J Urol, 1983 Oct, 130(4), 790 - 1 Salmonella enteritidis: testicular abscess in a newborn; Foster R et al.; Testicular abscess due to Salmonella enteritidis in a 1-month-old newborn is described . Surgical debridement and drainage, combined with antibiotic therapy, were curative and salvaged testicular tissue. Cell, 1983 Oct, 34(3), 951 - 60 IS200: a Salmonella-specific insertion sequence; Lam S et al.; A new IS element (IS200) has been identified in Salmonella . The sequence was identified as an IS element by the following criteria: its insertion caused the mutation hisD984; six copies of the sequence are present in strain LT2 of S . typhimurium; and transposition of the sequence has been observed on several occasions . IS200 is found in almost all Salmonella species examined but is absent from most other enteric bacteria . The specificity of this element for Salmonella (and the absence of IS1-IS4 from Salmonella) suggest that transfer of insertion sequences between bacterial groups may be less extensive than is commonly believed . Alternatively, the distribution may suggest that these elements play a selectively important role in bacteria. Angiology, 1983 Oct, 34(10), 674 - 8 Ruptured mycotic salmonella aortic aneurysm treated with combined cefotaxime antibiotic and staged surgical management; Humphrey RW et al.; A case of salmonella infrarenal aortic aneurysm that ruptured and was treated with staged operative procedures and a highly effective antibiotic is reported and analyzed . An emergency situation with a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm required prompt surgical intervention with an aortobifemoral graft insertion . In the immediate postoperative period it was realized that a prosthetic graft was placed in the bed of a mycotic aneurysm . The patient had significant arteriosclerotic occlusive disease limiting the distal anastomotic site to the common femorals . Interoperatively the superficial femorals were noted to be occluded chronically . Consequently, revascularization via an extra-anatomical bypass after aortobifemoral graft removal was more complex . This was managed in a staged delayed fashion, while suppressing the infecting organism with Cefotaxime . The details of this complex situation are described within. J Immunol, 1983 Oct, 131(4), 1913 - 6 Control of lipopolysaccharide-high density lipoprotein binding by acute phase protein(s); Tobias PS et al.; When Salmonella minnesota R595 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is mixed with serum, the LPS eventually forms a complex with high density lipoprotein (HDL) . Complex formation is conveniently followed by CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation . When mixing 10 micrograms LPS with normal rabbit serum (NRS) at 37 degrees C in the presence of 20 mM EDTA, the half-life for LPS binding to HDL is typically 2 to 3 min . When the same experiment is performed with the use of acute phase rabbit serum (APRS; collected 24 hr post-induction with silver nitrate), the half-life for LPS binding to HDL is typically 40 to 100 min . Thus LPS binding to HDL occurs some 20- to 40-fold slower in APRS than in NRS . Two other phenomena have been found, the time dependencies of which correlate well with the time dependency of LPS binding to HDL in APRS . If LPS-APRS reaction mixtures are cooled to 4 degrees C shortly after mixing and are dialyzed against 2.5 mM HEPES, 15 mM NaCl, pH 7.4 buffer, LPS is recovered in the washed precipitates ("euglobulin precipitate") if, and only if, the LPS-HDL binding reaction is not complete . The amount of LPS in the precipitate correlates well with the amount of LPS that has not bound to HDL . The second phenomenon we observe is that the LPS-containing euglobulin precipitate prepared from LPS-acute phase serum reaction mixtures shortly after mixing also contains a protein, gp60, the concentration of which in the euglobulin precipitate correlates well with the amount of LPS in the precipitate . Thus three phenomena are kinetically well correlated in APRS: the degree of binding of LPS to HDL, the degree of appearance of LPS in a euglobulin fraction, and the concentration of protein gp60 in the euglobulin fraction . We were unable to precipitate gp60 from APRS in the absence of LPS, from APRS after the LPS has fully bound to HDL, or from normal serum in the presence or absence of LPS . The known properties of gp60 are not reminiscent of any other known acute phase reactant . These data demonstrate that APRS contains acute phase reactants that interact with LPS to modify its buoyant density, its solubility, and the rate of its binding to HDL. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Oct, (10), 29 - 32 {Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the antigenic composition of Salmonella typhi in the process of L transformation and reversion}; Stepanova LK et al.; In the study of the antigenic composition of S . typhi L-forms and their revertants were determined . The stable L-forms were characterized by profound disturbances in the synthesis of Vi- and H-antigens . After reversion to bacterial forms all the revertants under study showed the complete restoration of their bacterial antigenic structure. Sci Total Environ, 1983 Oct, 31(1), 1 - 22 A comparison of carbon black with soot; Medalia AI et al.; Carbon black is frequently confused with soot . In order to clarify the distinction between these materials, we have examined 6 carbon blacks and 18 samples of soot . Carbon black is composed of turbostratic colloidal aggregates which we call aciniform carbon (AC) . Chimney soots from domestic wood or coal fires contain very little AC, while in diesel soots the solid particulates are essentially all AC . All soots examined contain much more extractable organic material and/or ash than does carbon black . Ames Salmonella assays were carried out on solvent extracts . The results were calculated as net revertants per mg of the original soot or carbon black . On this basis, the majority of the soot extracts assayed were at a much higher level of mutagenicity than any of the carbon black extracts . For several reasons, even greater differences in mutagen availability would be expected if the unextracted materials were compared in vivo. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 1983 Sep 24, 287(6396), 891 - 3 Investigation of outbreaks of salmonella in hospitals; Palmer SR et al.; In a two year prospective survey of outbreaks of salmonella infection in hospitals in England and Wales 55 outbreaks were identified . Reports of investigation of these outbreaks were reviewed for evidence of food borne infection and cross infection . Food borne infection probably accounted for only six outbreaks, but these made up 40% of the 15 outbreaks in which there were more than five patients and staff with symptoms . Person to person transmission was the probable mode of spread in most outbreaks . It is recommended that in addition to bacteriological investigations clinical and epidemiological data should be collected to implicate food or other possible common vehicles of infection . Bacteriological screening of patients and staff who do not have symptoms may be unrewarding in the absence of epidemiological data to define groups at risk of infection. Chem Biol Interact, 1983 Sep 15, 46(3), 335 - 46 Compounds in urban air compete with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin for binding to the receptor protein; Toftgard R et al.; Acetone extracts of filter-collected urban airborne particulate matter contain compounds which can competitively inhibit 2,3,7,8-{1,6-3H}tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) binding to the rat liver TCDD-receptor protein . The concentration of conventional polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans cannot account for more than 1-30% of the observed competition for {3H}TCDD binding to the receptor protein . The difference in potency between samples collected in urban areas during different periods of the year and a background sample is 25-400-fold . Collecting samples in the presence of increased concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, nitrous acid, nitric acid or ozone did not increase the amount of compounds with receptor affinity . However, with nitrogen dioxide and especially with nitric acid, a substantial increase of the mutagenic effects in the Ames Salmonella assay in the absence of mammalian activation as well as a degradation of several PAHs were noted . Affinity for the TCDD-receptor protein, mutagenicity in the absence of mammalian metabolic activation in the Ames Salmonella assay and PAH-content are characteristics of urban particulate matter showing the presence of compounds, that represent potential health risks . The compounds with affinity for the receptor may constitute a group of substances different from both conventional PAHs and direct-acting mutagens. FEBS Lett, 1983 Sep 5, 161(1), 89 - 92 {4,4'-D-diaminopropionic acid}gramicidin S: a synthetic gramicidin S analog with antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria; Ando S et al.; Gramicidin S is especially active against Gram-positive bacteria; e.g., Staphylococcus aureus . An analog, {4,4'-D-diaminopropionic acid}gramicidin S, which contains D-diaminopropionic acid residues instead of D-phenylalanine residues, has been synthesized . This analog is active against some of the Gram-negative bacteria; e.g., Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhosa . Activities of several related analogs are discussed. Dig Dis Sci, 1983 Sep, 28(9), 848 - 51 Salmonella colitis presenting as a segmental colitis resembling Crohn's disease; Vender RJ et al.; Salmonella species have recently been shown to involve the colon in a diffuse fashion resembling ulcerative colitis by radiographic and endoscopic appearance . We describe a case of Salmonella colitis in which the radiographic and colonoscopic features were focal ulcerations, mucosal edema, friability, and a loss of normal vascularity, an appearance resembling Crohn's disease . This is the first well-documented example of this clinical presentation. Clin Pediatr (Phila), 1983 Sep, 22(9), 614 - 8 Pitfalls in diagnosis of osteomyelitis in children with sickle cell disease; Wethers DL et al.; The cases of three children with unusual features of osteomyelitis and sickle cell disease are presented . Two children had salmonella osteomyelitis, one with a recurrence 1.5 years after adequate intravenous therapy . In the second, the bone scan was negative despite verified disease . The causative organism in the third case was Staphylococcus aureus, and there was extensive bone involvement of the radius without symptoms, but with a positive bone scan . It is recommended that the possibility of osteomyelitis be entertained in a child with sickle cell disease whenever there are symptoms and/or objective findings referrable to bone . Radionuclide scans, when used in timely fashion, can assist in the diagnosis, but confirmation can best be achieved by the recovery of microorganisms through blood culture and/or bone aspirate . The choice, dosage, and duration of antibiotic therapy should be determined by causative organisms and by serologic titers. Clin Pediatr (Phila), 1983 Sep, 22(9), 601 - 4 Treatment of Salmonella gastroenteritis in infants . The significance of bacteremia; Raucher HS et al.; During 1981, we treated 20 infants, less than 24 months old, for nontyphoid Salmonella (NTSal) gastroenteritis (GE) . Blood cultures were obtained in 17 cases, and Salmonella bacteremia was demonstrated in 8 (47%) . Of the 13 children 3 to 24 months of age, 7 (54%) had positive blood cultures . One child (8 months old) appeared septic . The patients with bacteremia were treated with parenteral ampicillin . All 20 infants recovered, and no focal infectious complications occurred . The incidence of bacteremia in NTSal GE is highest in children under 2 years of age . Previous reports have shown that the peak incidence occurs among infants less than 3 months of age . An infant with Salmonella bacteremia may be afebrile and show no symptoms of sepsis . In most cases, bacteremia is transient and does not alter the course of NTSal GE, but it may result in life-threatening complications such as septicemia and meningitis . Therefore we believe an infant with NTSal GE under 3 months old should have a blood culture and receive antibiotic treatment. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1983 Sep, 14(3), 399 - 402 Salmonella isolation experience in the Pacific Basin region: a survey; Haddock RL; To determine if the unusually high incidence of salmonellosis reported on Guam for several years might be the result of more frequent bacteriologic examination of gastroenteritis/diarrhoea patient stool specimens, a survey of medical clinic and laboratory activities was undertaken among countries in the Pacific Basin Area . Survey results suggest that while Guam laboratories may be particularly proficient in isolating Salmonella organisms, the quantity of stool specimens examined could not account for the higher incidence of salmonellosis observed on the island. Anticancer Res, 1983 Sep-Oct, 3(5), 305 - 10 Androgen receptor-mediated genetic differences in 2-acetylaminofluorene and dimethylnitrosamine mutagenesis in vitro; Fysh JM et al.; When 2-acetylaminofluorene and dimethylnitrosamine mutagenesis rates in the Salmonella/liver in vitro system were studied with C3H/HeJ mouse kidney or liver postmitochondrial supernatant (S-9) fractions, sex differences (male much greater than female) of 10- to 30-fold were found in kidney but not liver . We examined male mice castrated during the neonatal period, the Tfm/Y male, and dihydrotestosterone-treated female mice . The requirement of both testosterone and the androgen receptor is shown to be important in causing the sex difference in 2-acetylaminofluorene and dimethylnitrosamine mutagenesis in the kidney . Swank et al . {J Mol Biol 81:225-243 (1973)} demonstrated that dihydrotestosterone induces beta-glucuronidase activity in the female kidney: 28- to 30-fold in BALB/cJ and SM/J, 12-fold in C3H/HeJ, and 5- to 6-fold in C57BL/6J and RF/J inbred mice . This gene regulation has been characterized and named the Gur locus . 2-Acetylaminofluorene mutagenesis--in kidney but not liver--is markedly enhanced by dihydrotestosterone (P less than 0.01) in the first three, but not the latter three, inbred strains . Covalent binding of 2-acetylaminofluorene metabolites to DNA in the presence of kidney S-9 fractions in vitro is greatly increased in the BALB/cJ but not C57BL/6J female mouse pretreated with dihydrotestosterone . These data suggest that genetic differences at the Gur locus, in combination with the androgen receptor, may play an important role in the sex-specific and tissue-specific conversion of an O-glucuronide of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene or N-hydroxy-aminofluorene to active mutagenic intermediates. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1983 Sep-Oct, 134B(2), 323 - 8 {Supplement No . XXVI (1982) to the Kauffman-White schema}; Le Minor L et al.; In this supplement are given the characters of 41 new Salmonella serovars recognized in 1982 by WHO collaborating Centre for reference and research on Salmonella: 16 belong to the sub-genus I, 18 to the sub-genus II, 6 to the sub-genus III and 1 to the sub-genus IV. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1983 Sep-Oct, 134B(2), 285 - 91 {Characterization of antibiotic resistance plasmids in 2 strains of Salmonella typhi isolated in Belgium}; Chasseur-Libotte ML et al.; Two strains of Salmonella typhi resistant to streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and sulfonamides were studied . Conjugation and analysis of plasmid DNA suggested that in the two strains, these resistance characters were mediated by a single R plasmid . The plasmids of both strains belonged to the FI-incompatibility group, whereas that isolated from the resistant Mexican S . typhi belonged to incomtibility group H . Therefore, the two resistant S . typhi isolated in Belgium do not represent an extension of the H plasmid which was responsible for chloramphenicol resistance in S . typhi during the 1972 Mexican epidemic. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1983 Sep, 178(1-2), 53 - 60 {Spread of infectious agents through refuse by domestic, community and field parasites with special reference to human health}; Mayr A; The accumulation of refuse in urban and agricultural areas provides parasitic vermin with new feeding sources and also creates for them partly entirely new biotopes . Vermin transmit both mechanically and biologically the most varied species of pathogens to man, domestic animals and work animals . With respect to the spread of pathogens by vermin via the refuse route, we must distinguish between vermin infesting either the human body, the houses, communities or our environment . Among the human vermin and house species, cockroaches, house gnats and house flies are the most important genera for the spread of pathogens via refuse . Cockroaches transmit bacteria (e.g . Salmonella), viruses (e.g . enterovirus, rota and corona viruses), fungi (e.g . Trichophyton and Candida) and worm eggs (e.g . Ascaris lumbricoides) . House flies and house gnats take up all infection carriers from refuse and transmit the pathogens, as a rule, purely mechanically . Rats and mice are the most important species among community vermin . These rodents act both as mechanical and biological vehicles of infectious diseases . A case in point is lymphocytic chorio-meningitis and three different types of hemorrhagic fever in man . Among the vermin infesting our environment, the diptera are the most important carriers . Gnats, especially, often act as intermediate hosts (biological transmission) and, as a result, represent an inexhaustible reservoir of pathogen transmitters . More than 50 diseases caused by arbovirus in man and animal are known . Beside the viruses, the field diptera transmit bacteria (e.g . Rickettsiosis) and protozoa (e.g . Leishmaniasis, Trypanosomiasis).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Poult Sci, 1983 Sep, 62(9), 1780 - 5 Heating by microwave, hot air, and flowing steam to eliminate inoculated Salmonella from poultry feed; Burdick D et al.; Poultry feed samples (mash) obtained from a commercial mill were inoculated with either 100 or 5,000 cells/g of a marker strain of Salmonella montevideo . Samples (125 g) were then placed in a microwave oven at power settings of 1.5 or 2.0 kW for 60, 90, or 120 sec; a hot air oven at 99 C (210 F) or 110 C (230 F) for 15, 30, 45, or 60 min; or a flowing steam chamber for 1, 5, 10, or 20 min . Temperature, moisture, and presence of the inoculated S . montevideo were determined in all samples before and after treatment . Feed samples placed in the microwave oven reached a maximum temperature of 186 C (367 F) and had a final moisture content as low as .8% . About 25% of the samples inoculated with 100 cells/g and about 40% of those inoculated with 5,000 cells/g remained positive after treatment . In the hot air oven, feed reached a maximum temperature of 93 C (200 F) with a moisture level after heating of about 4% . Salmonellae were recovered from 35 and 60% of the low and high inoculum level samples, respectively . In flowing steam, maximum feed temperature was 90 C (194 F) with a final moisture level of 15% . After 1, 5, 10, and 20 min of flowing steam, 100, 90, 60, and 0% of the samples were found to contain salmonellae, respectively . All treatments occasionally eliminated salmonellae from the samples, but results were inconsistent and unpredictable. Pediatr Med Chir, 1983 Sep-Oct, 5(5), 387 - 8 {Acute abdominal symptomatology and minor Salmonella infections}; Pagliano Sassi L; The author points out how salmonellosis called "minor" during childhood may simulate an "acute abdomen" creating differential diagnostical surgical problems . On a casuisty of 1450 pediatrics cases, he has noted this circumstance ten times (1,45%) and six of these subjects have had to be urgently operated of appendicitis at the moment of their admission to the hospital . Only one of them presented a phlegmonens appendix . Instead, as complication of this sickness, during its lapse, two cases of intestinal occlusion have occurred, in two children, one of which showed numerous ulcers of typhou type of the small intestine . He concludes that frequent coprocoltures in all clinical cases of pediatric abdominal pathology are important. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1983 Sep, 255(2-3), 271 - 84 Genetic properties of conjugative R plasmids in Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from feral and domestic pigeons, crows and kites; Niida M et al.; A total of 62 conjugative R plasmids detected in 48 Escherichia coli and 19 conjugative R plasmids in 16 Salmonella strains from domestic (carrier and emerald) and feral pigeons, crows (Japanese jungle crows and carrion crows) and black kite, were examined for genetic properties . Out of the 62 E . coli R plasmids examined for fertility inhibition (Fi), 29 (46.8%) were Fi+, and the remainder were Fi- . Among the 62 R plasmids, 16 (25.8%) were classified into incompatibility (Inc) group FII, 15 (24.2%) into I alpha, 7 (11.3%) into H1 and 2 (3.2%) into N . The remaining 23 R plasmids could not be classified in this study . Among the 19 Salmonella R plasmids, 4 showed thermosensitive (ts) transfer . Out of the 18 plasmids tested, 13 (72.2%) including 4 ts-R plasmids were Fi-, and the remaining 5 (27.8%) were Fi+ . Five R plasmids containing 4 Fi- were IncI alpha, while 4 ts-R plasmids belonged to IncH1 (1 R plasmid) and H2 (3 R plasmids) . The remainings were not tested . In E . coli strains, IncFII and I alpha were widely (4 of 6 lots of birds, respectively) distributed, followed by N (2 lots) and H1 (1 lot) . IncN R plasmid was detected from domestic pigeons and crows, but not from feral pigeons . In Salmonella strains from 5 lots of birds, IncFII and N plasmids which were detected from E . coli were not found, but IncH2 was detected from domestic pigeons (1 lot) and kite (1 lot) . IncI alpha was detected from feral pigeons (1 lot) and kite (1 lot) . The potential transfer of R plasmids between Salmonella and E . coli, and of dissemination of the plasmids among the free-flying birds, animals and humans is discussed. Environ Health Perspect, 1983 Sep, 51, 227 - 30 Detection by replica plating of false revertant colonies induced in the Salmonella-mammalian microsome assay by hexavalent chromium; Pedersen P et al.; The replica plating method as developed by Lederberg has been used to differentiate between "true" and "false" histidine-requiring revertant bacterial colonies which develop on minimal agar plates in the Ames test . Strains of S . typhimurium LT2, TA 100, when exposed to either sodium dichromate or the fumes from the welding of stainless steel, develop colonies whose apparent numbers are directly in proportion to the Cr(VI) content per plate in both cases, over a wide dose range . Replica impressions of the resulting colonies were transferred to Vogel Bonner minimal agar plates and incubated for 48 hr at 37 degrees C . It was then observed that considerable numbers of "false" revertant colonies were obtained at those Cr(VI) doses which resulted in a pronounced toxic effect, albeit with an acceptable level of the bacterial background lawn . No morphological distinction between "true" and "false" revertant colonies could be made . Although it would appear that at low doses (i.e., low toxicity) the true mutagenicity of stainless steel welding fumes can be completely accounted for by the presence of Cr(VI), the dose range over which the mutagenicity assay is reliable cannot be estimated from examination of the background lawn or from an estimate of the degree of survival of the treated cultures . Thus there is raised a serious question concerning the reliability of quantitative data published in bacterial mutagenicity testing where replica testing of the histidine requirement of the resulting "revertant" colonies is not routinely made . It is suggested that the replica technique can easily be developed as a simple and useful tool for the control of histidine requirement and ampicillin resistance in routine mutagenicity testing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Antibiotiki, 1983 Sep, 28(9), 671 - 5 {Effect of conjugative R plasmids on the virulence of antibiotic-sensitive Salmonella strains and their streptomycin-resistant mutants}; Gridnev VA et al.; The pathogenicity level of antibiotic sensitive and streptomycin resistant strains of S . typhimurium, S . paratyphi B and S . kottbus changed under the effect of identical R plasmids more frequently in contrary directions . The conjugative plasmids of antibiotic resistance widened the ranges of the virulence changes in the Salmonella serovars for albino mice . It was found that 7 out of 8 plasmids studied significantly decreased and increased the virulence of the antibiotic sensitive Salmonella strains . As a rule, R plasmids of various origin decreased the virulence of all the tested streptomycin chromosome resistant causative agents of salmonellosis. Pathol Biol (Paris), 1983 Sep, 31(7), 596 - 8 {Rapid diagnosis of pathogenic bacteria isolated from stool cultures by a standardized micromethod}; Bingen E et al.; We evaluate a new and quick micromethod which detect strains of Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia from suspected colonies isolated of stool specimens . In our study, from 2 384 non pathogen bacteria or as Salmonella . And we determined 297 strains of Salmonella, two hours after isolation on selective medium . This method is very easy and permits to have a rapid diagnostic of strains of Salmonella. Chem Biol Interact, 1983 Sep 1, 46(2), 151 - 63 Metabolic activation of promutagens, detectable in Ames' Salmonella assay, by 5000 X g supernatant of rat ventral prostate; Soderkvist P et al.; Induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (7-EOD) activities as well as of benzo{a}pyrene (BP) metabolite formation in rat prostatic microsomes has been demonstrated after treatment with beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) . The capacity to convert promutagenic compounds to ultimate mutagenic metabolites in the Ames' Salmonella assay by 5000 X g supernatant of rat ventral prostate was investigated . Male rats were treated with BNF, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB; Arochlor 1254), phenobarbital (PB) and the vehicle, corn oil . PCB or BNF pretreatment increased the AHH- and 7-EOD activities 100-200-fold in the rat prostate 5000 X g supernatant (S-5 fraction) . Epoxide hydrolase (EH) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities were not affected while UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDP-GT) was increased 2.2- and 2.5-fold by PCB and BNF, respectively . PB did not significantly affect any of the enzyme activities measured . A dose-dependent increase in mutagenic response versus amount of 5000 X g supernatant and promutagen (aflatoxin B1 (AFB), 2-aminofluorene (2-AF), BP) was observed . The most pronounced activation was obtained with S-5 fraction from BNF- or PCB-treated rats . The great sensitivity of prostatic AHH to certain inducers and the capacity of the prostate to produce mutagenic metabolites might be of importance for initiation of prostatic cancer by environmental factors. Medicine (Baltimore), 1983 Sep, 62(5), 271 - 85 Bacterial pneumonia in the elderly; Verghese A et al.; Bacterial pneumonia in the elderly is common, and causes more morbidity and mortality than in the younger adult . As patients live longer with more underlying disease and more iatrogenic disease, the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia will probably rise . Adequate sterilization of inhalation therapy equipment can reduce the risk of gram-negative nosocomial pneumonia . Methods to prevent colonization and microaspiration need to be investigated . The development of a gram-negative vaccine using Salmonella RE or E . coli J5 mutant would augur well for the future . Most important, the elderly patient with pneumonia should be managed promptly and aggressively in an attempt to determine the specific etiology of the pneumonia . The practice of antibiotic "shotgunning" of the elderly patient is to be avoided . Transtracheal aspiration or sheathed bronchoscopy can be performed if the patient is not able to produce sputum, or Gram stain is difficult to interpret . Morbidity and mortality can be reduced by early appropriate antibiotic therapy directed by Gram stain. Environ Health Perspect, 1983 Sep, 51, 337 - 41 Presentation of benzo(a)pyrene to microsomal enzymes by asbestos fibers in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test; Szyba K et al.; The potential effect of asbestos fibers on mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene was investigated by using the Ames test . Asbestos fibers without a coating of benzo(a)pyrene or benzo(a)pyrene when not dissolved in DMSO lacked any mutagenic effect in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test . However, when benzo(a)pyrene was adsorbed onto asbestos, significant numbers of mutated bacteria were observed . This shows that asbestos fibers can serve a carrier role presenting benzo(a)pyrene to the enzymatic microsomal system, thus enhancing mutagenicity of this compound. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1983 Sep, 255(2-3), 258 - 64 Mechanized procedures for the serology of Salmonella; Guinee PA et al.; A mechanized microtechnique originally designed for the serotyping of E . coli was adapted to the specificity control of diagnostic Salmonella agglutinating antisera as well as for the serotyping of Salmonella . Salmonella strains sent for serotyping were inoculated into a tube with broth which was used as H antigen and, after heating also as O antigen . The agglutination reactions were carried out in clear plastic trays with U formed wells . The antigens were strained with gentian violet in order to obtain a better contrast . With only 6 monofactor O sera, 97% of 100,000 cultures received for serotyping in 1979-1982 could be O antigen typed . Eight H antisera were sufficient for the complete serotyping of 27% of these strains whereas 64% was partly typed . The technique has a high degree of versatility. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1983 Sep, 255(2-3), 247 - 57 {Comparison of the ELISA (lipopolysaccharide) and Widal reactions (O antigen) in the diagnosis of Salmonella infections}; Hirschl A et al.; At various times after the onset of disease 50 sera of patients with bacteriologically proven salmonella infections were investigated for O-antigen specific antibodies in ELISA and Widal-tests . 21 of these sera were derived from patients with typhoid fever, 10 from patients with gastroenteritis due to various species of salmonella group D and 19 from patients with group B salmonella-gastroenteritis . Additional 44 sera stemming from patients without such infection were included in the investigation as a control . With ELISA the sera were examined for antibodies of the IgM- and IgG-class separately . As antigens lipopolysaccharide W-preparations from S . typhi ("group D-antigen") and S . typhimurium ("group B-antigen") were used in the ELISA . High reciprocal titers (geometric means: 1404, 2560, and 1020) of IgM were demonstrable in sera drawn 11-30 days after onset of the disease with group D- and group B-antigen respectively (Fig . 1, Table 1 and Table 2) . With increasing distance of time from the onset of the disease these titers decreased rapidly . The titers of agglutinating antibodies as measured in the Widal-test behaved similarly to those of IgM (Fig . 1, Table 1 and 2), and the correlation between both was high (r = +0.93, Fig . 2) . In contrast, titers of IgG-antibodies reached their maximum later, namely 31-60 days after onset of the disease (Table 1), and the correlation to the agglutinin-titers (r = +0.33, Fig . 3) was much lower . In sera of patients with typhoid fever reciprocal titers of IgM against the homogeneous group antigen surmounted those of IgG at the average by about 5 log2-step (mean g: 1404 and 79 respectively) between the 11th and 30th day of disease . At this stage of the disease also sera from patients with gastroenteritis due to both salmonella D or B demonstrated clearly an IgM-dominated ratio . After a period of more than 2 month this ratio was about 1:1 in sera of patients with typhoid fever or with salmonella group D-gastroenteritis, but was clearly IgG-dominated in sera obtained from patients with group B-gastroenteritis . This might be due to the fact that most of the sera classified as "obtained greater than 2 months after onset" stemmed from excreters of salmonella B species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Sep, (9), 110 - 3 {Quantitative determination of the soluble antigens of intestinal bacteria using a method of immunoenzyme analysis . I . Processing of the parameters of the method}; Tregub AV et al.; The parameters of the assay based on the quantitative evaluation of the neutralization of specific antibodies by the antigen under study and the subsequent detection of free antibodies on the fixed reference antigen with the aim of the quantitative determination of the specific O-antigens of Salmonella, groups D, B, C1, as well as those of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri, have been developed . The proposed method makes it possible to detect the O-antigen of the causative agent at concentrations of 0.001 micrograms/ml to 100 micrograms/ml. Am J Med, 1983 Aug 29, 75(2A), 130 - 3 Management of enteric fever with amdinocillin; Ball AP et al.; Twenty-six patients with enteric fever treated with amdinocillin and/or its pivaloyloxymethyl ester in 1975 to 1978 were compared with 21 patients with enteric fever treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in 1972 to 1974 . Diagnosis was based on clinical illness and isolation of Salmonella typhi or S . paratyphi A/B from blood cultures or stool cultures . The dosage of pivamdinocillin in adults was 400 to 800 mg, every 6 hours, for 10 to 16 days; dosage in children was half this amount for 11 to 15 days . Of the 21 patients treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 18 (86 percent) showed a satisfactory clinical response; 13 of these 18 had negative stools immediately after therapy, and two more were negative at the time of discharge (total: 83 percent) . Mean hospital stay of these patients was 34.5 days . Of the 26 patients treated with amdinocillin, 23 showed a satisfactory clinical response; 20 of those responding clinically were still excreting the causative organism at the end of therapy; seven of the group remained as convalescent patients who continued to excrete the causative organism in feces at the time of discharge . Mean hospital stay was 43 days . The results of initial trials of amdinocillin and ampicillin in combination suggest that such therapy may be preferable to use of amdinocillin alone, although the excretion of the causative organism during convalescence has not been adequately assessed. Minerva Med, 1983 Aug 25, 74(32-33), 1925 - 32 {Hygiene in airline catering . I . Microbiologic study of meals distributed on aircrafts}; Castellani P et al.; A preliminary microbiological survey, conducted in the Italian national airlines Catering Department is reported . Precooked,, frozen meals reheated on medium and long distance flights were examined . The results indicate that hygiene standards are satisfactorily maintained . The presence of staphylococcus aureus in some samples highlights the importance of preventive and prophylactic measures in healthy carriers . In view of the growing concern about Salmonella poisoning in airline passengers the absence of this bacterium is extremely satisfying. Lancet, 1983 Aug 20, 2(8347), 441 - 3 Vi serology in detection of chronic Salmonella typhi carriers in an endemic area; Lanata CF et al.; A passive haemagglutination assay measuring antibody to highly purified Vi antigen, known to be sensitive and specific for the detection of chronic Salmonella typhi carriers in a non-endemic area, was assessed in an endemic area . A reciprocal serum Vi antibody titre of 160 was found to have a sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 92%, and a high predictive value in screening for chronic S typhi carriers in high-risk population group (eg, women over 40 years) . This simple assay can screen for chronic S typhi carriers even in areas where typhoid fever is highly endemic. Chem Biol Interact, 1983 Aug 15, 46(1), 121 - 30 Chemical reactivity and mutagenicity of some dihalomethanes; Osterman-Golkar S et al.; Four dihalomethanes; dichloromethane, bromochloromethane, dibromomethane and diiodomethane, have been studied with respect to their reactivities towards nucleophilic compounds of different strengths in water solution and with respect to their toxicities and mutagenic effectiveness in bacterial test systems . The correlation between biological activity (toxicity and mutagenic effectiveness in Salmonella TA100) and reactivity towards strong nucleophiles indicates that reactions with nucleophilic groups of high reactivity in the biological material, possibly SH or amino groups in proteins, are involved in their mechanism of action. J Hyg (Lond), 1983 Aug, 91(1), 59 - 69 Further research into the possibility of salmonella-free fattening and slaughter of pigs; Oosterom J et al.; At a pig-fattening farm in the south-western Veluwe which was infected with salmonellas it was sought to achieve salmonella-free fattening in a specially adapted piggery . The test piggery was thoroughly cleaned and disinfected and measures were taken to exclude birds, insects and rodents . An attempt was also made to obtain salmonella-free piglets . Clean clothing, special footwear and disinfectants were used when entering the piggery . During the experiment an infection was detected in the test piggery caused by the same salmonella serotypes as had only been found immediately before the test at the breeding farm . Other salmonella serotypes occurring at the fattening farm did not find their way into the test piggery, and therefore it can be concluded that after the pigs had been brought in all the hygienic barriers functioned adequately . The test showed that the hygienic measures taken had a beneficial effect on growth performance, even though salmonellas were not entirely excluded . After fattening the pigs were slaughtered in two groups . The first group was slaughtered in the usual way, but with the second group extra care was taken with the individual singeing of the carcasses and the careful removal of the intestines . Tests on the carcasses showed that 46% of the pigs in the first group were contaminated with salmonellas as against only 7% in the second . From this it can be concluded that slaughter need not lead to further contamination by salmonellas present in the intestines; indeed, carefully carrying out the slaughter process can even reduce the contamination of the surface of pig carcasses by salmonellas. Aust N Z J Surg, 1983 Aug, 53(4), 371 - 3 Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: a complication of Salmonella bovis-morbificans infection; MacLellan DG et al.; A clinical report is presented of a patient who developed Salmonella bovis-morbificans infection and ruptured an abdominal aortic aneurysm as a complication . The management is discussed and treatment suggested. Infect Immun, 1983 Aug, 41(2), 758 - 73 Immunobiological activities of synthetic lipid A analogs and related compounds as compared with those of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, re-glycolipid, lipid A, and muramyl dipeptide; Kotani S et al.; Thirteen acylated and phosphorylated derivatives of beta-1,6-linked glucosamine disaccharide (lipid A analogs), which were synthesized after the structural model of Salmonella-type lipid A, and seven similar derivatives of glucosamine monosaccharide (lipid A-related compounds) were studied for their immunobiological activities . These included mitogenicity and polyclonal B cell activation enhancement of migration of monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes derived from human peripheral blood, stimulation of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages, activation of human complement, and stimulation of serum antibody production and induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity against ovalbumin in guinea pigs . Comparisons were made with lipid A, RE-glycolipid, lipopolysaccharide of natural sources, and a well-known synthetic adjuvant, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine . Some of the lipid A analogs were found to manifest the mitogenic, polyclonal B cell-activating macrophage-stimulating, complement-activating, and immunostimulating activities, although the observed activities were generally far less than those of natural products in intensity and efficiency . Other immunobiological effects exhibited by most of the synthetic lipid A analogs were the enhancement of migration of monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes . It is premature to draw definite conclusions on structure-activity relationships, since a few compounds which were active in some assay systems were scarcely active in other assays . However, an indisputable fact was that beta-1,6-glucosamine disaccharide 1 alpha,4'-diphosphate, which carries two amide-bound (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl and three ester-bound tetradecanoyl residues, and thus has the structure most closely resembling natural lipid A among test compounds in this study, was definitely active in all of the present assay systems . However, its potency was generally much less than natural products . Some of glucosamine monosaccharide derivatives, especially N-(R)-3-{(R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyloxy}tetradecanoyl glucosamine, also exerted all of the in vitro activities described above . This fact suggests that a glucosamine disaccharide structure may not necessarily be a prerequisite as far as the in vitro immunobiological activities tested are concerned. J Toxicol Environ Health, 1983 Aug-Sep, 12(2-3), 325 - 36 Mutagenicity studies on herring gulls from different locations on the Great Lakes . II . Mutagenic evaluation of extracts of herring-gull eggs in a battery of in vitro mammalian and microbial tests; Ellenton JA et al.; Herring-gull (Larus argentatus) eggs were collected from five locations on the Great Lakes and from one colony on the Atlantic coast for organochlorine analysis and mutagenesis testing . The Great Lakes colonies were chosen for their different contaminant levels, while the Atlantic coast colony was used as a relatively clean control . The eggs were homogenized and extracted, and the extracts were tested in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay for induction of point mutations and in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells for the induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and chromosome aberrations . None of the extracts was mutagenic in Salmonella, either in the presence or absence of metabolic activation . However, all of the extracts, including the clean control, caused significant increases in both the SCE rate and in the number of chromosome aberrations in the CHO cells . There was no apparent relationship between contaminant levels and the magnitude of these responses or the doses at which they occurred, although the chemical analysis indicated a wide range in the concentrations of the different organochlorides present. J Hyg (Lond), 1983 Aug, 91(1), 53 - 8 A comparison of enrichment media for the isolation of salmonellae from seagull cloacal swabs; Fricker CR et al.; The relative efficiency of three selective enrichment broths (Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate . Rappaport's and selenite F) was investigated for the isolation of salmonellae from seagull cloacal swabs . Pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water was employed throughout the study, which involved the examination of 560 gulls, sixty (10.7%) of which were found to be carrying salmonellae . Rappaport's broth as modified by Vassiliadis for incubation at 43 degrees C (Vassiliadis et al . 1976) yielded the highest number of positive swabs (57) and the widest range of serotypes . It was significantly more efficient that either selenite F or tetrathionate broth, although the results obtained with Rappaport's broth incubated at 37 and 43 degrees C did not differ significantly (P greater than 0.5) . Eleven serotypes were isolated during the study, the most prevalent being Salmonella virchow. J Hyg (Lond), 1983 Aug, 91(1), 25 - 32 Salmonella isolation from reptilian faeces: a discussion of appropriate cultural techniques; Harvey RW et al.; A short study of salmonella isolation from reptile faeces is described . The samples came from the reptile house at the Bristol Zoological Gardens . The wide range of salmonella serotypes present in the material, including representatives of all four subgenera, is noted . The important factors in the technique of isolation are discussed . These are choice of inoculum, enrichment medium, and plating medium, use of multiple subculture and serological isolation . If the number of samples available is scanty, an extended technique will probably yield more information than a simple method. Environ Res, 1983 Aug, 31(2), 460 - 71 Fractionation, chemical analysis, and mutagenicity testing of low-Btu coal gasifier tar; Royer RE et al.; A tar from a low-Btu coal gasifier was subjected to parallel fractionation, chemical analysis, and bacterial mutagenicity (Salmonella) assay . Like other coal-derived tars, it was a complex mixture containing some high-molecular-weight material and several classes of organic compounds as major constituents . The results of bacterial mutagenicity testing of fractions and subfractions of the tar suggest that neutral nitrogen-containing compounds, phenols, organic bases, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and some uncharacterized high-molecular-weight materials are mutagenic to Salmonella and therefore are potentially mutagenic in higher systems. Am J Physiol, 1983 Aug, 245(2), H276 - 83 Cardiac and splenic norepinephrine turnovers in endotoxic rats; Pardini BJ et al.; Although sympathetic hyperactivity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of endotoxin shock, methodologies employed to assess the activity have been indirect in nature and results have been equivocal . The present experiments quantitated postganglionic sympathetic activity by measuring norepinephrine (NE) turnovers in hearts and spleens of fasted male Holtzman rats injected intravenously with Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (2 mg/300 g rat; 5.7-6.7 mg/kg) . NE turnovers were measured over 12 h by the {3H}NE decay method . Cardiac NE turnovers were increased in endotoxic rats (0.075 micrograms X g-1 X h-1) compared with controls (0.009) . Similarly, NE turnovers in spleens of endotoxic rats (0.099 micrograms X g-1 X h-1) were increased compared with control rats (0.033) . Because NE reuptake is depressed in spleens of severely shocked endotoxic rats, the singular effect of reduced reuptake (desmethylimipramine treatment, 20 mg/kg) on NE turnovers was evaluated in spleens of a separate group of control rats . Desmethylimipramine had no effect on the slopes of the NE decay lines compared with untreated rats (-0.015 +/- 0.008 vs . -0.015 +/- 0.029, respectively) . Thus these experiments support the concept of heightened sympathetic activation during endotoxicosis as assessed quantitatively in a noninvasive, unanesthetized rat model. Mutat Res, 1983 Aug, 121(2), 95 - 102 Mutagenesis in Salmonella after metabolic activation of carcinogenic azo dyes and their isomers by liver S9 from rats, mice and hamsters; Mori Y et al.; The mutagenicities of 3'-methyl-N,N-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB) and 3'-CH2OH-DAB, potent hepatocarcinogens, activated by rat-liver S9 were compared with those of their isomers (2'- or 4'-substituted DAB) and with those obtained with liver S9 from mice, hamsters and man . All 6 aminoazo dyes showed positive mutagenicity on both strains TA98 and TA100 in the presence of liver S9 from rats pretreated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) whereas 3'-Me-DAB and 3'-CH2OH-DAB were negative in the presence of S9 from other organs of rats and human liver . 3'-Me-DAB and 3'-CH2OH-DAB also showed negative or only a weak mutagenicity in the presence of liver S9 from non-treated animals . Treatment of the muta-carcinogens by liver S9 from PCB-treated mice or hamsters exerted mutagenicity on TA98, but less than that seen with rat-liver S9 . The activity of 3'-Me-DAB in the presence of female rat-liver S9 was lower than that obtained with the male . Thus a specificity in the aminoazo dye carcinogenesis in regard to species, sex and organ was also observed in the mutagenic effects of 3'-Me-DAB on Salmonella. Mutat Res, 1983 Aug, 113(5), 393 - 402 Evaluation of a methodology for the use of preparations from rat small intestine in the Salmonella/microsome assay; Walters JM et al.; A methodology is evaluated for the use in the Ames assay of a microsomal metabolising system derived from villous tip cells of rat small intestine . The procedure involved high frequency vibration of everted gut segments followed by gentle lysis and homogenisation . This technique, which has previously been shown to result routinely in high levels of cytochrome P450 and linked enzymes, has now been investigated for its ability to yield preparations capable of activating several promutagens in the Salmonella/plate incorporation test . The data obtained have been compared with results observed with standard rat liver metabolising fractions . In the presence of intestinal microsomes, 2-aminoanthracene, 2-aminofluorene, 2-acetylaminofluorene, aflatoxin B1, benzo{a}pyrene and cyclophosphamide all caused dose-related increases in revertants, the maximum yields of which were lower than those detected with liver microsomes or S9 mix . These and other differences in dose-responses have been discussed in relation to the levels of microsomal protein and cytochrome P450 plated and with respect to the activities of relevant enzymes in the tissue extracts. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1983 Aug, 71(2), 293 - 8 Effect of lithocholic acid on the mutagenicity of some substituted aromatic amines; Kawalek JC et al.; The effects of lithocholic acid on the mutagenicity of 24 aromatic amines in the Ames assay were examined . When lithocholic acid was added to the Salmonella/mammalian--microsome mutagenicity system with the use of postmitochondrial supernatant fractions from livers of male inbred SD rats pretreated with Aroclor 1254 or phenobarbital, various effects on the mutagenic responses were observed . The effects on mutagenicity varied with the substrate and the type of 9,000 X g-supernatant fraction . With preparations from phenobarbital-treated rats, lithocholic acid caused an inhibition of the mutagenic response with 16 of 24 compounds tested . The mutagenicity of three of these test compounds (2,4-diaminoanisole, 3-methoxy-4-aminoazobenzene, and 1-aminoanthracene) was unaffected by inclusion of lithocholic acid, while the lithocholic acid enhanced the mutagenicity of three others (2-aminoanthracene, 9-aminophenanthrene, and 2-acetylaminoanthracene) . With 9,000 X g-supernatant fractions from Aroclor 1254-treated rats, the mutagenicity of eight test compounds was unaffected and that of 10 others was inhibited, while the mutagenicity of six others was enhanced when lithocholic acid was included in Ames assay mixtures . These results demonstrate that lithocholic acid can cause three distinct effects on the mutagenicity of these amines when included in these assays, namely, 1) no effect--no change in mutagenicity of the test compound, 2) inhibitory--levels of mutations significantly decreased or inhibited relative to those of controls, and 3) enhancement--significantly higher levels of mutations relative to those of controls . On the basis of structure alone and without detailed knowledge of the metabolism of each test compound, no conclusions or predictions could be made regarding the effects of lithocholic acid on the mutagenicity of these or any other compounds in the Ames assay. Cancer Res, 1983 Aug, 43(8), 3544 - 52 Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of five antitumor ellipticines in mammalian cells and their structure-activity relationships in Salmonella; DeMarini DM et al.; The mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of five antitumor compounds (ellipticines) were investigated in the Chinese hamster ovary cell hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase assay and in six strains of Salmonella . All five compounds (ellipticine, 9-methoxyellipticine, 9-hydroxyellipticine, 9-aminoellipticine, and 2-methyl-9-hydroxyellipticinium) were cytotoxic and mutagenic in the Chinese hamster ovary cell hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase assay in the presence or absence of Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver S9, and all except the last compound were mutagenic in Salmonella . Based on the reversion pattern obtained in various frame-shift and DNA repair-proficient (uvrB+) or -deficient (uvrB) strains of Salmonella in the presence or absence of S9, the first three compounds appear to cause frame-shift mutations by both intercalation and covalent bonding with DNA; thus, these are classified as reactive intercalators . However, 9-aminoellipticine intercalates only weakly and may instead exert its mutagenic activity primarily (or exclusively) by forming a covalent adduct with DNA . Compared to the published antitumor data obtained in mice, the results in Salmonella and Chinese hamster ovary cells suggest that the ability of ellipticine, 9-methoxyellipticine, and 9-hydroxyellipticine to intercalate with DNA, induce frame-shift mutations, and cause cell killing is associated with and may be the basis for their antitumor activity . The observation that the ellipticines are mutagenic in mammalian cells suggests that these antitumor agents may be carcinogenic. Antibiotiki, 1983 Aug, 28(8), 589 - 91 {Combined antimicrobial action of mecillinam and ampicillin}; Khantimer EI; The combined effect of mecillinam and ampicillin on some Gram-negative bacteria was studied . It was shown that the combination of mecillinam and ampicillin had a pronounced synergistic effect on the majority of isolates, especially on the representatives of Salmonella. J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Aug, 18(2), 380 - 3 Evaluation of sodium polyanethanol sulfonate as a blood culture additive for recovery of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A; Escamilla J et al.; A total of 640 blood specimens from patients in an area endemic for enteric fever were cultured in parallel in tryptic soy broth with and without sodium polyanethanol sulfonate (SPS) . A total of 95 specimens were positive for Salmonella spp., 54 for Salmonella typhi, and 41 for Salmonella paratyphi A in one or both bottles of a set . Significantly higher rates of recovery were obtained from the SPS-containing medium (P less than 0.01) upon subculturing blindly at 24 h and 3 days of incubation . Subcultures performed at 7, 14, and 21 days also yielded a greater number of positive cultures with SPS than without it, although the differences between the two media were not significant (P greater than 0.05) . Neither of the media yielded 100% of the positive cultures . Moreover, even if the results of the two media were combined, 34 and 19% of the isolates would have been missed if the specimens had not been incubated to 14 and 21 days, respectively . The data indicate that SPS aids in early recovery of S . typhi and S . paratyphi A from blood cultures, and additionally, that under the conditions used in the study, incubation beyond a 1-week period is required for efficient isolation of these organisms from blood. S Afr Med J, 1983 Jul 2, 64(1), 28 - 9 Salmonella typhi meningitis . A case report; Coovadia YM et al.; A case of purulent Salmonella typhi meningitis in a 5-month-old child is discussed . The patient was treated successfully with amoxycillin, and there were no neurological sequelae . S . typhi should be included in the differential diagnosis of Gram-negative bacillary meningitis, especially in children from areas in which typhoid is endemic. Mutat Res, 1983 Jul, 118(1-2), 117 - 25 Comparative mammalian in vitro and in vivo studies on the mutagenic activity of rhodamine WT; Douglas GR et al.; Rhodamine WT, a xanthene dye used in the tracing of pollutants in water and in related studies, was tested for its mutagenicity in a battery of in vitro and in vivo mammalian assays . Using Chinese hamster ovary cells in the absence of metabolic activation mix, small dose-related increases in cytotoxicity, DNA damage (as detected by alkaline sucrose-gradient sedimentation) and sister-chromatid exchanges were detected, but an increase in the level of chromosomal damage was not seen . In the presence of metabolic activation a small, but statistically significant dose-related increase in sister-chromatid exchanges was evident, with no increase in cytotoxicity, DNA damage or chromosome aberrations . Furthermore, no increase in bone marrow micronuclei or sperm abnormalities was observed in male B6C3F1 mice . The data from all these mammalian assays, although involving different end-points, are in contrast to the mutagenic effects previously seen in Salmonella. Infect Immun, 1983 Jul, 41(1), 443 - 4 Correlation between the presence of a fifty-megadalton plasmid in Salmonella dublin and virulence for mice; Terakado N et al.; All of the Salmonella dublin organisms isolated from cattle in Japan (20 strains) and in Europe (2 strains) harbored one plasmid of approximately 50 megadaltons (Mdal) . The biochemical reactions of a derivative strain (5230P-) cured of the 50-Mdal plasmid were those of its parental strain 5230P+ . However, the strain 5230P- proved to be 100- to 1,000-fold less virulent for mice compared with that of the strain 5230P+, suggesting that the virulent phenotypes of S . dublin may be mediated by the 50-Mdal plasmid. Am J Public Health, 1983 Jul, 73(7), 770 - 2 Traveler's diarrhea at sea: two multi-pathogen outbreaks caused by food eaten on shore visits; Berkelman RL et al.; In 1976 and 1981, two outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness aboard cruise ships occurred within 24 hours following onshore visits to Haiti and Mexico, respectively . Three hundred eighty-six of 600 (64 per cent) and 98 of 260 (38 per cent) passengers became ill following luncheons in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, and Cozumel, Mexico . No increase in illness was observed among those passengers who did not attend the onshore luncheons . In both outbreaks, unrefrigerated seafood dishes served at outdoor buffets were epidemiologically incriminated as the vehicles of transmission . Several species of Vibrion, Salmonella, and toxigenic Escherichia coli were recovered from stool specimens of ill passengers in both outbreaks . In addition, invasive Escherichia coli and Shigella were isolated from stool specimens of ill passengers who ate at the Haitian buffet . Previous investigations of outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness aboard cruise ships have implicated exposures on board as the source and have involved only a single pathogen. Lab Anim, 1983 Jul, 17(3), 213 - 6 Clinical salmonellosis in a guinea pig colony caused by a new Salmonella serotype, Salmonella ochiogu; Onyekaba CO; During a severe outbreak of clinical salmonellosis in an experimental guinea pig colony, a new strain of Salmonella was isolated and identified . The new serotype, with the antigenic structure 1,3,19 : Z38 : e, n, Z15, for which the name Salmonella ochiogu has been suggested, caused both enteric and systemic infection in the animal colony . During the outbreak a total of 127 animals died (26.9%) . All ages of animal were affected . Treatment with oral tetracycline was successful when combined with strict hygienic measures. Can J Comp Med, 1983 Jul, 47(3), 373 - 4 A comparison of two enrichment and two plating media for the isolation of Salmonella sp . from broilers; Truscott RB; Twenty duplicate cloacal swabs and the intestines of 98 broilers were cultured using Rappaport-Vassiliadis and tetrathionate as enrichment broths . These were plated to brilliant green and modified dulcitol brilliant green agars at one, two and seven days . Salmonellae were recovered with greater frequency from tetrathionate plated to modified dulcitol brilliant green than the other combinations. Avian Dis, 1983 Jul-Sep, 27(3), 822 - 9 Effective control of a gentamicin-resistant Salmonella arizonae infection in turkey poults; Ekperigin HE et al.; A gentamicin-resistant Salmonella arizonae isolate was identified as the cause of an unusually high early mortality rate in several flocks of poults produced by a primary turkey breeder . The company routinely dipped its hatching eggs in 500 ppm gentamicin before incubation and injected each poult at 1 day of age with 1 mg gentamicin . Mortality was reduced to normal, but S . arizonae was not eliminated by injecting the day-old poults with higher doses of gentamicin . S . arizonae was not isolated from sample normal-sized poults in treated groups when tetracyclines were used for antibiotic inoculation of day-old poults . Tetracyclines seemed to be completely effective only when a 5-mg subcutaneous injection per day-old poult was combined with an approximately equal dose in drinking water daily for 4 days, and therapy was accompanied by the culling of runts and other debilitated poults. J Infect, 1983 Jul, 7(1), 67 - 71 Salmonella-infected subdural haematoma; Boles JM et al.; Post-traumatic chronic subdural haematoma infected by Salmonella sandiego is reported in a 55-year-old alcoholic man . Treatment involved a four-weeks' course of chloramphenicol and also subdural drainage . The patient ultimately recovered . Only four such cases have been reported in the literature . The mode of infection of the subdural haematoma is presumed to have been haematogenous in the absence of an otorhinological focus, meningitis or previous neurosurgery. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Jul, (7), 73 - 7 {Protective action of a vaccine made from Salmonella minnesota R 595 in the intranasal infection of mice with P . aeruginosa}; Apollonin AV; The comparative study of heated corpuscular vaccines prepared from S . minnesota mutant R 595, chemotype Re, from S . minnesota strain SF 1111 with defective lipopolysaccharide and from P . aeruginosa strain PA 103 has been carried out . The vaccine prepared from the chemotype Re mutant, in contrast to the vaccine prepared from S . minnesota strain SF 1111, has been found to induce the development of active immunity (and the corresponding antiserum, passive immunity) to P . aeruginosa introduced intranasally into mice, as well as to stimulate the elimination of the cells of P . aeruginosa infective strain from the lungs of the mice . The potency of the vaccine prepared from the chemotype Re mutant has been found to be significantly no different from that of the vaccine prepared from P . aeruginosa strain PA 103. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Jul, (7), 35 - 8 {Fatty acid composition of the lipopolysaccharides of bacteria in the genera Escherichia, Shigella and Salmonella as a taxonomic trait}; Cherniavskaia EN et al.; The comparative study of the fatty acid composition of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the genera Escherichia, Shigella, Salmonella has been carried out under identical experimental conditions . The LPS of the bacteria under study have been found to contain a number of saturated fatty acids and oxyacids which could not be previously detected in these bacteria in other studies . In all bacterial strains under study LPS include mainly 3-oxytetradecanoic, tetradecanoic and dodecanoic fatty acids . The essential feature of the fatty acid composition of Salmonella is the presence of 2-oxytetradecanoic acid; this acid is absent in Escherichia and Shigella, which can thus be used as a differentiating criterion . The content of other fatty acids in Salmonella is similar to that in Escherichia and Shigella . These data confirm that the genera Escherichia, Shigella and Salmonella are phylogenetically related, the relationship between Escherichia and Shigella being more close. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1983 Jul, 4(5-6), 593 - 601 Sensitivity of smooth Salmonella cholerae-suis var kunzendorf to killing by porcine polymorphonuclear neutrophils and its relation to mouse virulence; Griffith RW et al.; Twenty-two selected strains of Salmonella cholerae-suis var kunzendorf were evaluated for their in vitro susceptibility to the actions of porcine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and/or antibody (Ab) . Strains were divided into 2 groups based on their previously reported sensitivity or resistance to antibody-complement (Ab-C) lysis . Strains resistant to Ab-C lysis resisted killing by PMNs to a greater extent than strains susceptible to Ab-C lysis . In the absence of PMNs, dilute Ab alone enhanced the growth of the Ab-C sensitive strains over that of the Ab-C resistant strains . Each of the strains was also injected intraperitoneally into a group of 5 mice . Four strains were totally avirulent for mice and the other 18 strains had a mean time to death of 5.1 +/- 1.8 d . PMNs killed bacteria in both the virulent and avirulent groups but no significant differences were observed . Antibody alone had a stimulating effect on the virulent strains but no effect on the avirulent strains . The difference between these groups was highly significant P = .005. Infect Control, 1983 Jul-Aug, 4(4), 205 - 8 Nursery salmonellosis: delayed recognition due to unusually long incubation period; Seals JE et al.; A nursery outbreak of diarrheal illness caused by Salmonella nienstedten initially involved seven infants cared for in one nursery; secondary infection subsequently affected one infant cared for in the same nursery as well as four other infants . Recognition of the outbreak was delayed due to an unusually long incubation period . The period from last known exposure to onset of diarrhea ranged from two to 18 days, with a median of ten days . The prolonged incubation period may have resulted from a low inoculum of the organism, from a previously unknown characteristic of Salmonella nienstedten, or may be an age-specific response . Hospital infection control personnel should be aware that nosocomial cases of salmonellosis may have a longer incubation period than has been previously recognized. Avian Dis, 1983 Jul-Sep, 27(3), 616 - 22 Distribution of paratyphoids on Saudi Arabian poultry farms and pathogenicity studies of predominant serotypes; Barbour EK et al.; A total of 412 feed samples and 632 litter samples from 15 poultry farms (2 breeding farms and 13 rearing farms) were examined for salmonella . Twelve of these farms had salmonella in litter, five farms had salmonella in the feed and four had salmonella in both feed and litter . Seventeen feed samples (4.13%) and 121 litter samples (19.15%) were contaminated with salmonella . Sixteen salmonella serotypes were encountered, of which six were found in both feed and litter . Salmonella concord and S . livingstone were present in the litter of one breeding farm and its progeny farms . The five most frequently isolated salmonella serotypes in feed and litter were S . concord (17.39%), S . coeln (15.94%), S . livingstone (15.22%), S . manhattan (11.59%), and S . paratyphi B var . java (8.69%) . The pathogenicities of those serotypes were determined by calculating their median lethal doses (LD50) 24 and 48 hr postinjection of 1,050 one-day-old broiler chicks via the navel into the yolk sac . The composite 48-hr LD50s (viable cells) were: S . concord, less than 8.8 X 10(3); S . livingstone, 1.1 X 10(5); S . manhattan, 3.5 X 10(5); S . coeln, 1.25 X 10(7); and S . paratyphi B var . java, 1.73 X 10(7). J Gen Microbiol, 1983 Jul, 129 (Pt 7), 2199 - 206 The serological properties of the cell surface proteins of Vibrio cholerae; Kabir S; The serological properties of cell surface proteins of Vibrio cholerae belonging to both the biotypes (classical and El Tor) and the serotypes (Ogawa and Inaba) were investigated . Proteins were isolated by extracting V . cholerae with EDTA in the presence of sodium chloride . The surface localization of these proteins was confirmed with (a) radioiodinated protein A as an immunoprobe and (b) antiserum absorption studies with whole bacteria . There were similarities among the polypeptides of cell surface proteins isolated from various V . cholerae types . Antisera to these proteins agglutinated several V . cholerae strains, irrespective of biotype, serotype and antibiotic sensitivity . The antisera did not agglutinate pathogenic enteric bacteria such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella spp., Aeromonas hydrophila and Yersinia enterocolitica . The cell surface proteins of V . cholerae were immunogenic in rabbits as high titres of anti-protein specific antibodies were detected by the ELISA technique in the immune sera . These results suggest that the cell surface proteins are common antigens of V . cholerae and can be developed as a potential vaccine candidate against cholera. Avian Dis, 1983 Jul-Sep, 27(3), 766 - 72 R plasmid-mediated gentamicin resistance in salmonellae isolated from turkeys and their environment; Hirsh DC et al.; Gentamicin-resistant salmonellae were isolated from turkey poults, hatching eggs, and litter on three unrelated farms and from a scrub jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) on a fourth farm unrelated to the other three . The isolates were Salmonella arizonae from three of the farms (poults, eggs, scrub jay) and S . thompson (litter) from the fourth farm . The genes responsible for gentamicin resistance were located on the same conjugal plasmid . This plasmid also encoded resistance to kanamycin, streptomycin, ampicillin, and sulfadiazine. J Infect Dis, 1983 Jul, 148(1), 12 - 7 Evaluation of isolated cases of salmonellosis by plasmid profile analysis: introduction and transmission of a bacterial clone by precooked roast beef; Riley LW et al.; In July-August 1981, the number of isolated cases of salmonellosis in New Jersey and Pennsylvania markedly increased . Concurrently, two outbreaks in these states caused by the same Salmonella serotypes were traced to a single brand of precooked roast beef . Plasmid profiles of outbreak and isolated strains were examined, and Salmonella newport isolates from the implicated meat and from cases in the two outbreaks were identified with a unique profile, present in 45% of reported strains from isolated cases in this area during the same period . Review of the food exposure histories in isolated cases demonstrated association between this plasmid profile and consumption of precooked roast beef (P = 0.003) . Examination of S newport strains from other regions and intervals indicated that this strain was introduced into these two states sometime after March 1981 . Thus, plasmid profile analysis was useful in studying the epidemiology of isolated cases of salmonellosis due to a sensitive common serotype. J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Jul, 18(1), 219 - 21 Isolation of Salmonella enteritidis, serotype Horsham, from three American Indian Tribes; Castle SP et al.; Salmonella enteritidis, serotype Horsham, identified rarely worldwide, was isolated from the stools of six American Indians with gastroenteritis . The patients were from separate tribes located in three geographically distinct villages . Although significant contact was demonstrated between ill individuals within two tribes, no common source for the organism has been identified. Infect Immun, 1983 Jul, 41(1), 224 - 31 Purification and immunochemical properties of Escherichia coli B polysaccharide cross-reacting with Salmonella typhi Vi antigen: preliminary evidence for cross-reaction of the polysaccharide with Escherichia coli K1 antigen; Szewczyk B et al.; An acidic polysaccharide of Escherichia coli B was isolated by a mild procedure and purified to homogeneity . The polysaccharide was found to react in Salmonella typhi Vi antisera and E . coli K1 antisera . Serological analysis and preliminary chemical characterization of the polysaccharide indicated that it is an aminouronic acid polymer which, although not structurally identical to either Vi or K1, appears more like the Vi antigen, both immunochemically and chemically. J Infect, 1983 Jul, 7(1), 2 - 20 Sickle cell disease and infection; Onwubalili JK; Overwhelming infections caused by encapsulated bacteria, salmonella spp . and Plasmodium falciparum (in malarious areas) are an important cause of morbidity and death in patients with sickle cell disease . Bacterial infections afflicting these patients include fulminant meningitis and septicaemia caused by Str . pneumoniae and H . influenzae type b, and non-typhoid salmonellosis . Children less than five years of age are at greatest risk for meningitis and septicaemia, while salmonella osteomyelitis is probably common to all age groups . The most important contributing factors to this increased susceptibility to encapsulated bacteria are: a state of functional asplenia, an opsonophagocytic defect due to an abnormality of the alternative complement pathway, and a deficiency of specific circulating antibodies . Devitalisation of gut and bone due to repetitive vaso-occlusive crises, saturation of the macrophage system with red cell breakdown products of chronic haemolysis, and underlying splenic and hepatic dysfunction all predispose to salmonella infections . Seventy per cent of septicaemias and meningitis among under-fives with sickle cell disease is caused by Str . pneumoniae . Septicaemia frequently presents with sudden fever, few prodromal features, and a deceptive appearance of well-being, followed within hours by rapid relentless progression to shock and death . Adrenal haemorrhage is common, and mortality can be as high as 50 per cent, unless intravenous antibiotic, with or without steroid therapy, is promptly initiated . The clinical presentation of bacterial meningitis, its management and mortality follow the normal patterns, but recurrent meningitis and cerebrovascular morbidity are common in patients with sickle cell disease . An acute pulmonary involvement, indistinguishable from bacterial pneumonia (the 'chest syndrome') is the commonest single complication of sickle cell disease at any age . Str . pneumoniae is responsible for about half of the episodes . The protective values of the pneumococcal vaccine and long-term penicillin prophylaxis remain to be established in sickle cell disease . Over 70 per cent of haematogenous osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease is caused by salmonellae . The distinction from vaso-occlusive bone crisis is often difficult, but the presence of multiple, often symmetrical bone involvement, diaphyseal fissuring and involucrum should suggest osteomyelitis rather than bone infarction . Chloramphenicol remains the drug of choice and often has to be given in high doses for up to six weeks . The role of surgery is limited by the presence of multiple bone involvement and the known anaesthetic risks in this group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Am J Vet Res, 1983 Jul, 44(7), 1309 - 16 Pathophysiologic features of swine dysentery: cyclic nucleotide-independent production of diarrhea; Schmall LM et al.; Net electrolyte and water transport and unidirectional Na+ fluxes were examined in ligated colonic loops of clinically normal pigs and in pigs with swine dysentery (etiologic agent Treponema hyodysenteriae) in the presence or absence of theophylline . In normal pigs, theophylline abolished net Na+ absorption via a reduction in the lumen-to-blood flux, decreased Cl- absorption, and increased HCO3- accumulation in the lumen . In infected pigs, all net ion transport was abolished, with the addition of theophylline producing little effect . The absence of net Na+ absorption in infected pigs was also the result of a decreased lumen-to-blood flux . Seemingly, colonic malabsorption may be the primary transport alteration in swine dysentery . Concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) were measured in samples of colonic mucosa from normal and infected pigs after in vitro exposure to a Ringer's solution containing 0 or 20 mM theophylline . Basal values of cAMP or cGMP did not increase in infected colonic mucosa . There was a diminished capacity of the infected mucosa to respond to theophylline . Alterations in ion transport in conjunction with measurements of cAMP and cGMP indicated that the pathogenic mechanism(s) in swine dysentery were not similar to those of Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, or Escherichia coli diarrhea. J Bacteriol, 1983 Jul, 155(1), 74 - 81 DNA sequence adjacent to flagellar genes and evolution of flagellar-phase variation; Szekely E et al.; A variety of factors, including phase variation, are involved in the regulation of flagellin gene expression in Salmonella sp . Flagellar-phase variation refers to the alternate expression of two different flagellin genes, H1 and H2 . Site-specific inversion of a DNA segment adjacent to the H2 gene is responsible for switching expression . The segment includes the H2 promoter as well as the hin gene, which is required to mediate the inversion . Sequences in this region have homology with the corresponding sequences adjacent to the H1 flagellin gene in Salmonella sp . and the hag flagellin gene in Escherichia coli . The hin gene has also been shown to be homologous to the gin gene, which is found on bacteriophage Mu . To understand gene expression and the origin of these relationships, we have compared the DNA sequence adjacent to all three flagellin genes . The sequence data suggest a mechanism for the evolution of the hin-H2 locus. Angiology, 1983 Jul, 34(7), 436 - 9 Cardiovascular complications of enteric fever; Siwach SB et al.; A case of a young female having salmonella typhi infection with cardiovascular complications in the form of myocarditis and femoral artery occlusion is reported . The relevant literature on the subject is reviewed, and possible mechanisms discussed. Vet Rec, 1983 Jun 18, 112(25), 580 - 4 Outbreaks of Salmonella newport infection in dairy herds and their relationship to management and contamination of the environment; Clegg FG et al.; Two outbreaks of Salmonella newport infection in dairy herds are described which were characterised by haemorrhagic enteritis . The history of the outbreaks, the extent of the losses, clinical and laboratory findings and treatment are described . The first herd consisted of 193 cattle, of which seven died, three aborted and another 84 required treatment . Salmonellosis persisted over 14 months throughout the summer on a paddock grazing system and continued during the following winter when the herd was loose housed . The relationship of the commencement of clinical disease to dietary changes and to the time of calving is described, as are the problems in controlling the disease . The second herd consisted of 98 milking cows and a few beef animals . One cow died and two aborted; altogether 18 were clinically affected . The epidemiology of the disease and the geographical relationship between the two farms is described . Extensive contamination of streams occurred and one cow died on a neighbouring third farm . In contact humans were found to be excreting the organism . The public health significance of the outbreak is discussed because bulk milk samples were contaminated with salmonellae for 10 months and local streams were polluted with human sewage. Vet Rec, 1983 Jun 18, 112(25), 578 - 80 Milkborne salmonellosis in Scotland 1980 to 1982; Reilly WJ et al.; In Scotland between 1980 and 1982 there were 21 episodes of milkborne salmonella affecting a total of 1090 persons (range one to 654) . There were eight deaths, including two children, in people associated with these outbreaks . The problem of milkborne salmonellosis continues to be greater in Scotland, where dairy herds on average are larger and a greater proportion of raw milk is consumed, than elsewhere in Britain . It is anticipated that legislation requiring the pasteurisation of virtually all milk sold for human consumption in Scotland by August 1983, will help to correct the situation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 1983 Jun 15, 69(1), 48 - 54 Enhancement of mutagenic activity in Salmonella by contraceptive steroids; Rao TK et al.; Two oral contraceptive steroids, mestranol and norethynodrel, were evaluated for mutagenicity in the Salmonella histidine reversion assay . The pure forms of the hormones were not mutagenic when tested with either missense (TA1535, TA100) or frameshift (TA98, TA1538, TA1537) strains . In vitro activation of the hormones with liver homogenates from rats induced either with phenobarbital or Aroclor did not influence these results . However, mestranol was capable of enhancing the mutation yield obtained by an ineffective subthreshold dose of 2-acetylaminofluorene . Dimethyl sulfoxide extracts of two contraceptive pills, Ovulen-21 (containing mestranol) or Enovid-E (containing mestranol or norethynodrel), also were nonmutagenic . But again, both these extracts were capable of enhancing the mutation yield induced with an ineffective dosage of 2-acetylaminofluorene and N-nitrosopiperidine . These studies point to the possible promotional effect and subsequent potential hazard to the female consumers who use these hormones as a means of pregnancy control. Am J Med, 1983 Jun 14, 74(6A), 91 - 6 Studies on the beneficial effects of aspirin in endotoxic shock . Relationship to inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism; Halushka PV et al.; Endotoxic shock is associated with increased metabolism of arachidonic acid into thromboxanes and prostaglandins . This study assessed the effects of varied doses of aspirin, an inhibitor of arachidonic acid metabolism, on Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin-induced mortality, plasma levels of arachidonate metabolites, and other pathophysiologic sequelae in Long-Evans rats . Aspirin in doses of 3.75, 15, and 30 mg/kg given 30 minutes prior to endotoxin challenge significantly (p less than 0.01) improved 24-hour survival rates from 11 percent to approximately 65 percent, but 100 mg/kg afforded no protection . Pretreatment with aspirin (15 or 100 mg/kg) 30 minutes prior to endotoxin also significantly (p less than 0.001) decreased the endotoxin-induced elevations in plasma levels of immunoreactive thromboxane B2, a stable metabolite of thromboxane A2, and immunoreactive 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha, a stable metabolite of prostacyclin . Aspirin doses of 15 or 100 mg/kg given 24 hours prior to challenge with endotoxin significantly improved 24-hour survival rates from 17 percent to 42 percent (p less than 0.01) and 44 percent (p less than 0.005), respectively . Pretreatment with an aspirin dose of 15 mg/kg 24 hours prior to challenge with endotoxin significantly (p less than 0.05) inhibited thrombin-induced immunoreactive thromboxane B2 synthesis in platelet-rich plasma (in vitro) and endotoxin-induced immunoreactive 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and immunoreactive thromboxane B2 synthesis by rat peritoneal macrophages . Although 24-hour pretreatment with aspirin (15 or 100 mg/kg) significantly (p less than 0.001) reduced endotoxin-induced elevations in immunoreactive thromboxane B2, only the 100 mg/kg dose significantly lowered plasma levels of immunoreactive 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha . These observations are consistent with the notion that the beneficial effects of aspirin seen in experimental endotoxic shock may be mediated, in part, via inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism. J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Jun, 17(6), 1159 - 60 Plasmid profiles of value in differentiating Salmonella muenster isolates; Bezanson GS et al.; Strains of Salmonella muenster displaying identical antibiotic susceptibility and bacteriophage reaction patterns were found to differ in their complements of plasmid DNA . Plasmid profiles were used to separate 40 isolates from diverse sources into four distinct groups, one of which contained 30 strains without plasmids. Mutat Res, 1983 Jun-Jul, 110(1), 9 - 22 Activation of nitrosamines and other carcinogens by mouse-liver S9, mouse hepatocytes and in the host-mediated assay produces different mutagenic responses in Salmonella TA1535; Kerklaan P et al.; 5 indirect alkylating carcinogens, namely, dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA), methylethylnitrosamine (MENA), diethylnitrosamine (DENA), 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and cyclophosphamide (CP), were tested in liquid incubation assays for their mutagenic activity towards Salmonella TA1535 in the presence of mouse-liver homogenate (S9) or freshly isolated, single liver-cell preparations . The capacity of these mouse-liver preparations to activate the compounds to mutagens for TA1535 was compared with the mutagenic effect of low doses of the carcinogens in intrasanguineous host-mediated assays, with the same strain of mice as host . Although the mouse hepatocytes retained their activating capacity longer than S9 preparations did during incubation at 37 degrees C, the latter gave much higher yields of mutants with 10 mM (DMNA, MENA, DMH) and 5 mM (CP) of 4 out of the 5 compounds . DENA was not mutagenic in either assay . These differences between whole cell and disrupted cell preparations were reduced or absent when the concentrations of the test compounds were reduced by a factor of 10 . It was concluded that hepatocytes at the maximal concentration of cells have a limited capacity to metabolize the mutagens . On the basis of protein concentration, hepatocytes are more effective (nitrosamines) or equally effective (CP and DMH) in activating the compounds . Compared with the host-mediated assays, both liver fractions have only a marginal potential to activate equal low amounts of the carcinogens . The present results do not indicate that hepatocytes take an 'intermediate' position between existing in vitro and in vivo activation systems, although they do suggest that these mouse hepatocyte preparations activate the nitrosamines DMNA and MENA in a quantitatively or qualitatively different way than do mouse-liver homogenates. Immun Infekt, 1983 Jun, 11(4), 135 - 9 {Bacterial antibodies and isoagglutinins in intravenous immunoglobulin preparations}; Haase M et al.; Various lots of intravenous immunoglobulins for passive immunization should contain almost the same, broad, antibody profile and provoke very low frequencies of untoward reactions . From 1976-1982 a study was undertaken to measure the level of antibodies directed against tetanustoxin, diphtheriatoxin, streptolysin O, staphylolysin, and salmonella in up to 82 lots . It is interesting to note that the measured level of antibodies in intravenous immunoglobulins varied only slightly as well qualitatively as quantitatively with one exception: an immunoglobulin of placental origin . The amount of tetanusantitoxin in the majority of lots of that preparation was ten-fold lower than that of the other immunoglobulins . Intravenous immunoglobulins contain generally 3-6 IE/ml antistaphylolysin, 600-1200 IE/ml antistreptolysin O, 10-20 IE/ml tetanusantitoxin, and 1-2 IE/ml diphtheriaantitoxin . Antibodies to salmonella could not be demonstrated . Some of the lots exhibited isoagglutinins up to a dilution of 1 : 4. Immun Infekt, 1983 Jun, 11(4), 135 - 9 {Bacterial antibodies and isoagglutinins in intravenous immunoglobulin preparations}; Haase M et al.; Various lots of intravenous immunoglobulins for passive immunization should contain almost the same, broad, antibody profile and provoke very low frequencies of untoward reactions . From 1976-1982 a study was undertaken to measure the level of antibodies directed against tetanustoxin , diphtheriatoxin , streptolysin O, staphylolysin , and salmonella in up to 82 lots . It is interesting to note that the measured level of antibodies in intravenous immunoglobulins varied only slightly as well qualitatively as quantitatively with one exception: an immunoglobulin of placental origin . The amount of tetanusantitoxin in the majority of lots of that preparation was ten-fold lower than that of the other immunoglobulins . Intravenous immunoglobulins contain generally 3-6 IE/ml antistaphylolysin , 600-1200 IE/ml antistreptolysin O, 10-20 IE/ml tetanusantitoxin , and 1-2 IE/ml diphtheriaantitoxin . Antibodies to salmonella could not be demonstrated . Some of the lots exhibited isoagglutinins up to a dilution of 1 : 4. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1983 Jun, 14(2), 210 - 5 Unusual manifestations of Salmonella infection; Laosombat V et al.; A case report a patient with Salmonella group B septicemia is presented . This patient had continuous high fever for one month, bronchopneumonia, pancytopenia, mucous bloody diarrhea and generalized lymphadenopathy. Jpn J Med Sci Biol, 1983 Jun, 36(3), 191 - 7 Surveillance for typhoid fever in Matsuyama city during 1974-1981 and detection of Salmonella typhi in sewage and river waters; Shinohara N et al.; Eighty-two cases of typhoid fever were found in Matsuyama city in the period from 1974 to 1981 . Seventy-six cases were found to be infected with Salmonella typhi other three with Salmonella paratyphi A, and the remaining three were diagnosed only clinically . The strains of S . typhi isolated from these patients showed such a variety of Vi-phage types as D1, D2, E1, M1, 53 and degraded Vi-positive strain (DVS) . The concurrent survey of the city sewage and river waters for typhoid bacilli was conducted with total 578 samples taken therefrom . S . typhi was isolated from 120 of those samples . The Vi-phage types of the isolates were closely related with those of the isolates from the patients . The periodical examinations of the city sewage and the draining river may serve as a useful means for the controlling typhoid fever epidemics. Trop Geogr Med, 1983 Jun, 35(2), 187 - 8 Endocarditis due to Salmonella typhi; Tongia RK et al.; A case of endocarditis caused by Salmonella typhi is reported in a 24-year-old Egyptian woman known to have rheumatic heart disease . The diagnosis was confirmed by positive blood cultures and echocardiogram. J Reticuloendothel Soc, 1983 Jun, 33(6), 443 - 56 Immunoregulation by macrophages II . Separation of mouse peritoneal macrophages having tumoricidal and bactericidal activities and those secreting PGE and interleukin I; Hopper KE et al.; Macrophage subpopulations having bactericidal or tumoricidal activities and secreting interleukin I (IL1) or prostaglandin E (PGE) were identified through primary or secondary infection with Salmonella enteritidis and separated by sedimentation velocity . Bactericidal activity was measured by {3H}-thymidine release from Listeria monocytogenes and tumoricidal activity by 51Cr-release from C-4 fibrosarcoma or P815 mastocytoma cells . Macrophages with bactericidal activity were distinguished from those with tumoricidal activity a) during secondary infection when cytolytic activity occurred only at days 1-4 post injection and bactericidal activity remained high throughout and b) after sedimentation velocity separation . Cytolysis was consistently greatest among adherent cells of low sedimentation velocity, whereas cells with bactericidal activity increased in size during the infection . Tumour cytostasis (inhibition and promotion of {3H}-thymidine uptake) differed from cytolysis in that the former was more prolonged during infection and was also detected among large cells . Secretion of immunoregulatory molecules PGE and IL1 occurred maximally among different macrophage subpopulations separated by sedimentation velocity and depending on the type of stimulus used in vitro . There was an inverse correlation between IL1 production and PGE production after stimulation with C3-zymosan or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . The development of immunity during infection may therefore be dependent upon the relative proportions of effector and regulatory macrophage subpopulations and the selective effects of environmental stimuli on these functions. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 1983 Jun, 1(2), 163 - 4 Paratyphoid orchitis; Weinstein ML et al.; A case of pyogenic orchitis due to infection with Salmonella enteritidis ser . Paratyphi B is discussed . Unlike previously reported cases of Salmonella orchitis, this patient developed infection by bacteremic spread and not by direct extension from the epididymis . Therapy with chloramphenicol resulted in an excellent clinical response. Cancer Res, 1983 Jun, 43(6), 2659 - 63 Influence of benzoflavone on aflatoxin B1-induced cytotoxicity, mutation, and transformation of C3H/10T1/2 cells; Billings PC et al.; Aflatoxin B1 (AFLB1), a metabolite of the fungus Aspergillus flavus, is hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic in several animal species and is thought to play an etiological role in human liver cancer . C3H/10T1/2 clone 8 mouse embryo fibroblasts are killed, mutated, and morphologically transformed byAFLB1 . 7,8-Benzoflavone, a known inhibitor of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, inhibits this enzymatic activity in C3H/10T1/2 cells . Furthermore, benzoflavone inhibits the binding of AFLB1, to the DNA of C3H/10T1/2 cells . Benzoflavone also inhibits AFLB1-induced cytotoxicity and mutation of C3H/10T1/2 cells, as well as inhibiting the activation of AFLB1 into mutagenic metabolites capable of reverting the Ames Salmonella tester strain TA98 . Interestingly, benzoflavone had no effect on the oncogenic transformation of these cells by AFLB1 . Therefore, benzoflavone inhibits the DNA binding, cytotoxic, and mutagenic effects of AFLB1 but does not reduce the morphological transformation of C3H/10T1/2 cells by this mycotoxin. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Jun, (6), 58 - 60 {Characteristics of Salmonella mutants competent for isolated nucleic acids}; Zaikin VL et al.; The method for the isolation of transfectable salmonellae by growing them in a liquid medium for a long time and selecting R-clones, subsequently tested in the Ca2+-dependent transfection of the DNA of bacteriophage P22 H5, was developed . The probability of obtaining transfectable clones varied between 18.3% and 48.3% in different Salmonella strains . Testing their sensitivity to specific bacteriophages used for the determination of structural distortions in the lipopolysaccharide layer of the cell wall made it possible to divide transfectable Salmonella clones into 3 phenotypical groups . The effectiveness of the formation of transfectants in the Ca2+-dependent transfection of the DNA of bacteriophage P22 H5 increased to 4.0 X 10(-8) - 8.0 X 10(-8) in the isolated R-clones of S . typhimurium strain SU453 . In contrast to the initial strain, these R-clones were characterized not only by more effective transfection, but also by the possibility of plasmid transformation. Z Gesamte Inn Med, 1983 Jun 1, 38(11), 70 - 2 {Importation of Shigella and Salmonella into East Germany}; Rische H; The international tourist traffic and the import of provisions also involves the importation of Shigella and Salmonella into the GDR . In 1980 9% of the Shigella sonnei infections and 50% of the Shigella flexneri infections were imported from 22 or 26 countries, in most cases from tourist countries, typical for the GDR . The Salmonella are imported mainly by feed-stuff . But also the spreading particularly of polyresistant Salmonella by epidemic processes independent of provisions, above all among newborn, must be taken into consideration . The phage typing, bacteriocinotypy, biochemotypy, the antibioram and the determination of the resistance plasmids stood the test for the epidemiological control. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1983 Jun, 45(6), 1816 - 21 Enzyme immunoassay in which a myeloma protein is used for detection of salmonellae; Robison BJ et al.; An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in which an immunoglobulin A monoclonal antibody from a myeloma (MOPC 467) is used was developed to detect the presence of Salmonella organisms . This myeloma protein binds to a flagellar determinant of the organisms but is not directed toward the H antigens . Of 100 strains tested, 94% were detectable with this antibody . The EIA, used with MOPC 467, is quick, sensitive, and specific, showing virtually no cross-reactivity to other enteric organisms . Initial screening of antibody reactivity was performed by Ouchterlony gel diffusion with the supernatants of heat-treated Salmonella cultures . After this, an EIA was performed on the heat extracts with the myeloma protein, which had been directly coupled to alkaline phosphatase . A positive reaction was indicated by the production of a yellow color after the addition of a substrate (p-nitrophenylphosphate), and this was quantitated by determining the absorbance at 405 nm . The EIA proved to be slightly more sensitive than the Ouchterlony analysis . The sensitivity of the EIA is such that as few as 10(6) Salmonella organisms per ml were detected . This concentration was easily obtained after a 24-h preenrichment incubation of the sample . Mixtures of Salmonella strains with a 10 x concentration of Escherichia coli did not prevent detection of the Salmonella strains . This EIA can be successfully used to detect contamination of foods, as it was used to detect the intentional contamination of infant formula in these studies . Indications are that the EIA is sensitive enough to detect Salmonella strains in M broth subcultures taken directly from a preenrichment culture . Testing of samples could thus be completed 36 h after culture initiation, rather than after 96 h, the time currently needed. J Clin Invest, 1983 Jun, 71(6), 1893 - 6 Cultured human endothelial cells generate tissue factor in response to endotoxin; Colucci M et al.; Bacterial infection is associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation and fibrin deposition in the microcirculation; the mechanism of these effects in humans is still unclear . We have studied the generation of procoagulant activity (PCA) by cultured human endothelial cells (EC) in response to endotoxin . Cells from umbilical cord veins were grown in Eagle's minimum essential medium with 20% fetal calf serum till confluence . Absence of fibroblasts and macrophages was carefully checked . Endotoxin (Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) W or Escherichia coli 0111:B4 LPS W, 0.01-1.0 micrograms/ml) was added to culture dishes for 4-6 h . PCA of EC was measured by a one-stage clotting assay and/or a two-stage amidolytic assay with the chromogenic substrate S-2222 . In the absence of endotoxin, EC generated little, if any PCA (2-5 units/10(5) cells) . In contrast, the addition of endotoxin resulted in generation of strong PCA that reached a maximum within 4-6 h (185-241 units/10(5) cells) and was dose-dependent between 1 and 0.01 microgram endotoxin/ml of culture medium . The generation of PCA required RNA and protein synthesis but did not require the presence of serum . No activity was found in the culture medium . The activity was of tissue thromboplastin type, as indicated by biological and immunological criteria . These endotoxin effects were observed in the absence of endothelial damage, as shown by phase-contrast microscopy and lack of 51Cr release . These data could contribute to elucidate the pathogenesis of vascular complications associated with endotoxemia in man. J Immunol, 1983 Jun, 130(6), 2757 - 62 Suppression of ACTH-induced steroidogenesis by supernatants from LPS-treated peritoneal exudate macrophages; Mathison JC et al.; The results from a number of clinical and experimental studies have suggested that during endotoxemia, suppression of adrenocortical steroidogenesis may occur . We have examined the possibility that macrophages are the source of a factor that suppresses adrenocortical steroidogenesis . Resident and peptone-elicited peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEM) from C3HeB/FeJ mice were incubated for 4 hr at 37 degrees C in the presence or absence of T cell hybridoma-derived lymphokine (LK) that contained high concentrations of MAF activity (assessed by induction of nonspecific tumoricidal activity in PEM) . The LK was removed by rinsing, and fresh medium was added, followed by Salmonella minnesota R595 LPS (final concentration 10 micrograms/ml) . After 18 hr at 37 degrees C the PEM supernatants and control medium from flasks without cells were harvested and stored at -20 degrees C . Explanted rabbit adrenocortical cells in 96-well plates were exposed to 30 microliters of PEM supernatant or control medium and ACTH (10 or 100 mU/ml) in a final volume of 120 microliters for 3 consecutive days . The adrenocortical cell supernatants were harvested each day, followed by replenishment of medium, PEM supernatant, and ACTH . Fluorogenic steroid production in wells that received control medium or supernatants from PEM not treated with LPS was normal (0.22 microgram +/- 0.010 (SD) per 5 X 10(4) cells) . However, as much as 75 to 95% suppression of steroidogenesis was observed in wells that received supernatants from PEM treated with LK and LPS, compared to 40% suppression in wells that received supernatant from PEM treated with LPS alone . Continued exposure (over 3 days) of adrenocortical cells to supernatants from LPS-treated PEM resulted in progressively decreasing response to ACTH . Comparable suppressive activity was observed in supernatants from LPS-treated bone marrow-derived macrophages . In further experiments, suppression was observed in wells that were pretreated (22 hr) with the appropriate PEM supernatant, and evidence was obtained that the suppressive activity was not due to carry-over LPS . Finally, results from control experiments demonstrated that suppressive PEM supernatants neither inactivate ACTH nor interfere with the assay of fluorogenic steroids . Thus, these results suggest that during endotoxemia, products from LPS-stimulated macrophages may suppress adrenocortical function. Infect Immun, 1983 Jun, 40(3), 882 - 7 Adherence and ingestion of Escherichia coli serotype 055 by trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica; Bracha R et al.; Carbohydrate-binding activity present on the Entamoeba histolytica cell surfaces was found to mediate the adherence of two types of bacteria, Escherichia coli serotype 055 and Salmonella greenside 050 . Adherence was inhibited by low-molecular-weight carbohydrates (10 mg/ml) such as galactose, lactose, and N-acetylgalactosamine, as well as by asialofetuin and the lipopolysaccharide extracted from E . coli 055 . Mild periodate oxidation of the bacteria inhibited their adherence, whereas heat inactivation, glutaraldehyde fixation, or gamma-irradiation had no effect . On the other hand, pretreatment of trophozoites with glutaraldehyde, cytochalasin B, or cold (5 degrees C) abolished adherence . None of these treatments, however, affected the attachment of bacteria that contain on their cell surface type I pili with mannose-binding capacity . These findings lend further support to our earlier observations on how amoebae interact with bacteria. J Rheumatol, 1983 Jun, 10(3), 475 - 8 Septic sacroiliitis; Oka M et al.; Five patients with septic sacroiliitis, 3 unilateral and 2 bilateral, are described . The illness was acute, with high fever, low back or buttock pain, severe sacroiliac tenderness and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate . Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the blood in 3 cases and Salmonella typhi in 1 . Diagnosis was confirmed by scintigraphy in 4 cases . Roentgenographic changes developed in 2 patients . Response to antimicrobial therapy was favourable . Awareness of this condition is mandatory for prompt diagnosis and correct therapy . Sacroiliac tenderness with increased radionuclide uptake, high fever and positive blood culture are the primary diagnostic criteria. Eur J Biochem, 1983 Jun 1, 133(1), 77 - 81 Chemically synthesized galactosyl ficaprenyl diphosphate as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the Salmonella O-antigenic polysaccharide; Kanegasaki S et al.; The membrane fraction from a mutant of Salmonella anatum deficient in UDPgalactose-4-epimerase, utilized synthetic ficaprenyl alpha-D-galactosyl diphosphate as a substrate in the biosynthesis of the O-polysaccharide portion of lipopolysaccharide which has a mannosylrhamnosylgalactose repeating sequence . The galactosyl lipid was prepared by chemical synthesis from D-galactose and ficaprenol extracted from Ficus elastica . Membrane preparations catalyzed the transfer of rhamnose from TDP-rhamnose onto membrane-bound ficaprenyl galactosyl diphosphate forming rhamnosylgalactosyl ficaprenyl diphosphate; the reaction was dependent on the prior insertion of the synthetic glycosyl-lipid into the membrane, and was proportional to incubation time up to 4 min at 29 degrees C . When both TDP-rhamnose and GDP-mannose were added, the product formed was O-polysaccharide . These results indicate that the chemically synthesized ficaprenyl galactosyl diphosphate can be an active substrate for the in vitro synthesis of the Salmonella O-polysaccharide. Mutat Res, 1983 May, 109(2), 131 - 41 A comparison of alternative measures of mutagenic potency in the Salmonella (Ames) test; Horn L et al.; Both the spontaneous and the induced mutation rates in Salmonella tester strains vary among different laboratories, and also within the same laboratory over time . If there is an association between spontaneous and induced mutagenesis, a measure of mutagenic potency that incorporates the background may be more consistent than the simple measure of the induced slope . We have used the statistical procedures recently described by Bernstein et al . (1982), and a large data-base of Salmonella test results to examine the association between spontaneous and induced mutation and to compare several alternative measures of mutagenic potency . A correlation analysis indicated an association between spontaneous and induced mutation for TA98, TA1537 and TA1535; TA1538 was close to being significant . This was observed over a wide range of chemicals . In addition, for TA98, for which we observed the strongest association, we obtained a rough estimate of the relationship between slope and intercept by using least squares to fit K and p in the power curve beta = k alpha p . We then chose 3 simple potency measures: the slope, the ratio of slope to spontaneous background, and the ratio of slope to the square-root of spontaneous background . These corresponded to the range of p's estimated from the least-squares fit procedure . The reproducibility of these measures was compared and no significant differences were found . Though there were some differences in the relative potency ranking of chemicals using the different measures, they were highly correlated. Infect Immun, 1983 May, 40(2), 601 - 7 Immunogenicity of a low-virulence vaccinal strain against Salmonella abortus-ovis infection in mice; Lantier F et al.; Strain Rv6, a streptomycin-independent reverse mutant of Salmonella abortus-ovis, multiplied and disseminated in vivo to a lesser extent than the virulent parental strain 15/5, as determined by subcutaneous inoculation of two outbred strains of mice with different susceptibilities to salmonella infection . This lower virulence of strain Rv6 was not modified by 10 passages in susceptible mice . Vaccination with strain Rv6 induced a dose-dependent capacity of mice to control subsequent infection with the virulent parental strain . Induced resistance began as early as 3 days after vaccination and lasted at least 11 months . Its efficiency was controlled by different routes and doses of challenge . Strain Rv6 induced a greater protection than that conferred by heat-killed bacteria or by tested commercial killed vaccines. Mutat Res, 1983 May-Jun, 117(3-4), 237 - 42 Mutagenicity of 2 anti-chagasic drugs and their metabolic deactivation; Nagel R et al.; 2 anti-chagasic drugs, nifurtimox and benznidazole, were assayed in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test . These drugs were most active in strain TA100 . Under certain experimental conditions, addition of rat-liver S9 mix led to a decrease in the number of his+ revertants induced by the drugs. Cancer Lett, 1983 May, 19(1), 67 - 72 Mutagenicity of hydrazides of pyrimidine-nucleotide-precursors in the Salmonella-oxygenase test; Golovinsky E et al.; Five newly synthesized hydrazides: L-aspartic acid dihydrazide, DL-ureido-succinic acid dihydrazide, DL-dihydroorotic acid hydrazide, orotic acid hydrazide, and 2,2'-anhydro-1-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-orotic acid hydrazide were tested for mutagenicity in the Ames test . All these hydrazides except DL-ureidosuccinic acid dihydrazide were found to be non-mutagenic . The mutagenic activities of the latter compound which causes base-pair substitution was decreased in the presence of metabolic activator. J Surg Res, 1983 May, 34(5), 479 - 85 The role of heparin in guinea pig gram negative bacterial sepsis; Dunn DL et al.; The ability of antibody direct