromatography . Electrophoretic analysis of this lectin preparation revealed three poorly migrating bands . When whole serum was incubated with glycolipid obtained from the Rc mutant of Salmonella minnesota prior to electrophoresis, bands corresponding to those seen in the partially purified lectin were missing, suggesting that the recovered material was composed of isolectins . Qualitative precipitin tests revealed no reactivity of this purified lectin with lipid A fractions or with LPS devoid of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (KDO) . The agglutination of chicken erythrocytes by this lectin was inhibited by both N-acetyl-neuraminic acid and KDO . Erythrocytes complexed with glycolipid from the Re mutant of S . minnesota were strongly agglutinated by this lectin . We conclude that this LPS-binding lectin is specific for the KDO portion of the molecule and that it is identical to the previously described sialic acid-binding lectin from L . polyphemus . This lectin may play a role in the host defense mechanisms of Limulus.

Carcinogenesis, 1982, 3(5), 593 - 6
Potent antiviral 2'-fluoro-arabinosyl pyrimidine nucleosides: lack of mutagenic activity; Marquardt H et al.; The carcinogenicity of many drugs, such as antitumor agents, is a subject of growing concern . The newly developed pyrimidine nucleosides, 2'-fluoro-5-iodo-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (FIAC) and 2'-fluoro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-methyluracil (FMAU), have shown potent anti-herpes virus activity in tissue cultures, laboratory animals and man and an activity to inhibit the growth of certain tumor cell lines in vitro . Radioactivity of 14C-labeled FIAC and FMAU is incorporated into the DNA of normal and neoplastic mammalian tissues . However, we now report that FIAC and FMAU are inactive in a bacterial mutagenesis assay (Salmonella-microsome test) and in a mammalian cell mutagenesis assay employing V79 Chinese hamster cells in vitro . Both agents did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary Wistar rat hepatocytes in vitro.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1982, 48(1), 85 - 96
Incidence of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim of Salmonella strains isolated in The Netherlands during 1975-1980; van Leeuwen WJ et al.; From 1975-1980, about 130 000 Salmonella strains isolated from various sources were tested for resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim . Following the ban on incorporation of tetracycline in animal feeds for nutritive purposes, tetracycline resistance in S . typhimurium and S . panama strains of porcine origin dropped from about 90% in 1974 for both species, to about 34% and 1%, respectively, 1980 . The incidence of resistance in human strains concurrently decreased from about 80% in 1974 to 25% and 1%, respectively, in 1980 . The build-up of multiple resistance in bovine S . dublin and S . typhimurium strains, already started in 1973-74, has continued . Recently, phage type 193 S . typhimurium strains have become predominant and they are invariable resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, sulphonamide and trimethoprim . Up to now, type 193 strains were hardly encountered in human patients, but the number of human isolates is slowly increasing . A fairly large number of multiply resistant strains belonging to S . oranienburg, S . schwarzengrund, S . typhimurium and, recently, S . krefeld have been isolated from adoptive children from the Far East.

Environ Mutagen, 1982, 4(1), 93 - 101
Mutagenic activity of sterilization indicators; Atherholt TB et al.; Using the Ames Salmonella/microsomal assay, mutagens were detected in acetone-methylene chloride extracts of black threads on glass tube-type sterilization indicators used in hospitals and research laboratories . Extracts of samples of commercially available black thread also contained mutagenic substances . Fluids autoclaved with these sterilization indicators may alter the results in mutagenicity and other studies.

Environ Mutagen, 1982, 4(1), 37 - 43
Comparison of the genotoxic activities of extracts from ambient and forest fire polluted air; Viau CJ et al.; The genotoxicity and airborne organic particles from forest fire smoke was compared to that from nonsmoky (ambient) urban air using the Salmonella reversion assay and the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) assay in cultured human lymphocytes . Salmonella strains TA98 and TA100 were used with and without the addition of Aroclor-induced rat liver homogenate (S9) . Each sample induced dose-related increases in mutagenicity and SCE . However, on the basis of the volume of air sampled, the smoke-filled air induced 12 to 14 times more bacterial reversions in TA100 and 16-38 times more reversions in TA98 brain ambient air . Similarly, on a volume basis smoky air induced 43 times more SCE in human lymphocytes than did ambient air . The results indicate that the increased mutagenicity was due not only to the heavier particulate load of the air, but also to the increased specific mutagenicity of the particles.

Carcinogenesis, 1982, 3(2), 223 - 4
Leukaemogenic and mutagenic activity of the butyrophenon, 4-{4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl}-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanone (haloperidol); Fey F et al.; Development of mainly monocytic-myeloid leukaemias was observed in two strains of mice upon i.p . administration of 4-{4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl}-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanone (haloperidol), an antipsychotic drug . Haloperidol was also shown to be mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella test system.

Carcinogenesis, 1982, 3(1), 21 - 5
Mutagenicity of azo dyes in the Salmonella/activation test; Robertson JA et al.; The detection of certain bis-azo biphenyl dyes (Trypan blue, Evans blue and Congo red) by a modification of the standard Ames test protocol is reported . Detection of a mutagenic response required both the inclusion of FMN in S-9 mix and use of a static pre-incubation step prior to addition of top-agar and pouring in the usual manner . Evidence is presented to substantiate the proposal that use of this protocol provides optimal conditions for the two stages of activation required for the production of mutagenic metabolites from these dyes . These are (i) initial flavin-mediated (hepatic) azo reduction resulting in the formation of proximate mutagenic metabolites followed by (ii) the oxidative metabolism by S-9 resulting in the formation of ultimately mutagenic products.

Arch Toxicol, 1982 Jan, 49(2), 169 - 74
Retinol (vitamin A) as a modifier of 2-aminofluorene and 2-acetyl-aminofluorene mutagenesis in the Salmonella/microsome assay; Busk L et al.; Vitamin A (retinol)has been demonstrated to modify the mutagenic activity of the aromatic amines, 2-aminofluorene (2AF) and 2-acetylaminofluorene (2AAF) when added to the Ames Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay . Low amounts of retinol(2-20 micrograms/plate) increased the mutagenicity of both 2AF and 2AAF . At higher doses (50-150 micrograms/plates) the mutagenicity of 2AAF remained unchanged while the mutagenicity of 2AF gradually decreased . The present data do not support the hypothesis that retinol generally acts as an inhibitor of in vitro metabolic activation of procarcinogens.

Mutat Res, 1982 Jan, 103(1), 1 - 4
The effect of dimethylsulfoxide on the mutagenicity of the hair dye p-phenylenediamine; Burnett C et al.; Published data on the mutagenicity of the oxidative hair dye intermediate p-phenylenediamine in the Ames test are conflicting . The work reported here resolves the discrepancies, showing that the activity of p-phenylenediamine in the Ames Salmonella/microsome test is markedly influenced by the use of dimethylsulfoxide as solvent, and by the age of the solution prior to plating . Thus, aqueous solutions of p-phenylenediamine are non-mutagenic; fresh solutions in DMSO are equally non-mutagenic, but become highly active on standing at room temperature for 4 hr . These results suggest the need for caution in the choice of solvents and tight controls in the execution of the test.

Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1982, 67(1), 7 - 12
Mothers of infants with neonatal group B streptococcal septicemia are poor responders to bacterial carbohydrate antigens; Christensen KK et al.; Serum antibodies against various carbohydrate antigens were studied in 16 mothers of infants with serious infections caused by group B streptococci (GBS) (the study group), and compared with a control group of 29 urogenital carriers of GBS who gave birth to neonatally healthy infants . Using a radioimmunoassay for the determination of antibodies to GBS types Ia, Ib, II and III, it was found that the study group had significantly lower levels of IgG antibodies to each of the 4 GBS types than the control group . The IgG levels against Salmonella BO and DO, Yersinia enterocolitica 03, Francisella tularense and Streptococcus pneumonia types 3, 6, 9, 19 and 23 purified carbohydrate antigens were determined using an ELISA technique . Significantly more individuals in the study group than in the control group had low levels of IgG antibodies against 8 of 9 carbohydrate antigens . No difference was found in IgM levels against 3 of 4 antigens studied, while the study group showed significantly more IgM antibodies against Salmonella DO than the controls . These results indicate that mothers of GBS-infected infants might be poor IgG antibody responders to bacterial carbohydrate antigens in general.

Science, 1982 Jan 1, 215(4528), 87 - 9
Detection of mutagens in complex samples by the Salmonella assay applied directly on thin-layer chromatography plates; Bjorseth A et al.; A new technique is reported in which components in complex samples are separated on thin-layer chromatography plates and their mutagenic effect is registered directly on the plates by means of the Salmonella assay . The method is quick and simple and particularly useful for screening large numbers of environmental samples . Qualitative comparisons of mutagens in different samples can easily be made . REgistered mutagens can be identified by the chemical analysis of extracts from duplicate plates.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1982, 76(6), 848 - 9
Chloramphenicol in the treatment of enteric fever; Herzog C et al.; Chloramphenicol is still very effective for acute enteric fever . A literature survey does not confirm the repeated claims of decreasing efficacy over the past 20 years (not taking into account the R factor mediated resistance noted since 1972/73) . However, there have been regional variations in the time needed to achieve defervescence under chloramphenicol treatment since the early 1950s . When comparing alternative antimicrobials with chloramphenicol other criteria apart from clinical efficacy have to be considered, namely, influence on the rate of excretion of the organisms and the relapse rate, ease of administration parenterally, toxicity, cost, and the possible occurrence of resistance to Salmonella typhi or S . paratyphi A/B.

Eur J Nucl Med, 1982, 7(3), 137 - 40
Positive 67Ga-citrate scintigraphy: vertebral, satellite lymph node and gallbladder foci in a case of gastroenteritis with salmonella; Popa N et al.; We report a case of salmonella gastroenteritis with recurrent fever and sepsis, slight transient lumbar pain and positive 67Ga-citrate scintigraphy . The 67Ga scan made a major contribution to the positive diagnosis of a subclinical spondylodiscit and to the correct treatment leading to the disappearance of the infectious foci.

J Mal Vasc, 1982, 7(4), 339 - 44
{Infectious aneurysm of the abdominal aorta and Salmonella septicemia . Favorable development over 2 years of a case treated by resection and axillobifemoral bypass}; Devolfe C et al.; A 57 years old man had a two months history of chills and fever with abdominal pain . Blood cultures were positive for Salmonella ohio . He suddenly became hypotensive with oedema of lower limbs . Angiographic findings were infrarenal aortic rupture with pseudoaneurysm formation and inferior vena cava compression . After ligation of the aorta and both common iliac arteries, an axillo-bi-femoral graft was constructed to bypass the infection area . Subsequent occurrence of lumbar osteomyelitis required debridement and drainage of retroperitoneum . The patient was discharged on oral amoxicilline given for eleven months . Two years postoperatively he is able to walk without evidence of further infection . With a review of 32 other cases in the literature, emphasis is placed on theories of pathogenesis and on modes of surgical management.

Carcinogenesis, 1982, 3(2), 167 - 70
Mutagenicity of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and N-hydroxy-phenacetin and their respective deacetylated metabolites in nitroreductase deficient Salmonella TA98FR and TA100FR; Wirth PJ et al.; The mutagenicity of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and N-hydroxyphenacetin and their respective deacetylated metabolites, N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene and 2-nitrosofluorene, and N-hydroxyphenetidine and rho-nitrosophenetole was determined in nitroreductase deficient Salmonella tester strains TA 98FR and TA100FR . The mutagenicity of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene medicated by either rat liver microsomes or rat liver 105 000 g supernatant fractions was no different in either TA98 (nitroreductase proficient) or TA98FR (nitroreductase deficient) . Similarly the mutagenicity of N-hydroxyphenacetin mediated by hamster liver microsomes was not affected by either the presence or absence of nitroreductase activity in TA100 . N-Hydroxy-2-aminofluorene and 2-nitrosofluorene were equipotent direct acting mutagens in both TA98 and TA98FR, as were both N-hydroxyphenetidine and rho-nitrosophenetole in TA100 and TA 100FR . Ascorbate (5 mM) and NADPH (1 mM) had no significant effect on the mutagenicity of either N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene, or 2-nitrosofluorene in TA98 or TA98FR whereas ascorbate and NADPH markedly inhibited the mutagenicity of both N-hydroxyphenetidine and rho-nitrosophenetole in both TA100 and TA100FR . Ascorbate appears to be inhibiting the mutagenicity of N-hydroxyphenetidine and rho-nitrosophenetole as a result of the nonenzymatic chemical reduction of these compounds to non-mutagenic derivatives.

Vet Med (Praha), 1982, 27(10), 627 - 33
{Pathomorphological changes in the eyes of turkeys in Salmonella arizonae infections}; Lavicka M et al.; In one flock, one-eye blindness was observed in the chronical course of disease after infection with the germs of Salmonella arizonae . Changes such as granulomatous iridocyclochorioretinitis with the finding of the bacterial causative agent directly in the pathologically affected tissue were diagnosed on the basis of detailed histological examination of the affected eyeballs . The changes affected almost all parts of the eyeball (iris, ciliary body, lens, retina and chorioid) and were characterized by mononuclear infiltrate with differently intensive admixture of heterophils . The lens was liable to degeneration and fragmentation and giant-cell granulomes of different sizes formed in the posterior chamber.

Oncodev Biol Med, 1982, 3(2-3), 125 - 34
Inhibition by specific antibodies of the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 in bacteria; Sizaret P et al.; Two anti-aflatoxin B1 antisera, antiserum 'O' and antiserum 'C', were raised against conjugates in which the bovine serum albumin protein carrier was coupled to aflatoxin B1 derivatives at carbon 1 or 8 . Their action was investigated in Salmonella thyphimurium assays using a fortified 9000 x g supernatant (S9) of rat liver homogenate or using rat hepatocytes as the metabolic activation system . In all cases, a substantial reduction in mutagenicity was observed: the mutagenicity caused by 12.5 ng aflatoxin B1 was inhibited by 50% with 2 microliters of antiserum 'O' and with 12 microliters of antiserum 'C' when activation was catalysed by rat liver supernatant; the mutagenicity of 3.31 micrograms aflatoxin B1 was inhibited by 50% with 25 microliters of antiserum 'O' in experiments using hepatocytes as the metabolic activation system . Several lines of evidence indicate that the inhibition is caused by specific antibodies . The molar ratios of aflatoxin B2 or aflatoxin G2 to aflatoxin B1 required to reduce by 50% the effect of antisera on aflatoxin B1 mutagenicity were 2.9-76-fold higher than those required to reduce by 50% the tracer antibody binding in radioimmunoassay . Possible mechanisms by which anti-aflatoxin B1 antisera inhibit aflatoxin B1 mutagenicity are discussed.

Dev Comp Immunol, 1982 Winter, 6(1), 75 - 85
Alternate pathway of complement and bactericidal response of the channel catfish to Salmonella paratyphi; Ourth DD et al.; Fresh channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) serum from unimmunized catfish exhibited 100% bactericidal activity against Salmonella paratyphi . Components responsible for bactericidal activity could be absorbed from the fresh catfish serum with S . paratyphi . The bactericidal system of the fresh catfish serum showed a need for magnesium rather than for calcium after EDTA treatment . The addition of salicylaldoxime or ammonium hydroxide to catfish serum indicated the alternate rather than the classical pathway of complement activation to be important in bactericidal activity against S . paratyphi . Bactericidal activity of catfish serum was labile when incubated at 47 degrees C for 30 min., stable for at least 4 mo . at -80 degrees C and could be absorbed with S . paratyphi at 25 degrees C . Very minimal bactericidal activity was present in the descending portion of the first 13.7S peak with most activity being found in the descending portion of the second 7.1S peak and throughout the entire 3.4S peak after Sephadex G-200 catfish serum fractionation.

Environ Mutagen, 1982, 4(1), 19 - 26
Mutagenicity and toxicity of aflatoxin precursors; Dunn JJ et al.; The Salmonella/microsome test and the chick embryo test were used to determine the mutagenicity and toxicity of five aflatoxin B1 precursors . A definite pattern emerges: the nearer the B1 an intermediate appears in the biosynthetic pathway, the more potent is its mutagenicity and toxicity.

Chem Biol Interact, 1982 Jan, 38(2), 243 - 52
Age-related changes in mutagen activation by rat tissues; Robertson IG et al.; Age-related changes in drug metabolism of the liver, lung and kidney of adult female Long-Evans rats were determined by measuring changes in mutagen formation . Activation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), 2-aminofluorene (AF) and 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) to mutagenic derivatives was assayed using the Ames Salmonella test system . The promutagens were incubated with tissue fractions from rats ranging in age from 2.5 to 25 months . With all three compounds, hepatic, renal and pulmonary activation was lower in the senescent than in the young adult animals . The largest decrease, however, occurred prior to middle-age, i.e . before 9-13 months . In liver and kidney, little change was detectable between the middle-aged and the old (20-25 months) animals . However, pulmonary metabolism in the oldest animals was slightly higher than in the extracts from the middle-aged rats . The observed decline in mutagen activation may thus be a function of maturation rather than senescence.

Symp Soc Exp Biol, 1982, 35, 53 - 76
Polymorphic transition in bacterial flagella; Kamiya R et al.; The basic structure of the shaft of the bacterial flagellum is described and an account is given of work on polymorphism to date . The flagellum of wild-type Salmonella SJ670 has a characteristic left-hand helical form from pH 8 to pH 6, but undergoes two sharp transitions to other definite forms as the pH is lowered . The first transition, to a tight coil, can be followed by flow-birefringence . The flow-birefringence curve shows no evidence of hysteresis . Other details of the polymorphism, including the transitions which occur at high pH and at various KCl concentrations, are shown in a 'phase diagram' . Details of the transformation were studied by observing individual reconstituted flagella under dark-field light microscopy, while varying the bathing medium . Under some conditions, stress due to flow of the medium influences the transition . Under constant flow, alteration between two helical forms of opposite hand was sometimes observed . The two-state model is introduced to account for the helical structure and the polymorphism . Its prediction, that the two possible straight forms should have definite and opposite values of twist, is shown to agree with optical diffraction studies . Certain straight mutants are mentioned which show a novel feature in the diffraction pattern, probably due to a periodic perturbation of the helical lattice . The co-polymerisation of flagellins from straight mutants of the two different types yields a range of forms similar to the natural polymorphs . The implications of this finding are discussed.

Immunogenetics, 1982, 16(6), 583 - 92
Evidence for distinct polygenic regulation of antibody responses to some unrelated antigens in lines of mice selected for high or low antibody responses to somatic antigen of Salmonella; Cabrera WH et al.; The effect of the selective breeding of mice for high or low antibody production to complex immunogens is largely "nonspecific", since it modifies the responsiveness of high (H) and low (L) lines to many antigens unrelated to the selection antigen . However, the nonspecific effect of the polygenic control operating in these lines is not a general feature . For example, the group of genes in selection IV, carried out for responsiveness to somatic antigen of Salmonella, does not modify the responses to sheep erythrocytes (SE) . Despite equivalent responses in H and L mice of selection IV, a large variability was found in individual responses of F2 interline hybrids, which demonstrates the presence of alleles with high or low effect on responses to SE . A selective breeding (Selection IV-A) was therefore initiated from this F2 population for responsiveness to SE.A progressive interline divergence occurred during the first seven generations of selection; the interline separation was due to polygenic regulation (about four independent loci from a preliminary estimate) . Equivalent responses to the s antigen of Salmonella are observed in the two lines . This constitutes additional evidence for distinct polygenic regulation of responses to SE and to somatic antigen . Moreover, the pattern of responses to several unrelated antigens (nonspecific effect) also differs between Selections IV and IV-A.

Crit Rev Toxicol, 1982, 11(1), 33 - 84
A critical review of the literature on nitrobenzene toxicity; Beauchamp RO Jr et al.; This literature review encompassing information available through 1980 and limited coverage in 1981, emphasizes results useful in assessing the potential toxic effects of nitrobenzene to man . Nitrobenzene exposure in man or experimental animals is most often associated with methemoglobinemia . Histopathologic changes also are observed in the hemato-lymphoreticular system, central nervous system, and liver . In addition, lesions have been reported in adrenals and testes . No information was found on carcinogenic or teratogenic potential, fertility, or reproductive effects of nitrobenzene . Results from Ames Salmonella assay are negative but test procedures are questionable; metabolites give positive results . Metabolism of nitrobenzene involves either oxidation or reduction yielding p-aminophenol and p-nitrophenol, and other reduced intermediates . From the foregoing, several aspects of nitrobenzene toxicity have been identified which warrant further study . Recommendations are made for chronic and subchronic exposure of test animals via inhalation to assess various toxicological endpoints . In addition, the relationship of nitrobenzene metabolism to its toxicity needs to be established . Genotoxic effects of nitrobenzene also need study.

Carcinogenesis, 1982, 3(11), 1277 - 82
Evaluation of two suggested methods of deactivating organic carcinogens by molecular modification; Ashby J et al.; Earlier observations that substitution of the aromatic nucleus of an arylamino/nitro carcinogen with either a sulphonic acid substituent or two methyl groups placed ortho to the nitrogen substituent renders the molecule non-carcinogenic have been extended via studies conducted in vitro . 4-Aminobiphenyl-4'-sulphonic acid has been synthesized and found to be non-mutagenic in the Salmonella mutation assay when tested under conditions where 4-aminobiphenyl was mutagenic . It is concluded that this sulphonic acid derivative may prove non-carcinogenic to rodents . In contrast to the non-carcinogenicity and non-mutagenicity reported for 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine, 3,5-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl is approximately as mutagenic as 4-aminobiphenyl . It is therefore concluded that this material is potentially carcinogenic and that the loss of mutagenic activity observed for tetramethylbenzidine may be a structurally specific rather than a general phenomenon . In contrast, 3,5-dimethyl-4-nitrobiphenyl was much less mutagenic than 4-nitrobiphenyl . 9,9'-Bijulolidyl, a derivative of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine, was also found to be non-mutagenic . The general significance of these findings to the employment of structure-activity relationships in the design of non-mutagenic/non-carcinogenic molecules is discussed.

Carcinogenesis, 1982, 3(11), 1261 - 4
Comparative mutagenicity of aflatoxins using a Salmonella/trout hepatic enzyme activation system; Coulombe RA et al.; A modification of the Ames assay using rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) liver postmitochondrial fraction (PMF) was developed to investigate the relative mutagenic potential of a series of aflatoxins (AFs) . Preliminary experiments revealed that the 20000 x g (S20) liver fraction contained a higher metabolic activity than either the S9 or S30 fractions, and that 5 mg of S20 protein/plate gave the highest mutagenic response . A 9-24 h preincubation period at 25 degrees C was also required . The results from comparative mutagenicity experiments showed the following relative potencies: AFB1 greater than AFL greater than AFG1 greater than AFM1 greater than AFB2 greater than AFP1 greater than AFQ1 . The relative potencies observed with this in vitro system qualitatively correlated with the in vivo carcinogenic activity seen in trout, indicating that this assay is of value in predicting the carcinogenic potential of mycotoxins in this species.

Mol Gen Genet, 1982, 187(3), 510 - 5
The packaging initiation site of phage P22 . Analysis of packaging events by transduction; Kufer B et al.; P22 lysates were grown on Salmonella strains carrying P22 prophages deleted to various extents . Transducing bacterial markers at both sides of the prophage insertion site it could be shown that: (i) transduction of markers can be enhanced by the prophage pac site; (ii) the recognition signal pac is in the area of gene 3 on the phage genome and thus close to the cutting site(s); (iii) transposon Tn10 may also act as a signal for packaging initiation; (iv) (at least) Tn10 initiates packaging sequences in both directions.

IARC Sci Publ, 1982, (41), 685 - 94
A sensitive assay for mutagenic activity of N-nitrosamines and its use for detection of modulators of the mutagenicity; Negishi T et al.; By carrying out the pre-incubation of bacteria with N-nitrosamines under acidic conditions, the mutagenicity of N-nitrosodimethylamine on Salmonella TA100 and E . coli WP2 try, hcr was detected with increased sensitivity, compared to usual assays in neutral buffers . Using this modified assay system, compounds have been screened for their modulating effects on N-nitrosamine-mediated mutagenesis and the following were found to be inhibitors: cysteine, cysteamine, bisulfite, n-propylamine, n-butylamine, n-hexylamine, n-octylamine, n-nonylamine, serotonine, tryptamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine and oleic acid . The mechanisms of inhibition are discussed.

Adv Shock Res, 1982, 7, 125 - 32
Association of prostacyclin production with resistance of C3H/HeJ mice to endotoxin shock; Walker RI et al.; Persistence of inflammatory cells in the microcirculation due to altered proportions of arachidonate metabolites could contribute to death from endotoxin (ET) shock . We tested this hypothesis by observing ET-induced cellular accumulations in capillaries of genetically resistant C3H/HeJ and sensitive C3HeB/FeJ mice after challenge with 1,000 micrograms of Salmonella typhi ET, a dose lethal only for the sensitive strain . These data were correlated with prostaglandin production by lung tissue . Six hours after challenge with ET, lung capillaries of sensitive animals were occluded with amorphous material and occasional polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) . This inflammation, along with reduction in alveolar volume, was not observed in resistant mice . At this time only 10 PMNL/high-power field were seen with light microscopy in capillaries of resistant mice compared to 60 PMNL/high-power field in sensitive animals . Lung parenchymal tissue was excised from resistant and sensitive (C3H/HeN) mice six hours postchallenge with 800 micrograms of endotoxin and release in vitro of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) or prostacyclin (PGI2) over a 30-minute period was determined by radioimmunoassay . TXA2 and PGI2 released by lung fragments taken six hours after challenge with ET did not differ from normal levels of these substances in C3H/HeN mice . TXA2 release was normal at six hours in C3H/HeJ mice, but PGI2 was significantly increased (from 2.95 ng/mg to 5.73 ng/mg, P less than 0.005) . The ratio of PGI2/TXA2 in resistant mice was 24.3 as compared to 10.3 in sensitive mice . Since PGI2 can reduce leukocyte adhesion, an increase in the ratio of this substance to TXA2 may be associated with resolution of PMNL from the pulmonary microcirculation of ET-resistant mice.

Nutr Cancer, 1982, 3(3), 129 - 33
Mutagenicity of diisopropylamine dichloroacetate, the "active constituent" of vitamin B15 (pangamic acid); Gelernt MD et al.; Diisopropylamine dichloroacetate, the active component of many formulations of pangamic acid (trade-named "vitamin B15"), and diisopropylamine, a component of diisopropylamine dichloroacetate, both demonstrate mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test . Ninety percent of such agents prove carcinogenic, and this long-term possibility must be considered in any proposed use of pangamic acid containing diisopropylamine or diisopropylamine dichloroacetate.

Carcinogenesis, 1982, 3(8), 917 - 22
Potent mutagenic activity of nitropyrenes on Chinese hamster lung cells with diphtheria toxin resistance as a selective marker; Nakayasu M et al.; Nitropyrenes, which are highly mutagenic in the Salmonella assay, were shown also to be potent mutagens on Chinese hamster lung cells without metabolic activation when resistance to diphtheria toxin was used as a selective marker . Among nitropyrenes tested, 1,8- and 1,6-dinitropyrenes were the most mutagenic, and 1,3-dinitro- and 1,3,6-trinitropyrenes were less active, but showed still much higher mutagenic activity than methyl methanesulfonate or N-methyl-N-nitrosourea . 1-Nitropyrene and 1,3,6,8-tetranitropyrene did not induce diphtheria toxin-resistant mutants at concentrations of up to 20 micrograms/ml.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1982, 48(3), 273 - 83
Enterotoxigenicity and invasiveness of Salmonella species; Kaura YK et al.; A large number of enterotoxigenic strain was encountered in a group 56 Salmonella cultures belonging to 8 species viz., S . alachua, S . anatum, S . dublin, S . Enteritidis, S . hindmarsh, S . newport, S . typhimurium, S . weltevreden, and 5 serotypes of S . arizona (16:z4:--; 48:1,v:z56; 53:z52:z53; 60:r:z; 60:i:z53) . These cultures were isolated mainly from humans and animals suffering from gasteroenteritis . The enterotoxigenic (diarrhoeagenic) Salmonella cultures possess capacities for both skin permeation and epithelial penetration (invasiveness) . Preliminary characterization revealed that Salmonella enterotoxin is a heat-labile protein of high molecular weight . It is suggested that enterotoxigenic and invasive properties play a vital role in the pathogenesis of Salmonella diarrhoea.

EMBO J, 1982, 1(5), 535 - 9
Structural homologies among type I restriction-modification systems; Murray NE et al.; Structural homologies among different restriction systems of Escherichia coli and several Salmonella species have been investigated by immunological methods using antibodies prepared against two subunits of the E . coli K12 restriction enzyme, and by DNA hybridization experiments using different fragments of the E . coli K12 hsd genes as probes . The results with both techniques show a strong homology between the E . coli K12 and B restriction-modification systems, weaker but nevertheless marked homology between E . coli K12 and the Salmonella systems SB, SP, and SQ and, surprisingly, no homology between the E . coli K12 and A systems.

Infection, 1982, 10(2), 67 - 70
Elimination of bacteria in biliary tract infections during ceftizoxime therapy; Helm EB et al.; A transpapillary indwelling catheter was inserted to prevent stone impaction in six female patients who were suffering from choledocholithiasis . The bile withdrawn via the catheter was infected on six occasions with Escherichia coli . In one of these cases Klebsiella sp . and in another Salmonella sp . were also identified . All bacteria were sensitive to ceftizoxime (the MIC was between 0.007 and 0.06 mg/l) . The bacterial counts in the bile were determined before and during treatment by means of membrane filtration . In all six cases there was a rapid decline in the colony count . The concentration of ceftizoxime in bile samples was several times higher than the MIC of ceftizoxime for the corresponding pathogens . Overall, the therapeutic results with ceftizoxime were good . Three of eight pathogens were eliminated from the bile within eight to 24 hours . In one case a change of pathogen was seen after 24 hours . Forty-eight hours after beginning treatment, four of eight pathogens had been eliminated from the bile . After 72 hours the colony count in six patients was less than 10 pathogens/ml . In two patients a change of pathogen occurred; in one patient treatment had to be stopped after the first injection because of urticaria.

Basic Life Sci, 1982, 20, 335 - 43
Comparison of the induction of specific locus mutations in wild-type and repair-deficient strains of Neurospora crassa; de Serres FJ; A comparison of mutation induction between wild-type and excision repair-deficient strains has shown that, after treatment with four of the five mutagens tested, an enhanced recovery of induced mutants was found in the excision repair-deficient strains . In this sense we have confirmed for Neurospora Ames' (1977) observations with Salmonella . Furthermore, genetic analysis of the mutants induced in Neurospora in both wild-type and excision repair-deficient strains has shown that in some cases the enhanced recovery of mutants can be attributed to the recovery of a spectrum of genetic alterations in the excision repair-deficient strains that is qualitatively different from that found in the wild-type strain . This qualitatively different spectrum appears to arise as a result of a preferential increase in frameshift mutations . Thus, it appears that in excision repair-deficient strains of Neurospora genetic lesions are processed differently than in wild-type strains both to give enhanced yield as well as a selective increase in frameshift mutations . In this regard, the apparent difference between Salmonella and Neurospora data with regard to the characterization of the genetic effects of chemical carcinogens is most likely attributed to a difference in the genetic background of the strains . The present data with Neurospora suggest that this difference not only results in an enhanced recovery of revertants in Salmonella strains carrying the uvrB mutation but also that a different spectrum of genetic damage was detected from that which would have been observed in the standard wild-type strain G46 . Observations from the present experiments with Neurospora have important implications not only for comparative mutagenesis, where the effects of the same mutagen are studied in different laboratory organisms, but also for risk estimation since the spectrum of genetic damage produced by a given agent may not be uniform in our genetically heterogeneous human population.

Fundam Appl Toxicol, 1982 Jan-Feb, 2(1), 38 - 43
Mutagenicity of diesel exhaust particle extracts: influence of fuel composition in two diesel engines; Clark CR et al.; The influence of diesel fuel composition on mutagenicity of exhaust particle associated organic compounds has been investigated using nine fuels varying in aromatic content and distillation properties . The tests were conducted with Oldsmobile Delta-88 and Peugot 504 diesel cars operated according to the EPA Federal Test Procedure . The particulate exhaust from each test was collected on a filter, extracted in dichloromethane and the resulting extract evaluated for mutagenicity in Salmonella strain TA-100 . Mutagenicity of extracts of particles collected from the Oldsmobile were highest in the higher aromatic content fuels (greater than 30%) but similar for intermediate (20%) and low (13%) aromatic content fuels . No influence of aromaticity on mutagenicity was observed in samples collected from the Peugeot under the same conditions . Thus, fuel aromatic content may enhance the production of mutagenic combustion products at higher concentrations, but may be dependent upon engine type . A good correlation was observed between mutagenicity of the particle extracts and the initial boiling point of the fuel (r = 0.89) . Gas chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis of the aromatic fraction of the fuels showed that the fuel producing the most mutagenic combustion products was highest in phenanthrene type compounds.

Prog Clin Biol Res, 1982, 109, 235 - 48
Contribution from motor vehicle exhaust to the mutagenic activity of airborne particles; Alfheim I; Samples of urban airborne particles have been collected simultaneously at street level and at roof top level in a street canyon of Oslo during two summer months . Extracts of the samples were tested for mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay . The results are discussed in relation to traffic intensity, to meteorological parameters and to results from a similar study performed in the winter . The results indicated that vehicle exhaust was the main source of mutagens at both sampling sites and both seasons . Some additional activity from other sources may be detected in roof level winter samples . The results indicated further that some of the mutagens present at street level had been transformed to more polar compounds before reaching roof level.

Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1982, 29(2), 105 - 13
Protective role of O antigen in Salmonella typhi-murium infection; Jaszovszky I; Mice were actively immunized with preparations produced from different Salmonella strains . They were challenged with 2 LD50 of a virulent S . typhi-murium strain and examined for viable cell counts in the liver 4, 7 and 11 days postinfection . Whole cell vaccines, ribosomal extracts and endotoxin preparations of the O antigen-deficient variant of S . typhi-murium strain LT2-MI failed to protect the mice or did so in a much lower degree than preparations of the corresponding O antigen-bearing variant . Preparations from other salmonellae exerted a protective action only if the strain had an O-antigen identical with that of S . typhi-murium . The results pointed to a considerable protective role of the O antigen.

Carcinogenesis, 1982, 3(2), 187 - 94
Selective deactivation of ICR mutagens as related to their distinctive pulmonary carcinogenicity; De Flora S et al.; The mutagenicity patterns and the metabolic behaviour of 4 structurally related ICR compounds were investigated using the Salmonella/microsome test . ICR 191 and ICR 170 reverted 4 his- strains (TA1537 greater than TA100 greater than TA98 and TA1538), while ICR 191-OH and ICR 170-OH reverted TA1537 only, with a narrow range of mutagenic activity . Although all the products tested were shown to contain a common mutagenic impurity, analysis of chemicals fractionated by h.p.l.c . provided evidence that pure ICR 191-OH and ICR 170-OH also induce frameshift errors . The mutagenic activity of all the 4 ICR compounds, as well as of their common impurity, was decreased in the presence of S-9 mix containing rat liver S-9 fractions, a trend confirmed by h.p.l.c . of ICR/S-9 mixtures . Despite the greater mutagenic potency in the absence of metabolic systems, ICR 191 was deactivated far more efficiently and rapidly than ICR 170 by a variety of mouse (liver greater than lung) and rat (liver greater than testis greater than kidney greater than lung greater than striated muscle greater than spleen) S-9 fractions . Mouse preparations were more effective than the corresponding rat preparations . Aroclor 1254 strongly stimulated tha activity of th NADPH-requiring enzymes responsible for ICR deactivation . H.p.l.c . analyses ruled out interconversion among the 4 ICR compounds in the presence of liver S-9 fractions, while revealing the appearance of new distinct peaks for ICR 191, ICR 170 and ICR 170-OH . The selective metabolic deactivation of ICR compounds may be related to the findings of previous carcinogenicity studies (1-3) which showed the induction of lung adenomas following i.v . but not i.p . administration of ICR 170 . Conversely, ICR 191 and ICR 191-OH showed no activity even when administered i.v . Since intercalation of ICR compounds into DNA is the molecular basis for both mutagenic and antitumor activities (4), their distinctive metabolic reactivity may be also responsible for the differential efficacy in pharmacological assays.

Comp Biochem Physiol C, 1982, 73(2), 435 - 8
Metabolic activation of chemical carcinogens by kidney from rats and mice of various ages; Sutter MA et al.; 1 . The ability of homogenates from kidney tissue of 4- to 26-month-old male Fischer F344 rats, 6- to 30-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats, and 5- to 30-month-old male C57 BL/6J mice to metabolically activate the chemical procarcinogens 2-aminofluorene and aflatoxin B1 to mutagens was measured using the Ames Salmonella/microsome test . 2 . The conversion of 2-aminofluorene to mutagenic compounds by kidney homogenates from Fischer F344 and Sprague-Dawley rats and C57 BL/6J mice decreased 35-50% with increasing age . 3 . An age-related decrease (50-65%) in the ability of kidney homogenates from Fischer F344 rats and C57 BL/6J mice to convert aflatoxin B1 to mutagenic compounds was also observed.

Z Gesamte Inn Med, 1981 Dec 15, 36(24), 945 - 50
{The problem of the use of antibiotics in animal production and the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains in man}; Kolb E; The application of various antibiotics (penicillin, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol a.o.) as growth stimulators in feed-stuff for calves, lambs, pigs and for fattened poultry in low dosage (20-150 mg/kg feed), leads to the fact that already after a short time a great share of antibiotic-resistant strains appears in the intestinal flora, in which may be contained also pathogenic strains (e.g . species of Salmonella) . In most cases a multifarious resistance is developed, conditioned by R-plasmides . Through the excretions of the animals a part of the resistant bacteria goes into the air and may taken up by man . The resistant bacteria may be transferred to man also by food-stuff of animal origin (meat, milk, eggs) . The great increase of the settlement of the intestinal canal of man with resistant strains of bacteria is for a large part to be traced back to the acceptance of such germs from useful animals . Due to this development also the therapeutic effectiveness of many antibiotics in medicine is much decreased . In future only such antibiotics shall be used in the feeding of animals, which cannot be used therapeutically . Also other ergotropics are increasingly used.

Trop Geogr Med, 1981 Dec, 33(4), 329 - 33
Diagnostic value of the Widal test; Abraham G et al.; The usefulness of a single Widal test to diagnose typhoid fever in Ethiopia was investigated in three study groups both retrospectively and prospectively . These were blood culture proven typhoid and non-typhoid patients and healthy individuals . Salmonella typhi H and O titres greater than or equal to 1:160 occurred in respectively 82% and 58% of typhoid fever patients; only 4% of healthy individuals and 8% of non-typhoid patients had Widal titres greater than or equal to 1:80 . In typhoid fever, the H titre is elevated earlier and more frequently than the O titre . Antibody rise is maximal during the second week of illness . Antibiotic treatment did not affect the rise of antibody titre in typhoid fever . A single Widal test in an unvaccinated Ethiopian patient showing H and/or O titres greater than or equal to 1:160 and typhoid-like symptoms is strongly suggestive of typhoid fever . It also appears that H titre is more useful than O titre . More false positives are found than false negatives . Under these circumstances, the clinical picture is the decisive factor in making a diagnosis of typhoid.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1981 Dec, 46(3), 515 - 20
Antibody response to the lipopolysaccharide and protein antigens of Salmonella typhi during typhoid infection . II . Measurement of intestinal antibodies by radioimmunoassay; Chau PY et al.; Antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and protein antigens of S . typhi in secretions of small intestine obtained from 12 typhoid patients, four typhoid carriers and 16 non-typhoid control subjects were measured by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay technique . Intestinal secretions obtained from typhoid patients as a group had significantly higher anti-LPS and anti-protein antibodies than those from the control group . These antibodies were both IgM and IgA classes . There was no correlation between the IgM or IgA antibody levels in serum and those in the intestinal secretions . In the intestinal secretions obtained from typhoid carriers, on the other hand, only IgA-class antibodies to the LPS and protein antigens of S . typhi were present at high levels.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1981 Dec, 46(3), 508 - 14
Antibody response to the lipopolysaccharide and protein antigens of Salmonella typhi during typhoid infection . I . Measurement of serum antibodies by radioimmunoassay; Tsang RS et al.; Serum antibody responses to the lipopolysaccharide and protein antigens of S . typhi in typhoid patients were studied using a solid-phase radioimmunoassay technique . Sera from 24 adult typhoid patients and 20 non-typhoid adult controls were compared . As a group, sera from typhoid patients showed increased IgA, IgG and IgM immunoglobulin levels and gave significantly higher anti-LPS and anti-protein antibody titres in all three major immunoglobulin classes than did non-typhoid controls . Levels of antibodies against LPS or protein in sera of typhoid patients were highly variable with a skew distribution . A good correlation was found between antibody titres to the LPS antigen and those to a protein antigen . No correlation, however, was found between the anti-LPS antibody titres measured by radioimmunoassay and the anti-O antibody titres measured by the Widal agglutination test . Titration of anti-LPS or anti-protein antibodies by radioimmunoassay was found to be more sensitive and specific than Widal test for the serological diagnosis of typhoid fever . The advantages of measuring antibody response by radioimmunoassay over conventional Widal test are discussed.

Jpn J Med Sci Biol, 1981 Dec, 34(6), 385 - 92
Detection of carriers of typhoid bacilli by sewerage-tracing surveillance in Matsuyama City; Shinohara N et al.; Since periodical survey of the sewage entering the sewage-farm in Matsuyama City revealed a high incidence of Salmonella typhi of different phage types, attempts were made to trace the upstream reservoir . It was found that S . typhi was drained into a particular manhole at a distance of about 5 km from the sewage-farm . Two members of two families were found to be carriers . Further investigation detected other 25 carriers . The 27 carriers were all pupils of the same primary school . Ten of them showed mild symptoms such as fever, abdominal pain and diarrhea; the remaining 17 were asymptomatic . The phage type of 24 isolates was of Vi degraded approaching phage type A {degraded Vi(A)} and that of the other three was of type 53 . The results coincided with those of the isolates from sewage.

Can J Microbiol, 1981 Dec, 27(12), 1272 - 5
Naturally occurring prototrophic strains of Salmonella typhi; Virgilio R et al.; In a survey of the nutritional requirements of Salmonella typhi it was found that 3.2% of 560 recent clinical isolates were able to grow in a minimal medium consisting of phosphates, ammonium and magnesium sulfates, and glucose; the remainder required tryptophan . Both groups grew slowly and rather poorly in these media due to a deficient utilization of sulfur from sulfate . Addition of cysteine or sodium sulfide or thiosulfate promoted rapid and profuse growth . Minimal medium containing thiosulfate as a source of sulfur allowed for an easy and sharp differentiation of prototrophic variants needing none of the amino acids, and tryptophan auxotrophs . The prototrophic phenotype is not the result of the presence of rare prototrophic mutants, since these strains were able to develop in minimal medium from very small inocula (10(2)), all colonies were prototrophic in replica plating experiments, and the cultures gave comparable colony counts when seeded simultaneously in nutrient and on minimal agar plates.

Am J Dis Child, 1981 Dec, 135(12), 1096 - 9
Salmonella sepsis in infancy; Davis RC; Of seven infants with Salmonella sepsis, three had meningitis . A review of these cases and others previously reported demonstrated that among infants less than 1 year old in Arkansas, Salmonella infection developed in 383 over a 31/2-year period . The reported incidence of sepsis and/or meningitis was 1.8%; for those less than 2 months of age, it was 5.0% . Epidemiologic investigation failed to disclose a consistent source of the Salmonella colonization for young infants . Treatment of meningitis with ampicillin sodium was frequently associated with relapse or clinical failure, while chloramphenicol or a chloramphenicol-ampicillin combination appeared to offer superior efficacy . Consideration should be given to antibiotics for the routine treatment of Salmonella gastroenteritis in infants less than 3 months of age.

J Hyg (Lond), 1981 Dec, 87(3), 525 - 8
An unusual sequel to imported Salmonella zanzibar; Johnston WS et al.; In August, 1980 a rare serotype S . zanzibar was isolated in the North of Scotland from a man home on leave from Malaysia, whence he returned in November having been bacteriologically negative 2 months previously . In December however, S . zanzibar was isolated from a bulk milk sample taken at a nearby dairy farm . No illness occurred among milking cows which had been brought inside from pasture in mid-October . Since 1972 a variety of different salmonella serotypes had been identified in cattle, milk and other samples at this farm, with seagulls being implicated as the vector transmitting infection from the sewage of a local town on to farmland and an adjacent loch . Although water from this source has not been used in recent years for drinking by cattle, it is utilized for washing floors within the dairy premises . Since 1979, following an outbreak affecting consumers, all milk produced at the farm has been pasteurized.

J Bacteriol, 1981 Dec, 148(3), 973 - 9
Role of the flaR gene in flagellar hook formation in Salmonella spp; Suzuki T et al.; Flagellar filaments were reconstituted by polymerization with exogenously supplied flagellin monomers at the tips of normal hooks on Salmonella cells which were missing the filaments because of mutations in either the flaL or flaU gene or the flagellin genes H1 and H2 . Reconstitution did not occur at the tips of polyhooks of the flaR mutant cells . Thus, the absence of flagellar filaments in the flaR mutant cells was probably caused by the inability of the polyhooks to work as polymerization nuclei for flagellin . A Phf+ mutant which produced polyhooks with flagellar filaments was isolated from a flaR polyhook mutant . Genetic analysis of the Phf+ mutant showed that it carried an intracistronic suppressor mutation of the original flaR mutation . This result indicated that the flaR gene regulates hook length and initiates flagellin formation.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1981 Dec, 174(5), 461 - 70
{Survival of salmonellas and ascaris eggs during sludge utilization in forestry (author's transl)}; Strauch D et al.; Salmonella senftenberg survived in sewage sludge after a single application in summer in experimental plots of 11 different forest stands between 424 and 820 days . After application of infected sludge in winter the survival times were between 104 and 350 days . Salmonelles adsorbed to germ carriers located on or below the sludge layers survived for a shorter time than those germs which were suspended into the sludge . Ascaris eggs survived not longer than between 78 and 107 days . It is therefore recommended to prohibit the utilization of infectious sewage sludges in forests and at their edges as it is handled in Switzerland . If this cannot be achieved the permission for utilization of sludge in forests should only be given if the sludge is tilled into the soil.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1981 Dec, 29(10), 617 - 9
{Simultaneous study of salmonella's infection in the population of eleven villages in Senegal and among lizards (species Agama) (author's transl)}; Baylet R et al.; Salmonella were isolated in 3.7% villagers and 37% Agama lizard in Senegalian rural area . The distribution of the thirty serotypes which were settled in the two human and animal populations is in favour of the role of Agama in preservation of a high endemic disease level.

Mutat Res, 1981 Dec, 90(4), 309 - 20
Mutagenic characterization of synthetic fuel materials by the Ames/Salmonella assay system; Pelroy RA et al.; Solvent refined coal (SRC) distillates produced by 2 different pilot plant processes were compared for mutagenicity using the Ames/salmonella assay . The high-molecular-weight, high-boiling SRC distillates were fractionated into their various constituent chemical classes for Ames analysis . In each case, the major portion of the mutagenic activity contained in the crude materials was recovered in the basic and in the tar fractions . Little or no activity was found in the neutral . aliphatic, or neutral polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-enriched fractions . The most active of the SRC subfractions were comparable in mutagenicity to benzo{a}pyrene, but substantially less active than 2-aminoanthracene.

Mutat Res, 1981 Dec, 90(4), 297 - 308
The effects of nitrous acid on the mutagenicity of two coal liquids and their genetically active chemical fractions; Pelroy RA et al.; The Ames/Salmonella assay was used to determine the effect of nitrous acid on the mutagenicity of solvent refined coal (SRC) distillates and distillate fractions . The SRC materials consisted of the higher-molecular-weight, high-boiling distillates, the process solvent (PS) and heavy distillate (HD), and also included the basic tar and neutral tar chemical fractions derived from these 2 distillates . Nitrosation products of each of the SRC materials were less mutagenic than the distillates of distillate fractions from which they were derived (untreated materials); in most cases they were less than 10% as mutagenic as that observed in the starting materials . The mutagenicity of the SRC materials after nitrous acid treatment was direct-acting, whereas all mutagenicity associated with the untreated SRC materials was indirect and required metabolic activation for expression in the Ames assay system.

Inflammation, 1981 Dec, 5(4), 335 - 41
Phagocytosis and binding via complement receptors by salivary polymorphonuclear leukocytes . Modulation by saliva and gingival exudate; Sela MN et al.; The ability of oral polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) to phagocytose Candida albicans cells and bind Salmonella typhi via complement receptors was investigated . A significantly higher percent of oral PMNs could phagocytose and bind via complement receptors as compared to peripheral blood PMNs . While treatment of peripheral blood PMNs with the donor's saliva caused an increase in the number of complement-receptor bearing cells, as well as a partial increase in phagocytosis, PMNs treated with gingival crevicular fluid (CF) showed a decrease both in phagocytosis and binding . The complexity of environmental conditions and factors, and its role in PMN functions in inflammatory sites is discussed.

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