Isr J Med Sci, 1982 Oct, 18(10), 1032 - 6 Salmonella and Shigella adherence to the intestine of mice; Golderman L et al.; The in vivo adherence of {14C}glucose-labeled Shigella and Salmonella strains to the intestine of the mouse was investigated . Salmonella strains adhered significantly better to the small bowel mucosa than to the large bowel, while Shigella strains adhered significantly better to the colonic mucosa than to the small bowel mucosa . A mannose-sensitive lectin-bearing Salmonella strain adhered significantly better to the jejunal mucosa than did a mannose-resistant variant . A mannose-sensitive Shigella strain adhered significantly better to the colonic mucosa than did the mannose-resistant strain . The addition of a mannose derivative diminished but did not abolish the adherence of the mannose-sensitive strains . These findings suggest that different segments of the intestine may have different receptors for bacteria regardless of their pathogenicity . Adherence may depend, in part, on the presence of mannose-sensitive lectin on the bacterial surface . Mannose derivative can partially inhibit bacterial adherence to the intestinal epithelium . Despite the lack of pathogenicity of Salmonella and Shigella in the mouse, this model can be further used for studying the adherence process, as well as the therapeutic measures that interfere with it. Clin Exp Immunol, 1982 Oct, 50(1), 34 - 40 Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in chronic typhoid carriers; Dham SK et al.; Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to Salmonella typhi were studied in 10 chronic typhoid carriers, and in healthy controls . Carriers showed impaired cellular reactivity to S . typhi antigens in the leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMI) . Carriers did not show a generalized depression of cell-mediated immunity in that delayed hypersensitivity skin test responses to recall antigens, peripheral blood T cell numbers, and lymphocyte transformation responses to mitogens were normal . Lymphocyte transformation in the presence of S . typhi antigen occurred to a greater extent than normal in four of six subjects tested and suggested the possibility of dissociated defects of cellular immunity . Carriers showed normal humoral immunity, as judged by antibodies to the flagellar and somatic antigens of S . typhi and S . paratyphi and to Vi antigens of S . typhi . The results suggest that the carrier state may be the consequence of a specific defect in cell-mediated immune responses to S . typhi. Mutat Res, 1982 Oct, 97(5), 359 - 70 Reliability of the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair test in testing of coded carcinogens and noncarcinogens; Williams GM et al.; The hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair test was evaluated for its reliability using a series of coded samples . Among the 30 chemicals tested, 15 were general reference compounds and 15 were chemicals that had been tested for carcinogenicity in the U.S . National Cancer Institute Bioassay Program . The latter group were from the same lot that had been used for the in vivo testing and had also been tested for mutagenicity in the Ames test . From the group of 15 reference compounds, 5 were positive for DNA repair and all 5 were carcinogens . Of the 10 samples scored as negative, 4 were noncarcinogens and 6 were carcinogens . Among the 6 carcinogens were 3 compounds whose carcinogenicity probably does not involve the production of DNA damage . From the 15 coded chemicals that were tested for carcinogenicity by the NCI in long-term animal studies, 7 were scored as positive . 5 of these were judged carcinogenic in the in vivo bioassays and the other 2, which were also mutagenic in Salmonella, showed some indication of carcinogenicity . Of the 8 compounds that were scored as negative, 5 were noncarcinogenic . Among the 3 carcinogens that were not detected, there was at least one whose carcinogenicity probably does not involve DNA damage . Thus, the results of this study indicate that positive results in the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair test are highly specific for carcinogens and that the test is also highly sensitive in the detection of DNA-damaging genotoxic carcinogens. Mutat Res, 1982 Oct, 105(4), 205 - 10 Comutagenic effect of norharman with aminopyridine derivatives; Wakabayashi K et al.; The mutagenicities of 3 monoaminopyridines, 4 methyl-substituted monoaminopyridines and 3 diaminopyridines were tested with or without norharman in the Salmonella assay system . None of the compounds was mutagenic without norharman . However, 3-aminopyridine and 2-amino-3-methylpyridine were mutagenic in the presence of norharman and S9 mix; 3-aminopyridine was mutagenic to TA98, but not to TA100, while 2-amino-3-methylpyridine was mutagenic to both TA98 and TA100, although its mutagenicity was much stronger in TA98. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1982 Oct, 79(19), 5971 - 5 SOS chromotest, a direct assay of induction of an SOS function in Escherichia coli K-12 to measure genotoxicity; Quillardet P et al.; We present and evaluate the SOS chromotest, a bacterial test for detecting DNA-damaging agents . It is a colorimetric assay based on the induction by these agents of the SOS function sfiA, whose level of expression is monitored by means of a sfiA::lacZ operon fusion . The response is rapid (a few hours), and does not require survival of the tester strain . Dose-response curves for various chemicals include a linear region . The slope of this region is taken as a measure of the SOS inducing potency . Comparison for a number of substances of known genotoxicity of the SOS inducing potency determined in the SOS chromotest with the mutagenic potency determined in the Salmonella assay (mutatest) revealed a striking quantitative correlation over more than 7 orders of magnitude . The sensitivity of the SOS chromotest (lowest amount detected) is equal to that of the mutatest and generally 4-40 times higher than that of a phage induction assay (inductest) . From a practical point of view our observations contribute to the validation of the SOS chromotest as a test for detecting genotoxins and in particular genotoxic carcinogens . From a theoretical standpoint the results suggest that mutagenic potency measured in the mutatest reflects the level of induction of an SOS function and that most genotoxins are inducers of the SOS response in bacteria. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 1982 Oct, 60 (Pt 5), 513 - 28 The interaction of activated macrophages with normal and neoplastic cells; La Posta VJ et al.; The interaction of various cell types with Salmonella enteritidis 11RX activated macrophages was examined . P815 tumour cells, Concanavalin A-activated blast cells and splenic lymphocytes were tested for their ability to bind to activated macrophages whilst the ability to inhibit macrophage-mediated lysis of 51Cr-labelled P815 tumour cells was tested with unlabelled tumour cells and blast cells . All three cell types were bound by activated macrophages but only P815 cells were lysed by the activated macrophages and only these cells could act as cold target inhibitors of cytolysis . This phenomenon could not be explained by the release of cytotoxic factors resulting from the interaction of blast cells with activated macrophages . The lack of cold target inhibition by blast cells may have been due to the detachment of initially adherent blast cells leaving the activated macrophages free to interact with tumour cells. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1982 Oct, (10), 81 - 4 {Genetics of the immune response of Karakul sheep immunized with E . coli and Salmonella vaccines . I . Individual differences in the immune response}; Petrov RV et al.; The capacity for immune response after immunization with E . coli and Salmonella vaccines has been analyzed in a population of astrakhan sheep, depending on their genotype . Sharply defined individual differences in immune response to the same antigen have been shown, and oppositely reacting animals have been selected . Among the animals showing highly pronounced reaction to one antigen (E . coli) the presence of the animals with a low level of reaction to the other antigen (Salmonella), and vice versa, has been established. Can J Microbiol, 1982 Oct, 28(10), 1150 - 7 Incidence of plasmid DNA in Salmonella strains isolated from clinical sources in Ontario, Canada, during 1979 and 1980; Taylor DE et al.; Gel electrophoresis of DNA from 70 clinical strains of Salmonella revealed a heterogenous plasmid population . Plasmid DNA, ranging in molecular weight from 1.4 X 10(6) to 145 X 10(6), was demonstrated in 26 of 32 antibiotic-resistant strains . Several resistant strains carried up to six plasmids; however, of these, five strains which were multiply resistant contained a single plasmid of molecular weight 54 X 10(6) to 145 X 10(6) . Only one incompatibility group H2 (IncH2) plasmid (pDT28) was detected in a strain of S . heidelberg; thus, this represents a reduction in the prevalence of these plasmids in Ontario Salmonella strains since 1974 . The pDT28 plasmid resembled other IncH2 plasmids by its high molecular weight (145 X 10(6) ) and by virtue of its temperature-sensitive mode of transfer, resistance to tellurium, and inhibition of coliphage development . Of the 38 antibiotic-susceptible Salmonella strains, approximately half contained plasmids, ranging in molecular weight from 1.4 X 10(6) to 60 X 10(6) . The plasmid-containing antibiotic-susceptible strains carried either a group of two to four small plasmids, with molecular weights less than 4.5 X 10(6), or a single large plasmid of molecular weight 23 X 10(6) or 60 X 10(6). Am J Vet Res, 1982 Oct, 43(10), 1721 - 8 Binding of 125I-labeled endotoxin to bovine, canine, and equine platelets and endotoxin-induced agglutination of canine platelets; Meyers KM et al.; Endotoxin from Escherichia coli O127:B8, Salmonella abortus-equi and S minnesota induced clumping of some canine platelets (PLT) at a final endotoxin concentration of 1 microgram/ml . Endotoxin-induced clumping of canine PLT was independent of PLT energy-requiring processes, because clumping was observed with canine PLT incubated with 2-deoxy-D-glucose and antimycin A . The PLT responded to adenosine diphosphate before, but not after, incubation with the metabolic inhibitors . Endotoxin induced a slight and inconsistant clumping of bovine and equine PLT at high (mg/ml) endotoxin concentration . High-affinity binding sites could not be demonstrated on canine, bovine, and equine PLT, using 125I-labeled E coli O127:B8 endotoxin . Nonspecific binding was observed and appeared to be due primarily to an extraneous coat on the PLT surface that was removed by gel filtration . The endotoxin that was bound to PLT did not appear to modify PLT function . An attempt to identify plasma proteins that bound physiologically relevant amounts of endotoxin was not successful . The significance of the endotoxin-induced clumping or lack of it on the pathophysiology of endotoxemia is discussed. Mutat Res, 1982 Oct, 96(2-3), 167 - 86 Difference in liver homogenates from Donryu, Fischer, Sprague-Dawley and Wistar strains of rat in the drug-metabolizing enzyme assay and the Salmonella/hepatic S9 activation test; Yoshikawa K et al.; Comparison studies for detecting differences between liver microsome and S9 preparations from 4 strains (Donryu, Fischer, Sprague-Dawley, Wistar) of young male rats were carried out with pretreatment of the animals by inducers such as PCBs and PB plus 5,6-BF . Each microsome fraction was assayed for the enzymic activity of metabolism of model substrates such as aniline, benzophetamine, BP, DMN and 7-ethoxycoumarin . The hepatic S9 sample was also compared, as regards its metabolizing ability to activate 9 pre-mutagens (2AA, AAF, o-AAT, BP, DAB, DMBA, DMN, m-PDA, quinoline) to directly acting mutagens in the Salmonella/hepatic S9 activation test by using TA98, TA100 and TA1537 strains with or without cytochrome P450 inhibitors (SKF-525A, metyrapone, 7,8-benzo-flavone) . In the enzymic assay with PCBs-induced microsomes, BP hydroxylation a strain-specific difference: the microsomes from Fischer and Wistar rats were more effective for metabolizing BP than those from the other strains of rat . The effect of induction by BP plus 5,6-BF for Fischer rats showed relatively higher enzymic activity in the same induction group . Other microsomes prepared from rats with and without induction by PB plus, 5,6-BF did not show a clear-cut strain dependency in the enzymic activities assayed . In the mutation experiments with hepatic S9 samples, the examination of DAB and quinoline revealed a marked strain difference when S9 samples prepared from PCBs-pretreated and PB-plus-5,6-BF-induced rats were used: the S9 sample from Fischer rats was available for activating the two pre-mutagens to directly acting mutagens . No marked difference in the metabolic activation of the remaining 7-pre-mutagens was observed on other S9 preparations . In examinations of mutagenicity activities with the use of three inhibitors, the two S9 preparations made with the two induction methods showed inhibition profiles closely similar to each other . However, there were minor differences in the profiles by these inhibitors . From these findings it was concluded that Fischer rat-liver S9 is useful for detecting mutagens in the metabolic activation test, when induction by PB plus 5,6-BF was used in the Ames Salmonella test. Mutat Res, 1982 Oct-Nov, 102(3), 237 - 47 Mutagenicity of airborne particles; Fukino H et al.; The mutagenicity of airborne particles was studied in the Ames Salmonella system . The mutagenic activity of benzene extracts from airborne particles was more active in strain TA98 in the presence and absence of S9 mix than in strain TA100 . The presence of mutagens, other than benzo{a}pyrene (B{a}P), which did not require S9 mix, was indicated . However, the monthly variation of direct-acting mutagenic activity showed a pattern similar to that of B{a}P at atmospheric concentration . The monthly variations of atmospheric NO, NO2, NO-2 and NO-3 concentrations were also similar to that of the direct-acting mutagenic activity . Atmospheric concentrations of heavy metals such as Pb, Zn, Cd, V and Cu were also found to be related to direct-acting mutagenic activity . These results suggest that emissions from automobiles, home heaters and power plants etc . may be a primary source of atmospheric, direct-acting mutagens . It is suggested that secondary direct-acting mutagens might be partly formed by the nitration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with NO2 in the atmosphere because concentrations of B{a}P, NO2 and NO-3 increased simultaneously when the highest direct-acting mutagenic activity was observed. Mutat Res, 1982 Oct-Nov, 102(3), 221 - 35 Comparative study of the genotoxic properties of Eastern and Western U.S . shale oils, crude petroleum, and coal-derived oil; Lockard JM et al.; A multiple bioassay approach was used to characterize and compare the genotoxicities of an Eastern U.S . (Kentucky) shale oil with the genotoxicities of Western U.S . shale oil, petroleum crude oil, and a coal-derived fuel oil . While the coal-derived oil was mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity (Ames) assay, the shale oils had negligible to weak mutagenicity, and petroleum crude oil was not mutagenic . All the samples were also tested in the following mammalian test systems: an in vitro sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) assay in human lymphocytes and in vivo tests for induction of sperm abnormalities, micronuclei, and SCE in bone marrow of mice . Slight but statistically significant increases (P less than 0.001) in SCE in human lymphocytes were induced by all samples except petroleum crude oil . Neither sample induced a significant number of mutational events in either of the in vivo systems . In these preliminary studies no major differences in the genotoxicities of Eastern and Western shale oils were observed . The results were consistent with the following order of mutagenic potency: coal oil greater than Eastern and Western shale oil greater than petroleum crude oil. Food Chem Toxicol, 1982 Oct, 20(5), 535 - 9 Inhibition of protein pyrolysate mutagenicity by retinol (vitamin A); Busk L et al.; The mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella-microsome test of four protein pyrolysate products, formed during the cooking of meat, (Trp-P-1, Trp-P-2, Glu-P-1 and Glu-P-2) was found to be inhibited by the addition of vitamin A in vitro in the form of retinol . The effect is interpreted as an inhibition of the metabolic activation of the mutagens to their respective ultimate mutagenic forms since retinol has been shown to have no effect on the survival of the Salmonella cells, no effect on directly acting mutagens and no effect on the formation of NADPH in the test system . The results demonstrate the need for an increased understanding of the interaction of dietary components in evaluating mutagenic/carcinogenic risks from processed food. Poult Sci, 1982 Oct, 61(10), 1962 - 7 Incidence of Salmonella in fresh dressed turkeys raised under Salmonella-controlled and uncontrolled environments; Campbell DF et al.; The incidence of salmonella in turkeys from experimental salmonella-controlled and uncontrolled, or normal, flocks processed at three turkey slaughter plants were compared . The results indicate that processing salmonella-controlled turkeys in a plant that routinely kills normal birds may result in the contamination of the salmonella-controlled birds, probably due to salmonella in the plant environment . The salmonella-controlled turkeys studied tended to have a lower incidence of salmonella than normal birds . These observation indicate that salmonella control practices in turkey raising can result in a salmonella reduction in market birds even under existing commercial slaughter, evisceration, and cooling procedures. Eur J Pharmacol, 1982 Sep 24, 83(3-4), 199 - 205 Fever, antipyretics and serum iron levels in rabbits; Cremades A et al.; The intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of bacterial endotoxin (Shigella dysenteriae) produces a rise in deep-body temperature in rabbits . The increase in body temperature was partially inhibited by polymyxin B (P), and completely suppressed by ketoprofen (K) . The systemic injection of bacterial endotoxins (Shigella dysenteriae or Salmonella typhosa) elicited an elevation of body temperature in rabbits which was partially blocked by polymyxin B and completely antagonized by ketoprofen . Serum iron concentration fell in rabbits treated with Salmonella typhosa endotoxin and rose after injections of ketoprofen, polymyxin B, indomethacin and ketoprofen plus endotoxin (En) . However, the total increases in serum iron levels were higher after antipyretics than after ketoprofen plus endotoxin treatment . These results show that the antipyretics antagonized the rise in body temperature and the fall in serum iron concentration induced by bacterial endotoxin and all the drugs used in this study to induce antipyresis increased serum iron levels. Vet Rec, 1982 Sep 11, 111(11), 216 - 9 Survey of the health and husbandry of small poultry flocks in Great Britain; Curtis PE et al.; An investigation into the health and husbandry of 15 small poultry flocks was undertaken . Each flock was visited in July and a questionnaire on management practices and disease history was completed . The flocks were clinically examined and serological tests for Salmonella pullorum, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M synoviae, M meleagridis, Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease, infectious bronchitis, eggdrop syndrome 76, adenoviruses and reoviruses were carried out . Oesophageal and cloacal swabs were cultured for mycoplasma and pullorum reactors were cultured . M gallisepticum, M synoviae, M meleagridis and M gallinarum infections were detected and serological reactions for all the viral diseases, except egg drop syndrome 76, were found . Evidence of Newcastle disease and pullorum disease was encountered . Lice were present in five flocks and mites in four flocks . Welfare standards varied. J Biol Chem, 1982 Sep 10, 257(17), 10510 - 7 Changes in high density lipoprotein content following endotoxin administration in the mouse . Formation of serum amyloid protein-rich subfractions; Hoffman JS et al.; Bacterial endotoxin is a potent inducer of the serum amyloid protein (apo-SAA), a high density lipoprotein (HDL) apoprotein . In a study of the induction of apo-SAA and the structure of apo-SAA-rich lipoprotein particles in mice, we have observed that, following intraperitoneal administration of Salmonella typhosa lipopolysaccharide (50 micrograms), plasma apo-SAA levels rose from base-line levels of less than 1% to greater than 20% of the HDL protein content at 20 h postinjection . No changes in the relative content of other HDL apoproteins were noted; analysis of apo-SAA-rich HDL lipid content indicated a significant decrease (10%) in phospholipid content relative to that of control HDL . Two major apo-SAA isotypes, apo-SAA1 and apo-SAA2, were identified, having apparent molecular weights of 12,600 and 11,800, respectively, and isoelectric points of 6.35 and 6.20, respectively . Quantitative immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that essentially all of the apo-SAA was bound to lipoprotein particles containing apo-A-I . Apo-SAA was distributed among higher density HDL subfractions than were other HDL apoproteins following density gradient centrifugation, and subfractions having apo-SAA:apo-A-I molar ratios of greater than 2:1 were identified . These results indicate the formation of a subset of apo-SAA-rich HDL particles following apo-SAA induction by endotoxin. J Biol Chem, 1982 Sep 10, 257(17), 10518 - 22 Secretion of serum amyloid protein and assembly of serum amyloid protein-rich high density lipoprotein in primary mouse hepatocyte culture; Hoffman JS et al.; The serum amyloid protein (apo-SAA) is a unique high density lipoprotein apoprotein exhibiting dramatic increases in plasma concentration following host injury . The events involved in the secretion of apo-SAA and assembly of apo-SAA-rich lipoprotein particles were studied in primary, serum-free culture of adult BALB/c mouse hepatocytes harvested 3 h following administration of the potent apo-SAA inducer, bacterial endotoxin (50 micrograms of intraperitoneally administered Salmonella typhosa lipopolysaccharide) . An approximately 3.5-fold increase in the initial rate of apo-SAA secretion was observed over that of hepatocytes isolated from control mice, whereas the rate of apo-A-I secretion was unchanged by endotoxin administration . Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and autoradiography of {35S}methionine-labeled cell products indicated the synthesis of both major mouse apo-SAA isotypes by hepatocytes . Essentially all of the secreted apo-SAA chromatographed in Sephadex G-150 with an elution volume corresponding to a molecular weight of approximately 12,000 . Approximately 90% of the secreted apo-SAA was recovered in fractions (d greater than 1.21 g/ml) following ultracentrifugal fractionation . In media supplemented with human lipoproteins (100 micrograms/ml), approximately 50% of the secreted apo-SAA was recovered in the high density lipoprotein fraction . These results suggest that mouse apo-SAA is secreted in monomeric form and becomes associated with lipoproteins in the intravascular compartment. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1982 Sep, 252(4), 490 - 506 Epidemiological studies on Salmonella in a certain area ("Walcheren Project") V . Studies into the possibility of fattening pigs free from Salmonella; Oosterom J et al.; Studies performed some years ago showed that Salmonella-free pigs for slaughter could be produced under experimental conditions if a number of hygienic measures were taken, such as the purchase of Salmonella-free piglets, the use of properly pelletized feed, thorough cleaning and disinfecting of the pigsty and the prevention of all contamination from the surroundings . In this paper four trials are described which examined whether pigs could also be fattened free from Salmonella under practical conditions on the farm . For this purpose one pigsty on a Salmonella-contaminated farm was used, in which the aforementioned hygienic measures were taken . Despite all these precautions it proved impossible to obtain Salmonella-free pigs . In fact, in three of the four experiments a massive Salmonella infection became manifest among the pigs . The experiments revealed a number of ways in which contamination might have occurred . The existence of these routes of infection was caused by the fact that the measures described above were not carried out accurately, an indication that it will be very difficult to meet the hygiene requirements under farming conditions . Further experiments will have to ascertain whether this is generally the case . In the third and fourth trials, the investigations were not confined to the farm, but were also extended to the period of slaughtering . These made it clear that transportation as well as the waiting time in the slaughterhouse also provided many opportunities for contamination of the pigs, in spite of extensive cleaning and disinfecting of both the cattle-truck and the lairages. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1982 Sep, 13(3), 380 - 4 Salmonella and Shigella carrier rates and environmental sanitation in a rural district, Central Thailand; Sakdisiwasdi O et al.; The study of Salmonella and Shigella carrier rates were carried out in two Tambol (sub districts) . Klongjik, Kanon-Laung and Amphur (district) Bang-Pa-In . The carrier rates of Salmonella and Shigella were 3.3% and 0.8% respectively . Most Salmonella strains were sensitive to the antibiotics commonly used; only 6.4% and 3.2% were resistant to tetracycline and neomycin . All Shigella isolated were resistant to chloramphenicol and 75% to tetracycline . One fourth of the families defecated in the river or canal or went to the field and one third disposed the garbage into the river or canal . This contaminated water was used for drinking by 62.7% of all families and only 28.1% treated the water by boiling . The disease vectors bothering the villagers were rats 58.8%, flies and cockroaches which served as important vehicles for cross contamination . The prevalence rate of diarrhoeal disease in the villages was 1933 per 100,000 and presented as the morbidity rate of this disease in the district hospital, only 355 to 363 per 100,000 in 1979 and 1980 . Health care for diarrhoeal diseases in these villages were 61% by self-medication, 36% using the village healer and only 3% went to the district hospital . The effective means to eliminate transient and chronic carriers of Shigella and Salmonella typhi may be very important but other means of prevention of diarrhoeal diseases of typhoid fever are through the sanitary disposal of human excreta and the development of safe water supply should be emphasized. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1982 Sep-Oct, 133(2), 245 - 54 {A proposal for Salmonella nomenclature}; Le Minor L et al.; A single species, composed of six subspecies, was found in the genus Salmonella following a numerical taxonomy and a study of the DNA relatedness (see p . 223, Le Minor et al.) . The Salmonella nomenclature is herein updated to take into account modern taxonomic knowledge . The single Salmonella species is S . choleraesuis (type species) . Six subspecies are proposed: (1) S . choleraesuis subsp . choleraesuis subsp . nov . is composed of all Salmonella strains formerly assigned to the subgenus I; (2) S . choleraesuis subsp . salamae subsp . nov . corresponds to the former subgenus II; (3) S . choleraesuis subsp . arizonae comb . nov . is composed of monophasic serovars of the former subgenus III ("Arizona"); (4) S . choleraesuis subsp . diarizonae subsp . nov . is composed of diphasic serovars of the former subgenus III ("Arizona"); (5) S . choleraesuis subsp . houtenae subsp . nov . corresponds to the former subgenus IV; and (6) S . choleraesuis subsp . bongori subsp . nov . is composed of strains positive for dulcitol fermentation, ONPG, and KCN tests . Type strains are proposed for each subspecies . The name of S . choleraesuis subsp . choleraesuis serotypes (e.g . typhimurium) should be used without italicization or underlining (e.g . S . choleraeusis subsp . choleraesuis ser . typhimurium) . A practical and unofficial use of non-italicized serotype names is discussed. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1982 Sep-Oct, 133(2), 223 - 43 {The taxonomy of Salmonella}; Le Minor L et al.; A collection of 88 Salmonella reference strains including the so-called subgenus I (20 strains), subgenus II (21 strains), subgenus III (= Arizona, 21 strains), subgenus IV (20 strains) and 6 atypical strains (bongor group) was submitted to 90 carbon source utilization tests and 41 biochemical tests . A cluster analysis (Jaccard coefficient, clustering according to the variance) yielded 7 phenons; 35 strains from these 7 phenons were studied by DNA relatedness (S1 nuclease method with DE81 filters) . Six hybridization groups, largely concordant with the phenon, were distinguished . Comparison of phenetic and genomic criteria allowed us to subdivide the genus Salmonella into 6 taxa corresponding to (1) subgenus I, subdivided phenotypically into an adapted group and a ubiquitous group, (2) subgenus II, (3) monophasic serovars of subgenus III, (4) diphasic serovars of subgenus III, (5) subgenus IV, and (6) bongor group . The taxonomic level of each of the 6 taxa is not that of a subgenus, but that of a subspecies. Am J Vet Res, 1982 Sep, 43(9), 1703 - 5 Occurrence of salmonellae in animal feed ingredients in Saudi Arabia; Nabbut NH et al.; Of 346 samples of animal feed ingredients (144 complete feed, 88 feed concentrate, 42 calcium carbonate, 30 meat meal, 29 fish meal, and 13 mixed meat and bone meal), 42 (12.13%) were contaminated with salmonellae . The rate of Salmonella contamination varied according to the nature of the feed sample . Seven (53.84%) of the mixed meat and bone meal, 14 (48.27%) of the fish meal, 12 (13.63%) of the feed concentrate, 7 (4.86%) of the complete feed, and 2 (4.76%) of the calcium carbonate samples contained salmonellae . The 49 Salmonella isolates represented 18 serotypes; the 5 most frequent serotypes in decreasing order were S lille, S new-haw, S livingstone, S kentucky, and S typhimurium . The 4 most common somatic serogroups encountered were C1, E2, B, and C3. J Infect Dis, 1982 Sep, 146(3), 322 - 7 Salmonella dublin infections in the United States, 1979-1980; Taylor DN et al.; Human isolates of Salmonella dublin were reported to the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, 103 times in 1980, as isolation rate nearly twice that reported in 1979 . In 1979 and 1980 S . dublin was isolated predominantly in the western United States, frequently from males (60% of the total), from adults older than 40 years of age (55%), and from blood (37%) . Detailed histories were obtained for 39 cases outside of California and Oregon, and 32 cases were matched with 62 age-, sex-, and locality-matched control subjects . We found that persons infected with S . dublin were more likely to have suffered from chronic noninfectious diseases (P less than 0.001) and were more likely to have ingested antacids (P less than 0.01) than their controls . In the case-control study, 21 (66%) of the infected persons were hospitalized and six (19%) died . When exposure to cattle, beef, or dairy products was examined, we found that cases differed significantly from controls only by a more frequent consumption of raw milk (P less than 0.001). Mutat Res, 1982 Sep, 102(2), 105 - 12 A solvent effect on the mutagenicity of tryptophan-pyrolysate mutagens in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay; Arimoto S et al.; The effect of adding organic solvents to the pre-incubation mixture in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay was examined in tests of the tryptophan-pyrolysate mutagens, 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido{4,3-b}indole (Trp-P-1) and 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido{4,3-b}indole (Trp-P-2) . Acetonitrile enhanced the mutagenic activity of Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2 by an order of magnitude under optimal conditions . Strong enhancement of mutagenicity was also observed for the addition of ethanol, methanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane and N,N-dimethylformamide . The enhancing effect of acetonitrile on the mutagenicity of Trp-P-2 was found to be result of enrichment of the active metabolite in the assay system. Afr J Med Med Sci, 1982 Sep-Dec, 10(3-4), 85 - 9 Investigation of the presence of Salmonella in two Nigerian meat packing plants; Addo PB et al.; Two large and very well established meat processing plants supervised by the Veterinary Public Health Department were examined to assess the incidence of Salmonella within the premises and on the processed carcasses . The overall incidence was 65 out of the 252 samples or 25.9% . Salmonella was found in forty-one of 167 samples (25%) in one and twenty-four out of eighty-five samples (29%) in the other . The high incidence shows a high degree of probability of contamination of the products from both plants . The public health significance of the findings is emphasized and control problems are high-lighted. Biochemistry, 1982 Aug 3, 21(16), 3866 - 78 Structural studies of P22 phage, precursor particles, and proteins by laser Raman spectroscopy; Thomas GJ Jr et al.; For the study of the protein--protein and protein--nucleic acid interactions in the assembly of virus particles, laser Raman spectra have been obtained in H2O and D2O solutions and as a function of temperature for the following Salmonella phage P22 components: mature phage particles, isolated mature phage DNA, mature protein shells empty of DNA, precursor protein shells (procapsids), and purified coat, scaffolding and tail-spike proteins . The spectra confirm that the condensed DNA within the phage capsid assumes the B-form secondary structure similar to aqueous DNA and reveal no evidence of specific molecular interactions between subgroups of DNA and protein subunits of the phage capsid . No differences were detected in the highly irregular secondary structure of the major capsid protein in mature capsids, empty capsids (lacking DNA), procapsids, and empty procapsids (lacking scaffolding protein) . Features of both primary and secondary structures of the viral scaffolding and tail-spike proteins are also revealed by the spectra . Differences in thermal stability of tyrosyl side-chain interactions were observed between scaffolding protein extracted from the procapsid and within the procapsid . These differences correspond to different hydrogen bonding configurations of p-hydroxyphenyl groups and provide indirect evidence for the participation of the scaffolding proteins in specific macromolecular interactions within the procapsid. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1982 Aug, (8), 42 - 5 {Plasmid DNA of Salmonella derby}; Vartanian MK et al.; S . derby K 89 isolated from sick children have been found to contain plasmids which determine the resistance of these organisms to penicillin and chloramphenicol . 3 types of plasmid DNA with molecular weights of 40 . 12 and 8 megadaltons (Md) have been detected by electrophoretic analysis . The dissociation of the large plasmid (40 Md) into 3 independent replicons has been observed . The circular, covalently closed forms of the DNA cointegrate and its constituent replicons have been identified by electron microscopy . In S . derby K 89 grown in broth prepared from dried meat concentrate the loss of these plasmids is observed, and the culture thus becomes sensitive to penicillin and chloramphenicol . This suggests that dried meat concentrate contains some factor capable of eliminating the plasmids. J Toxicol Environ Health, 1982 Aug, 10(2), 255 - 66 Absence of in vitro genotoxicity of pyrvinium pamoate in sister-chromatid exchange, chromosome aberration, and HGPRT-locus mutation bioassays; Lake RS et al.; A single preparation of U.S.P . pyrvinium pamoate that exhibited promutagen activity in Salmonella/mammalian microsome reverse mutation assays was subjected to in vitro mammalian cell bioassays . Cytotoxicity limiting doses of dimethyl sulfoxide-solubilized drug were without effect in the absence and/or presence of liver S9 fraction from Aroclor-1254-induced rats in an in vitro Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell assay for chromosome aberration and sister-chromatid exchange induction at concentrations of 0.025-0.78 microgram/ml . Forward gene mutation at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase (HGPRT) locus in Chinese hamster (V-79) cells was studied with and without exogenous metabolic activation at concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 10 micrograms/ml . In concurrent promutagen controls, dimethylnitrosamine, benzo{a}pyrene, and cyclophosphamide caused significant (p less than 0.05) increases over controls in each respective assay endpoint under the metabolic activations used . These results suggest that intrinsic mutagenic activity manifested in lower microbial systems does not have a corresponding effect in mammalian cells . Coupled with the lack of solubility and poor absorption in vivo, we concluded that the drug, when used In the single oral dose mode of administration, possesses a negligible somatic and germinal genotoxicity risk. J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Aug, 16(2), 276 - 80 Quantitation of rabbit immunoglobulin G antibodies to Salmonella minnesota Re by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Eskenazy M et al.; An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed which allowed the measurement of rabbit immunoglobulin G antibodies directed to Salmonella minnesota Re glycolipid . Efficient adsorption of the antigen to polystyrene could only be effected provided it had been previously dialyzed against 0.2 M EDTA (pH 7.0) and subsequently treated with 0.2% sodium deoxycholate (15 min at 56 degrees C) in 0.05 M diethanolamine buffer (pH 9.6) . The method is by far more sensitive than quantitative precipitation in the determination of IgG antibodies . Inhibition by glycolipid of binding S . minnesota Re antibodies to immobilized glycolipid attests to the specificity of the assay and permits the detection of as little as 100 ng of glycolipid. J Hyg (Lond), 1982 Aug, 89(1), 111 - 7 A comparisoin of the R25 modification of Rappaport s enrichment medium with strontium chloride B for salmonella isolation from sewage polluted natural water; Harvey RW et al.; The relation of salmonella isolation efficiency and the size of inoculum introduced from a buffered peptone water culture of sewage polluted water into strontium chloride B medium was investigated . Two separate studies were made, one using enrichment at 37 degrees C, the other at 43 degrees C . From these trials, two inocula suitable for efficient salmonella isolation were determined . Using this information, strontium chloride B medium was compared with modified Rappaport's broth (R25) . The inoculum used with R25 was 0.005 ml, determined in an earlier study . Two incubation temperatures were employed with strontium chloride enrichment (37 and 43 degrees C) . Rappaport's medium was incubated at 37 degrees C only . Elevated temperature enrichment at 43 degrees C improved the performance of strontium chloride B, but Rappaport's broth still gave significantly better results . This supports earlier studies on simplification of salmonella isolation and standardization of routine technique on a single enrichment medium: Rappaport broth (R25) incubated at 37 degrees C. Eur J Clin Invest, 1982 Aug, 12(4), 345 - 50 The interaction of zinc and vitamin A in human schistosomiasis; Mikhail MM et al.; Levels of vitamin A and components of its transport protein complex, retinol binding protein and prealbumin, as well as zinc and its major binding proteins albumin and alpha 2-macroglobulin were measured in plasma of ninety-one male Egyptian patients with active schistosomal infection and thirty-two healthy adult males . Patients were divided into four groups: Group I had active schistosomiasis without associated complications; Group II had schistosomiasis complicated by colonic polyposis; Group III had advanced schistosomiasis, hepatosplenomegaly and/or ascites; and Group IV had chronic salmonella septicaemia in addition to schistosomiasis . Results showed that all patient groups had subnormal levels of plasma vitamin A, retinol binding protein, prealbumin, zinc and albumin (P less than 0.005 for all parameters) but elevated alpha 2-macroglobulin (P less than 0.001) when compared to the control group . Alterations in the vitamin A transport proteins increased with schistosomal complications and were closely correlated to changes in vitamin A (P less than 0.005), but alterations of albumin and alpha 2-macroglobulin were less consistent and did not correlate with changes in zinc levels . There was a highly significant correlation, however, between plasma zinc concentrations and those of vitamin A, retinol binding protein and prealbumin (P less than 0.001 for all correlations) in all groups of patients as well as the control group . These findings indicate that the binding and transport proteins of both zinc and vitamin A were adversely affected by schistosomiasis and its various complications . Deficiencies of both zinc and vitamin A seem to be interrelated in this disease and the vitamin A transport system may be largely dependent on zinc status. Biochimie, 1982 Aug-Sep, 64(8-9), 797 - 801 The SOS chromotest: direct assay of the expression of gene sfiA as a measure of genotoxicity of chemicals; Quillardet P et al.; We used a gene fusion, placing the lacZ gene encoding beta-galactosidase under the control of the sfiA promoter, to construct a new tester strain for genotoxic agents . The assay is performed in a few hours and involves simple enzymatic assays . The dose response curves contain a linear portion which enables to define the SOS Inducing Potency (SOSIP) of compounds . For the compounds tested SOSIPs extend over 7 decades and correlate generally well with the mutagenic potency assayed in the Salmonella/microsome assay (Mutatest) and in a phage induction assay (Inductest) . Sensitivities (lowest amount detected) are comparable in the SOS Chromotest and Mutatest but lower in the Inductest . Our results suggest that at least part of the response in the Mutatest depends on the induction of an SOS function, and that most of the genotoxins are inducer of the SOS system -i.e . can lead to activation of the RecA protease. Am J Vet Res, 1982 Aug, 43(8), 1413 - 7 Sensitivity of smooth Salmonella cholerae-suis var kunzendorf field strains to antibody complement under various conditions; Griffith RW et al.; Seventy-two field strains of smooth Salmonella cholerae-suis var kunzendorf were obtained from outbreaks of swine parathyroid . The field strains were examined for susceptibility to killing by antibody-complement (Ab-C) after they were exposed to Tris-EDTA, lysozyme, or saline solution . Considerable differences were found in susceptibility to killing by Ab-C in the strain population . Some strains were highly sensitive to Ab-C under all experimental conditions, whereas others became sensitive only after prior exposure to Tris-EDTA or to lysozyme . One strain was resistant to all treatments . Numerical decrease of colony-forming units by Tris-EDTA affected the population independently of decrease of the colony-forming units by Ab-C in saline solution . Evidence was obtained to indicate that Tris-EDTA may inhibit growth of S cholerae-suis in addition to the documented effect of Tris-EDTA on the release of lipopolysaccharide from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. J Trop Med Hyg, 1982 Aug, 85(4), 139 - 41 Bacteriological investigations of infantile gastroenteritis in Ife, Nigeria; Akinterinwa MO et al.; This study examined rectal swabs of 84 infants aged between 4 weeks and 5 years old, who reported with gastroenteritis at the out-patient department of Ife State Hospital . Patients consisted of 47 males and 37 females . Bacterial pathogens {enteropathogenic E . coli (10 strains), Salmonella sp . (1 strain) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (2 strains)} were isolated from 13 patients . A single pathogen was recovered from each patient . Almost all (12) pathogens were isolated from patients under 2 years old, who comprised 63 (75%) of the total sample . The highest isolation rate (22%) was in the age group 18-23 months, which consisted of 37 (44%) of the study population. Food Chem Toxicol, 1982 Aug, 20(4), 365 - 9 Mutagens from the cooking of food . III . Survey by Ames/Salmonella test of mutagen formation in secondary sources of cooked dietary protein; Bjeldanes LF et al.; A survey of mutagen formation during the cooking of a variety of protein-rich foods that are minor sources of protein intake in the American diet is reported (see Bjeldanes, Morris, Felton et al . (1982) for survey of major protein foods) . Milk, cheese, tofu and organ meats showed negligible mutagen formation except following high-temperature cooking for long periods of time . Even under the most extreme conditions, tofu, cheese and milk exhibited fewer than 500 Ames/Salmonella typhimurium revertants/100 g equivalents (wet weight of uncooked food), and organ meats only double that amount . Beans showed low mutagen formation after boiling and boiling followed by frying (with and without oil) . Only boiling of beans followed by baking for 1 hr gave appreciable mutagenicity (3650 revertants/100g equivalents) . Seafood samples gave a variety of results: red snapper, salmon, trout, halibut and rock cod all gave more than 1000 revertants/100 g wet weight equivalents when pan-fried or griddle-fried for about 6 min/side . Baked or poached rock and deep-fried shrimp showed no significant mutagen formation . Broiled lamb chops showed mutagen formation similar to that in red meats tested in the preceding paper: 16,000 revertants/100 g equivalents . These findings show that as measured by bioassay in S . typhimurium, most of the foods that are minor sources of protein in the American diet are also minor sources of cooking-induced mutagens. Mutat Res, 1982 Aug, 97(4), 267 - 81 An empirical approach to the statistical analysis of mutagenesis data from the Salmonella test; Bernstein L et al.; A number of recent papers have suggested basing the statistical analysis of Salmonella (Ames) mutagenicity test results on a mathematical model of the complete dose-response curve . For most mutagens at low doses the curve increases linearly; then, as the dose increases, the curve may flatten and finally turn downwards due primarily to effects of toxicity . The exact mechanism underlying this shape is, however, not well understood and is likely to vary for different chemicals . A different approach is to assume that the initial part of the curve is linear and to base the statistical analysis solely on this region, reasoning that it contains most of the interpretable information about the mutagenesis dose response . In this paper a formal method of deciding which points are on the initial linear part of the curve is described, and a statistical method is proposed for analyzing these points . Computer simulations are used to examine the properties of the procedure and comparisons are made with a previously proposed mathematical model of the whole curve . It is concluded that the method suggested here provides a very satisfactory, robust method for the standard analysis of Salmonella data. Mutat Res, 1982 Aug, 97(4), 247 - 56 Development of a toxicity test to be coupled to the Ames Salmonella assay and the method of constriction of the required strains; Waleh NS et al.; A 'toxicity' test protocol is described here to be used for determining the bactericidal effect of the chemicals which are tested for their mutagenic activity by the Ames method . Two sets of strains, isogenic with the Ames tester strains except for their his character, are constructed . One set is the his+ derivatives of the tester strains which are used for measuring the survival of the inoculum cells after exposure to the chemical . The other set is the stable his- derivatives of the tester strains which are used for simulating the background growth in the Ames mutagenicity plate test . The per cent survival of the his+ cells in the inoculum in the presence of the 'filler cells' is used as a measure of the toxic effect of the chemical. Mutat Res, 1982 Aug, 105(1-2), 29 - 36 Mutagenesis in Salmonella after NADH-dependent microsomal activation of dimethylnitrosamine; Fong LY et al.; The mutagenic activity of dimethylnitrosamine activated by rat-liver microsomes in the presence of NADH was compared with that obtained with NADPH . 3 histidine auxotrophic strains of Salmonella underwent reversions after activation with NADH as the sole coenzyme . All 3 tester strains showed a dose-response relationship with dimethylnitrosamine (10-125 mumoles per plate) after NADH-supported activation . With NADH as the sole coenzyme, the most sensitive strain, hisG46, showed a 105-fold increase in mutagenesis frequency as compared with the 230-fold increase obtained with NADPH . Activation of dimethylnitrosamine in the presence of NADH and NADPH, in combination, produced mutagenesis at frequencies above those seen with NADH alone, but less than or equal to those seen with NADPH as the only coenzyme during the activation step . Experiments in vitro showed that microsomal incorporation of carbon from {14C}dimethylnitrosamine was highest in the presence of NADPH, lowest with NADH and reached intermediate levels when both coenzymes were present . The source of the microsomes in all experiments was liver from rats pre-treated with Aroclor 1254. J Hyg (Lond), 1982 Aug, 89(1), 125 - 8 Salmonella organisms in garden fertilizers of animal origin; Smith HW et al.; Of 120 specimens of garden fertilizers of animal origin purchased in retail shops, 40 (33.3%) were found to be contaminated with salmonella organisms . Untreated bone meal (53.1%) was the most heavily contaminated but 25% of specimens of this product classed as heat-treated or sterilized were positive . In all, 32 serotypes were identified. Mutat Res, 1982 Aug, 95(2-3), 79 - 93 Prophage induction and mutagenicity of a series of anti-tumour platinum(II) and platinum(IV) co-ordination complexes; Mattern IE et al.; 11 platinum compounds with nitrogen donor ligands, previously tested for anti-tumour activity, were studied for induction of prophage lambda and for mutagenicity in the Ames assay, with various strains of Salmonella . The compounds included cis and trans isomers of Pt(II) and Pt(IV) complexes and were tested with and without metabolic activation . All the cis compounds elicited prophage induction, whereas the trans compounds were inactive . Mutagenicity was found only in strains containing the R factor, indicating that SOS-type repair processes are required for the conversion of initial DNA lesions into mutations . Mutation induction was also influenced by the excision-repair process . The 2 trans compounds were not, or only slightly, mutagenic; all other compounds were mutagenic in at least one strain, exhibiting a 2-20-fold increase over the spontaneous background level . Addition of liver homogenate had no significant effect on the number of mutants . One compound induced exclusively frameshift mutations . The other mutagenic compounds induced frameshift mutations as well as base-pair substitutions . 7 compounds were more mutagenic for the repair-proficient than for the repair-deficient strains; only one showed the opposite effect . This suggests that for mutagenicity testing of platinum compounds, repair-proficient strains are more sensitive indicators . The differences in response of the various strains are more sensitive indicators . The differences in response of the various strains toward the compounds suggest the formation of different DNA lesions and/or a selective action of repair processes on these lesions . In general, a good qualitative correlation was observed between prophage-inducing capacity, mutagenicity in bacterial and mammalian cells and anti-tumour activity. Am J Dis Child, 1982 Aug, 136(8), 722 - 4 Salmonella vertebral osteomyelitis: a case report with literature review; Le CT; Salmonellosis rarely causes osteomyelitis in previously healthy children . A 15-year-old girl was found to have vertebral osteomyelitis due to Salmonella cerro, the first-reported case to the best of our knowledge . Standard treatment with ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole failed to cure the infection . She recovered after a course of moxalactam therapy and surgery. J Biol Chem, 1982 Jul 10, 257(13), 7864 - 71 Maturation of the tail spike endorhamnosidase of Salmonella phage P22; Goldenberg DP et al.; As part of a genetic analysis of the in vivo folding and subunit assembly of the P22 tail spike endorhamnosidase, we have studied the maturation of the newly synthesized 76,000-dalton polypeptide chains into thermostable tail spike oligomers . Four of 15 temperature-sensitive mutations in the structural gene for this protein result in electrophoretically distinct tail spikes . Cells mixedly infected with wild type and an electrophoretic variant produce two hybrid species, with mobilities intermediate between the parental species, indicating that the native tail spike is a trimer . Mature trimers are resistant to denaturation by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS): at room temperature the trimer migrates in an SDS gel as if it were not binding significant amounts of SDS, whereas the heat-denatured chain migrates as expected of an SDS-polypeptide complex . The mature trimer is also resistant to trypsin digestion . Lysates of infected cells contain SDS and trypsin-sensitive forms of the newly synthesized tail spike polypeptide chains . These are probably incompletely or incorrectly folded chains . SDS and trypsin resistance were used to measure the efficiency of in vivo folding and subunit assembly of the mature trimer from its polypeptide chains . This decreased from 90% at 27 degrees C to only 15% at 42 degrees C . These results are consistent with the existence or a labile intermediate or step in the folding or subunit assembly of the thermostable tail spike protein . We discuss the possibility that the achievement of certain structural features of mature proteins may entail difficulties in their folding pathways. G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1982 Jul-Dec, 75(7-12), 351 - 60 {Frequency of Salmonella serotypes isolated from the Milanese population in 1980}; Gelosa L et al.; During 1980 from Provincial Public Health Laboratory of Milan 134.000 bacteriological human stool tests were carried out and 3.371 Salmonella strains were isolated with 2,5% incidence . S . typhi murium was most frequent serotype (13,03%), immediately followed S . panama (13,00%) and then S . infantis (7,36%) . During 1980 16 new serotypes were first isolated and the strains cotrimoxazolo sensibility , rifampicin resistance and streptomycin intermedium sensibility demonstrated. G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1982 Jul-Dec, 75(7-12), 310 - 21 {Microbiological criteria for the evaluation of the hygienic safety of edible mollusks}; Gelosa L; Microbiological controls were carried out on 184 edible mollusca (121 mytilus and 63 amygdala ) researching as the bioindicators of contamination E coli, Salmonella, pathogenic and alophilic Vibrio, in order to offer greater safety to shell fish consummators . The acquired results confirmed opportunity to perform microbiological controls including the research of the Vibrio, although the are problems for theirs taxonomy and pathogenicity. Ukr Biokhim Zh, 1982 Jul-Aug, 54(4), 395 - 9 {Phospholipid composition of mucous membrane tissue in the gastrointestinal tract of rabbits in simulated Salmonella infections}; Arsen'eva LS et al.; The paper deals with the phospholipid composition in the mucosa tissue of different areas of gastrointestinal tract and in membranes of the villous margin of small intestine enterocytes under conditions of experimental salmonellosis infection . A decreased relative content of cardiolipin is observed in all periods of the infection process in the stomach mucosal tissue and in the period of the disease height and convalescence--in the sigmoid colon . Phosphatidyl choline appears in the tissue of duodenum and jejunum during the height of the infection process . An increase in a relative content of lysophosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl serine and a decrease in that of phosphatidyl ethanolamine are revealed in membranes of enterocyte villous margin when modelling the diarrhea process by the intraperitoneal administration of the lipopolysaccharide complex of salmonellas . The found changes in the composition of phospholipids in the mucous membrane tissue and membranes of the enterocytes villous margin are supposed to reflect alterations in the functional state of the intestine barrier and play a definite role in development of the diarrhea syndrome. Poult Sci, 1982 Jul, 61(7), 1314 - 21 Effect of various media and incubation conditions on recovery of inoculated Salmonella from poultry feed; Cox NA et al.; Samples of commercially pelleted poultry feed (30 g) were inoculated with nalidixic acid-resistant marker strains of Salmonella heidelberg or S . montevideo at levels of 1 (low), 20 (medium), or 40 (high) cells/g of feed, then 100 ml of either a nonselective preenrichment medium (lactose broth) or a selective enrichment medium {selenite cystine (SC) or tetrathionate brilliant green (TT) broth} was added and incubated at either 37 or 43 C for 24 or 48 hr in different experiments . Four selective plating media {MacConkey with 100 ppm nalidixic acid, brilliant green (BG) sulfa, modified BG, bismuth sulfite} were then streaked . MacConkey agar with nalidixic acid served as a control to which the other three plating media were compared . After 24 hr incubation at 37 C, colonies with characteristics typical of Salmonella were selected from the plates and examined biochemically and serologically to determine if they were the marker organism . In this study, preenrichment was counterproductive, because the marker organisms were recovered much more often with direct enrichment in SC or TT broth than with reenrichment in lactose broth . The TT broth produced 135 positive recoveries, whereas only 88 positive recoveries were made with SC . No differences were observed between 37 and 43 C or 24 and 48 hr incubation of the selective enrichment media . Overall efficiency of the plating media for Salmonella recovery from feed, when compared to the control (MacConkey), was BG sulfa, 65%;modified BG, 64%; and bismuth sulfite, 40% . The most effective enrichment broth-plating medium combination was TT-BG sulfa, yielding 86% positive recoveries when compared to the control. J Physiol, 1982 Jul, 328, 361 - 70 On the pyrogenic action of intravenous lipid A in rabbits; Kenedi E et al.; 1 . Previous evidence purporting to show that lipid A is the pyrogenic moiety of endotoxin is demonstrably inconclusive . 2 . We have extracted lipid A from endotoxin of Salmonella typhosa and tested the pyrogenic action of the lipid A, the residual polysaccharide and the parent endotoxin, by intravenous injection in conscious rabbits . 3 . Lipid A dissolved in an aqueous solution of rabbit serum albumin induced a significant pyrexia of short latency, while neither rabbit serum albumin alone, nor the polysaccharide from S . typhosa, affected body temperature . The physical presence in the injectate of the polysaccharide from S . typhosa did not enhance the pyrogenicity of the lipid . 4 . Dose-response curves for lipid A and the parent endotoxin, over the dose range 10 ng-20 micrograms, showed that lipid A incorporated in endotoxin was much more pyrogenic than pure lipid A in solution . When separated from the polysaccharide component of endotoxin, lipid A lost more than 99.9% of its pyrogenic activity, at threshold doses. Can J Comp Med, 1982 Jul, 46(3), 272 - 8 The relationships of salmonellae from infected broiler flocks, transport crates or processing plants to contamination of eviscerated carcases; Rigby CE et al.; Three flocks raised for broiler or roaster performance tests were studied to determine the incidence and sources of salmonellae during the growing period, transport and processing and to relate these to contamination of processed carcasses . Day old chicks in two of the tests, (tests IV and V), were treated with a culture of intestinal anaerobes derived from mature chickens . The incidence of salmonellae during the growing period was too low to permit any conclusions about the efficacy of this culture in preventing Salmonella infection, but it had no adverse effect on flock performance . Carcasses from all three flocks were contaminated with salmonellae . Although the test IV flock was raised free of salmonellae, 46% of the carcasses tested from this flock were contaminated . The apparent source was the transport crates, 99% of which yielded salmonellae before the flock was loaded . In test V, 92% of the carcasses tested yielded salmonellae . The apparent sources were: flock infection (apparently originating from the parent flock), contaminated crates, spread during transport, and plant contamination . The flock of test VI was infected with Salmonella albany, and 54% of the carcasses tested were contaminated with this serovar . Carcasses of chicks infected early in life were more likely to be contaminated than those of chickens which contacted salmonellae later in the growing period. J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Jul, 16(1), 197 - 9 New Salmonella serotype: Salmonella enteritidis serotype Grandhaven (30(1):r:1,2); McDougal DL et al.; A new Salmonella serotype, Salmonella enteritidis serotype Grandhaven (30(1):r:1,2), was isolated from the stool of a 35-year-old man with mild gastroenteritis . He had just returned from Sudan, Africa. Mutat Res, 1982 Jul, 104(6), 339 - 44 Investigation of the butyrophenone tranquilizer azaperone and its main metabolites with the Salmonella/microsome test; Scheutwinkel-Reich M et al.; In previous experiments, azaperone was found to be weakly mutagenic, after metabolic activation, in the Ames assay . In this study, we subjected metabolites found in rat and swine to the Salmonella/microsome test . 5 histidine-auxotrophic strains were used . The main metabolites could be classified as weakly mutagenic substances. Mutat Res, 1982 Jul, 104(6), 333 - 7 Investigation, with the Salmonella/microsome test, of psychopharmaceuticals used in meat production; Preiss AM et al.; Azaperone, acepromazine, xylazine and diazepam were tested for mutagenic activity . To screen these veterinary drugs we used the Salmonella/microsome test on 5 histidine-auxotrophic strains, with and without metabolic activation . Azaperone and xylazine were found to be weakly mutagenic. Infect Immun, 1982 Jul, 37(1), 387 - 9 Intestinal immunoglobulin A responses in rabbits to a Salmonella typhi strain harboring a Shigella sonnei plasmid; Keren DF et al.; Salmonella typhi 5076-IC, which contains a plasmid that encodes the form I antigen of Shigella sonnei and which expresses S . typhi 9 and 12 and S . sonnei form I antigens, was used to immunize rabbits via chronically isolated ileal loops . Intestinal immunoglobulin A activity was detected against S . typhi, S . sonnei form I, and S . typhi strain 5076-IC . Thus S . typhi 5076-IC can effectively elicit mucosal immunoglobulin A to both S . typhi and S . sonnei. Toxicol Lett, 1982 Jul, 12(2-3), 185 - 90 Effect of endotoxin and its degradation products on hepatic mixed-function oxidase and heme enzyme systems in mice; Yoshida M et al.; Effect of Salmonella minnesota R595 endotoxin (R595 GL) and its chemical degradation products on hepatic cytochrome P-450, delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase and heme oxygenase activity in mice was examined . The levels of cytochrome P-450 and ALA synthetase activity were significantly decreased following the administration of R595 GL, whereas heme oxygenase activity was markedly increased . The effects of endotoxin were dose-dependent for the range of about 1 to 2 micrograms per mouse . The result of a comparative study using R595 GL and its degradation products suggested that intact lipid A moiety plays an important role in the activity of endotoxin . In addition, it was found that the depressant effect of endotoxin on the hepatic mixed-function oxidase system in mice was abrogated by treatment with cortisone. Mutat Res, 1982 Jul, 99(1), 53 - 17 International Commission for Protection against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens . ICPEMC working paper 2/6 . An appraisal of predictive tests for carcinogenicity; Purchase IF; The history of the development of the DNA damage-induced somatic mutation theory of cancer induction, and of the development of predictive tests for carcinogenicity, is reviewed briefly . On the basis of present information, it is concluded that all predictive tests for carcinogenicity of chemicals should be based primarily on validation using established carcinogens and non-carcinogens . The validation studies reported frequently suffer from limitations in design . Predictive tests pass through three stages during validation . First, the developing tests have been subjected to limited validation but show sufficient promise to warrant further development . 10 such tests are identified from the 100 tests reported in the literature . The second stage test can be considered as developed, when adequate validation studies have been completed to enable the selection of a test for its particular performance criteria . Only 9 such tests were identified of which only 1 still requiring further development can be considered as a useful primary screening test . 2 further tests can be considered as confirmatory tests to be used as a back-up to bacterial mutation assays . Finally, the established tests have been validated on a large scale in several laboratories . At present there is only one established test, namely the Salmonella/microsome test (Ames test) . A second assay, based on E . coli, may be considered in this category because of its similarity to the Salmonella test . In conclusion, some guidelines for using predictive tests for regulatory and other purposes are given. Ann Immunol (Paris), 1982 Jul-Aug, 133D(1), 71 - 6 Passive protection against heterologous gram-negative bacteria mediated by antiserum to epimeraseless Rc mutant of Salmonella minnesota; Konstantinov G et al.; Antiserum to the epimeraseless Rc mutant of Salmonella minnesota was prepared by immunization of rabbits . The antiserum provided good protection in mice i.p . challenged with 125 and 25 LD50 doses of live heterologous Gram-negative bacteria i . e . S . typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The protection against Klebsiella pneumoniae was negligible . Pre-immune rabbit serum produced only marginal protection . The protective effect of S . minnesota Rc antibodies was entirely abolished upon absorption of Rc antiserum with homologous bacteria . Pre-immune and absorbed sera exhibited a similar protective effect at lower LD50 values, namely 5 and 1 LD50. Arch Sci Med (Torino), 1982 Jul-Sep, 139(3), 299 - 316 {Extraintestinal localizations of salmonellosis}; Biglino A et al.; Some of the most frequent extraintestinal infections due to salmonella germs have been examined . The literature on meningoencephalitic, cardiovascular and osteoarticular complications is reviewed and many other observations regarding disseminations in other organs and systems are reported . The pathogenetic mechanisms relating to such complications are considered and assessed. Can J Comp Med, 1982 Jul, 46(3), 279 - 82 Most probable number cultures for assessing Salmonella contamination of eviscerated broiler carcasses; Rigby CE; Rinse fluids collected from eight different lots of commercially processed broiler carcasses were cultured for salmonellae by a meat probable number method . Most probable number values of 80 or less were obtained from all carcasses in three of the eight lots, but two lots contained carcasses which yielded more than 1000 salmonellae . Similar numbers of salmonellae were recovered in repeated rinses of the same carcasses, suggesting that only a small proportion of the total population was recovered in each rinse . Five lots originated from flocks of known Salmonella status . More salmonella were recovered from carcasses which originated from flocks infected in the first week of life than from flocks infected at a later date . Carcasses from a flock which was processed immediately after a contaminated flock yielded more salmonellae than carcasses processed at the beginning of the day in a clean plant. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1982 Jul, (7), 69 - 73 {Increased sensitivity of immune macrophages to the cytotoxic action of virulent shigellae}; Belaia IuA et al.; The in vitro interaction of live bacteria belonging to virulent and avirulent Shigella and Salmonella strains with peritoneal macrophages obtained from mice immunized by the intragastric administration of these bacteria has been studied . In contrast to Salmonella-activated macrophages capable of resisting the intracellular proliferation and the cytopathic action of homologous bacteria, Shigella-activated macrophages become more sensitive to the cytopathic action of virulent shigellae . The ability of shigellae to render an aggravating cytopathic effect on the activated macrophages correlates with the virulence of dysentery bacilli and is practically absent in avirulent strains, including S . flexneri 2a No . 516 M vaccine strain. Isr J Med Sci, 1982 Jul, 18(7), 753 - 9 Clinical features of viral and bacterial gastroenteritis in hospitalized children; Jonas A et al.; The clinical course of 119 children, hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis of known etiology, was studied . The severity of disease was measured by a scoring system that showed that the disease caused by Escherichia coli was the most severe, followed in decreasing order by Salmonella, human reovirus-like agent (HRLA) and Shigella . The clinical features of salmonella and shigella infections differed from those reported in other countries . Fifty percent of all patients recovered after 5 days of treatment, but 20% of the patients with bacterial infections continued to have symptoms for 10 days or longer . The relationships between etiological agents and various symptoms were measured by odds ratios . These associations may provide a basis for clinical prediction of the etiological agent. N Engl J Med, 1982 Jul 1, 307(1), 1 - 6 Molecular epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in salmonella from animals and human beings in the United States; O'Brien TF et al.; We collected serotyped isolates of salmonella from reference laboratories in the United States, tested their susceptibility to antibiotics, and extracted plasmids from isolates that were resistant to a different combination of antibiotics from each of three serotypes . Restriction-endonuclease digestion showed that within each of the three groups, plasmid molecules from animal and human isolates were often identical or nearly identical . One serotype-plasmid combination appeared to be endemic in cattle in 20 states and infected 26 persons in two states . The human cases, which were not recognizably related except for their common plasmids, appeared to be clustered in time but geographically dispersed, like cases in previous outbreaks spread by food products . These findings suggest that resistance plasmids may be extensively shared between animal and human bacteria, and that spread of multiresistant strains of salmonella among animals and human beings, as observed in Britain, may have been undetected in the United States for lack of comparable surveillance. Fundam Appl Toxicol, 1982 Jul-Aug, 2(4), 153 - 7 Mutagenicity of diesel exhaust particle extracts: influence of driving cycle and environmental temperature; Clark CR et al.; General Motors and Volkswagen diesel passenger cars (1980 and 1981 model year) were operated on a climate controlled chassis dynomometer and the particulate portion of the exhaust was collected on high volume filters . Dichloromethane extracts of the exhaust particles (soot) collected while the cars were operated under simulated highway, urban and congested urban driving cycles were assayed for mutagenicity in Salmonella strains TA-98 and TA-100 . Driving pattern did not significantly influence the mutagenic potency of the exhaust particle extracts or estimates of the amount of mutagenicity emitted from the exhaust despite large differences in particle emission rates and extractable fraction of the particles . Mutagenicity of extracts of exhaust particles collected while the vehicles were operated at test chamber temperatures of 25, 50, 75 and 100 degrees F were also very similar . The results suggest that driving pattern and environmental temperature do not significantly alter the emission of genotoxic combustion products from the exhaust. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1982 Jul, 252(3), 347 - 54 Osmotic shock fluids from salmonella R-mutants . Chemical composition and protective capacity against S . typhimurium infection in mice; Muller W et al.; Salmonella R-mutants of different chemotype were subjected to osmotic shock treatment according to the method of Willis et al . (18) . Chemical composition (protein, LPS, palmitic acid and nucleic acids) as well as the polypeptide patterns of the shock fluid and hypertonic fluid (in which the cells were suspended before shock treatment) were determined and compared with material extracted by urea treatment carried out to get protein from the cell surface . The results indicate that even components from the cell surface have been released by shock treatment . All the extracts mentioned above showed protective activity in mouse against infection. Eur J Biochem, 1982 Jul, 125(2), 431 - 6 Distribution and antigenic properties of the O-determinants of Salmonella zuerich (1, 9, 27 46); Nghiem HO et al.; Fractionation of the O-polysaccharide derived from Salmonella zuerich (1, 9, 27, 46) on a concanavalin A polymer permitted immunological and chemical analysis on the different fractions . The S . zuerich O-polysaccharide preparation is composed of two distinct populations of molecules: one, ZB1-, devoid of O-antigenic determinant 1, and the other, ZB1+, carrying the determinant 1 . This determinant is linked to the presence of D-glucosyl residues on the side chain . O-polysaccharide molecules 1-, devoid of D-glucose, are shown to carry simultaneously both determinants 27 and 46 . These determinants are not evenly distributed on the molecules . The expression of determinants 46 (-{Tyv}-betaMan-, where Tyv = tyvelose) seems to be restricted to a distinct specific configuration, and it is altered by the presence of either determinant 27 (-{Tyv}-alphaMan-) or determinant 1 (Glc-Gal-) in the close neighbourhood . Molecules 1+ are partially or completely substituted by glucosyl residues and react with anti-1 antibodies . They are characterized by the same uneven distribution of determinants 27 and 46 as molecules ZB1- . In conclusion, the O-polysaccharide chains are heterogeneous . They contain simultaneously factors 27, 46, and often also 1. Gene, 1982 Jul-Aug, 19(1), 109 - 16 The ntr genes of Escherichia coli activate the hut and nif operons of Klebsiella pneumoniae; Tuli R et al.; Regulation of the synthesis of glutamine synthetase and of the arginine and glutamine transport systems (Ntr phenotype) in Salmonella have been shown to require two regulatory genes on the C-terminal side of the glnA gene (McFarland et al., 1981) . We have cloned a HindIII-EcoRI DNA fragment from Escherichia coli coding for analogous properties with respect to the Ntr phenotype in E . coli . A plasmid containing this E . coli DNA fragment joined to another fragment carrying a cyanobacterial glnA gene (but no functional regulatory genes) was introduced into a Klebsiella pneumoniae mutant with a Gln-Ntr- phenotype, i.e., which could not derepress nitrogenase . The cyanobacterial gene made the Klebsiella strain Gln+ and the E . coli DNA fragment made the strain Ntr+, including the ability to derepress nitrogenase fully . Thus the products of the glnA-linked ntr genes of E . coli can regulate expression of the Ntr-dependent genes of Klebsiella. Food Chem Toxicol, 1982 Jun, 20(3), 265 - 7 The mutagenicity of some edible mushrooms in the Ames test; von Wright A et al.; The mutagenic activity of five wild and two cultivated species of edible mushrooms was studied in the Ames Salmonella/microsome test system . The wild mushrooms tested were four species of the genus Lactarius (L . necator, L . torminosus, L . helvus and L . rufus) and bolete (Boletus edulis) . The cultivated species were champignon (Agaricus bisporus) and shiitake (Lentinus edodes) . All the mushrooms were mutagenic to tester strains sensitive to base-pair substitution mutagens, and L . necator, L . rufus and B . edulis also had some frameshift activity . Metabolic activation was not required and the mutagenic activity could be detected even in boiled mushroom extracts . After fractionation with organic solvents (ethanol followed by diethyl ether) the activity was recovered in the ether phase as well as the aqueous phase in the case of L . necator, but remained in the aqueous phase of the A . bisporus and Lentinus edodes extracts. Clin Exp Immunol, 1982 Jun, 48(3), 551 - 4 Antibodies in serum and secretions 1 year after salmonella gastroenteritis; La Brooy JT et al.; The antibody response in serum and intestinal fluid in eight patients 1 year after their recovery from salmonella gastroenteritis was measured by solid phase radioimmunoassay and compared to the immune response within a few weeks of infection, reported previously in these and other patients . High concentrations of intestinal antibody were found in six patients compared to the concentrations found in 10 control subjects . By contrast the serum antibody concentration in the patients was only marginally higher than in the controls . The use of IgA and IgG specific antisera in the assay confirmed the presence of IgA antibody in the absence of IgG antibody in the gastrointestinal secretions, and the predominance of IgG antibody in the serum . The prolonged immune response in the gut after acute bacterial gastroenteritis supports the possibility of effective immunization against diseases entering via the gut. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1982 Jun, 43(6), 1354 - 9 Mutagenicity of anthraquinone and hydroxylated anthraquinones in the Ames/Salmonella microsome system; Liberman DF et al.; The mutagenicity of anthracene, anthraquinone, and four structurally similar compounds of each was evaluated in the Ames/Salmonella microsome assay . Anthraquinone was shown to be mutagenic for strains TA1537, TA1538, and TA98 in the absence of rat liver homogenate . The four anthraquinone derivatives tested were mutagenic for TA1537 exclusively . None of the anthracenes exhibited mutagenic activity. Infect Immun, 1982 Jun, 36(3), 943 - 8 Isolation and characterization of a cross-reacting antigen in strains of Bacteroidaceae; Marx A et al.; A Bacteroidaceae cross-reacting antigen (BCA) was isolated from several strains belonging to species in the genera Fusobacterium and Bacteroides . We showed that each of the 28 strains examined synthesized either BCA or the O-specific lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . The structural difference between the two antigens was demonstrated by passive hemagglutination . BCA coated erythrocytes spontaneously and reacted with equal intensity to all bacterial antisera of BCA+ strains, whereas LPS was species specific and also coated erythrocytes after the antigen was treated with NaOH . BCA is an acid polysaccharide as proven by immunoelectrophoresis and by its capacity to form a salt linkage with lysozyme . Chemical analysis demonstrated the presence of galactosamine, glucosamine, galactose, glucose, mannose, and N-acetyl . BCA was nontoxic and did not contain lipid A in its molecule . The small particle size of BCA determined its hapten character . When attached to acid-treated Salmonella minnesota Re cells, it acted as an immunogen . By immunizing rabbits with this hapten-bacterial cell suspension, we obtained a highly potent antiserum that agglutinated all BCA+ strains. J Hyg (Lond), 1982 Jun, 88(3), 413 - 23 Differential typing of Salmonella agona: type divergence in a new serotype; Barker R et al.; An international collection of 419 isolates of Salmonella agona was phage typed, biotyped and colicine typed . Of 16 recognized phage types, 15 were represented . Three phage types (I, V and XVI) accounted for 84% of all isolates, were widely distributed and may be interconvertible . Biotyping afforded little type differentiation; thus 92.6% of the isolates belonged to biotype 1 a . A rhamnose non-fermenting variant line (of biotype 5a) became established in Zaire from 1979 to 1980 . A maltose late-fermenting line of biotype 1 a, isolated in Scotland in 1974, did not thereafter become established . Two Col+ lines (producing colicine I b) accounted for 45 of 68 colicinogenic isolates . The implication of type diversification and the phylogenetic significance of these findings are discussed. Dig Dis Sci, 1982 Jun, 27(6), 549 - 52 Duodenal intubation as a source of typhoid fever; Maudgal DP et al.; Typhoid fever developed in three patients during a period of 13 weeks . Although each of these patients was admitted to a different London hospital, the patients became ill approximately 10 days after undergoing duodenal intubation in one gastroenterology unit . All other patients who had undergone duodenal intubation in the unit during that period of time were investigated . Salmonella typhi was isolated from bile and feces of two out of the 20 other patients (carriers) . In each of the three patients who developed typhoid fever, intubation followed within two days of intubation of one of the carriers . After use in each patient, the polyvinyl tubes had been thoroughly washed with disinfectant and detergent . There were no further cases of typhoid fever when a new tube was used for each patient. Geriatrics, 1982 Jun, 37(6), 30 - 6, 39-40, 44 Fever of unknown origin in the elderly; Cunha BA; The most efficient diagnostic approach to fever of unknown origin (FUO) involves the analysis of clues obtained from a careful history and physical examination, the fever pattern, and selected tests . Fever patterns may assist diagnosis in the absence of other clinical clues . For example, a morning temperature spike instead of the usual afternoon spike may suggest tuberculosis, periarteritis nodosa, or Salmonella bacteremia. Mutat Res, 1982 Jun, 101(4), 269 - 81 Mutagens in larger fungi . I . Forty-eight species screened for mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/microsome assay; Sterner O et al.; Specimens of large fungi (mushrooms) were screened for mutagenic activity by the Salmonella/microsome assay, with strains TA98, TA2637 and TA100 . Our of 48 species tested, 37 exhibited a significant but for the most part weak activity . The activity observed in the presence of S9 mix was typically between 0 and 50% of that without, and in no case was the activity increased in the presence of microsomal enzymes . Six metabolites reported to occur in some of the species included in this investigation were also tested . Significant mutagenic activity was found with isovelleral (5) from Lactarius sp., agaritine (3) from Agaricus bisporus and related sp . and beta-nitraminoalanine (7) from Agaricus silvaticus . Isovelleral may be a major mutagen in some of the sharp-tasting and mutagenic Russulaceae sp . A . bisporus (cultivated specimen) was weakly mutagenic toward all three strains of S . typhimurium, used, and agaritine was weakly active toward TA2637 alone . This implies that this fungus might contain other mutagenic material as well . beta-Nitraminoalanine was not found in the particular collection of A . silvaticus tested here . The mutagenicity observed for the fungus in this work may therefore be due to other metabolites . Even though many species found to be mutagenic are used as food, it seems premature to make specific recommendations about eventual health risks . Further information is needed about the chemistry and toxicology of the active compounds as well as about the effects of various methods used in preparing mushrooms for food. Obstet Gynecol, 1982 Jun, 59(6 Suppl), 29S - 30S Salmonella bredeney mastitis during pregnancy; Stamm AM; A young woman developed mastitis due to Salmonella bredeney during the 25th week of her first pregnancy and recovered with ampicillin therapy . Unusual microorganisms occasionally cause breast disease . Material for Gram stain, cultures, and susceptibility studies should be obtained before treatment in all cases. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1982 Jun, 252(2), 193 - 5 {CO2-dependent mutant of Salmonella typhi causing typhoid fever in two patients}; Aleksic S et al.; A CO2-dependent mutant of Salmonella typhi was isolated from anaerobic but not from aerobic blood-cultures of two patients with typhoid fever . Both patients diseased after return from their home country Turkey . The strains developed in a CO2-enriched atmosphere and under anaerobic but not aerobic culture conditions . This property remained stable during 20 subcultures . The fermentative and serological pattern was identical with S . typhi T2 . Both strains were of lysovar E1a. Pathol Biol (Paris), 1982 Jun, 30(6 Pt 2), 560 - 2 {Salmonella dublin enteric fever in two compromised hosts}; Hemmer RJ et al.; Salmonella (S) dublin is a rare cause of human enteric fever . We studied 2 compromised hosts, one of them being treated for lymphocytic leukemia and the other for chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Both had recurrent enteric fever caused by S . dublin . Both strains were resistant to chloramphenicol and to ampicillin and the patients were treated by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole to which the organism was sensitive . Investigations failed to discover an extraintestinal localisation and stool cultures remained negative after antibiotic treatment . One patient had a relapse of enteric fever at every relapse of his leukemia; the second patient after his second episode of enteric fever was treated prophylactically during 3 months . When he stopped antibiotic prophylaxis a fatal S . dublin septicemia occurred . We suggest that compromised hosts with S . dublin infection be treated prophylactically to prevent relapse. Pathol Biol (Paris), 1982 Jun, 30(6 Pt 2), 539 - 42 {Compatibility groups of resistance plasmids from Gram negative bacteria isolated in Algeria }; Rahal K; The plasmids characterized in Algeria generally belong to the C and F1 me compatibility groups . With the exception of Vibrio cholerae el for the two groups are found in many bacterial species . Plasmids belonging to group C are the only stable in Vibrio cholerae el tor . The possibility that epidemics of Vibrio cholerae el tor carrying C plasmids might be observed, should not be excluded . On the other hand, it is presently impossible to guess what will be the future epidemic plasmid in Salmonella typhi and paratyphi B. Can J Microbiol, 1982 Jun, 28(6), 650 - 3 Evaluation of an X-ray microprobe technique as a possible aid to detect salmonellae; Richter ER et al.; The X-ray microprobe was examined as a possible aid in the detection of salmonellae . Results obtained indicate that specific bacterial antigen (Salmonella) increased in phosphorus and sulfur after reaction with the fluorescein isothiocyanate tagged specific antibody . Nonspecific antigen (Escherichia coli) did not increase in phosphorus and sulfur after reaction with fluorescein isothiocyanate tagged anti-Salmonella antibody . The technique developed supports the hypothesis that X-ray microprobe analysis may be useful in detecting salmonellae, or other bacteria, by determining increases in the elemental constituents of bacterial cells when reacted with elemental-tagged antibodies. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1982 Jun, (6), 33 - 5 {Ecological tolerance of Salmonellae isolated from the water of surface reservoirs}; Androsova SV et al.; On the basis of the study of different physico-chemical and sanitary parameters in the open water basins of the Volga delta and the comparison of these parameters with the changes in the size of Salmonella populations the confines of the ecological tolerance of this species have been shown. Mutat Res, 1982 Jun, 94(2), 315 - 30 A new Salmonella tester strain, TA97, for the detection of frameshift mutagens . A run of cytosines as a mutational hot-spot; Levin DE et al.; We have developed a new Salmonella tester strain, TA97, for use in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test . DNA sequencing has shown that this strain contains an added cytosine, resulting in a run of six cytosines at the mutated site in the histidine D gene . Its mutagenic specificity is similar to that of the frameshift mutagen tester strain, TA1537, which also contains an added cytosine in a run of cytosines and is currently among the five standard tester strains used for general mutagen screening . We assessed the mutagenic potency of 21 frameshift mutagens for TA1537 and TA97 . TA97 was considerably more sensitive than TA1537 to reversion by these frameshift mutagens . In addition, one agent, PR toxin (from Penicillium roqueforti), which was not detected by any of the previously existing standard tester strains, did revert TA97; and two substituted aryl-alkyl triazenes, which had not been reported previously to be frameshift mutagens, were mutagenic in this new tester strain . We suggest that TA1537 be replaced by TA97 for general screening of mutagenicity. N Engl J Med, 1982 May 27, 306(21), 1249 - 53 Salmonellosis associated with marijuana: a multistate outbreak traced by plasmid fingerprinting; Taylor DN et al.; In January and February of 1981, 85 cases of enteritis caused by Salmonella muenchen were reported from Ohio, Michigan, Georgia, and Alabama . Initial investigation failed to implicate a food source as a common vehicle, but in Michigan 76 per cent of the patients, in contrast to 21 per cent of the control subjects, admitted personal or household exposure to marijuana (P less than 0.001, relative risk = 20) . Marijuana samples obtained from patients' households contained as many as 10(7) S . muenchen per gram . The outbreak-related isolates of S . muenchen were sensitive to all antibiotics and were phenotypically indistinguishable from other S . muenchen . Plasmid fingerprinting, however, revealed that all isolates related to marijuana exposure contained two low-molecular-weight plasmids (3.1 and 7.4 megadaltons), which were absent in control strains . Plasmid analysis of the isolates showed that the outbreaks in Ohio, Michigan, Georgia, and Alabama were related, and analysis of isolates submitted from various other states demonstrated that cases associated with marijuana may have been dispersed as far as California and Massachusetts. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1982 May 15, 180(10), 1222 - 6 Infectious agents associated with neonatal calf disease in southwestern Idaho and eastern Oregon; Bulgin MS et al.; Over a 2-year period, 296 episodes of disease involving 226 1-to-60-day-old calves were referred to the Caldwell Veterinary Teaching Center . Infectious disease agents were found in 96% of the cases . Salmonella spp were the most frequently isolated agents from dairy calves, whereas coronavirus was the agent most commonly associated with diarrhea in beef calves . Multiple agents were found in 20% of the dairy calves and in 12% of the beef calves . Salmonella dublin, which is associated with severe disease in man, made up a large percentage of the Salmonella spp isolated (40%) . In vitro drug sensitivities indicated that a high percentage of Salmonella and Escherichia coli were resistant to drugs, especially to the drugs commonly used to treat calf diarrhea. Fortschr Med, 1982 May 6, 100(17), 785 - 91 {Enteral yersiniosis--a serious disease? Current knowledge of clinical aspects, diagnosis and therapy}; Weber A; Enteral yersiniosis is caused either by Y . enterocolitica 0-group I (syn . serotype 0:3) and 0-group V (syn . serotype 0:9) or Y . pseudotuberculosis type I-VI . The clinical symptoms are mostly like enteritis, enterocolitis, acute abdomen, mesenteric lymphadenitis, or ileitis terminalis . Post-infection reactions are possible like septicemia, arthritis and erythema nodosum . Only cultural and serological examinations confirm the diagnosis of enteral yersiniosis . In the judgement of serological results it is necessary to consider the cross-reactions of Y . enterocolitica 0-group V to Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis and also to the antigenic community of Y . pseudotuberculosis type II respectively IV to Salmonella group B respectively D . With exception of septicemia, it is not necessary to treat enteral yersiniosis with antibiotics. J Med Microbiol, 1982 May, 15(2), 215 - 21 Effector cell-mediated immune response in mice immunised with Salmonella; Nair R et al.; Effector responses of cell-mediated immunity were studied in mice immediately and 3 months after immunisation with different kinds of salmonella vaccine . Whereas immunisation with live Salmonella enteritidis generated delayed hypersensitivity and activated macrophages, immunisation with formalised vaccine generated neither . Although activated macrophages had declined considerably by 3 months after immunisation, the delayed-hypersensitivity response had persisted . It was possible to generate activated macrophages in these mice by stimulation with sonicate antigens of the immunising strain or Salmonella paratyphic C . Delayed-hypersensitivity responses were elicited in mice, immunised with live S . enteritidis, by sonicate antigens of the homologous strains, S . gallinarum or S . paratyphi C. Clin Exp Immunol, 1982 May, 48(2), 389 - 95 Studies of cellular and humoral immunity in typhoid fever and TAB vaccinated subjects; Dham SK et al.; An assessment of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to Salmonella typhi antigens in patients with acute typhoid infection, TAB inoculated subjects and in healthy controls is reported . Cell-mediated immunity as assessed by the leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMI), and developed in all cases with typhoid fever . Positive LMI was evident in the first week of the illness and was maintained during the evolution of disease and in some patients was still present after a year . It also developed at the end of 3 weeks in five out of nine TAB vaccinated subjects . Weakly positive LMI was noticed in only two of twenty asian and caucasian controls . Antibodies, determined by the standard Widal test, were significantly raised in both patients with typhoid fever and TAB inoculated subjects . The antibodies and cellular reactivity developed almost simultaneously but there was no correlation between the agglutination titres and LMI positivity, implying that they are independent of each other . Typhoid patients also showed significantly raised serum IgM and IgA levels and increased concentrations of secretory IgA in their saliva. Res Vet Sci, 1982 May, 32(3), 368 - 73 Protection of cattle against experimentally induced salmonellosis by intradermal injection of heat-killed Salmonella dublin; Aitken MM et al.; A single intradermal dose (7.5 mg) of heat-killed Salmonella dublin protected two out of three cattle against intravenous challenge with live S dublin . A second dose of 8 mg increased the protection rate to six out of seven . Four of the survivors had transient diarrhoea and S dublin was recovered from the carcases of four killed at four to 21 weeks after infection . Protected animals had elevated serum antibody titres and their serum passively protected rats against intraperitoneal challenge . The resistance of vaccinated cattle, presumably immunological in character, was not associated with leucocyte migration inhibition by salmonella antigen, depression of serum iron levels or haematological changes. Eur J Biochem, 1982 May, 124(1), 191 - 8 The chemical structure of lipid A . Demonstration of amide-linked 3-acyloxyacyl residues in Salmonella minnesota Re lipopolysaccharide; Wollenweber HW et al.; In Salmonella minnesota lipopolysaccharide the lipid A backbone, a substituted diphosphorylated beta 1,6-linked D-glucosamine disaccharide molecule, carries approximately seven residues of fatty acids: one each of dodecanoic, hexadecanoic, D-3-hydroxytetradecanoic and D-3-O-(tetradecanoyl)-tetradecanoic acid in ester linkage and two of D-3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid in amide linkage . In the present study it is shown that treatment of the lipopolysaccharide with alkali at elevated temperature leads, through a beta-elimination reaction, to the generation of amide-bound delta 2-tetradecanoic acid . This suggested that the 3-hydroxyl group of amide-bound hydroxy fatty acids carried a substituent . To elucidate the nature of the substituent, free Salmonella lipid A was methylated with methyl iodine in the presence of silver salts followed by mild acid hydrolysis, a procedure which is known to cleave amide (and not ester) bonds selectively . In the hydrolysate, by means of combined gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry the methyl esters of 3-O-(dodecanoyl)-tetradecanoic and 3-O-(hexadecanoyl)-tetradecanoic acid were identified . This shows that in lipid A amide-linked 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid residues are 3-O-acylated by dodecanoic and hexadecanoic acid, respectively . Quantitative analyses suggest that the Salmonella lipid A backbone is substituted by four D-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl residues, two being present as esters and two as amides . The nonhydroxylated fatty acids are not bound directly to the backbone . Rather, they are attached to hydroxyl groups of 3-hydroxytetradecanoyl residues: specifically, tetradecanoic acid substitutes ester-bound and dodecanoic and hexadecanoic acid amide-bound 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid. Am J Med, 1982 May, 72(5), 768 - 74 Human Yersinia enterocolitica infections in Wisconsin . Clinical, laboratory and epidemiologic features; Snyder JD et al.; Yersinia enterocolitica has been sought in stool and blood culture specimens by the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene (SLH) since 1973 . Clinical information on symptoms, duration of illness, and use of antibiotics for 41 persons with Y . enterocolitica infections from January 1, 1979, to September 30, 1980, was obtained by telephone interviews . Diarrhea and abdominal pain were the most common symptoms of the ill persons; extraintestinal symptoms were infrequently reported . Ten infected persons (24 percent) had no illness . Review of a 10 percent sample of all stool specimens cultured at the SLH from June 20, 1977, to June 20, 1979, revealed that Salmonella was the most commonly isolated enteric pathogen (15.4 percent) followed by Shigella (2.0 percent) and Y . enterocolitica (0.7 percent) . Several different biotypes and serotypes of Y . enterocolitica were associated with illness . Y . enterocolitica isolates were uniformly susceptible to a wide variety of antibiotics, and most isolates were resistant to ampicillin . Epidemiologic studies showed that persons with Y . enterocolitica infections were more likely to live in rural counties than were all persons sending stool samples or those having Salmonella infections; underlying illness was identified as a risk factor for infection. Cancer Res, 1982 May, 42(5), 1722 - 6 Effect of microsomal cytochrome P-450 isozyme induction on the mutagenic activation of 2-aminoanthracene; Norman RL et al.; Two rabbit microsomal cytochrome P-450 isozymes . Forms 4 and 6, which are differentially induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the liver in an age-dependent fashion, catalyze the activation of 2-aminoanthracene to a mutagen in the Ames Salmonella mutagenesis assay . We have shown previously that in the presence of saturating concentrations of 2-aminoanthracene, Form 4 is 15-fold more active than Form 6 in the activation of this mutagen . Similar differences in the activation of 2-aminoanthracene are observed between liver microsomes isolated from TCDD-treated adult rabbits, in which Form 4 predominates, and microsomes from rabbit neonates exposed transplacentally to TCDD prior to birth, in which Form 6 predominates . However, when the extent of mutagenesis is limited by the amount of 2-aminoanthracene and is independent of the rate of activation, the number of revertants produced is similar for microsomes isolated from either newborn or adult TCDD-treated rabbits . Under these conditions, the extent of mutagenesis obtained for a given amount of 2-aminoanthracene will depend on the balance between activation and competing reaction pathways leading to detoxication . Thus, differences in the rate of activation between adult and newborn microsomes are probably offset by similar differences in the rates of competing pathways of metabolism . This is consistent with the finding that the overall rate of 2-aminoanthracene metabolism by the adult microsomes is greater than that of the neonate . In order for the extent of mutagenesis to be independent of rate, the half-life of 2-aminoanthracene was seen to be less than approximately 12 min. Mutat Res, 1982 May-Jun, 104(4-5), 233 - 7 Mutagens in larger fungi . II . The mutagenicity of commercial pickled Lactarius necator in the Salmonella assay; Sterner O et al.; In the course of an ongoing screening of larger mushrooms for the occurrence of chemical mutagens, 33 out of 48 species tested exhibited a significant direct mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/microsome assay (Sterner et al., 1982) . (No mutagens requiring metabolic activation were indicated.) These findings are of some concern, since mushrooms are used extensively as food in many areas, and there are strong indications that carcinogens in food are of considerable importance in cancer aetiology (Sugimura, 1979) . A recent communication by Knuutinen and von Wright (1982) on the mutagenicity of 4 Lactarius species collected in Finland prompts us to report our own results from mutagenicity tests with commercially preserved (pickled) Lactarius necator. Mutat Res, 1982 May-Jun, 104(4-5), 225 - 31 Retinoids as inhibitors of ortho-aminoazotoluene-induced mutagenesis in the Salmonella/liver microsome test; Busk L et al.; Earlier, we reported that vitamin A (retinol), in vitro, exhibits a strong inhibitory effect on the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 in the Ames Salmonella/microsome test . This paper reports the same inhibitory effect on the mutagenicity of an aminoazo dye, ortho-aminoazotoluene . Furthermore, the inhibitory effect was exerted by retinol esters such as retinol acetate and retinol palmitate, the latter being the physiological storage form of vitamin A . The inhibition is interpreted as an effect on the mixed-function oxidases that convert ortho-aminoazotoluene to its ultimate mutagenic form. Prostaglandins Leukot Med, 1982 May, 8(5), 437 - 46 Role of prostaglandins E1, E2, F2 alpha, I2 and thromboxane in salmonella-associated arthritis in rats; Karmali RA et al.; Salmonella-associated arthritis of rats was used as an experimental model for in vivo evaluation of prostaglandins in chronic inflammation . Since the arthritic lesions were localized mainly in the hind paws, femorla vein plasma measurements of prostaglandins were made to estimate the amounts of PGE1, PGE2 alpha, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and TXB2 produced during the progression of the arthritic disease . PGE1 production was significantly increased in the early phase of infection but these changes were inversely related to the joint swelling in the later stages of the disease . Changes in products of arachidonic acid (20:4 omega 6) were opposite to those observed in PGE1, a product of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, (20:3 omega 6), in that measurable levels of these chemicals were lower in the early phase of infection but there was a progressive increase in each compound during the chronic phase of inflammation . Concentrations of PGE2, PGF2 alpha, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and TXB2 increased proportionately to the severity of the arthritic lesion. Mutat Res, 1982 May, 94(1), 23 - 9 pH-sensitive mutagenic activity in ozone-treated 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in the Salmonella/microsome assay; Chambers TM et al.; Treatment with ozone inactivates the mutagenicity of many carcinogens in aqueous solution . The colon carcinogen, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) has been reported an exception; ozone treatment converts dimethylhydrazine from a non-mutagen into a mutagen . In the Salmonella/microsome assay, the mutagenicity of ozone-treated dimethylhydrazine was dependent on pH . The ozonation product was a strong mutagen in acidic solution but was not mutagenic in basic solution . The mutagenicity of the acidic ozonation product was inactivated by raising the pH of the solution . Unlike untreated dimethylhydrazine, its ozonation product in basic solution was not converted to a mutagen in this ozone-low pH system. Infect Immun, 1982 May, 36(2), 696 - 703 Dissociation of innate susceptibility to Salmonella infection and endotoxin responsiveness in C3HeB/FeJ mice and other strains in the C3H lineage; Eisenstein TK et al.; Studies of various mouse strains in the C3H lineage have shown that there is no correlation between innate susceptibility to Salmonella infection and sensitivity to the toxic or mitogenic effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . C3H/HeNCrlBR mice were Salmonella resistant, but sensitive to the toxic and mitogenic effects of LPS, whereas C3HeB/FeJ mice were Salmonella susceptible as the C3H/HeJ mice, yet were mitogenically responsive to LPS and sensitive to its lethal effects . Furthermore, other mouse strains (C3H/HeTex and C3H/HeDub) displayed intermediate susceptibility to Salmonella infection and were responders to the mitogenic and toxic effects of LPS . These results are interpreted to mean that endotoxemia cannot be a major factor in the pathogenesis of Salmonella infection and provide evidence for the involvement of multiple factors in the control of innate resistance to Salmonella infection in mice of the C3H lineage. Immunology, 1982 May, 46(1), 67 - 73 Both genetic background and environmental factors modify the phenotypic expression of H-2 associated genes participating in the polygenic control of antibody responsiveness to Salmonella antigens; Bouthillier Y et al.; The genetic control of responsiveness to flagellar (f) and somatic (s) antigens of Salmonellae was studied in high (H) and low (L) lines of mice selected for the character 'antibody response to sheep erythrocytes' . The minimal immunogenic dose was, for the two antigens, lower in H than in L mice and the dominance of the responder phenotype was then greater in F1 hybrid females than in males . Genes associated with H-2 locus intervene in the responses to each antigen . Their expression was found to vary according to the conditions of immunization and to the sex . The quantifiable H-2 effect was measured in interline hybrids, i.e . on an heterogeneous genetic background equivalent to that of F2 . In the case of the flagellar (f) antigen, the H-2 locus was responsible in secondary response for about 50% of the interline difference in the two sexes . In the primary response, the H-2 effect was only observed in females . It was smaller (25% of the interline difference) and independent of the antigen dose . In contrast, with somatic (s) antigen the H-2 locus did not intervene in the control of secondary response . The H-2 effect in the primary response was again only found in females . Unexpectedly, the allele linked to the H-2 phenotype of L mice had a more favourable effect on hybrid responsiveness than that linked to the phenotype of H mice. Ann Immunol (Paris), 1982 May-Jun, 133C(3), 383 - 6 {Preparation of monospecific anti-Salmonella LPS antibodies from bacteria immobilized in polyacrylamide gel}; Goichot J et al.; The use of an immunoabsorbent obtained by entrapping Salmonella cells into a polyacrylamide gel lattice enabled us to obtain anti-O monospecific immune sera which can be used for a quick serological identification of some species of Salmonella in the co