Salmonella

J Urol, 1983 Oct, 130(4), 790 - 1
Salmonella enteritidis: testicular abscess in a newborn; Foster R et al.; Testicular abscess due to Salmonella enteritidis in a 1-month-old newborn is described . Surgical debridement and drainage, combined with antibiotic therapy, were curative and salvaged testicular tissue.

Cell, 1983 Oct, 34(3), 951 - 60
IS200: a Salmonella-specific insertion sequence; Lam S et al.; A new IS element (IS200) has been identified in Salmonella . The sequence was identified as an IS element by the following criteria: its insertion caused the mutation hisD984; six copies of the sequence are present in strain LT2 of S . typhimurium; and transposition of the sequence has been observed on several occasions . IS200 is found in almost all Salmonella species examined but is absent from most other enteric bacteria . The specificity of this element for Salmonella (and the absence of IS1-IS4 from Salmonella) suggest that transfer of insertion sequences between bacterial groups may be less extensive than is commonly believed . Alternatively, the distribution may suggest that these elements play a selectively important role in bacteria.

Angiology, 1983 Oct, 34(10), 674 - 8
Ruptured mycotic salmonella aortic aneurysm treated with combined cefotaxime antibiotic and staged surgical management; Humphrey RW et al.; A case of salmonella infrarenal aortic aneurysm that ruptured and was treated with staged operative procedures and a highly effective antibiotic is reported and analyzed . An emergency situation with a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm required prompt surgical intervention with an aortobifemoral graft insertion . In the immediate postoperative period it was realized that a prosthetic graft was placed in the bed of a mycotic aneurysm . The patient had significant arteriosclerotic occlusive disease limiting the distal anastomotic site to the common femorals . Interoperatively the superficial femorals were noted to be occluded chronically . Consequently, revascularization via an extra-anatomical bypass after aortobifemoral graft removal was more complex . This was managed in a staged delayed fashion, while suppressing the infecting organism with Cefotaxime . The details of this complex situation are described within.

J Immunol, 1983 Oct, 131(4), 1913 - 6
Control of lipopolysaccharide-high density lipoprotein binding by acute phase protein(s); Tobias PS et al.; When Salmonella minnesota R595 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is mixed with serum, the LPS eventually forms a complex with high density lipoprotein (HDL) . Complex formation is conveniently followed by CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation . When mixing 10 micrograms LPS with normal rabbit serum (NRS) at 37 degrees C in the presence of 20 mM EDTA, the half-life for LPS binding to HDL is typically 2 to 3 min . When the same experiment is performed with the use of acute phase rabbit serum (APRS; collected 24 hr post-induction with silver nitrate), the half-life for LPS binding to HDL is typically 40 to 100 min . Thus LPS binding to HDL occurs some 20- to 40-fold slower in APRS than in NRS . Two other phenomena have been found, the time dependencies of which correlate well with the time dependency of LPS binding to HDL in APRS . If LPS-APRS reaction mixtures are cooled to 4 degrees C shortly after mixing and are dialyzed against 2.5 mM HEPES, 15 mM NaCl, pH 7.4 buffer, LPS is recovered in the washed precipitates ("euglobulin precipitate") if, and only if, the LPS-HDL binding reaction is not complete . The amount of LPS in the precipitate correlates well with the amount of LPS that has not bound to HDL . The second phenomenon we observe is that the LPS-containing euglobulin precipitate prepared from LPS-acute phase serum reaction mixtures shortly after mixing also contains a protein, gp60, the concentration of which in the euglobulin precipitate correlates well with the amount of LPS in the precipitate . Thus three phenomena are kinetically well correlated in APRS: the degree of binding of LPS to HDL, the degree of appearance of LPS in a euglobulin fraction, and the concentration of protein gp60 in the euglobulin fraction . We were unable to precipitate gp60 from APRS in the absence of LPS, from APRS after the LPS has fully bound to HDL, or from normal serum in the presence or absence of LPS . The known properties of gp60 are not reminiscent of any other known acute phase reactant . These data demonstrate that APRS contains acute phase reactants that interact with LPS to modify its buoyant density, its solubility, and the rate of its binding to HDL.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Oct, (10), 29 - 32
{Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the antigenic composition of Salmonella typhi in the process of L transformation and reversion}; Stepanova LK et al.; In the study of the antigenic composition of S . typhi L-forms and their revertants were determined . The stable L-forms were characterized by profound disturbances in the synthesis of Vi- and H-antigens . After reversion to bacterial forms all the revertants under study showed the complete restoration of their bacterial antigenic structure.

Sci Total Environ, 1983 Oct, 31(1), 1 - 22
A comparison of carbon black with soot; Medalia AI et al.; Carbon black is frequently confused with soot . In order to clarify the distinction between these materials, we have examined 6 carbon blacks and 18 samples of soot . Carbon black is composed of turbostratic colloidal aggregates which we call aciniform carbon (AC) . Chimney soots from domestic wood or coal fires contain very little AC, while in diesel soots the solid particulates are essentially all AC . All soots examined contain much more extractable organic material and/or ash than does carbon black . Ames Salmonella assays were carried out on solvent extracts . The results were calculated as net revertants per mg of the original soot or carbon black . On this basis, the majority of the soot extracts assayed were at a much higher level of mutagenicity than any of the carbon black extracts . For several reasons, even greater differences in mutagen availability would be expected if the unextracted materials were compared in vivo.

Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 1983 Sep 24, 287(6396), 891 - 3
Investigation of outbreaks of salmonella in hospitals; Palmer SR et al.; In a two year prospective survey of outbreaks of salmonella infection in hospitals in England and Wales 55 outbreaks were identified . Reports of investigation of these outbreaks were reviewed for evidence of food borne infection and cross infection . Food borne infection probably accounted for only six outbreaks, but these made up 40% of the 15 outbreaks in which there were more than five patients and staff with symptoms . Person to person transmission was the probable mode of spread in most outbreaks . It is recommended that in addition to bacteriological investigations clinical and epidemiological data should be collected to implicate food or other possible common vehicles of infection . Bacteriological screening of patients and staff who do not have symptoms may be unrewarding in the absence of epidemiological data to define groups at risk of infection.

Chem Biol Interact, 1983 Sep 15, 46(3), 335 - 46
Compounds in urban air compete with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin for binding to the receptor protein; Toftgard R et al.; Acetone extracts of filter-collected urban airborne particulate matter contain compounds which can competitively inhibit 2,3,7,8-{1,6-3H}tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) binding to the rat liver TCDD-receptor protein . The concentration of conventional polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans cannot account for more than 1-30% of the observed competition for {3H}TCDD binding to the receptor protein . The difference in potency between samples collected in urban areas during different periods of the year and a background sample is 25-400-fold . Collecting samples in the presence of increased concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, nitrous acid, nitric acid or ozone did not increase the amount of compounds with receptor affinity . However, with nitrogen dioxide and especially with nitric acid, a substantial increase of the mutagenic effects in the Ames Salmonella assay in the absence of mammalian activation as well as a degradation of several PAHs were noted . Affinity for the TCDD-receptor protein, mutagenicity in the absence of mammalian metabolic activation in the Ames Salmonella assay and PAH-content are characteristics of urban particulate matter showing the presence of compounds, that represent potential health risks . The compounds with affinity for the receptor may constitute a group of substances different from both conventional PAHs and direct-acting mutagens.

FEBS Lett, 1983 Sep 5, 161(1), 89 - 92
{4,4'-D-diaminopropionic acid}gramicidin S: a synthetic gramicidin S analog with antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria; Ando S et al.; Gramicidin S is especially active against Gram-positive bacteria; e.g., Staphylococcus aureus . An analog, {4,4'-D-diaminopropionic acid}gramicidin S, which contains D-diaminopropionic acid residues instead of D-phenylalanine residues, has been synthesized . This analog is active against some of the Gram-negative bacteria; e.g., Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhosa . Activities of several related analogs are discussed.

Dig Dis Sci, 1983 Sep, 28(9), 848 - 51
Salmonella colitis presenting as a segmental colitis resembling Crohn's disease; Vender RJ et al.; Salmonella species have recently been shown to involve the colon in a diffuse fashion resembling ulcerative colitis by radiographic and endoscopic appearance . We describe a case of Salmonella colitis in which the radiographic and colonoscopic features were focal ulcerations, mucosal edema, friability, and a loss of normal vascularity, an appearance resembling Crohn's disease . This is the first well-documented example of this clinical presentation.

Clin Pediatr (Phila), 1983 Sep, 22(9), 614 - 8
Pitfalls in diagnosis of osteomyelitis in children with sickle cell disease; Wethers DL et al.; The cases of three children with unusual features of osteomyelitis and sickle cell disease are presented . Two children had salmonella osteomyelitis, one with a recurrence 1.5 years after adequate intravenous therapy . In the second, the bone scan was negative despite verified disease . The causative organism in the third case was Staphylococcus aureus, and there was extensive bone involvement of the radius without symptoms, but with a positive bone scan . It is recommended that the possibility of osteomyelitis be entertained in a child with sickle cell disease whenever there are symptoms and/or objective findings referrable to bone . Radionuclide scans, when used in timely fashion, can assist in the diagnosis, but confirmation can best be achieved by the recovery of microorganisms through blood culture and/or bone aspirate . The choice, dosage, and duration of antibiotic therapy should be determined by causative organisms and by serologic titers.

Clin Pediatr (Phila), 1983 Sep, 22(9), 601 - 4
Treatment of Salmonella gastroenteritis in infants . The significance of bacteremia; Raucher HS et al.; During 1981, we treated 20 infants, less than 24 months old, for nontyphoid Salmonella (NTSal) gastroenteritis (GE) . Blood cultures were obtained in 17 cases, and Salmonella bacteremia was demonstrated in 8 (47%) . Of the 13 children 3 to 24 months of age, 7 (54%) had positive blood cultures . One child (8 months old) appeared septic . The patients with bacteremia were treated with parenteral ampicillin . All 20 infants recovered, and no focal infectious complications occurred . The incidence of bacteremia in NTSal GE is highest in children under 2 years of age . Previous reports have shown that the peak incidence occurs among infants less than 3 months of age . An infant with Salmonella bacteremia may be afebrile and show no symptoms of sepsis . In most cases, bacteremia is transient and does not alter the course of NTSal GE, but it may result in life-threatening complications such as septicemia and meningitis . Therefore we believe an infant with NTSal GE under 3 months old should have a blood culture and receive antibiotic treatment.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1983 Sep, 14(3), 399 - 402
Salmonella isolation experience in the Pacific Basin region: a survey; Haddock RL; To determine if the unusually high incidence of salmonellosis reported on Guam for several years might be the result of more frequent bacteriologic examination of gastroenteritis/diarrhoea patient stool specimens, a survey of medical clinic and laboratory activities was undertaken among countries in the Pacific Basin Area . Survey results suggest that while Guam laboratories may be particularly proficient in isolating Salmonella organisms, the quantity of stool specimens examined could not account for the higher incidence of salmonellosis observed on the island.

Anticancer Res, 1983 Sep-Oct, 3(5), 305 - 10
Androgen receptor-mediated genetic differences in 2-acetylaminofluorene and dimethylnitrosamine mutagenesis in vitro; Fysh JM et al.; When 2-acetylaminofluorene and dimethylnitrosamine mutagenesis rates in the Salmonella/liver in vitro system were studied with C3H/HeJ mouse kidney or liver postmitochondrial supernatant (S-9) fractions, sex differences (male much greater than female) of 10- to 30-fold were found in kidney but not liver . We examined male mice castrated during the neonatal period, the Tfm/Y male, and dihydrotestosterone-treated female mice . The requirement of both testosterone and the androgen receptor is shown to be important in causing the sex difference in 2-acetylaminofluorene and dimethylnitrosamine mutagenesis in the kidney . Swank et al . {J Mol Biol 81:225-243 (1973)} demonstrated that dihydrotestosterone induces beta-glucuronidase activity in the female kidney: 28- to 30-fold in BALB/cJ and SM/J, 12-fold in C3H/HeJ, and 5- to 6-fold in C57BL/6J and RF/J inbred mice . This gene regulation has been characterized and named the Gur locus . 2-Acetylaminofluorene mutagenesis--in kidney but not liver--is markedly enhanced by dihydrotestosterone (P less than 0.01) in the first three, but not the latter three, inbred strains . Covalent binding of 2-acetylaminofluorene metabolites to DNA in the presence of kidney S-9 fractions in vitro is greatly increased in the BALB/cJ but not C57BL/6J female mouse pretreated with dihydrotestosterone . These data suggest that genetic differences at the Gur locus, in combination with the androgen receptor, may play an important role in the sex-specific and tissue-specific conversion of an O-glucuronide of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene or N-hydroxy-aminofluorene to active mutagenic intermediates.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1983 Sep-Oct, 134B(2), 323 - 8
{Supplement No . XXVI (1982) to the Kauffman-White schema}; Le Minor L et al.; In this supplement are given the characters of 41 new Salmonella serovars recognized in 1982 by WHO collaborating Centre for reference and research on Salmonella: 16 belong to the sub-genus I, 18 to the sub-genus II, 6 to the sub-genus III and 1 to the sub-genus IV.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1983 Sep-Oct, 134B(2), 285 - 91
{Characterization of antibiotic resistance plasmids in 2 strains of Salmonella typhi isolated in Belgium}; Chasseur-Libotte ML et al.; Two strains of Salmonella typhi resistant to streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and sulfonamides were studied . Conjugation and analysis of plasmid DNA suggested that in the two strains, these resistance characters were mediated by a single R plasmid . The plasmids of both strains belonged to the FI-incompatibility group, whereas that isolated from the resistant Mexican S . typhi belonged to incomtibility group H . Therefore, the two resistant S . typhi isolated in Belgium do not represent an extension of the H plasmid which was responsible for chloramphenicol resistance in S . typhi during the 1972 Mexican epidemic.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1983 Sep, 178(1-2), 53 - 60
{Spread of infectious agents through refuse by domestic, community and field parasites with special reference to human health}; Mayr A; The accumulation of refuse in urban and agricultural areas provides parasitic vermin with new feeding sources and also creates for them partly entirely new biotopes . Vermin transmit both mechanically and biologically the most varied species of pathogens to man, domestic animals and work animals . With respect to the spread of pathogens by vermin via the refuse route, we must distinguish between vermin infesting either the human body, the houses, communities or our environment . Among the human vermin and house species, cockroaches, house gnats and house flies are the most important genera for the spread of pathogens via refuse . Cockroaches transmit bacteria (e.g . Salmonella), viruses (e.g . enterovirus, rota and corona viruses), fungi (e.g . Trichophyton and Candida) and worm eggs (e.g . Ascaris lumbricoides) . House flies and house gnats take up all infection carriers from refuse and transmit the pathogens, as a rule, purely mechanically . Rats and mice are the most important species among community vermin . These rodents act both as mechanical and biological vehicles of infectious diseases . A case in point is lymphocytic chorio-meningitis and three different types of hemorrhagic fever in man . Among the vermin infesting our environment, the diptera are the most important carriers . Gnats, especially, often act as intermediate hosts (biological transmission) and, as a result, represent an inexhaustible reservoir of pathogen transmitters . More than 50 diseases caused by arbovirus in man and animal are known . Beside the viruses, the field diptera transmit bacteria (e.g . Rickettsiosis) and protozoa (e.g . Leishmaniasis, Trypanosomiasis).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Poult Sci, 1983 Sep, 62(9), 1780 - 5
Heating by microwave, hot air, and flowing steam to eliminate inoculated Salmonella from poultry feed; Burdick D et al.; Poultry feed samples (mash) obtained from a commercial mill were inoculated with either 100 or 5,000 cells/g of a marker strain of Salmonella montevideo . Samples (125 g) were then placed in a microwave oven at power settings of 1.5 or 2.0 kW for 60, 90, or 120 sec; a hot air oven at 99 C (210 F) or 110 C (230 F) for 15, 30, 45, or 60 min; or a flowing steam chamber for 1, 5, 10, or 20 min . Temperature, moisture, and presence of the inoculated S . montevideo were determined in all samples before and after treatment . Feed samples placed in the microwave oven reached a maximum temperature of 186 C (367 F) and had a final moisture content as low as .8% . About 25% of the samples inoculated with 100 cells/g and about 40% of those inoculated with 5,000 cells/g remained positive after treatment . In the hot air oven, feed reached a maximum temperature of 93 C (200 F) with a moisture level after heating of about 4% . Salmonellae were recovered from 35 and 60% of the low and high inoculum level samples, respectively . In flowing steam, maximum feed temperature was 90 C (194 F) with a final moisture level of 15% . After 1, 5, 10, and 20 min of flowing steam, 100, 90, 60, and 0% of the samples were found to contain salmonellae, respectively . All treatments occasionally eliminated salmonellae from the samples, but results were inconsistent and unpredictable.

Pediatr Med Chir, 1983 Sep-Oct, 5(5), 387 - 8
{Acute abdominal symptomatology and minor Salmonella infections}; Pagliano Sassi L; The author points out how salmonellosis called "minor" during childhood may simulate an "acute abdomen" creating differential diagnostical surgical problems . On a casuisty of 1450 pediatrics cases, he has noted this circumstance ten times (1,45%) and six of these subjects have had to be urgently operated of appendicitis at the moment of their admission to the hospital . Only one of them presented a phlegmonens appendix . Instead, as complication of this sickness, during its lapse, two cases of intestinal occlusion have occurred, in two children, one of which showed numerous ulcers of typhou type of the small intestine . He concludes that frequent coprocoltures in all clinical cases of pediatric abdominal pathology are important.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1983 Sep, 255(2-3), 271 - 84
Genetic properties of conjugative R plasmids in Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from feral and domestic pigeons, crows and kites; Niida M et al.; A total of 62 conjugative R plasmids detected in 48 Escherichia coli and 19 conjugative R plasmids in 16 Salmonella strains from domestic (carrier and emerald) and feral pigeons, crows (Japanese jungle crows and carrion crows) and black kite, were examined for genetic properties . Out of the 62 E . coli R plasmids examined for fertility inhibition (Fi), 29 (46.8%) were Fi+, and the remainder were Fi- . Among the 62 R plasmids, 16 (25.8%) were classified into incompatibility (Inc) group FII, 15 (24.2%) into I alpha, 7 (11.3%) into H1 and 2 (3.2%) into N . The remaining 23 R plasmids could not be classified in this study . Among the 19 Salmonella R plasmids, 4 showed thermosensitive (ts) transfer . Out of the 18 plasmids tested, 13 (72.2%) including 4 ts-R plasmids were Fi-, and the remaining 5 (27.8%) were Fi+ . Five R plasmids containing 4 Fi- were IncI alpha, while 4 ts-R plasmids belonged to IncH1 (1 R plasmid) and H2 (3 R plasmids) . The remainings were not tested . In E . coli strains, IncFII and I alpha were widely (4 of 6 lots of birds, respectively) distributed, followed by N (2 lots) and H1 (1 lot) . IncN R plasmid was detected from domestic pigeons and crows, but not from feral pigeons . In Salmonella strains from 5 lots of birds, IncFII and N plasmids which were detected from E . coli were not found, but IncH2 was detected from domestic pigeons (1 lot) and kite (1 lot) . IncI alpha was detected from feral pigeons (1 lot) and kite (1 lot) . The potential transfer of R plasmids between Salmonella and E . coli, and of dissemination of the plasmids among the free-flying birds, animals and humans is discussed.

Environ Health Perspect, 1983 Sep, 51, 227 - 30
Detection by replica plating of false revertant colonies induced in the Salmonella-mammalian microsome assay by hexavalent chromium; Pedersen P et al.; The replica plating method as developed by Lederberg has been used to differentiate between "true" and "false" histidine-requiring revertant bacterial colonies which develop on minimal agar plates in the Ames test . Strains of S . typhimurium LT2, TA 100, when exposed to either sodium dichromate or the fumes from the welding of stainless steel, develop colonies whose apparent numbers are directly in proportion to the Cr(VI) content per plate in both cases, over a wide dose range . Replica impressions of the resulting colonies were transferred to Vogel Bonner minimal agar plates and incubated for 48 hr at 37 degrees C . It was then observed that considerable numbers of "false" revertant colonies were obtained at those Cr(VI) doses which resulted in a pronounced toxic effect, albeit with an acceptable level of the bacterial background lawn . No morphological distinction between "true" and "false" revertant colonies could be made . Although it would appear that at low doses (i.e., low toxicity) the true mutagenicity of stainless steel welding fumes can be completely accounted for by the presence of Cr(VI), the dose range over which the mutagenicity assay is reliable cannot be estimated from examination of the background lawn or from an estimate of the degree of survival of the treated cultures . Thus there is raised a serious question concerning the reliability of quantitative data published in bacterial mutagenicity testing where replica testing of the histidine requirement of the resulting "revertant" colonies is not routinely made . It is suggested that the replica technique can easily be developed as a simple and useful tool for the control of histidine requirement and ampicillin resistance in routine mutagenicity testing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Antibiotiki, 1983 Sep, 28(9), 671 - 5
{Effect of conjugative R plasmids on the virulence of antibiotic-sensitive Salmonella strains and their streptomycin-resistant mutants}; Gridnev VA et al.; The pathogenicity level of antibiotic sensitive and streptomycin resistant strains of S . typhimurium, S . paratyphi B and S . kottbus changed under the effect of identical R plasmids more frequently in contrary directions . The conjugative plasmids of antibiotic resistance widened the ranges of the virulence changes in the Salmonella serovars for albino mice . It was found that 7 out of 8 plasmids studied significantly decreased and increased the virulence of the antibiotic sensitive Salmonella strains . As a rule, R plasmids of various origin decreased the virulence of all the tested streptomycin chromosome resistant causative agents of salmonellosis.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1983 Sep, 31(7), 596 - 8
{Rapid diagnosis of pathogenic bacteria isolated from stool cultures by a standardized micromethod}; Bingen E et al.; We evaluate a new and quick micromethod which detect strains of Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia from suspected colonies isolated of stool specimens . In our study, from 2 384 non pathogen bacteria or as Salmonella . And we determined 297 strains of Salmonella, two hours after isolation on selective medium . This method is very easy and permits to have a rapid diagnostic of strains of Salmonella.

Chem Biol Interact, 1983 Sep 1, 46(2), 151 - 63
Metabolic activation of promutagens, detectable in Ames' Salmonella assay, by 5000 X g supernatant of rat ventral prostate; Soderkvist P et al.; Induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (7-EOD) activities as well as of benzo{a}pyrene (BP) metabolite formation in rat prostatic microsomes has been demonstrated after treatment with beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) . The capacity to convert promutagenic compounds to ultimate mutagenic metabolites in the Ames' Salmonella assay by 5000 X g supernatant of rat ventral prostate was investigated . Male rats were treated with BNF, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB; Arochlor 1254), phenobarbital (PB) and the vehicle, corn oil . PCB or BNF pretreatment increased the AHH- and 7-EOD activities 100-200-fold in the rat prostate 5000 X g supernatant (S-5 fraction) . Epoxide hydrolase (EH) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities were not affected while UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDP-GT) was increased 2.2- and 2.5-fold by PCB and BNF, respectively . PB did not significantly affect any of the enzyme activities measured . A dose-dependent increase in mutagenic response versus amount of 5000 X g supernatant and promutagen (aflatoxin B1 (AFB), 2-aminofluorene (2-AF), BP) was observed . The most pronounced activation was obtained with S-5 fraction from BNF- or PCB-treated rats . The great sensitivity of prostatic AHH to certain inducers and the capacity of the prostate to produce mutagenic metabolites might be of importance for initiation of prostatic cancer by environmental factors.

Medicine (Baltimore), 1983 Sep, 62(5), 271 - 85
Bacterial pneumonia in the elderly; Verghese A et al.; Bacterial pneumonia in the elderly is common, and causes more morbidity and mortality than in the younger adult . As patients live longer with more underlying disease and more iatrogenic disease, the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia will probably rise . Adequate sterilization of inhalation therapy equipment can reduce the risk of gram-negative nosocomial pneumonia . Methods to prevent colonization and microaspiration need to be investigated . The development of a gram-negative vaccine using Salmonella RE or E . coli J5 mutant would augur well for the future . Most important, the elderly patient with pneumonia should be managed promptly and aggressively in an attempt to determine the specific etiology of the pneumonia . The practice of antibiotic "shotgunning" of the elderly patient is to be avoided . Transtracheal aspiration or sheathed bronchoscopy can be performed if the patient is not able to produce sputum, or Gram stain is difficult to interpret . Morbidity and mortality can be reduced by early appropriate antibiotic therapy directed by Gram stain.

Environ Health Perspect, 1983 Sep, 51, 337 - 41
Presentation of benzo(a)pyrene to microsomal enzymes by asbestos fibers in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test; Szyba K et al.; The potential effect of asbestos fibers on mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene was investigated by using the Ames test . Asbestos fibers without a coating of benzo(a)pyrene or benzo(a)pyrene when not dissolved in DMSO lacked any mutagenic effect in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test . However, when benzo(a)pyrene was adsorbed onto asbestos, significant numbers of mutated bacteria were observed . This shows that asbestos fibers can serve a carrier role presenting benzo(a)pyrene to the enzymatic microsomal system, thus enhancing mutagenicity of this compound.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1983 Sep, 255(2-3), 258 - 64
Mechanized procedures for the serology of Salmonella; Guinee PA et al.; A mechanized microtechnique originally designed for the serotyping of E . coli was adapted to the specificity control of diagnostic Salmonella agglutinating antisera as well as for the serotyping of Salmonella . Salmonella strains sent for serotyping were inoculated into a tube with broth which was used as H antigen and, after heating also as O antigen . The agglutination reactions were carried out in clear plastic trays with U formed wells . The antigens were strained with gentian violet in order to obtain a better contrast . With only 6 monofactor O sera, 97% of 100,000 cultures received for serotyping in 1979-1982 could be O antigen typed . Eight H antisera were sufficient for the complete serotyping of 27% of these strains whereas 64% was partly typed . The technique has a high degree of versatility.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1983 Sep, 255(2-3), 247 - 57
{Comparison of the ELISA (lipopolysaccharide) and Widal reactions (O antigen) in the diagnosis of Salmonella infections}; Hirschl A et al.; At various times after the onset of disease 50 sera of patients with bacteriologically proven salmonella infections were investigated for O-antigen specific antibodies in ELISA and Widal-tests . 21 of these sera were derived from patients with typhoid fever, 10 from patients with gastroenteritis due to various species of salmonella group D and 19 from patients with group B salmonella-gastroenteritis . Additional 44 sera stemming from patients without such infection were included in the investigation as a control . With ELISA the sera were examined for antibodies of the IgM- and IgG-class separately . As antigens lipopolysaccharide W-preparations from S . typhi ("group D-antigen") and S . typhimurium ("group B-antigen") were used in the ELISA . High reciprocal titers (geometric means: 1404, 2560, and 1020) of IgM were demonstrable in sera drawn 11-30 days after onset of the disease with group D- and group B-antigen respectively (Fig . 1, Table 1 and Table 2) . With increasing distance of time from the onset of the disease these titers decreased rapidly . The titers of agglutinating antibodies as measured in the Widal-test behaved similarly to those of IgM (Fig . 1, Table 1 and 2), and the correlation between both was high (r = +0.93, Fig . 2) . In contrast, titers of IgG-antibodies reached their maximum later, namely 31-60 days after onset of the disease (Table 1), and the correlation to the agglutinin-titers (r = +0.33, Fig . 3) was much lower . In sera of patients with typhoid fever reciprocal titers of IgM against the homogeneous group antigen surmounted those of IgG at the average by about 5 log2-step (mean g: 1404 and 79 respectively) between the 11th and 30th day of disease . At this stage of the disease also sera from patients with gastroenteritis due to both salmonella D or B demonstrated clearly an IgM-dominated ratio . After a period of more than 2 month this ratio was about 1:1 in sera of patients with typhoid fever or with salmonella group D-gastroenteritis, but was clearly IgG-dominated in sera obtained from patients with group B-gastroenteritis . This might be due to the fact that most of the sera classified as "obtained greater than 2 months after onset" stemmed from excreters of salmonella B species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Sep, (9), 110 - 3
{Quantitative determination of the soluble antigens of intestinal bacteria using a method of immunoenzyme analysis . I . Processing of the parameters of the method}; Tregub AV et al.; The parameters of the assay based on the quantitative evaluation of the neutralization of specific antibodies by the antigen under study and the subsequent detection of free antibodies on the fixed reference antigen with the aim of the quantitative determination of the specific O-antigens of Salmonella, groups D, B, C1, as well as those of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri, have been developed . The proposed method makes it possible to detect the O-antigen of the causative agent at concentrations of 0.001 micrograms/ml to 100 micrograms/ml.

Am J Med, 1983 Aug 29, 75(2A), 130 - 3
Management of enteric fever with amdinocillin; Ball AP et al.; Twenty-six patients with enteric fever treated with amdinocillin and/or its pivaloyloxymethyl ester in 1975 to 1978 were compared with 21 patients with enteric fever treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in 1972 to 1974 . Diagnosis was based on clinical illness and isolation of Salmonella typhi or S . paratyphi A/B from blood cultures or stool cultures . The dosage of pivamdinocillin in adults was 400 to 800 mg, every 6 hours, for 10 to 16 days; dosage in children was half this amount for 11 to 15 days . Of the 21 patients treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 18 (86 percent) showed a satisfactory clinical response; 13 of these 18 had negative stools immediately after therapy, and two more were negative at the time of discharge (total: 83 percent) . Mean hospital stay of these patients was 34.5 days . Of the 26 patients treated with amdinocillin, 23 showed a satisfactory clinical response; 20 of those responding clinically were still excreting the causative organism at the end of therapy; seven of the group remained as convalescent patients who continued to excrete the causative organism in feces at the time of discharge . Mean hospital stay was 43 days . The results of initial trials of amdinocillin and ampicillin in combination suggest that such therapy may be preferable to use of amdinocillin alone, although the excretion of the causative organism during convalescence has not been adequately assessed.

Minerva Med, 1983 Aug 25, 74(32-33), 1925 - 32
{Hygiene in airline catering . I . Microbiologic study of meals distributed on aircrafts}; Castellani P et al.; A preliminary microbiological survey, conducted in the Italian national airlines Catering Department is reported . Precooked,, frozen meals reheated on medium and long distance flights were examined . The results indicate that hygiene standards are satisfactorily maintained . The presence of staphylococcus aureus in some samples highlights the importance of preventive and prophylactic measures in healthy carriers . In view of the growing concern about Salmonella poisoning in airline passengers the absence of this bacterium is extremely satisfying.

Lancet, 1983 Aug 20, 2(8347), 441 - 3
Vi serology in detection of chronic Salmonella typhi carriers in an endemic area; Lanata CF et al.; A passive haemagglutination assay measuring antibody to highly purified Vi antigen, known to be sensitive and specific for the detection of chronic Salmonella typhi carriers in a non-endemic area, was assessed in an endemic area . A reciprocal serum Vi antibody titre of 160 was found to have a sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 92%, and a high predictive value in screening for chronic S typhi carriers in high-risk population group (eg, women over 40 years) . This simple assay can screen for chronic S typhi carriers even in areas where typhoid fever is highly endemic.

Chem Biol Interact, 1983 Aug 15, 46(1), 121 - 30
Chemical reactivity and mutagenicity of some dihalomethanes; Osterman-Golkar S et al.; Four dihalomethanes; dichloromethane, bromochloromethane, dibromomethane and diiodomethane, have been studied with respect to their reactivities towards nucleophilic compounds of different strengths in water solution and with respect to their toxicities and mutagenic effectiveness in bacterial test systems . The correlation between biological activity (toxicity and mutagenic effectiveness in Salmonella TA100) and reactivity towards strong nucleophiles indicates that reactions with nucleophilic groups of high reactivity in the biological material, possibly SH or amino groups in proteins, are involved in their mechanism of action.

J Hyg (Lond), 1983 Aug, 91(1), 59 - 69
Further research into the possibility of salmonella-free fattening and slaughter of pigs; Oosterom J et al.; At a pig-fattening farm in the south-western Veluwe which was infected with salmonellas it was sought to achieve salmonella-free fattening in a specially adapted piggery . The test piggery was thoroughly cleaned and disinfected and measures were taken to exclude birds, insects and rodents . An attempt was also made to obtain salmonella-free piglets . Clean clothing, special footwear and disinfectants were used when entering the piggery . During the experiment an infection was detected in the test piggery caused by the same salmonella serotypes as had only been found immediately before the test at the breeding farm . Other salmonella serotypes occurring at the fattening farm did not find their way into the test piggery, and therefore it can be concluded that after the pigs had been brought in all the hygienic barriers functioned adequately . The test showed that the hygienic measures taken had a beneficial effect on growth performance, even though salmonellas were not entirely excluded . After fattening the pigs were slaughtered in two groups . The first group was slaughtered in the usual way, but with the second group extra care was taken with the individual singeing of the carcasses and the careful removal of the intestines . Tests on the carcasses showed that 46% of the pigs in the first group were contaminated with salmonellas as against only 7% in the second . From this it can be concluded that slaughter need not lead to further contamination by salmonellas present in the intestines; indeed, carefully carrying out the slaughter process can even reduce the contamination of the surface of pig carcasses by salmonellas.

Aust N Z J Surg, 1983 Aug, 53(4), 371 - 3
Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: a complication of Salmonella bovis-morbificans infection; MacLellan DG et al.; A clinical report is presented of a patient who developed Salmonella bovis-morbificans infection and ruptured an abdominal aortic aneurysm as a complication . The management is discussed and treatment suggested.

Infect Immun, 1983 Aug, 41(2), 758 - 73
Immunobiological activities of synthetic lipid A analogs and related compounds as compared with those of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, re-glycolipid, lipid A, and muramyl dipeptide; Kotani S et al.; Thirteen acylated and phosphorylated derivatives of beta-1,6-linked glucosamine disaccharide (lipid A analogs), which were synthesized after the structural model of Salmonella-type lipid A, and seven similar derivatives of glucosamine monosaccharide (lipid A-related compounds) were studied for their immunobiological activities . These included mitogenicity and polyclonal B cell activation enhancement of migration of monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes derived from human peripheral blood, stimulation of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages, activation of human complement, and stimulation of serum antibody production and induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity against ovalbumin in guinea pigs . Comparisons were made with lipid A, RE-glycolipid, lipopolysaccharide of natural sources, and a well-known synthetic adjuvant, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine . Some of the lipid A analogs were found to manifest the mitogenic, polyclonal B cell-activating macrophage-stimulating, complement-activating, and immunostimulating activities, although the observed activities were generally far less than those of natural products in intensity and efficiency . Other immunobiological effects exhibited by most of the synthetic lipid A analogs were the enhancement of migration of monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes . It is premature to draw definite conclusions on structure-activity relationships, since a few compounds which were active in some assay systems were scarcely active in other assays . However, an indisputable fact was that beta-1,6-glucosamine disaccharide 1 alpha,4'-diphosphate, which carries two amide-bound (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl and three ester-bound tetradecanoyl residues, and thus has the structure most closely resembling natural lipid A among test compounds in this study, was definitely active in all of the present assay systems . However, its potency was generally much less than natural products . Some of glucosamine monosaccharide derivatives, especially N-(R)-3-{(R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyloxy}tetradecanoyl glucosamine, also exerted all of the in vitro activities described above . This fact suggests that a glucosamine disaccharide structure may not necessarily be a prerequisite as far as the in vitro immunobiological activities tested are concerned.

J Toxicol Environ Health, 1983 Aug-Sep, 12(2-3), 325 - 36
Mutagenicity studies on herring gulls from different locations on the Great Lakes . II . Mutagenic evaluation of extracts of herring-gull eggs in a battery of in vitro mammalian and microbial tests; Ellenton JA et al.; Herring-gull (Larus argentatus) eggs were collected from five locations on the Great Lakes and from one colony on the Atlantic coast for organochlorine analysis and mutagenesis testing . The Great Lakes colonies were chosen for their different contaminant levels, while the Atlantic coast colony was used as a relatively clean control . The eggs were homogenized and extracted, and the extracts were tested in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay for induction of point mutations and in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells for the induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and chromosome aberrations . None of the extracts was mutagenic in Salmonella, either in the presence or absence of metabolic activation . However, all of the extracts, including the clean control, caused significant increases in both the SCE rate and in the number of chromosome aberrations in the CHO cells . There was no apparent relationship between contaminant levels and the magnitude of these responses or the doses at which they occurred, although the chemical analysis indicated a wide range in the concentrations of the different organochlorides present.

J Hyg (Lond), 1983 Aug, 91(1), 53 - 8
A comparison of enrichment media for the isolation of salmonellae from seagull cloacal swabs; Fricker CR et al.; The relative efficiency of three selective enrichment broths (Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate . Rappaport's and selenite F) was investigated for the isolation of salmonellae from seagull cloacal swabs . Pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water was employed throughout the study, which involved the examination of 560 gulls, sixty (10.7%) of which were found to be carrying salmonellae . Rappaport's broth as modified by Vassiliadis for incubation at 43 degrees C (Vassiliadis et al . 1976) yielded the highest number of positive swabs (57) and the widest range of serotypes . It was significantly more efficient that either selenite F or tetrathionate broth, although the results obtained with Rappaport's broth incubated at 37 and 43 degrees C did not differ significantly (P greater than 0.5) . Eleven serotypes were isolated during the study, the most prevalent being Salmonella virchow.

J Hyg (Lond), 1983 Aug, 91(1), 25 - 32
Salmonella isolation from reptilian faeces: a discussion of appropriate cultural techniques; Harvey RW et al.; A short study of salmonella isolation from reptile faeces is described . The samples came from the reptile house at the Bristol Zoological Gardens . The wide range of salmonella serotypes present in the material, including representatives of all four subgenera, is noted . The important factors in the technique of isolation are discussed . These are choice of inoculum, enrichment medium, and plating medium, use of multiple subculture and serological isolation . If the number of samples available is scanty, an extended technique will probably yield more information than a simple method.

Environ Res, 1983 Aug, 31(2), 460 - 71
Fractionation, chemical analysis, and mutagenicity testing of low-Btu coal gasifier tar; Royer RE et al.; A tar from a low-Btu coal gasifier was subjected to parallel fractionation, chemical analysis, and bacterial mutagenicity (Salmonella) assay . Like other coal-derived tars, it was a complex mixture containing some high-molecular-weight material and several classes of organic compounds as major constituents . The results of bacterial mutagenicity testing of fractions and subfractions of the tar suggest that neutral nitrogen-containing compounds, phenols, organic bases, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and some uncharacterized high-molecular-weight materials are mutagenic to Salmonella and therefore are potentially mutagenic in higher systems.

Am J Physiol, 1983 Aug, 245(2), H276 - 83
Cardiac and splenic norepinephrine turnovers in endotoxic rats; Pardini BJ et al.; Although sympathetic hyperactivity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of endotoxin shock, methodologies employed to assess the activity have been indirect in nature and results have been equivocal . The present experiments quantitated postganglionic sympathetic activity by measuring norepinephrine (NE) turnovers in hearts and spleens of fasted male Holtzman rats injected intravenously with Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (2 mg/300 g rat; 5.7-6.7 mg/kg) . NE turnovers were measured over 12 h by the {3H}NE decay method . Cardiac NE turnovers were increased in endotoxic rats (0.075 micrograms X g-1 X h-1) compared with controls (0.009) . Similarly, NE turnovers in spleens of endotoxic rats (0.099 micrograms X g-1 X h-1) were increased compared with control rats (0.033) . Because NE reuptake is depressed in spleens of severely shocked endotoxic rats, the singular effect of reduced reuptake (desmethylimipramine treatment, 20 mg/kg) on NE turnovers was evaluated in spleens of a separate group of control rats . Desmethylimipramine had no effect on the slopes of the NE decay lines compared with untreated rats (-0.015 +/- 0.008 vs . -0.015 +/- 0.029, respectively) . Thus these experiments support the concept of heightened sympathetic activation during endotoxicosis as assessed quantitatively in a noninvasive, unanesthetized rat model.

Mutat Res, 1983 Aug, 121(2), 95 - 102
Mutagenesis in Salmonella after metabolic activation of carcinogenic azo dyes and their isomers by liver S9 from rats, mice and hamsters; Mori Y et al.; The mutagenicities of 3'-methyl-N,N-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB) and 3'-CH2OH-DAB, potent hepatocarcinogens, activated by rat-liver S9 were compared with those of their isomers (2'- or 4'-substituted DAB) and with those obtained with liver S9 from mice, hamsters and man . All 6 aminoazo dyes showed positive mutagenicity on both strains TA98 and TA100 in the presence of liver S9 from rats pretreated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) whereas 3'-Me-DAB and 3'-CH2OH-DAB were negative in the presence of S9 from other organs of rats and human liver . 3'-Me-DAB and 3'-CH2OH-DAB also showed negative or only a weak mutagenicity in the presence of liver S9 from non-treated animals . Treatment of the muta-carcinogens by liver S9 from PCB-treated mice or hamsters exerted mutagenicity on TA98, but less than that seen with rat-liver S9 . The activity of 3'-Me-DAB in the presence of female rat-liver S9 was lower than that obtained with the male . Thus a specificity in the aminoazo dye carcinogenesis in regard to species, sex and organ was also observed in the mutagenic effects of 3'-Me-DAB on Salmonella.

Mutat Res, 1983 Aug, 113(5), 393 - 402
Evaluation of a methodology for the use of preparations from rat small intestine in the Salmonella/microsome assay; Walters JM et al.; A methodology is evaluated for the use in the Ames assay of a microsomal metabolising system derived from villous tip cells of rat small intestine . The procedure involved high frequency vibration of everted gut segments followed by gentle lysis and homogenisation . This technique, which has previously been shown to result routinely in high levels of cytochrome P450 and linked enzymes, has now been investigated for its ability to yield preparations capable of activating several promutagens in the Salmonella/plate incorporation test . The data obtained have been compared with results observed with standard rat liver metabolising fractions . In the presence of intestinal microsomes, 2-aminoanthracene, 2-aminofluorene, 2-acetylaminofluorene, aflatoxin B1, benzo{a}pyrene and cyclophosphamide all caused dose-related increases in revertants, the maximum yields of which were lower than those detected with liver microsomes or S9 mix . These and other differences in dose-responses have been discussed in relation to the levels of microsomal protein and cytochrome P450 plated and with respect to the activities of relevant enzymes in the tissue extracts.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1983 Aug, 71(2), 293 - 8
Effect of lithocholic acid on the mutagenicity of some substituted aromatic amines; Kawalek JC et al.; The effects of lithocholic acid on the mutagenicity of 24 aromatic amines in the Ames assay were examined . When lithocholic acid was added to the Salmonella/mammalian--microsome mutagenicity system with the use of postmitochondrial supernatant fractions from livers of male inbred SD rats pretreated with Aroclor 1254 or phenobarbital, various effects on the mutagenic responses were observed . The effects on mutagenicity varied with the substrate and the type of 9,000 X g-supernatant fraction . With preparations from phenobarbital-treated rats, lithocholic acid caused an inhibition of the mutagenic response with 16 of 24 compounds tested . The mutagenicity of three of these test compounds (2,4-diaminoanisole, 3-methoxy-4-aminoazobenzene, and 1-aminoanthracene) was unaffected by inclusion of lithocholic acid, while the lithocholic acid enhanced the mutagenicity of three others (2-aminoanthracene, 9-aminophenanthrene, and 2-acetylaminoanthracene) . With 9,000 X g-supernatant fractions from Aroclor 1254-treated rats, the mutagenicity of eight test compounds was unaffected and that of 10 others was inhibited, while the mutagenicity of six others was enhanced when lithocholic acid was included in Ames assay mixtures . These results demonstrate that lithocholic acid can cause three distinct effects on the mutagenicity of these amines when included in these assays, namely, 1) no effect--no change in mutagenicity of the test compound, 2) inhibitory--levels of mutations significantly decreased or inhibited relative to those of controls, and 3) enhancement--significantly higher levels of mutations relative to those of controls . On the basis of structure alone and without detailed knowledge of the metabolism of each test compound, no conclusions or predictions could be made regarding the effects of lithocholic acid on the mutagenicity of these or any other compounds in the Ames assay.

Cancer Res, 1983 Aug, 43(8), 3544 - 52
Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of five antitumor ellipticines in mammalian cells and their structure-activity relationships in Salmonella; DeMarini DM et al.; The mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of five antitumor compounds (ellipticines) were investigated in the Chinese hamster ovary cell hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase assay and in six strains of Salmonella . All five compounds (ellipticine, 9-methoxyellipticine, 9-hydroxyellipticine, 9-aminoellipticine, and 2-methyl-9-hydroxyellipticinium) were cytotoxic and mutagenic in the Chinese hamster ovary cell hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase assay in the presence or absence of Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver S9, and all except the last compound were mutagenic in Salmonella . Based on the reversion pattern obtained in various frame-shift and DNA repair-proficient (uvrB+) or -deficient (uvrB) strains of Salmonella in the presence or absence of S9, the first three compounds appear to cause frame-shift mutations by both intercalation and covalent bonding with DNA; thus, these are classified as reactive intercalators . However, 9-aminoellipticine intercalates only weakly and may instead exert its mutagenic activity primarily (or exclusively) by forming a covalent adduct with DNA . Compared to the published antitumor data obtained in mice, the results in Salmonella and Chinese hamster ovary cells suggest that the ability of ellipticine, 9-methoxyellipticine, and 9-hydroxyellipticine to intercalate with DNA, induce frame-shift mutations, and cause cell killing is associated with and may be the basis for their antitumor activity . The observation that the ellipticines are mutagenic in mammalian cells suggests that these antitumor agents may be carcinogenic.

Antibiotiki, 1983 Aug, 28(8), 589 - 91
{Combined antimicrobial action of mecillinam and ampicillin}; Khantimer EI; The combined effect of mecillinam and ampicillin on some Gram-negative bacteria was studied . It was shown that the combination of mecillinam and ampicillin had a pronounced synergistic effect on the majority of isolates, especially on the representatives of Salmonella.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Aug, 18(2), 380 - 3
Evaluation of sodium polyanethanol sulfonate as a blood culture additive for recovery of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A; Escamilla J et al.; A total of 640 blood specimens from patients in an area endemic for enteric fever were cultured in parallel in tryptic soy broth with and without sodium polyanethanol sulfonate (SPS) . A total of 95 specimens were positive for Salmonella spp., 54 for Salmonella typhi, and 41 for Salmonella paratyphi A in one or both bottles of a set . Significantly higher rates of recovery were obtained from the SPS-containing medium (P less than 0.01) upon subculturing blindly at 24 h and 3 days of incubation . Subcultures performed at 7, 14, and 21 days also yielded a greater number of positive cultures with SPS than without it, although the differences between the two media were not significant (P greater than 0.05) . Neither of the media yielded 100% of the positive cultures . Moreover, even if the results of the two media were combined, 34 and 19% of the isolates would have been missed if the specimens had not been incubated to 14 and 21 days, respectively . The data indicate that SPS aids in early recovery of S . typhi and S . paratyphi A from blood cultures, and additionally, that under the conditions used in the study, incubation beyond a 1-week period is required for efficient isolation of these organisms from blood.

S Afr Med J, 1983 Jul 2, 64(1), 28 - 9
Salmonella typhi meningitis . A case report; Coovadia YM et al.; A case of purulent Salmonella typhi meningitis in a 5-month-old child is discussed . The patient was treated successfully with amoxycillin, and there were no neurological sequelae . S . typhi should be included in the differential diagnosis of Gram-negative bacillary meningitis, especially in children from areas in which typhoid is endemic.

Mutat Res, 1983 Jul, 118(1-2), 117 - 25
Comparative mammalian in vitro and in vivo studies on the mutagenic activity of rhodamine WT; Douglas GR et al.; Rhodamine WT, a xanthene dye used in the tracing of pollutants in water and in related studies, was tested for its mutagenicity in a battery of in vitro and in vivo mammalian assays . Using Chinese hamster ovary cells in the absence of metabolic activation mix, small dose-related increases in cytotoxicity, DNA damage (as detected by alkaline sucrose-gradient sedimentation) and sister-chromatid exchanges were detected, but an increase in the level of chromosomal damage was not seen . In the presence of metabolic activation a small, but statistically significant dose-related increase in sister-chromatid exchanges was evident, with no increase in cytotoxicity, DNA damage or chromosome aberrations . Furthermore, no increase in bone marrow micronuclei or sperm abnormalities was observed in male B6C3F1 mice . The data from all these mammalian assays, although involving different end-points, are in contrast to the mutagenic effects previously seen in Salmonella.

Infect Immun, 1983 Jul, 41(1), 443 - 4
Correlation between the presence of a fifty-megadalton plasmid in Salmonella dublin and virulence for mice; Terakado N et al.; All of the Salmonella dublin organisms isolated from cattle in Japan (20 strains) and in Europe (2 strains) harbored one plasmid of approximately 50 megadaltons (Mdal) . The biochemical reactions of a derivative strain (5230P-) cured of the 50-Mdal plasmid were those of its parental strain 5230P+ . However, the strain 5230P- proved to be 100- to 1,000-fold less virulent for mice compared with that of the strain 5230P+, suggesting that the virulent phenotypes of S . dublin may be mediated by the 50-Mdal plasmid.

Am J Public Health, 1983 Jul, 73(7), 770 - 2
Traveler's diarrhea at sea: two multi-pathogen outbreaks caused by food eaten on shore visits; Berkelman RL et al.; In 1976 and 1981, two outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness aboard cruise ships occurred within 24 hours following onshore visits to Haiti and Mexico, respectively . Three hundred eighty-six of 600 (64 per cent) and 98 of 260 (38 per cent) passengers became ill following luncheons in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, and Cozumel, Mexico . No increase in illness was observed among those passengers who did not attend the onshore luncheons . In both outbreaks, unrefrigerated seafood dishes served at outdoor buffets were epidemiologically incriminated as the vehicles of transmission . Several species of Vibrion, Salmonella, and toxigenic Escherichia coli were recovered from stool specimens of ill passengers in both outbreaks . In addition, invasive Escherichia coli and Shigella were isolated from stool specimens of ill passengers who ate at the Haitian buffet . Previous investigations of outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness aboard cruise ships have implicated exposures on board as the source and have involved only a single pathogen.

Lab Anim, 1983 Jul, 17(3), 213 - 6
Clinical salmonellosis in a guinea pig colony caused by a new Salmonella serotype, Salmonella ochiogu; Onyekaba CO; During a severe outbreak of clinical salmonellosis in an experimental guinea pig colony, a new strain of Salmonella was isolated and identified . The new serotype, with the antigenic structure 1,3,19 : Z38 : e, n, Z15, for which the name Salmonella ochiogu has been suggested, caused both enteric and systemic infection in the animal colony . During the outbreak a total of 127 animals died (26.9%) . All ages of animal were affected . Treatment with oral tetracycline was successful when combined with strict hygienic measures.

Can J Comp Med, 1983 Jul, 47(3), 373 - 4
A comparison of two enrichment and two plating media for the isolation of Salmonella sp . from broilers; Truscott RB; Twenty duplicate cloacal swabs and the intestines of 98 broilers were cultured using Rappaport-Vassiliadis and tetrathionate as enrichment broths . These were plated to brilliant green and modified dulcitol brilliant green agars at one, two and seven days . Salmonellae were recovered with greater frequency from tetrathionate plated to modified dulcitol brilliant green than the other combinations.

Avian Dis, 1983 Jul-Sep, 27(3), 822 - 9
Effective control of a gentamicin-resistant Salmonella arizonae infection in turkey poults; Ekperigin HE et al.; A gentamicin-resistant Salmonella arizonae isolate was identified as the cause of an unusually high early mortality rate in several flocks of poults produced by a primary turkey breeder . The company routinely dipped its hatching eggs in 500 ppm gentamicin before incubation and injected each poult at 1 day of age with 1 mg gentamicin . Mortality was reduced to normal, but S . arizonae was not eliminated by injecting the day-old poults with higher doses of gentamicin . S . arizonae was not isolated from sample normal-sized poults in treated groups when tetracyclines were used for antibiotic inoculation of day-old poults . Tetracyclines seemed to be completely effective only when a 5-mg subcutaneous injection per day-old poult was combined with an approximately equal dose in drinking water daily for 4 days, and therapy was accompanied by the culling of runts and other debilitated poults.

J Infect, 1983 Jul, 7(1), 67 - 71
Salmonella-infected subdural haematoma; Boles JM et al.; Post-traumatic chronic subdural haematoma infected by Salmonella sandiego is reported in a 55-year-old alcoholic man . Treatment involved a four-weeks' course of chloramphenicol and also subdural drainage . The patient ultimately recovered . Only four such cases have been reported in the literature . The mode of infection of the subdural haematoma is presumed to have been haematogenous in the absence of an otorhinological focus, meningitis or previous neurosurgery.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Jul, (7), 73 - 7
{Protective action of a vaccine made from Salmonella minnesota R 595 in the intranasal infection of mice with P . aeruginosa}; Apollonin AV; The comparative study of heated corpuscular vaccines prepared from S . minnesota mutant R 595, chemotype Re, from S . minnesota strain SF 1111 with defective lipopolysaccharide and from P . aeruginosa strain PA 103 has been carried out . The vaccine prepared from the chemotype Re mutant, in contrast to the vaccine prepared from S . minnesota strain SF 1111, has been found to induce the development of active immunity (and the corresponding antiserum, passive immunity) to P . aeruginosa introduced intranasally into mice, as well as to stimulate the elimination of the cells of P . aeruginosa infective strain from the lungs of the mice . The potency of the vaccine prepared from the chemotype Re mutant has been found to be significantly no different from that of the vaccine prepared from P . aeruginosa strain PA 103.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Jul, (7), 35 - 8
{Fatty acid composition of the lipopolysaccharides of bacteria in the genera Escherichia, Shigella and Salmonella as a taxonomic trait}; Cherniavskaia EN et al.; The comparative study of the fatty acid composition of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the genera Escherichia, Shigella, Salmonella has been carried out under identical experimental conditions . The LPS of the bacteria under study have been found to contain a number of saturated fatty acids and oxyacids which could not be previously detected in these bacteria in other studies . In all bacterial strains under study LPS include mainly 3-oxytetradecanoic, tetradecanoic and dodecanoic fatty acids . The essential feature of the fatty acid composition of Salmonella is the presence of 2-oxytetradecanoic acid; this acid is absent in Escherichia and Shigella, which can thus be used as a differentiating criterion . The content of other fatty acids in Salmonella is similar to that in Escherichia and Shigella . These data confirm that the genera Escherichia, Shigella and Salmonella are phylogenetically related, the relationship between Escherichia and Shigella being more close.

Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1983 Jul, 4(5-6), 593 - 601
Sensitivity of smooth Salmonella cholerae-suis var kunzendorf to killing by porcine polymorphonuclear neutrophils and its relation to mouse virulence; Griffith RW et al.; Twenty-two selected strains of Salmonella cholerae-suis var kunzendorf were evaluated for their in vitro susceptibility to the actions of porcine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and/or antibody (Ab) . Strains were divided into 2 groups based on their previously reported sensitivity or resistance to antibody-complement (Ab-C) lysis . Strains resistant to Ab-C lysis resisted killing by PMNs to a greater extent than strains susceptible to Ab-C lysis . In the absence of PMNs, dilute Ab alone enhanced the growth of the Ab-C sensitive strains over that of the Ab-C resistant strains . Each of the strains was also injected intraperitoneally into a group of 5 mice . Four strains were totally avirulent for mice and the other 18 strains had a mean time to death of 5.1 +/- 1.8 d . PMNs killed bacteria in both the virulent and avirulent groups but no significant differences were observed . Antibody alone had a stimulating effect on the virulent strains but no effect on the avirulent strains . The difference between these groups was highly significant P = .005.

Infect Control, 1983 Jul-Aug, 4(4), 205 - 8
Nursery salmonellosis: delayed recognition due to unusually long incubation period; Seals JE et al.; A nursery outbreak of diarrheal illness caused by Salmonella nienstedten initially involved seven infants cared for in one nursery; secondary infection subsequently affected one infant cared for in the same nursery as well as four other infants . Recognition of the outbreak was delayed due to an unusually long incubation period . The period from last known exposure to onset of diarrhea ranged from two to 18 days, with a median of ten days . The prolonged incubation period may have resulted from a low inoculum of the organism, from a previously unknown characteristic of Salmonella nienstedten, or may be an age-specific response . Hospital infection control personnel should be aware that nosocomial cases of salmonellosis may have a longer incubation period than has been previously recognized.

Avian Dis, 1983 Jul-Sep, 27(3), 616 - 22
Distribution of paratyphoids on Saudi Arabian poultry farms and pathogenicity studies of predominant serotypes; Barbour EK et al.; A total of 412 feed samples and 632 litter samples from 15 poultry farms (2 breeding farms and 13 rearing farms) were examined for salmonella . Twelve of these farms had salmonella in litter, five farms had salmonella in the feed and four had salmonella in both feed and litter . Seventeen feed samples (4.13%) and 121 litter samples (19.15%) were contaminated with salmonella . Sixteen salmonella serotypes were encountered, of which six were found in both feed and litter . Salmonella concord and S . livingstone were present in the litter of one breeding farm and its progeny farms . The five most frequently isolated salmonella serotypes in feed and litter were S . concord (17.39%), S . coeln (15.94%), S . livingstone (15.22%), S . manhattan (11.59%), and S . paratyphi B var . java (8.69%) . The pathogenicities of those serotypes were determined by calculating their median lethal doses (LD50) 24 and 48 hr postinjection of 1,050 one-day-old broiler chicks via the navel into the yolk sac . The composite 48-hr LD50s (viable cells) were: S . concord, less than 8.8 X 10(3); S . livingstone, 1.1 X 10(5); S . manhattan, 3.5 X 10(5); S . coeln, 1.25 X 10(7); and S . paratyphi B var . java, 1.73 X 10(7).

J Gen Microbiol, 1983 Jul, 129 (Pt 7), 2199 - 206
The serological properties of the cell surface proteins of Vibrio cholerae; Kabir S; The serological properties of cell surface proteins of Vibrio cholerae belonging to both the biotypes (classical and El Tor) and the serotypes (Ogawa and Inaba) were investigated . Proteins were isolated by extracting V . cholerae with EDTA in the presence of sodium chloride . The surface localization of these proteins was confirmed with (a) radioiodinated protein A as an immunoprobe and (b) antiserum absorption studies with whole bacteria . There were similarities among the polypeptides of cell surface proteins isolated from various V . cholerae types . Antisera to these proteins agglutinated several V . cholerae strains, irrespective of biotype, serotype and antibiotic sensitivity . The antisera did not agglutinate pathogenic enteric bacteria such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella spp., Aeromonas hydrophila and Yersinia enterocolitica . The cell surface proteins of V . cholerae were immunogenic in rabbits as high titres of anti-protein specific antibodies were detected by the ELISA technique in the immune sera . These results suggest that the cell surface proteins are common antigens of V . cholerae and can be developed as a potential vaccine candidate against cholera.

Avian Dis, 1983 Jul-Sep, 27(3), 766 - 72
R plasmid-mediated gentamicin resistance in salmonellae isolated from turkeys and their environment; Hirsh DC et al.; Gentamicin-resistant salmonellae were isolated from turkey poults, hatching eggs, and litter on three unrelated farms and from a scrub jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) on a fourth farm unrelated to the other three . The isolates were Salmonella arizonae from three of the farms (poults, eggs, scrub jay) and S . thompson (litter) from the fourth farm . The genes responsible for gentamicin resistance were located on the same conjugal plasmid . This plasmid also encoded resistance to kanamycin, streptomycin, ampicillin, and sulfadiazine.

J Infect Dis, 1983 Jul, 148(1), 12 - 7
Evaluation of isolated cases of salmonellosis by plasmid profile analysis: introduction and transmission of a bacterial clone by precooked roast beef; Riley LW et al.; In July-August 1981, the number of isolated cases of salmonellosis in New Jersey and Pennsylvania markedly increased . Concurrently, two outbreaks in these states caused by the same Salmonella serotypes were traced to a single brand of precooked roast beef . Plasmid profiles of outbreak and isolated strains were examined, and Salmonella newport isolates from the implicated meat and from cases in the two outbreaks were identified with a unique profile, present in 45% of reported strains from isolated cases in this area during the same period . Review of the food exposure histories in isolated cases demonstrated association between this plasmid profile and consumption of precooked roast beef (P = 0.003) . Examination of S newport strains from other regions and intervals indicated that this strain was introduced into these two states sometime after March 1981 . Thus, plasmid profile analysis was useful in studying the epidemiology of isolated cases of salmonellosis due to a sensitive common serotype.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Jul, 18(1), 219 - 21
Isolation of Salmonella enteritidis, serotype Horsham, from three American Indian Tribes; Castle SP et al.; Salmonella enteritidis, serotype Horsham, identified rarely worldwide, was isolated from the stools of six American Indians with gastroenteritis . The patients were from separate tribes located in three geographically distinct villages . Although significant contact was demonstrated between ill individuals within two tribes, no common source for the organism has been identified.

Infect Immun, 1983 Jul, 41(1), 224 - 31
Purification and immunochemical properties of Escherichia coli B polysaccharide cross-reacting with Salmonella typhi Vi antigen: preliminary evidence for cross-reaction of the polysaccharide with Escherichia coli K1 antigen; Szewczyk B et al.; An acidic polysaccharide of Escherichia coli B was isolated by a mild procedure and purified to homogeneity . The polysaccharide was found to react in Salmonella typhi Vi antisera and E . coli K1 antisera . Serological analysis and preliminary chemical characterization of the polysaccharide indicated that it is an aminouronic acid polymer which, although not structurally identical to either Vi or K1, appears more like the Vi antigen, both immunochemically and chemically.

J Infect, 1983 Jul, 7(1), 2 - 20
Sickle cell disease and infection; Onwubalili JK; Overwhelming infections caused by encapsulated bacteria, salmonella spp . and Plasmodium falciparum (in malarious areas) are an important cause of morbidity and death in patients with sickle cell disease . Bacterial infections afflicting these patients include fulminant meningitis and septicaemia caused by Str . pneumoniae and H . influenzae type b, and non-typhoid salmonellosis . Children less than five years of age are at greatest risk for meningitis and septicaemia, while salmonella osteomyelitis is probably common to all age groups . The most important contributing factors to this increased susceptibility to encapsulated bacteria are: a state of functional asplenia, an opsonophagocytic defect due to an abnormality of the alternative complement pathway, and a deficiency of specific circulating antibodies . Devitalisation of gut and bone due to repetitive vaso-occlusive crises, saturation of the macrophage system with red cell breakdown products of chronic haemolysis, and underlying splenic and hepatic dysfunction all predispose to salmonella infections . Seventy per cent of septicaemias and meningitis among under-fives with sickle cell disease is caused by Str . pneumoniae . Septicaemia frequently presents with sudden fever, few prodromal features, and a deceptive appearance of well-being, followed within hours by rapid relentless progression to shock and death . Adrenal haemorrhage is common, and mortality can be as high as 50 per cent, unless intravenous antibiotic, with or without steroid therapy, is promptly initiated . The clinical presentation of bacterial meningitis, its management and mortality follow the normal patterns, but recurrent meningitis and cerebrovascular morbidity are common in patients with sickle cell disease . An acute pulmonary involvement, indistinguishable from bacterial pneumonia (the 'chest syndrome') is the commonest single complication of sickle cell disease at any age . Str . pneumoniae is responsible for about half of the episodes . The protective values of the pneumococcal vaccine and long-term penicillin prophylaxis remain to be established in sickle cell disease . Over 70 per cent of haematogenous osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease is caused by salmonellae . The distinction from vaso-occlusive bone crisis is often difficult, but the presence of multiple, often symmetrical bone involvement, diaphyseal fissuring and involucrum should suggest osteomyelitis rather than bone infarction . Chloramphenicol remains the drug of choice and often has to be given in high doses for up to six weeks . The role of surgery is limited by the presence of multiple bone involvement and the known anaesthetic risks in this group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Am J Vet Res, 1983 Jul, 44(7), 1309 - 16
Pathophysiologic features of swine dysentery: cyclic nucleotide-independent production of diarrhea; Schmall LM et al.; Net electrolyte and water transport and unidirectional Na+ fluxes were examined in ligated colonic loops of clinically normal pigs and in pigs with swine dysentery (etiologic agent Treponema hyodysenteriae) in the presence or absence of theophylline . In normal pigs, theophylline abolished net Na+ absorption via a reduction in the lumen-to-blood flux, decreased Cl- absorption, and increased HCO3- accumulation in the lumen . In infected pigs, all net ion transport was abolished, with the addition of theophylline producing little effect . The absence of net Na+ absorption in infected pigs was also the result of a decreased lumen-to-blood flux . Seemingly, colonic malabsorption may be the primary transport alteration in swine dysentery . Concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) were measured in samples of colonic mucosa from normal and infected pigs after in vitro exposure to a Ringer's solution containing 0 or 20 mM theophylline . Basal values of cAMP or cGMP did not increase in infected colonic mucosa . There was a diminished capacity of the infected mucosa to respond to theophylline . Alterations in ion transport in conjunction with measurements of cAMP and cGMP indicated that the pathogenic mechanism(s) in swine dysentery were not similar to those of Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, or Escherichia coli diarrhea.

J Bacteriol, 1983 Jul, 155(1), 74 - 81
DNA sequence adjacent to flagellar genes and evolution of flagellar-phase variation; Szekely E et al.; A variety of factors, including phase variation, are involved in the regulation of flagellin gene expression in Salmonella sp . Flagellar-phase variation refers to the alternate expression of two different flagellin genes, H1 and H2 . Site-specific inversion of a DNA segment adjacent to the H2 gene is responsible for switching expression . The segment includes the H2 promoter as well as the hin gene, which is required to mediate the inversion . Sequences in this region have homology with the corresponding sequences adjacent to the H1 flagellin gene in Salmonella sp . and the hag flagellin gene in Escherichia coli . The hin gene has also been shown to be homologous to the gin gene, which is found on bacteriophage Mu . To understand gene expression and the origin of these relationships, we have compared the DNA sequence adjacent to all three flagellin genes . The sequence data suggest a mechanism for the evolution of the hin-H2 locus.

Angiology, 1983 Jul, 34(7), 436 - 9
Cardiovascular complications of enteric fever; Siwach SB et al.; A case of a young female having salmonella typhi infection with cardiovascular complications in the form of myocarditis and femoral artery occlusion is reported . The relevant literature on the subject is reviewed, and possible mechanisms discussed.

Vet Rec, 1983 Jun 18, 112(25), 580 - 4
Outbreaks of Salmonella newport infection in dairy herds and their relationship to management and contamination of the environment; Clegg FG et al.; Two outbreaks of Salmonella newport infection in dairy herds are described which were characterised by haemorrhagic enteritis . The history of the outbreaks, the extent of the losses, clinical and laboratory findings and treatment are described . The first herd consisted of 193 cattle, of which seven died, three aborted and another 84 required treatment . Salmonellosis persisted over 14 months throughout the summer on a paddock grazing system and continued during the following winter when the herd was loose housed . The relationship of the commencement of clinical disease to dietary changes and to the time of calving is described, as are the problems in controlling the disease . The second herd consisted of 98 milking cows and a few beef animals . One cow died and two aborted; altogether 18 were clinically affected . The epidemiology of the disease and the geographical relationship between the two farms is described . Extensive contamination of streams occurred and one cow died on a neighbouring third farm . In contact humans were found to be excreting the organism . The public health significance of the outbreak is discussed because bulk milk samples were contaminated with salmonellae for 10 months and local streams were polluted with human sewage.

Vet Rec, 1983 Jun 18, 112(25), 578 - 80
Milkborne salmonellosis in Scotland 1980 to 1982; Reilly WJ et al.; In Scotland between 1980 and 1982 there were 21 episodes of milkborne salmonella affecting a total of 1090 persons (range one to 654) . There were eight deaths, including two children, in people associated with these outbreaks . The problem of milkborne salmonellosis continues to be greater in Scotland, where dairy herds on average are larger and a greater proportion of raw milk is consumed, than elsewhere in Britain . It is anticipated that legislation requiring the pasteurisation of virtually all milk sold for human consumption in Scotland by August 1983, will help to correct the situation.

Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 1983 Jun 15, 69(1), 48 - 54
Enhancement of mutagenic activity in Salmonella by contraceptive steroids; Rao TK et al.; Two oral contraceptive steroids, mestranol and norethynodrel, were evaluated for mutagenicity in the Salmonella histidine reversion assay . The pure forms of the hormones were not mutagenic when tested with either missense (TA1535, TA100) or frameshift (TA98, TA1538, TA1537) strains . In vitro activation of the hormones with liver homogenates from rats induced either with phenobarbital or Aroclor did not influence these results . However, mestranol was capable of enhancing the mutation yield obtained by an ineffective subthreshold dose of 2-acetylaminofluorene . Dimethyl sulfoxide extracts of two contraceptive pills, Ovulen-21 (containing mestranol) or Enovid-E (containing mestranol or norethynodrel), also were nonmutagenic . But again, both these extracts were capable of enhancing the mutation yield induced with an ineffective dosage of 2-acetylaminofluorene and N-nitrosopiperidine . These studies point to the possible promotional effect and subsequent potential hazard to the female consumers who use these hormones as a means of pregnancy control.

Am J Med, 1983 Jun 14, 74(6A), 91 - 6
Studies on the beneficial effects of aspirin in endotoxic shock . Relationship to inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism; Halushka PV et al.; Endotoxic shock is associated with increased metabolism of arachidonic acid into thromboxanes and prostaglandins . This study assessed the effects of varied doses of aspirin, an inhibitor of arachidonic acid metabolism, on Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin-induced mortality, plasma levels of arachidonate metabolites, and other pathophysiologic sequelae in Long-Evans rats . Aspirin in doses of 3.75, 15, and 30 mg/kg given 30 minutes prior to endotoxin challenge significantly (p less than 0.01) improved 24-hour survival rates from 11 percent to approximately 65 percent, but 100 mg/kg afforded no protection . Pretreatment with aspirin (15 or 100 mg/kg) 30 minutes prior to endotoxin also significantly (p less than 0.001) decreased the endotoxin-induced elevations in plasma levels of immunoreactive thromboxane B2, a stable metabolite of thromboxane A2, and immunoreactive 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha, a stable metabolite of prostacyclin . Aspirin doses of 15 or 100 mg/kg given 24 hours prior to challenge with endotoxin significantly improved 24-hour survival rates from 17 percent to 42 percent (p less than 0.01) and 44 percent (p less than 0.005), respectively . Pretreatment with an aspirin dose of 15 mg/kg 24 hours prior to challenge with endotoxin significantly (p less than 0.05) inhibited thrombin-induced immunoreactive thromboxane B2 synthesis in platelet-rich plasma (in vitro) and endotoxin-induced immunoreactive 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and immunoreactive thromboxane B2 synthesis by rat peritoneal macrophages . Although 24-hour pretreatment with aspirin (15 or 100 mg/kg) significantly (p less than 0.001) reduced endotoxin-induced elevations in immunoreactive thromboxane B2, only the 100 mg/kg dose significantly lowered plasma levels of immunoreactive 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha . These observations are consistent with the notion that the beneficial effects of aspirin seen in experimental endotoxic shock may be mediated, in part, via inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Jun, 17(6), 1159 - 60
Plasmid profiles of value in differentiating Salmonella muenster isolates; Bezanson GS et al.; Strains of Salmonella muenster displaying identical antibiotic susceptibility and bacteriophage reaction patterns were found to differ in their complements of plasmid DNA . Plasmid profiles were used to separate 40 isolates from diverse sources into four distinct groups, one of which contained 30 strains without plasmids.

Mutat Res, 1983 Jun-Jul, 110(1), 9 - 22
Activation of nitrosamines and other carcinogens by mouse-liver S9, mouse hepatocytes and in the host-mediated assay produces different mutagenic responses in Salmonella TA1535; Kerklaan P et al.; 5 indirect alkylating carcinogens, namely, dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA), methylethylnitrosamine (MENA), diethylnitrosamine (DENA), 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and cyclophosphamide (CP), were tested in liquid incubation assays for their mutagenic activity towards Salmonella TA1535 in the presence of mouse-liver homogenate (S9) or freshly isolated, single liver-cell preparations . The capacity of these mouse-liver preparations to activate the compounds to mutagens for TA1535 was compared with the mutagenic effect of low doses of the carcinogens in intrasanguineous host-mediated assays, with the same strain of mice as host . Although the mouse hepatocytes retained their activating capacity longer than S9 preparations did during incubation at 37 degrees C, the latter gave much higher yields of mutants with 10 mM (DMNA, MENA, DMH) and 5 mM (CP) of 4 out of the 5 compounds . DENA was not mutagenic in either assay . These differences between whole cell and disrupted cell preparations were reduced or absent when the concentrations of the test compounds were reduced by a factor of 10 . It was concluded that hepatocytes at the maximal concentration of cells have a limited capacity to metabolize the mutagens . On the basis of protein concentration, hepatocytes are more effective (nitrosamines) or equally effective (CP and DMH) in activating the compounds . Compared with the host-mediated assays, both liver fractions have only a marginal potential to activate equal low amounts of the carcinogens . The present results do not indicate that hepatocytes take an 'intermediate' position between existing in vitro and in vivo activation systems, although they do suggest that these mouse hepatocyte preparations activate the nitrosamines DMNA and MENA in a quantitatively or qualitatively different way than do mouse-liver homogenates.

Immun Infekt, 1983 Jun, 11(4), 135 - 9
{Bacterial antibodies and isoagglutinins in intravenous immunoglobulin preparations}; Haase M et al.; Various lots of intravenous immunoglobulins for passive immunization should contain almost the same, broad, antibody profile and provoke very low frequencies of untoward reactions . From 1976-1982 a study was undertaken to measure the level of antibodies directed against tetanustoxin, diphtheriatoxin, streptolysin O, staphylolysin, and salmonella in up to 82 lots . It is interesting to note that the measured level of antibodies in intravenous immunoglobulins varied only slightly as well qualitatively as quantitatively with one exception: an immunoglobulin of placental origin . The amount of tetanusantitoxin in the majority of lots of that preparation was ten-fold lower than that of the other immunoglobulins . Intravenous immunoglobulins contain generally 3-6 IE/ml antistaphylolysin, 600-1200 IE/ml antistreptolysin O, 10-20 IE/ml tetanusantitoxin, and 1-2 IE/ml diphtheriaantitoxin . Antibodies to salmonella could not be demonstrated . Some of the lots exhibited isoagglutinins up to a dilution of 1 : 4.

Immun Infekt, 1983 Jun, 11(4), 135 - 9
{Bacterial antibodies and isoagglutinins in intravenous immunoglobulin preparations}; Haase M et al.; Various lots of intravenous immunoglobulins for passive immunization should contain almost the same, broad, antibody profile and provoke very low frequencies of untoward reactions . From 1976-1982 a study was undertaken to measure the level of antibodies directed against tetanustoxin , diphtheriatoxin , streptolysin O, staphylolysin , and salmonella in up to 82 lots . It is interesting to note that the measured level of antibodies in intravenous immunoglobulins varied only slightly as well qualitatively as quantitatively with one exception: an immunoglobulin of placental origin . The amount of tetanusantitoxin in the majority of lots of that preparation was ten-fold lower than that of the other immunoglobulins . Intravenous immunoglobulins contain generally 3-6 IE/ml antistaphylolysin , 600-1200 IE/ml antistreptolysin O, 10-20 IE/ml tetanusantitoxin , and 1-2 IE/ml diphtheriaantitoxin . Antibodies to salmonella could not be demonstrated . Some of the lots exhibited isoagglutinins up to a dilution of 1 : 4.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1983 Jun, 14(2), 210 - 5
Unusual manifestations of Salmonella infection; Laosombat V et al.; A case report a patient with Salmonella group B septicemia is presented . This patient had continuous high fever for one month, bronchopneumonia, pancytopenia, mucous bloody diarrhea and generalized lymphadenopathy.

Jpn J Med Sci Biol, 1983 Jun, 36(3), 191 - 7
Surveillance for typhoid fever in Matsuyama city during 1974-1981 and detection of Salmonella typhi in sewage and river waters; Shinohara N et al.; Eighty-two cases of typhoid fever were found in Matsuyama city in the period from 1974 to 1981 . Seventy-six cases were found to be infected with Salmonella typhi other three with Salmonella paratyphi A, and the remaining three were diagnosed only clinically . The strains of S . typhi isolated from these patients showed such a variety of Vi-phage types as D1, D2, E1, M1, 53 and degraded Vi-positive strain (DVS) . The concurrent survey of the city sewage and river waters for typhoid bacilli was conducted with total 578 samples taken therefrom . S . typhi was isolated from 120 of those samples . The Vi-phage types of the isolates were closely related with those of the isolates from the patients . The periodical examinations of the city sewage and the draining river may serve as a useful means for the controlling typhoid fever epidemics.

Trop Geogr Med, 1983 Jun, 35(2), 187 - 8
Endocarditis due to Salmonella typhi; Tongia RK et al.; A case of endocarditis caused by Salmonella typhi is reported in a 24-year-old Egyptian woman known to have rheumatic heart disease . The diagnosis was confirmed by positive blood cultures and echocardiogram.

J Reticuloendothel Soc, 1983 Jun, 33(6), 443 - 56
Immunoregulation by macrophages II . Separation of mouse peritoneal macrophages having tumoricidal and bactericidal activities and those secreting PGE and interleukin I; Hopper KE et al.; Macrophage subpopulations having bactericidal or tumoricidal activities and secreting interleukin I (IL1) or prostaglandin E (PGE) were identified through primary or secondary infection with Salmonella enteritidis and separated by sedimentation velocity . Bactericidal activity was measured by {3H}-thymidine release from Listeria monocytogenes and tumoricidal activity by 51Cr-release from C-4 fibrosarcoma or P815 mastocytoma cells . Macrophages with bactericidal activity were distinguished from those with tumoricidal activity a) during secondary infection when cytolytic activity occurred only at days 1-4 post injection and bactericidal activity remained high throughout and b) after sedimentation velocity separation . Cytolysis was consistently greatest among adherent cells of low sedimentation velocity, whereas cells with bactericidal activity increased in size during the infection . Tumour cytostasis (inhibition and promotion of {3H}-thymidine uptake) differed from cytolysis in that the former was more prolonged during infection and was also detected among large cells . Secretion of immunoregulatory molecules PGE and IL1 occurred maximally among different macrophage subpopulations separated by sedimentation velocity and depending on the type of stimulus used in vitro . There was an inverse correlation between IL1 production and PGE production after stimulation with C3-zymosan or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . The development of immunity during infection may therefore be dependent upon the relative proportions of effector and regulatory macrophage subpopulations and the selective effects of environmental stimuli on these functions.

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 1983 Jun, 1(2), 163 - 4
Paratyphoid orchitis; Weinstein ML et al.; A case of pyogenic orchitis due to infection with Salmonella enteritidis ser . Paratyphi B is discussed . Unlike previously reported cases of Salmonella orchitis, this patient developed infection by bacteremic spread and not by direct extension from the epididymis . Therapy with chloramphenicol resulted in an excellent clinical response.

Cancer Res, 1983 Jun, 43(6), 2659 - 63
Influence of benzoflavone on aflatoxin B1-induced cytotoxicity, mutation, and transformation of C3H/10T1/2 cells; Billings PC et al.; Aflatoxin B1 (AFLB1), a metabolite of the fungus Aspergillus flavus, is hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic in several animal species and is thought to play an etiological role in human liver cancer . C3H/10T1/2 clone 8 mouse embryo fibroblasts are killed, mutated, and morphologically transformed byAFLB1 . 7,8-Benzoflavone, a known inhibitor of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, inhibits this enzymatic activity in C3H/10T1/2 cells . Furthermore, benzoflavone inhibits the binding of AFLB1, to the DNA of C3H/10T1/2 cells . Benzoflavone also inhibits AFLB1-induced cytotoxicity and mutation of C3H/10T1/2 cells, as well as inhibiting the activation of AFLB1 into mutagenic metabolites capable of reverting the Ames Salmonella tester strain TA98 . Interestingly, benzoflavone had no effect on the oncogenic transformation of these cells by AFLB1 . Therefore, benzoflavone inhibits the DNA binding, cytotoxic, and mutagenic effects of AFLB1 but does not reduce the morphological transformation of C3H/10T1/2 cells by this mycotoxin.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Jun, (6), 58 - 60
{Characteristics of Salmonella mutants competent for isolated nucleic acids}; Zaikin VL et al.; The method for the isolation of transfectable salmonellae by growing them in a liquid medium for a long time and selecting R-clones, subsequently tested in the Ca2+-dependent transfection of the DNA of bacteriophage P22 H5, was developed . The probability of obtaining transfectable clones varied between 18.3% and 48.3% in different Salmonella strains . Testing their sensitivity to specific bacteriophages used for the determination of structural distortions in the lipopolysaccharide layer of the cell wall made it possible to divide transfectable Salmonella clones into 3 phenotypical groups . The effectiveness of the formation of transfectants in the Ca2+-dependent transfection of the DNA of bacteriophage P22 H5 increased to 4.0 X 10(-8) - 8.0 X 10(-8) in the isolated R-clones of S . typhimurium strain SU453 . In contrast to the initial strain, these R-clones were characterized not only by more effective transfection, but also by the possibility of plasmid transformation.

Z Gesamte Inn Med, 1983 Jun 1, 38(11), 70 - 2
{Importation of Shigella and Salmonella into East Germany}; Rische H; The international tourist traffic and the import of provisions also involves the importation of Shigella and Salmonella into the GDR . In 1980 9% of the Shigella sonnei infections and 50% of the Shigella flexneri infections were imported from 22 or 26 countries, in most cases from tourist countries, typical for the GDR . The Salmonella are imported mainly by feed-stuff . But also the spreading particularly of polyresistant Salmonella by epidemic processes independent of provisions, above all among newborn, must be taken into consideration . The phage typing, bacteriocinotypy, biochemotypy, the antibioram and the determination of the resistance plasmids stood the test for the epidemiological control.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1983 Jun, 45(6), 1816 - 21
Enzyme immunoassay in which a myeloma protein is used for detection of salmonellae; Robison BJ et al.; An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in which an immunoglobulin A monoclonal antibody from a myeloma (MOPC 467) is used was developed to detect the presence of Salmonella organisms . This myeloma protein binds to a flagellar determinant of the organisms but is not directed toward the H antigens . Of 100 strains tested, 94% were detectable with this antibody . The EIA, used with MOPC 467, is quick, sensitive, and specific, showing virtually no cross-reactivity to other enteric organisms . Initial screening of antibody reactivity was performed by Ouchterlony gel diffusion with the supernatants of heat-treated Salmonella cultures . After this, an EIA was performed on the heat extracts with the myeloma protein, which had been directly coupled to alkaline phosphatase . A positive reaction was indicated by the production of a yellow color after the addition of a substrate (p-nitrophenylphosphate), and this was quantitated by determining the absorbance at 405 nm . The EIA proved to be slightly more sensitive than the Ouchterlony analysis . The sensitivity of the EIA is such that as few as 10(6) Salmonella organisms per ml were detected . This concentration was easily obtained after a 24-h preenrichment incubation of the sample . Mixtures of Salmonella strains with a 10 x concentration of Escherichia coli did not prevent detection of the Salmonella strains . This EIA can be successfully used to detect contamination of foods, as it was used to detect the intentional contamination of infant formula in these studies . Indications are that the EIA is sensitive enough to detect Salmonella strains in M broth subcultures taken directly from a preenrichment culture . Testing of samples could thus be completed 36 h after culture initiation, rather than after 96 h, the time currently needed.

J Clin Invest, 1983 Jun, 71(6), 1893 - 6
Cultured human endothelial cells generate tissue factor in response to endotoxin; Colucci M et al.; Bacterial infection is associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation and fibrin deposition in the microcirculation; the mechanism of these effects in humans is still unclear . We have studied the generation of procoagulant activity (PCA) by cultured human endothelial cells (EC) in response to endotoxin . Cells from umbilical cord veins were grown in Eagle's minimum essential medium with 20% fetal calf serum till confluence . Absence of fibroblasts and macrophages was carefully checked . Endotoxin (Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) W or Escherichia coli 0111:B4 LPS W, 0.01-1.0 micrograms/ml) was added to culture dishes for 4-6 h . PCA of EC was measured by a one-stage clotting assay and/or a two-stage amidolytic assay with the chromogenic substrate S-2222 . In the absence of endotoxin, EC generated little, if any PCA (2-5 units/10(5) cells) . In contrast, the addition of endotoxin resulted in generation of strong PCA that reached a maximum within 4-6 h (185-241 units/10(5) cells) and was dose-dependent between 1 and 0.01 microgram endotoxin/ml of culture medium . The generation of PCA required RNA and protein synthesis but did not require the presence of serum . No activity was found in the culture medium . The activity was of tissue thromboplastin type, as indicated by biological and immunological criteria . These endotoxin effects were observed in the absence of endothelial damage, as shown by phase-contrast microscopy and lack of 51Cr release . These data could contribute to elucidate the pathogenesis of vascular complications associated with endotoxemia in man.

J Immunol, 1983 Jun, 130(6), 2757 - 62
Suppression of ACTH-induced steroidogenesis by supernatants from LPS-treated peritoneal exudate macrophages; Mathison JC et al.; The results from a number of clinical and experimental studies have suggested that during endotoxemia, suppression of adrenocortical steroidogenesis may occur . We have examined the possibility that macrophages are the source of a factor that suppresses adrenocortical steroidogenesis . Resident and peptone-elicited peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEM) from C3HeB/FeJ mice were incubated for 4 hr at 37 degrees C in the presence or absence of T cell hybridoma-derived lymphokine (LK) that contained high concentrations of MAF activity (assessed by induction of nonspecific tumoricidal activity in PEM) . The LK was removed by rinsing, and fresh medium was added, followed by Salmonella minnesota R595 LPS (final concentration 10 micrograms/ml) . After 18 hr at 37 degrees C the PEM supernatants and control medium from flasks without cells were harvested and stored at -20 degrees C . Explanted rabbit adrenocortical cells in 96-well plates were exposed to 30 microliters of PEM supernatant or control medium and ACTH (10 or 100 mU/ml) in a final volume of 120 microliters for 3 consecutive days . The adrenocortical cell supernatants were harvested each day, followed by replenishment of medium, PEM supernatant, and ACTH . Fluorogenic steroid production in wells that received control medium or supernatants from PEM not treated with LPS was normal (0.22 microgram +/- 0.010 (SD) per 5 X 10(4) cells) . However, as much as 75 to 95% suppression of steroidogenesis was observed in wells that received supernatants from PEM treated with LK and LPS, compared to 40% suppression in wells that received supernatant from PEM treated with LPS alone . Continued exposure (over 3 days) of adrenocortical cells to supernatants from LPS-treated PEM resulted in progressively decreasing response to ACTH . Comparable suppressive activity was observed in supernatants from LPS-treated bone marrow-derived macrophages . In further experiments, suppression was observed in wells that were pretreated (22 hr) with the appropriate PEM supernatant, and evidence was obtained that the suppressive activity was not due to carry-over LPS . Finally, results from control experiments demonstrated that suppressive PEM supernatants neither inactivate ACTH nor interfere with the assay of fluorogenic steroids . Thus, these results suggest that during endotoxemia, products from LPS-stimulated macrophages may suppress adrenocortical function.

Infect Immun, 1983 Jun, 40(3), 882 - 7
Adherence and ingestion of Escherichia coli serotype 055 by trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica; Bracha R et al.; Carbohydrate-binding activity present on the Entamoeba histolytica cell surfaces was found to mediate the adherence of two types of bacteria, Escherichia coli serotype 055 and Salmonella greenside 050 . Adherence was inhibited by low-molecular-weight carbohydrates (10 mg/ml) such as galactose, lactose, and N-acetylgalactosamine, as well as by asialofetuin and the lipopolysaccharide extracted from E . coli 055 . Mild periodate oxidation of the bacteria inhibited their adherence, whereas heat inactivation, glutaraldehyde fixation, or gamma-irradiation had no effect . On the other hand, pretreatment of trophozoites with glutaraldehyde, cytochalasin B, or cold (5 degrees C) abolished adherence . None of these treatments, however, affected the attachment of bacteria that contain on their cell surface type I pili with mannose-binding capacity . These findings lend further support to our earlier observations on how amoebae interact with bacteria.

J Rheumatol, 1983 Jun, 10(3), 475 - 8
Septic sacroiliitis; Oka M et al.; Five patients with septic sacroiliitis, 3 unilateral and 2 bilateral, are described . The illness was acute, with high fever, low back or buttock pain, severe sacroiliac tenderness and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate . Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the blood in 3 cases and Salmonella typhi in 1 . Diagnosis was confirmed by scintigraphy in 4 cases . Roentgenographic changes developed in 2 patients . Response to antimicrobial therapy was favourable . Awareness of this condition is mandatory for prompt diagnosis and correct therapy . Sacroiliac tenderness with increased radionuclide uptake, high fever and positive blood culture are the primary diagnostic criteria.

Eur J Biochem, 1983 Jun 1, 133(1), 77 - 81
Chemically synthesized galactosyl ficaprenyl diphosphate as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the Salmonella O-antigenic polysaccharide; Kanegasaki S et al.; The membrane fraction from a mutant of Salmonella anatum deficient in UDPgalactose-4-epimerase, utilized synthetic ficaprenyl alpha-D-galactosyl diphosphate as a substrate in the biosynthesis of the O-polysaccharide portion of lipopolysaccharide which has a mannosylrhamnosylgalactose repeating sequence . The galactosyl lipid was prepared by chemical synthesis from D-galactose and ficaprenol extracted from Ficus elastica . Membrane preparations catalyzed the transfer of rhamnose from TDP-rhamnose onto membrane-bound ficaprenyl galactosyl diphosphate forming rhamnosylgalactosyl ficaprenyl diphosphate; the reaction was dependent on the prior insertion of the synthetic glycosyl-lipid into the membrane, and was proportional to incubation time up to 4 min at 29 degrees C . When both TDP-rhamnose and GDP-mannose were added, the product formed was O-polysaccharide . These results indicate that the chemically synthesized ficaprenyl galactosyl diphosphate can be an active substrate for the in vitro synthesis of the Salmonella O-polysaccharide.

Mutat Res, 1983 May, 109(2), 131 - 41
A comparison of alternative measures of mutagenic potency in the Salmonella (Ames) test; Horn L et al.; Both the spontaneous and the induced mutation rates in Salmonella tester strains vary among different laboratories, and also within the same laboratory over time . If there is an association between spontaneous and induced mutagenesis, a measure of mutagenic potency that incorporates the background may be more consistent than the simple measure of the induced slope . We have used the statistical procedures recently described by Bernstein et al . (1982), and a large data-base of Salmonella test results to examine the association between spontaneous and induced mutation and to compare several alternative measures of mutagenic potency . A correlation analysis indicated an association between spontaneous and induced mutation for TA98, TA1537 and TA1535; TA1538 was close to being significant . This was observed over a wide range of chemicals . In addition, for TA98, for which we observed the strongest association, we obtained a rough estimate of the relationship between slope and intercept by using least squares to fit K and p in the power curve beta = k alpha p . We then chose 3 simple potency measures: the slope, the ratio of slope to spontaneous background, and the ratio of slope to the square-root of spontaneous background . These corresponded to the range of p's estimated from the least-squares fit procedure . The reproducibility of these measures was compared and no significant differences were found . Though there were some differences in the relative potency ranking of chemicals using the different measures, they were highly correlated.

Infect Immun, 1983 May, 40(2), 601 - 7
Immunogenicity of a low-virulence vaccinal strain against Salmonella abortus-ovis infection in mice; Lantier F et al.; Strain Rv6, a streptomycin-independent reverse mutant of Salmonella abortus-ovis, multiplied and disseminated in vivo to a lesser extent than the virulent parental strain 15/5, as determined by subcutaneous inoculation of two outbred strains of mice with different susceptibilities to salmonella infection . This lower virulence of strain Rv6 was not modified by 10 passages in susceptible mice . Vaccination with strain Rv6 induced a dose-dependent capacity of mice to control subsequent infection with the virulent parental strain . Induced resistance began as early as 3 days after vaccination and lasted at least 11 months . Its efficiency was controlled by different routes and doses of challenge . Strain Rv6 induced a greater protection than that conferred by heat-killed bacteria or by tested commercial killed vaccines.

Mutat Res, 1983 May-Jun, 117(3-4), 237 - 42
Mutagenicity of 2 anti-chagasic drugs and their metabolic deactivation; Nagel R et al.; 2 anti-chagasic drugs, nifurtimox and benznidazole, were assayed in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test . These drugs were most active in strain TA100 . Under certain experimental conditions, addition of rat-liver S9 mix led to a decrease in the number of his+ revertants induced by the drugs.

Cancer Lett, 1983 May, 19(1), 67 - 72
Mutagenicity of hydrazides of pyrimidine-nucleotide-precursors in the Salmonella-oxygenase test; Golovinsky E et al.; Five newly synthesized hydrazides: L-aspartic acid dihydrazide, DL-ureido-succinic acid dihydrazide, DL-dihydroorotic acid hydrazide, orotic acid hydrazide, and 2,2'-anhydro-1-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-orotic acid hydrazide were tested for mutagenicity in the Ames test . All these hydrazides except DL-ureidosuccinic acid dihydrazide were found to be non-mutagenic . The mutagenic activities of the latter compound which causes base-pair substitution was decreased in the presence of metabolic activator.

J Surg Res, 1983 May, 34(5), 479 - 85
The role of heparin in guinea pig gram negative bacterial sepsis; Dunn DL et al.; The ability of antibody directed against shared antigenic determinants of gram negative organisms to protect against a challenge of diverse gram negative bacterial species remains controversial in the experimental setting . Attention has focused, however, on the use as immunogens of rough mutants of Escherichia coli and Salmonella minnesota, which express a portion of core lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extensively on their cell surface . Core LPS is a structure present on the outer membrane of most, if not all, gram negative bacteria . In this study rabbits were immunized with E . coli J5, a rough mutant of E . coli, to produce anti-E . coli J5 rabbit antiserum (anti-J5 RS) . Anti-J5 RS was found to cross react extensively by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with various gram negative bacterial whole cell or LPS antigens, compared to normal rabbit serum (NRS) . Anti-J5 RS +/- heparin was also compared to NRS +/- heparin pretreatment in a guinea pig model of sepsis utilizing E . coli O111:B4 as the challenge organism . Anti-J5 RS +/- heparin augmented systemic bacterial clearance compared to NRS +/- heparin, but only the combination of anti-J5 RS and heparin enhanced survival 48 hr after bacterial challenge . It was concluded that pretreatment with anti-J5 RS was a necessary, but not sufficient condition for enhanced survival, and that the addition of heparin to anti-J5 RS pretreatment might diminish the otherwise lethal consequences of complement activation and disseminated intravascular coagulation in this model system.

Mutat Res, 1983 May-Jun, 117(3-4), 243 - 57
Comparative genotoxic effects of the cooked-food-related mutagens Trp-P-2 and IQ in bacteria and cultured mammalian cells; Thompson LH et al.; As part of a major study to evaluate the mutagenicity of chemicals produced during the cooking of foods, we examined the responses of bacteria and cultured Chinese hamster cells to the compounds Trp-P-2 (3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido{4,3-b}indole) and IQ (2-amino-3-methylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoline), constituents identified in cooked beef and fish . In the Ames/Salmonella tester strain TA1538, both compounds were confirmed to be extremely potent mutagens that were active at levels below 1 ng/plate in the presence of hamster-liver S9 microsomal fraction . 50-fold higher doses of both compounds were required for mutagenicity in the uvr+ tester strain TA1978 . Trp-P-2 also behaved as a strong mutagen in CHO cells using the standard exogenous activation with hamster-liver S9 fraction . At concentrations below 1 microgram/ml it produced dose-dependent increases in cell killing, mutations at the hprt and aprt loci, sister-chromatid exchanges, and chromosomal aberrations . An excision-repair-deficient strain was about 2-fold more sensitive than the normal CHO cells with respect to these genotoxic effects of Trp-P-2 . IQ had unexpectedly weak activity for all genetic endpoints in the CHO cells, and it produced clear-cut responses only in the repair-deficient cells and only above a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml . The toxicity that was observed with IQ was not affected by the repair capacity of the cells and was not associated with chromosomal aberrations, indicating that damage to cellular structures other than nuclear DNA was likely the predominant pathway for cell killing . Because the culture conditions normally used for CHO cell exposure were shown to be competent in producing bacterial mutagenicity with IQ, it was concluded that the active metabolite of IQ was present in the medium but was somehow ineffective in reaching the DNA of CHO cells and/or reacting with it . These results suggest that the relative mutagenic potency of compounds in Salmonella may bear no direct relationship to relative mutagenicity in CHO cells, emphasizing precaution in attempting to extrapolate microbial data to mammalian somatic cells . This study illustrates the use and merits of a multi-endpoint assay for genetic damage in CHO cells, the utility of using CHO cells that are defective in excision repair of DNA, and the importance of comparative testing between bacterial and mammalian systems.

Mutat Res, 1983 May, 120(2-3), 97 - 103
Suitability of the modified fluctuation assay for evaluating the mutagenicity of unconcentrated drinking water; Harrington TR et al.; Filter-sterilized, unconcentrated tap water induced mutagenic responses (p less than 0.01) in Salmonella strain TA100 in fluctuation assays, usually with dose-related increases in positive tubes . Additional experiments were performed to study possible artifacts that could lead to falsely positive results . Determinations of bacterial survival revealed that cell populations in the tubes containing tap water were larger than in the controls . Since spontaneous mutation is a function of cell generation, the increased numbers of bacteria appeared to be responsible for the higher numbers of mutants observed . Therefore, the positive responses must be regarded as artifactual . This study suggests that survival determination should be a routine part of this method, and care should be exercised in the interpretation of positive results.

Mutat Res, 1983 May, 120(2-3), 105 - 10
Mutagenicities of mono-nitrobenzene derivatives in the presence of norharman; Suzuki J et al.; The mutagenicities of 22 mono-nitrobenzene derivatives, i.e., nitrobenzene {98-95-3} and the ortho, meta and para isomers of nitrotoluene {88-72-2, 99-08-1, 99-99-0}, nitrophenol {88-75-5, 554-84-7, 100-02-7}, nitroanisole {91-23-6, 555-03-3, 100-17-4}, nitrochlorobenzene {88-73-3, 121-73-3, 100-00-5}, nitrobenzoic acid {552-16-9, 121-92-6, 62-23-7}, nitrobenzaldehyde {552-89-6, 99-61-6, 555-16-8} and nitrobenzonitrile {612-24-8, 619-24-9, 619-72-7}, were tested with or without S9 mix and norharman {244-63-3} in the Salmonella assay system . None of the compounds was mutagenic without norharman . In the presence of norharman, however, nitrobenzene, nitrotoluene, nitroanisole, nitrochlorobenzene and nitrobenzaldehyde exhibited mutagenicity only to S . typhimurium TA98 with S9 mix . This induction of mutagenesis with norharman was strong for the ortho isomers of every nitro-compound, weak for the para isomers, and was not observed for the meta isomers.

Mutat Res, 1983 May, 113(3-4), 173 - 215
Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test; Maron DM et al.; The methods for detecting carcinogens and mutagens with the Salmonella mutagenicity test were described previously (Ames et al., 1975b) . The present paper is a revision of the methods . Two new tester strains, a frameshift strain (TA97) and a strain carrying an ochre mutation on a multicopy plasmid (TA102), are added to the standard tester set . TA97 replaces TA1537 . TA1535 and TA1538 are removed from the recommended set but can be retained at the option of the investigator . TA98 and TA100 are retained . We discuss other special purpose strains and present some minor changes in procedure, principally in the growth, storage, and preservation of the tester strains . Two substitutions are made in diagnostic mutagens to eliminate MNNG and 9-aminoacridine . Some test modifications are discussed.

Poult Sci, 1983 May, 62(5), 897 - 903
Concentration of Salmonella pullorum antigen and the immunosuppressive effect of adrenocorticotropin in growing chickens; Siegel HS et al.; The role of antigen concentration on the immunosuppressive effect of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) was tested in 6-week-old White Rock chickens that were immunized i.v . with 1 ml of heat-treated Salmonella pullorum at packed cell volume concentrations of .06 to .00015%, At 16 and 10 hr before the antigen (Ag) injection, the birds received either 4 IU . 100 g body wt-1 of ACTH i.m., or the gelatin (Gel) vehicle . Total, 2-mercaptoethanol sensitive (2-MES), and 2-mercaptoethanol resistant (2-MER) agglutinin antibody titers were determined . The ACTH significantly suppressed total agglutinin titers with the lower Ag concentrations (.0015 and .00015%) but not with the higher Ag concentrations . The ACTH significantly suppressed 2-MES titers only when Ag concentrations were low but suppressed 2-MER titers regardless of Ag concentration . The results indicated that there may be critical Ag concentrations capable of inducing maximal humoral antibody responses in moderate environments but which allow these responses to be suppressed by environments that stimulate increased pituitary-adrenal activity.

Bioorg Khim, 1983 May, 9(5), 684 - 7
{Specificity of the enzymes of Salmonella O-antigen biosynthesis . 6 . Synthesis of sugar nucleotides with glycosyl phosphate activation . Analogs of guanosine diphosphate mannose modified at position 6 ofthe purine ring}; Shibaev VN et al.; Interaction of alpha-D-mannopyranosyl phosphate with diphenyl phosphochloridate gave the trisubstituted pyrophosphate which was converted through the reaction with nucleoside 5'-phosphates into nucleoside 5'-(alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)pyrophosphates . The method was used for preparation of guanosine diphosphate mannose analogs derived from adenine, purine, 2-aminopurine, 2-amino-6-methoxypurine, 2-amino-6-chloropurine, and 2-amino-6-mercaptopurine . These analogs are necessary for study on substrate specificity of mannosyltransferases of Salmonella O-specific polysaccharides biosynthesis.

Vet Rec, 1983 Apr 16, 112(16), 372 - 4
Abortion in sheep associated with Salmonella montevideo infection; Linklater KA; In the eight year period, 1974 to 1981, abortion associated with Salmonella montevideo infection was recorded in 16 flocks in south east Scotland . Two of these flocks experienced infection in each of two years making a total of 18 incidents . Apart from abortion, there was little evidence of ill health in ewes and lambs in affected groups . The number of ewes which aborted in any one flock was very variable . The worst affected had 130 abortions which represented 25 per cent of the animals at risk . On the other hand in 10 of the incidents 6 per cent or less of the pregnant ewes were affected.

Sci Total Environ, 1983 Apr, 27(2-3), 113 - 20
Mutagenic and clastogenic effects of organic extracts from the Athenian drinking water; Athanasiou K et al.; Organic extracts of chlorinated drinking water collected from the water distribution system of Athens, Greece, were tested in parallel for their ability to cause mutations in the Salmonella His+ reversion system and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and chromosomal aberrations in CHO cells . They were found to induce His+ revertants in frequencies similar to those detected previously with drinking water extracts from other areas around the world . We observe that organic samples from surface drinking water induce SCE and chromatid type abnormalities in CHO cell cultures while samples collected from ground drinking water did not . These findings confirm that chlorinated surface drinking water contains substances which are mutagenic and clastogenic and may be carcinogenic in humans.

Scott Med J, 1983 Apr, 28(2), 176 - 8
Salmonella virchow: a cause of significant bloodstream invasion; Todd WT et al.; Salmonella virchow, a food poisoning strain previously only sporadically responsible for disease, has recently been isolated with increasing frequency in Scotland . The experience of infections due to this organism in 1980 in an infectious diseases unit is reported . Nine of 15 patients consecutively admitted with infection due to this organism were found to be septicaemic on blood culture thus highlighting the invasive propensity of this serotype.

J Comp Pathol, 1983 Apr, 93(2), 275 - 94
The classification of feline colitis; Van Kruiningen HJ et al.; Clinical and pathological features of a variety of forms of feline colitis or enterocolitis were examined and classified into 9 separate entities: Salmonella enterocolitis, the colitis of feline infectious peritonitis, mycotic enterocolitis, acute angiopathic colitis, acute angiopathic colitis with ischaemic ulcers, feline granulomatous colitis, the colitis of feline panleucopenia, feline histiocytic colitis, and feline ulcerative, lymphocytic mucosal-submucosal colitis.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Apr, 17(4), 698 - 9
Outbreak of food poisoning caused by lactose-fermenting Salmonella tuebingen; Dube SD; An outbreak of food poisoning occurred in a cafeteria and involved 102 student nurses . A lactose-fermenting strain of Salmonella tuebingen was isolated . The source was traced to the chicken consumed . Production of H2S was not evident on triple sugar iron but was detected on lysine iron agar . Therefore, the present report emphasizes the importance of bismuth sulfite agar and lysine iron agar for routine use in the isolation of salmonellae from stool.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Apr, 17(4), 625 - 7
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of human antibodies to Salmonella typhi Vi antigen; Barrett TJ et al.; An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect antibodies to Salmonella typhi Vi antigen in human serum, and the results were compared with those from a previously described hemagglutination assay (HA) . The ELISA detected Vi antibodies at a titer of greater than or equal to 20 in 40 (52%) of 77 sera from typhoid fever patients, whereas the HA gave titers of greater than or equal to 20 in 35 (47%) . Determination of titers of serum specimens from 170 persons without typhoid fever revealed Vi antibody titers of greater than or equal to 20 in 4 (2.3%) by the ELISA and 3 (1.7%) by the HA . Unlike the sensitized erythrocytes used in the HA, the ELISA reagents have a shelf life of greater than or equal to 1 year . The ELISA may be preferred by some laboratories, especially those already performing other ELISA tests.

J Hyg (Lond), 1983 Apr, 90(2), 225 - 32
Salmonella montevideo infection in sheep and cattle in Scotland, 1970-81; Sharp JC et al.; Outbreaks of abortion associated with infection by Salmonella montevideo have affected sheep in the east, especially the south-east, of Scotland each year since 1972 . Disease in the north and north-east was usually less severe . Between 1 January 1970 and 31 December 1981, a total of 67 incidents affecting sheep were reported by veterinary laboratories to the Communicable Diseases (Scotland) Unit, 87% of which presented during the main lambing months of February, March and April . Twenty-one episodes of bovine infection were also recorded over the same period, 17 of which involved single animals only, usually an aborted cow or a scouring calf . Despite intensive investigations, neither the origin nor the mode of spread of S . montevideo infection among sheep and cattle in Scotland have been established with any certainty, although there has been considerable evidence indicating the role of scavenging wild birds, particularly seagulls, as vectors transmitting infection to other farms in the same district . Also largely unexplained are the differences in the epidemiology and clinical pattern of disease in the south-east compared to the north and north-east, while sheep in the west of Scotland have remained virtually unaffected throughout.

Bioorg Khim, 1983 Apr, 9(4), 564 - 6
{Chemico-enzymatic synthesis of the O-specific polysaccharide of Salmonella serogroup E1}; Shibaev VN et al.; Chemical conversion of trisaccharide d-Man beta 1----4-L-Rha alpha 1----3-D-{6-C-3H}Gal into its moraprenyl pyrophosphate derivative is described . Treatment of the latter with the cell envelope preparation from S . anatum results in the formation of polysaccharide with the alpha 1----6 linkage between the trisaccharide units.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1983 Apr, 254(2), 244 - 52
Antigenic analysis of Barber's protein antigen prepared from Salmonella typhi and demonstration of protein-specific antibodies in sera of typhoid patients; Tsang RS et al.; A crude protein antigen (Barber's antigen) was prepared from Salmonella typhi by mild extraction with veronal buffer followed by repeated precipitation with trichloracetic acid according to the method of Barber . From serological studies and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Barber's antigen was found to be highly heterogeneous and contain both the lipopolysaccharide and Vi antigens in addition to the protein antigens . Nevertheless antibodies specific to the proteins in the Barber's antigen were demonstrated in typhoid patients' sera by radioimmunoassay, indicating that proteins were also a major antigenic component of S . typhi and might play a role during typhoid infection.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1983 Apr, 177(3-4), 298 - 311
{Effects of photochemical smog from a flow reactor on bacteria . II . Determination of bactericidal components in photochemical smog}; Nover H et al.; The mixture of substances in the photochemical smog could be detected by different reduction rates of exposed bacteria . Beside ozone other products of the ozone/olefine-reaction could reduce the survival of exposed bacteria . For Staph . epidermidis a toxic influence from the reaction products could be found only after UV-irradiation . The main components were aldehydes, hydrocarbons, radicals, peroxiradicals and radicaloxides . For peroxiacetylnitrate (PAN) no bactericidal effect could be found for bacteria adsorbed on membrane filters in concentrations of 300 ppb in the smog (UV-irradiation was put off for two hours) and even in concentrations of 1000 ppb prepared by gaschromatography . The influence on lipopolysaccharide (lps) defective mutants of Salmonella minnesota showed the protection of the lps-layer against e.g . relative humidity and ozone (500 ppb), but no specific protection against smog components.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Apr, (4), 103 - 6
{Evaluation of the immunological activity of a vaccine from mutant Salmonella minnesota R 595 on a model of experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in mice}; Likhoded VG et al.; The comparative study of heated corpuscular vaccines prepared from S . minnesota mutant R 595 with defective lipopolysaccharide (LPS), chemotype Re, derived from S . minnesota strain SF 1111 with unchanged LPS, and from P . aeruginosa strain PA 103, was carried out . In contrast to the vaccine from S . minnesota strain SF 1111, the vaccine prepared from the mutant with chemotype Re induced the development of cell-mediated and humoral immunity to P . aeruginosa, and its immunogenicity was close to that of the vaccine from P . aeruginosa strain PA 103.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1983 Apr, 177(3-4), 359 - 64
{Fermentation and colicinogeny for differentiation of Salmonella enteritidis (Gaertner's bacterium)}; Wuthe HH et al.; Study material of 435 strains of Salmonella enteritidis which were predominantly cultivated from human specimens in Schleswig-Holstein in the years from 1968 to 1978, was used for investigating the biochemical differentiation by the fermentation of arabinose, dulcitol, rhamnose and glycerol (method after Kauffmann); moreover, the decarboxylation of lysine and the gas formation from glucose as well as the colicinogenicity (indicator Escherichia coli K 12 ROW) were tested . The 4 classical biotypes showed the following rates of incidence (in %): Jena 77.2; Danysz 2.3; Chaco 1.6; Essen 9.0; 9.9 per cent of all isolates did not permit classification, among them there were 19 (4.4%) strains of unknown rhamnose-negative biotypes some of which formed no gas from glucose . Four cultures (1 Jena strain, 3 Danysz strains) were LDC-negative . The colicinogenicity was identified in 20 isolates, among them 18 strains alone in a single outbreak . The analyses revealed that the fermentation properties were constant within outbreaks while the colicinogenicity may get lost in some strains within an outbreak.

Mutat Res, 1983 Apr, 120(1), 13 - 9
Mutagenic detection of complex environmental mixtures using the Salmonella/arabinose-resistant assay system; Whong WZ et al.; The mutagenic sensitivity of SV50, the R-factor plasmid containing tester, of the Salmonella/arabinose-resistant assay system has been evaluated with different environmental complex mixtures, including extracts of airborne and diesel emission particles, oil-shale ash, nitrosated coal dust and water samples . The mutagenicities of all extracts were detectable with this assay . This study indicates that the arabinose-resistant assay with SV50 is useful for the detection of the mutagenic activity of environmental complex mixtures.

Mutat Res, 1983 Apr, 113(2), 89 - 101
The relationship between growth and reversion in the Ames Salmonella plate incorporation assay; Barber ED et al.; Growth curves of the 5 commonly used Ames Salmonella tester strains have been measured turbidimetrically in semi-solid agar . Lag times, doubling times and maximum cell densities have been calculated for each of the 5 strains . The time dependence of reversion has been studied in the standard plate incorporation assay using 1-h pulsed doses of (a) bromoethane, a volatile chemical mutagen, and (b) 1-h exposures to visible light . Essentially no reversion takes place during the first 4 h after plating . Reversion is detectable between hours 4 and 16 . The cumulative or integrated revertants versus time curve has the characteristics of a growth curve . Conversely the derivatives of the growth curves resemble the curves obtained in the pulsed mutagenicity studies . Thus, the reversion rate in any given 1 h interval is proportional to the growth rate during that same interval . These results suggest that mutagenic chemicals must be present during the bacterial growth cycle (about 4-16 h after plating) in order to revert the tester strains . Short-lived chemical mutagens, then, should produce enhanced results if plated 6-8 h after the bacteria . We have confirmed this for N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 9-aminoacridine and 2-aminoanthracene (with S9).

J Hyg (Lond), 1983 Apr, 90(2), 213 - 23
The incidence and level of contamination of British fresh sausages and ingredients with salmonellas; Banks JG et al.; A five-tube most probable number (MPN) method, with the pre-enrichment and enrichment stages, was used in a study of the incidence of salmonella contamination of British fresh sausages and the ingredients used in their manufacture . All samples were taken from a large factory in the course of routine production . There was an incidence of 65% contamination of pork (n = 20) and 55% (n = 20) in pork and beef sausages . The incidences of contamination of uncooked ingredients varied from 95% for mechanically recovered meat (n = 20) to 10% for another type of meat . Cooked and/or dried ingredients were rarely contaminated with these organisms, and when contamination occurred, coliforms were also important . The numbers of salmonellas isolated ranged from 7-40 for pork sausages, from 8-24 for beef and pork sausages and from 0.8-378 organisms/g for ingredients . The following salmonella serotypes were isolated (ranked in descending order or incidence): S . derby, S . dublin, S . newport, S . stanley . S . typhimurium, S . heidelberg, S . infantis and S . agona.

Food Chem Toxicol, 1983 Apr, 21(2), 129 - 32
Effect of micronutrients, antioxidants and related compounds on the mutagenicity of 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl, a colon and breast carcinogen; Reddy BS et al.; The possible antimutagenic effects of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ethoxyquin, disulfiram, indole-3-carbinol, indole-3-acetonitrile, sodium selenite and alpha-tocopherol on 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl-induced mutagenicity were studied using the Ames Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay system with strains TA98 and TA100 . All seven compounds were nonmutagenic in both bacterial tester strains . The addition of or 50-250 micrograms of sodium selenite, 5-50 mg of alpha-tocopherol or 50-250 microgram of BHT per plate inhibited DMAB-induced mutagenicity in TA98 and/or TA100 . Ethoxyquin, disulfiram and indole-3-carbinol increased DMAB-induced mutagenicity in TA100, whereas these compounds had little or no effect in TA98-3-acetonitrile had very little effect in either strain.

J Clin Immunol, 1983 Apr, 3(2), 142 - 50
Induction of prostaglandin synthesis-dependent suppressor cells with endotoxin: occurrence in patients with thermal injuries; Ninnemann JL et al.; The induction of lymphocyte suppressor activity with bacterial endotoxin is well documented . While most of the evidence has been obtained using animal models and has required large doses of endotoxin, we have demonstrated that additions of as little as 1.0 ng of chromatographically purified endotoxin {from Escherichia coli 055:B5, E . coli 0111:B4, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Fisher-Devlin immunotype 1), Serratia marcescens, or Salmonella minnesota} to human mixed lymphocyte or to mitogen-stimulated cultures produced statistically significant suppression . In each case, endotoxin was most suppressive when present in the culture system prior to the introduction of the alloantigen or mitogen . Suppressive effects were dependent upon the participation of peripheral blood monocytes and could be blocked by the addition of the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor indomethacin or meclofenamate sodium . Prostaglandin production by monocytes appeared to induce a population of "short-lived" suppressor cells, identified by the immediate and delayed addition of lymphocyte cocultures to endotoxin-preincubated cells . The suppressive behavior of endotoxin-primed lymphocytes was identical to the behavior of burn patient serum-primed lymphocytes or to lymphocyte populations derived from a subpopulation of burn patients whose serum was Limulus positive . We, therefore, feel that endotoxin plays a significant immunologic role in these patients.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Apr, (4), 65 - 7
{Preventive activity of an artificial antigen possessing the serological specificity of Salmonella O-factor 3}; Pokrovskii VV et al.; 3-0 {4-0 (beta-D-mannopyranosyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl}-beta-allyl-D- galactopyranoside with acrylamide, a new synthetic antigen possessing the narrow specificity of Salmonella O-factor 3, was found to protect mice, when introduced into the animals by multiple intraperitoneal injections, from the action of the live culture of Salmonella anatum and the toxic doses of its endotoxin.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Apr, (4), 62 - 5
{Immunological properties of an artificial antigen possessing the specificity of Salmonella O-factor 3}; Pokrovskii VI et al.; For the first time the method of obtaining synthetic protein-free antigen with the specificity of Salmonella O-factor by the radical copolymerization of the synthetic trisaccharide 3-0 {4-0-(beta-D-mannopyranosyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl}-beta-allyl-D- galactopyranoside with acrylamide was developed . The synthetic antigen thus obtained possessed the narrow specificity of serogroup E Salmonella O-factor 3 . The serological activity of the antigen, studied in the precipitation and passive hemagglutination tests, was considerably higher than that of lipopolysaccharides isolated from S . anatum and S . newington . This synthetic antigen proved to be nontoxic and possessed immunogenic properties, inducing the formation of antibodies to Salmonella O-factor 3 in immunized animals.

J Bacteriol, 1983 Apr, 154(1), 269 - 77
Morphological heterogeneity among Salmonella lipopolysaccharide chemotypes in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels; Hitchcock PJ et al.; The morphological heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) among salmonella mutants with different LPS chemotypes was analyzed in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels . The biochemical differences in the LPS chemotypes were reflected in the unique profiles of the purified LPSs . The LPS profiles in the whole-cell lysates were also unique for each chemotype . (Whole-cell lysates were assessed by a method which preferentially silver stains LPS and by a proteinase K digest of whole-cell lysates . The silver-stained LPS profiles of proteinase K-digested lysates were similar to the homologous purified LPS and could be used to preliminarily characterize the LPS chemotype before purification.) In summary, biochemical variation in LPS composition can be detected in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels.

Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 1983 Mar 30, 68(1), 36 - 42
Metabolism of phenanthridine to phenanthridone by rat lung and liver microsomes after induction with benzo{a}pyrene and Aroclor; Benson JM et al.; The comparative metabolism of phenanthridine (3,4-benzoquinoline) by rat lung and liver microsomes has been investigated . The array of metabolites produced by induced lung and liver are qualitatively similar . Phenanthridone has been identified as a phenanthridine metabolite produced by induced rat liver and lung . Phenanthridone is directly mutagenic in Salmonella tester strain TA-98 while phenanthridine is not . Although phenanthridone is more mutagenic than phenanthridine after incubation with rat liver 9000g supernatant fraction, it is less cytotoxic to Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro.

J Mol Biol, 1983 Mar 15, 164(4), 561 - 72
Control of phage P22 tail protein expression by transcription termination; Berget PB et al.; The structural gene for Salmonella bacteriophage P22 tail protein, gene 9, is separated from the remainder of the P22 late operon genes by the immI region . Early transcription of immI gene ant, which is immediately promoter proximal to gene 9, occurs in the same direction as late gene transcription but does not enter gene 9 coding sequences (Susskind & Youderian, 1982) . We have cloned gene 9 and surrounding sequences into pBR322 and subsequently positioned lac UV5 promoters at varying distances before the start of gene 9 by DNA manipulations in vitro . Using an in vitro phage assembly assay to measure in vivo expression of tail protein from these plasmids and in vitro transcription reactions to measure transcriptional template activity of DNA fragments isolated from these plasmids, we have identified a region of DNA between gene ant and gene 9 that behaves as a transcription termination signal . The DNA sequence of this region shows hyphenated dyad symmetry followed by a run of seven thymine residues on the coding strand . This sequence can be drawn in a potential stem-and-loop secondary structure similar to known rho-independent transcription termination signal sequences . We discuss the role of this transcriptional terminator sequence in gene 9 expression and the early to late transcriptional switch in the P22 infection cycle.

Lancet, 1983 Mar 12, 1(8324), 574 - 7
Outbreak of Salmonella napoli infection caused by contaminated chocolate bars; Gill ON et al.; An outbreak of Salmonella napoli infection in England and Wales in 1982 was detected by the surveillance of routine reports of salmonella infections from hospital and public-health laboratories . Epidemiological investigation quickly identified two types of small chocolate-covered bars, imported from Italy, as the vehicles of infection, and subsequently both were found to be contaminated with the organism . The prompt recognition of this outbreak and rapid identification of the vehicle of infection enabled four-fifths of the consignment of contaminated chocolate to be withdrawn from the market . The 245 reported cases resulted from the sale of 600 000 bars; as these were presumably only a small fraction of the total number of cases, it is likely that many thousands of infections were prevented.

Plasmid, 1983 Mar, 9(2), 222 - 6
The role of lipopolysaccharide structure in the recipient cell during plasmid-mediated bacterial conjugation; Duke J et al.; The role of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structure in the recipient cell during bacterial conjugation was studied using a series of well-defined LPS mutations in Salmonella minnesota . The plasmids Flac (IncFI) and R1drd19 (IncFII) transferred at a high frequency to the smooth S218 parent strain and the rough LPS mutants . However, R64drd1 1 (IncI alpha) transferred poorly to the LPS mutants compared with transfer to the smooth LPS parent strain . The decrease in R64drd1 1 transfer frequency correlated with the extent of the defect in LPS structure, suggesting that intact LPS on the recipient is a major requirement for R64drd1 1 mating . Transfer of the P-group plasmid, RK2, was not affected by changes in LPS structure . These results show that plasmids use different cell surface structures during conjugation, and that LPS is particularly important for R64drd1 1 transfer.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1983 Mar 1, 108(5), 177 - 86
{Further studies on the practicability of fattening and slaughtering pigs free from Salmonella}; Oosterom J et al.; Attempts were made to fatten pigs free from Salmonella on a piggery which was initially contaminated with Salmonella . A specially adapted pig house was thoroughly cleaned and disinfected and efforts were made to keep out birds, insects and rodents during this experiment . Attempts were also made to purchase piglets free from Salmonella . Clean clothes, special footwear and disinfectants were used on entering the pig house . Infection with serotypes of Salmonella similar to those detected immediately prior to the experiment on the ancillary breeding farm occurred in the experimental pig house during the experiment . Other serotypes of Salmonella present on the piggery did not penetrate into the experimental pig house so that it can be concluded that all hygienic barriers functioned adequately after the piglets had been brought in . The experiment showed that the hygienic procedures had a positive effect on economic results, even though efforts to keep out Salmonella had not been completely successful . The pigs were slaughtered in two groups after the fattening period . Group one was slaughtered as usual . The pigs of group two were scalded individually with every care after slaughter and the guts were carefully removed . Examination of the carcases after slaughter showed that 46 per cent of the pigs of group one were contaminated with Salmonella, against 7 per cent of group two . It can be concluded from this finding that slaughtering does not necessarily result in further contamination by the Salmonella organisms present in the intestine but that a careful slaughtering procedure may even reduce the number of Salmonella organisms on the surfaces of the carcases of pigs.

Rev Infect Dis, 1983 Mar-Apr, 5(2), 227 - 31
Salmonella infections of the abdominal aorta; Parsons R et al.; Endovascular infection of the atherosclerotic aorta is a substantial risk in patients older than 50 years of age who have bacteremia due to Salmonella . Until recently, the resultant salmonella aortitis was uniformly fatal . Two patients who were cured are described, and the characteristics of 10 other reported long-term survivors are given . This recent improvement in prognosis may have been related to (1) earlier diagnosis, (2) improved surgical management (axillofemoral bypass graft), and/or (3) increased use of bactericidal antibiotics . A change in bacteriology (fewer infections due to Salmonella cholerae-suis) was also seen in the more recent cases.

Mutat Res, 1983 Mar, 119(3), 239 - 49
Mutagenicity of extracts from typewriter ribbons and related items; Moller M et al.; Extracts of typewriter ribbons and carbon papers were found to be mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome assay with strain TA98 . Fractionation of ribbon extracts indicates that at least 2-3 different classes of mutagenic component are present in these extracts . Nitro-containing compounds may be responsible for the high mutagenicity observed for some of the ribbon extracts in the absence of S9 . The results indicate that impurities in the products may be causing part of the mutagenic effect.

Lab Invest, 1983 Mar, 48(3), 269 - 74
Lipopolysaccharide-mediated bovine endothelial cell injury in vitro; Harlan JM et al.; Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produced time- and dose-dependent bovine endothelial cell injury in vitro that was manifested initially by cell detachment from culture substrate with subsequent cell lysis . Bovine endothelial cell injury was observed with LPS derived from Salmonella minnesota R595, a LPS comprised only of lipid A and a trisaccharide core, as well as intact LPS preparations derived Escherichia coli and S . typhosa . LPS-mediated bovine endothelial cell detachment was prevented by incubation at 4 degrees C but was not prevented by indomethacin, lidocaine, chlorpromazine or trifluoperazine, methylprednisolone or p-bromophenacyl bromide, protease inhibitors, and catalase or superoxide dismutase . Of note, LPS-mediated injury was markedly enhanced by cycloheximide . Although augmented by serum, LPS-mediated bovine endothelial cell detachment was observed in C8-deficient serum and also in serum-free medium at higher LPS concentrations . Bovine aortic, pulmonary artery, mesenteric artery, and mesenteric vein endothelial cells were all sensitive to LPS at a concentration of 1 microgram/ml . In contrast, bovine aortic smooth muscle, human umbilical vein, goat aortic, and canine vena cava endothelial cells were unaffected by LPS at a concentration of 100 micrograms/ml . We conclude that the lipid A moiety of LPS mediates direct, complement-independent endothelial cell cytotoxicity and that this injury is not prevented by inhibitors of protein and prostaglandin synthesis, oxygen radical production, protease and phospholipase activity, and cytoskeletal function . Importantly, this direct LPS-mediated cytotoxic effect is dependent on the species from which the endothelial cells are derived.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1983 Mar, 45(3), 748 - 54
Eradication of Arizona hinshawii from artificially infected turtle eggs; Michael-Marler S et al.; Turtle eggs, 24 h old, were infected with Arizona hinshawii and treated 48 h later with gentamicin sulfate (Garasol; Shering Corp., Allantown, N.J.) by pressure differential egg dip treatment to ascertain the concentration of this reagent required to eradicate this pathogen from eggs . Infected eggs treated with 1,000 or 1,500 micrograms of gentamicin per ml of dip solution eliminated detectable A . hinshawii from eggs as determined by testing shells and embryo-yolk homogenates of 12-day-old eggs and the gastrointestinal tracts, kidneys, livers and gall bladders, and yolks of 50-day-old embryos . Treated eggs produced hatchlings which did not excrete detectable A . hinshawii at 72 h or 30 days after hatching, nor was this organism recovered from the visceral organs of these hatchlings when necropsied 30 days after hatching . Bacteriological assays on infected nontreated eggs showed that greater than 70% of the eggs harbored A . hinshawii, and eggs in this group produced hatchlings which actively excreted and harbored A . hinshawii . Eggs not infected or treated also produced turtles which excreted and systemically carried A . hinshawii and Salmonella spp . though not at the same level as did the turtles produced from infected, nontreated eggs.

Eur J Biochem, 1983 Mar 1, 131(1), 201 - 3
Isolation of a 3-deoxy-D-mannooctulosonic acid disaccharide from Salmonella minnesota rough-form lipopolysaccharides; Brade H et al.; Lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella minnesota rough mutants were treated with 20 mM acetate buffer pH 4.4 at 70 degrees C/3 h . After dialysis of the hydrolysates about one third of the total 3-deoxy-D-mannooctulosonic acid (dOclA) content but no neutral sugars were found in the dialysate . By high-voltage paper electrophoresis, a compound with the mobility of 1.2 relative to dOclA could be isolated from the dialysate . It was identified as a dOclA disaccharide by hydrolysis without or after reduction with sodium borohydride and by analysis with the thiobarbituric acid assay under different conditions . The ketosidic linkage in the disaccharide is assumed to be 2.4 or 2.5.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1983 Mar, 254(1), 78 - 88
Significance of Yersinia enterocolitica isolates and antibody titers . A prospective study in patients with enteritis and healthy controls under bacteriological, serological, epidemiological and clinical aspects; Bitzan M et al.; A simple and fast isolation procedure in combination with the search for Salmonella and Shigella spp . has been applied for the screening of Yersinia enterocolitica from the faeces . The microorganisms was isolated from 31 out of 4052 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms (0.8%) and from one out of 2295 healthy individuals (0.04%) . 42% of the isolates were detected from infants up to the age of 3 years . Y . enterocolitica was excreted on the average at least 22 days after the clinical onset (n = 29) . In 17 out of 24 patients (71%) significant agglutinin titers were demonstrated by the first serological examination one to 13 weeks after clinical onset . Acute diarrhoea, the most prominent symptom, lasted for 15 days and was followed in one third of the cases by a protracted course of approximately eight weeks . A reliable diagnosis of "enteric yersiniosis" rests besides the uncharacteristic clinical symptoms on the isolation of the microorganism and/or the demonstration of specific antibodies in significant titers, preferable with fourfold rise or decrease.

Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis, 1983 Mar-Sep, 60(1-2), 1 - 12
{Evaluation of Salmonella 1977 to 1982}; Khemiri F et al.; Between 1977 and 1982, the National Center of Salmonella of the Institute Pasteur of Tunis has isolated; received and/or identified 1715 Salmonella strains . In typhoid and paratyphoid fevers group Salmonella typhi represent the predominant species with a frequency of 99.6% . In the enteric group, Salmonella wien is the most frequent (50,26%) . 11 serotypes appeared in 1982, although 5 serotypes have not been met since 1977.

Mutat Res, 1983 Mar, 116(3-4), 271 - 9
The possible role of azoreduction in the bacterial mutagenicity of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (DAB) and 2 of its analogues (6BT and 5I); Ashby J et al.; The extent to which azoreductive cleavage contributes to the bacterial mutagenicity of 3 azo compounds has been investigated . The compounds studied were the rodent-liver carcinogens 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (DAB) and 6-dimethylaminophenylazobenzthiazole (6BT), and the reported non-carcinogenic isostere 5-dimethylaminophenylazoindoline (5I) . Although each of these compounds is mutagenic to Salmonella when evaluated using a pre-incubation protocol and in the presence of an induced rat-liver S9 mix, the constituent amines (cleavage products) were essentially inactive . It is therefore concluded that the mutagenic response reported for DAB, 6BT and 5I is related to metabolic activation of the intact molecules . In addition, the non-mutagenicity of 4'-phenyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (4PhDAB) suggests that azoreductase activity is low in the Salmonella preincubation assay, at least as conducted in this laboratory . In the case of 4PhDAB, less than 1.4% azoreduction would yield sufficient quantities of the derived amine, 4-aminobiphenyl, for a positive mutagenic response to have been observed.

Arch Fr Pediatr, 1983 Mar, 40(3), 179 - 82
{Systemic reactive histiocytosis with hemophagocytosis and hemostasis disorders associated with septic granulomatosis}; Benz-Lemoine E et al.; Authors describe a case of hemophagocytic systemic histiocytosis observed in a child suffering from chronic granulomatous disease, associated with septicemia due to Salmonella typhi murium; outcome was favorable . This type of histiocytic proliferation and activation usually induced by an infectious agent and combined with a congenital or acquired immunological disorder leads to severe clinical and hematological consequences which may contribute to a misleading diagnosis of malignant hematological disease . Moreover, systemic histiocytosis is constantly responsible for early blood clotting abnormalities concerning simultaneously coagulation and fibrinolysis; these changes have to be carefully examined before choosing either heparin or substitutive coagulant fractions.

Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir, 1983 Mar-Apr, 19(2), 137 - 42
Mechanisms of natural resistance to mouse typhoid; Hormaeche CE et al.; The early, innate resistance phase in mouse typhoid is largely controlled by a single gene (unlike the later, polygenic immune phase), designated Ity, which may be identical to those controlling resistance to Leishmania (Lsh) and mycobacteria (Bcg) . The gene product and its function are unknown . Athymic (nu/nu) mice showed greater early resistance to salmonella infection than euthymic littermates, but only if they were already naturally resistant CBA (Ityr) . Athymic susceptible Balb/c (Itys) were not different from the controls . The Ity mechanism is highly radio-resistant: 800 R whole body irradiation does not modify the early Ity phenotype in Balb/c and A/J mice, as measured by early in vivo net bacterial growth; this, however, increases sharply on day 3-4, when growth curves plateau in controls (immune response) . Bone marrow radiation chimeras infected 3 months after the transfer confirm that, while the donor genotype determines the Ity recipient phenotype in single chimeras, double chimeras (Itys + Ityr) leads to Ityr are susceptible or intermediate in both semiallogeneic and syngeneic models . The typhoid relapse following cessation of antibiotic therapy was greater in susceptible than in resistant mice . In lethally infected mice, ampicillin decreased the bacterial load twice as fast in susceptible Balb/c than in resistant (B10 X A/J)F1 mice, but they required much more prolonged treatment to develop effective immunity . Considered collectively, the present data is consistent with the view that early resistance is thymus independent and relies on innate mechanisms present in radioresistant bone marrow derived cells that in some way provide an environment which favours a more rapid in vivo division rate of the organism in susceptible mice.

Poult Sci, 1983 Mar, 62(3), 437 - 44
The microbiology of raw, eviscerated chickens: a ten year comparison; Campbell DF et al.; In 1979 a survey of selected chicken eviscerating plants was conducted to determine the levels of coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Salmonellae sp . on eviscerated chickens under current manufacturing practices . A comparison was made of the data from this survey and one conducted in 1969 . The 1979 survey found that the chickens did not have a statistically significant reduced incidence of salmonella compared to chickens analyzed in 1969 . Also, much of the bacterial contamination on a carcass at the end of the evisceration line was transient and was readily removed by the final spray washer . The addition of chlorine to chiller water did not appear to have an unusually beneficial effect on the microbiological quality of the chickens . In 1969, in the nine plants studied, the incidence of salmonella on chickens at the exit of the chillers was 20.5% . In 1979, in the nine plants studied, the incidence of salmonella on chickens at the exit of the chillers was 11.6% . In 1979 there was about a 45% reduction in the incidence of salmonella in eviscerated chickens in the nine plants studied compared to the incidence of salmonella in eviscerated chickens in 1969.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Mar, 17(3), 564 - 5
Rapid, economical diagnosis of enteric fever by a blood clot culture coagglutination procedure; Mikhail IA et al.; Coagglutination tests with Salmonella A, D, Vi, and polyvalent antiserum-sensitized staphylococcal cells were compared with conventional culture methods for detecting salmonellae in ox bile cultures of blood clots from enteric fever patients . The coagglutination tests appeared equally as effective as conventional subculture methods for detecting positive cultures (95% agreement) . In addition, the coagglutination method yielded earlier results at reduced cost.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Mar, 17(3), 552 - 4
Distinctive biochemical features of Salmonella dublin isolated in California; Fierer J et al.; We examined 34 strains of Salmonella dublin that were isolated in California between 1978 and 1982 . All were of a characteristic biotype; they did not grow on Simmons citrate or acetate and did not ferment arabinose . Their apparent inability to use citrate as the only carbon source was due to a nutritional requirement for nicotinic acid . Because S . dublin strains are of a characteristic biotype, are host adapted to bovines, and are unusually virulent for humans, we suggest that S . dublin be considered a separate species of the genus Salmonella . It is important that clinical laboratories recognize and differentiate this organism from less pathogenic salmonellae so that they can alert clinicians to the presence of this invasive microorganism.

Mutat Res, 1983 Mar, 116(3-4), 247 - 56
Activation of mammalian carcinogens to bacterial mutagens by microsomal enzymes from a pelecypod mollusk, Mercenaria mercenaria; Anderson RS et al.; Several kinds of neoplastic diseases have been described in mollusks collected from the field . The etiology of these lesions is unknown; however, the involvement of chemical carcinogens has been suggested . Experimental models for chemically-induced neoplasia in bivalves have yet to be developed . We have obtained data which suggest that aromatic amines may be more appropriate candidates than polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for putative molluscan carcinogens . Digestive gland enzymes from a bivalve mollusk, Mercenaria mercenaria, were found to be able to convert aromatic amines to frameshift mutagens as detected by the Ames Salmonella tester strains . Extensive mutagenesis was obtained with 2-aminoanthracene, 2-aminofluorene, 2-acetylaminofluorene and 4-amino-trans-stilbene which are all mammalian procarcinogens . Mutagenic activation of benzo{a}pyrene and 3-methylcholanthrene was minimal . Low levels of aromatic amine-activating enzyme(s) were found in all tissues examined, but activity was greatest in the digestive gland . Enzymatic activity was heat-labile, NADPH-dependent, and apparently not inducible by polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254).

Mutat Res, 1983 Mar, 119(3), 273 - 80
Mutagenicity of constituents of pulp and paper mill effluent in growing cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Nestmann ER et al.; 42 compounds identified in pulp mill effluent were screened for genetic activity in growing yeast cells using strains D7 and XV185-14C without S9 . In addition to 3 of these compounds that had been shown previously to be mutagenic in Salmonella . 5 more were mutagenic in strain XV185-14C . All 8 induced 2-5-fold increases in reversion frequencies over background at the trp5 locus--5 of these induced 1.5-3-fold increases at the hom3 locus and 1 induced a doubling at his1 . None of the compounds induced absolute increases of gene convertants per plate in strain D7, although 3 showed increased convertant frequencies as survival decreased.

Mutat Res, 1983 Mar, 119(3), 259 - 66
Benz{j}aceanthrylene: a novel polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with bacterial mutagenic activity; Sangaiah R et al.; Initial studies on the mutagenicity and metabolism of a novel cyclopenta-PAH, benz{j}aceanthrylene, are reported in the Salmonella bacterial system . The spectrum of activity of benz{j}aceanthrylene over the 5 Ames tester strains is similar to that of benzo{a}pyrene, and the dose-response curves for strain TA98 are comparable . Like other biologically active PAH, benz{j}aceanthrylene is a frame-shift mutagen requiring metabolic activation . An interesting feature of the S9 dependence of activity is the low concentration (congruent to 10-fold smaller than for benzo{a}pyrene) at which optimal activity is observed . The 1,2-dihydro-1,2-diol (product of metabolism of the cyclopenta-ring) appears to be the predominant metabolite, and implicates the 1,2-oxide as the ultimate mutagenic species.

Gene, 1983 Mar, 21(3), 203 - 10
Escherichia coli K-12 F' plasmids carrying insertion sequences IS1 and IS5; Schoner B; A simple method is described for the detection of the insertion elements IS1 and IS5 in Escherichia coli F' plasmids . Several of these insertion elements are normal constituents of the E . coli chromosome and are located on chromosomal regions carried by the F' plasmids, while several others were probably acquired during the isolation or propagation of the F' plasmids . The F' plasmids carrying copies of IS1 or IS5 have been transferred into Salmonella (a host lacking chromosomal copies of IS1 and IS5) where individual copies can be examined for a variety of properties, including structural similarities and ability to transpose to new sites.

Mutat Res, 1983 Mar, 116(3-4), 257 - 69
Mixtures of polycyclic aromatic compounds inhibit mutagenesis in the Salmonella/microsome assay by inhibition of metabolic activation; Haugen DA et al.; We observed that complex mixtures of aromatic compounds isolated from a coal-derived oil suppressed the mutagenic activity of the indirect mutagens benzo{a}pyrene, 7,12-dimethylbenz{a}anthracene, 2-aminofluorene, and 2-acetylaminofluorene as measured in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay, using strain TA98 and metabolic activation with Aroclor-induced rat-liver S9 or microsomes . The mixture also inhibited S9-dependent benzo{a}pyrene metabolism and covalent binding to DNA in a cell-free system . The mixture did not suppress the activity of either the direct acting mutagens 2-nitrofluorene and benzo{a}pyrene diol-epoxide, or of the indirect mutagen N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene which requires a microsomal deacetylase for metabolic activation . Spectrophotometric measurements showed that components of the mixture bound to microsomal cytochrome P-450 . The mixture did not inhibit microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c (P-450) reductase . These observations show that the mixtures inhibited metabolic activation by the microsomal monooxygenase system, probably by binding of unidentified components to cytochrome P-450 . The resulting inhibition of mutagenesis may have implications for risk estimates for the mixtures we examined as well as for other types of complex mixtures for which similar inhibitory effects have been observed.

Cancer Res, 1983 Feb, 43(2), 496 - 9
Pyrazole effects on mutagenicity and toxicity of dimethylnitrosamine in Wistar rats; Evarts RP et al.; The correlation between the in vivo toxicity and in vitro mutagenicity of dimethylnitrosamine and the activity of dimethylnitrosamine demethylase I (DMND I) after pyrazole treatment of rats was studied . The biological effects of pyrazole were measured either as toxicity to the rats or as mutations to Salmonella TA 92 . A dose-response relationship was observed between DMND I activity and the administered dose of pyrazole . Pyrazole administration increased the toxicity of dimethylnitrosamine when measured as a 50% lethal dose or as a histopathological effect on the liver . Phenobarbital and methylcholanthrene administration did not have any effect on the activity of DMND I or on the number of histidine-revertant colonies when tested using the liquid suspension method in the presence of dimethylnitrosamine and the reduced nicotinamide adenine denucleotide phosphate-generating system . When microsomes from the pyrazole-treated animals were used in the mutagenesis assay, there was a linear correlation between DMND I activity and the number of histidine-revertant colonies . It is concluded that pyrazole treatment of animals increases the activity of liver DMND I, the toxicity of dimethylnitrosamine, and the number of mutations.

Vet Microbiol, 1983 Feb, 8(1), 105 - 9
A report of an outbreak of Salmonella oranienburg in a hybrid mouse colony; Lentsch RH et al.; Mice in a hybrid breeding colony developed symptoms compatible with a diagnosis of salmonellosis . Salmonella oranienburg was recovered from feces by conventional bacteriological techniques . Active salmonellosis appeared to be precipitated by the stress of pregnancy among breeder female BALB/c mice . Necropsy examination of the BALB/c breeder females revealed diarrhea, roughened hair coats, enlarged spleens, white foci in the liver, and skin abscesses . S . oranienburg was recovered from the spleen, cecum, oropharynx, uterus, and skin abscesses of affected mice . DBA/2N breeder males were asymptomatic and S . oranienburg was recovered from the cecum only . Breeding productivity indices dropped to unacceptable levels in rooms containing infected animals . Relatively normal production was observed among uninfected animals of the same strains in adjacent rooms, thus demonstrating the detrimental effect S . oranienburg had on this breeder colony.

Trop Anim Health Prod, 1983 Feb, 15(1), 58 - 60
Abortions in N'Dama cattle due to salmonellosis; Kamara JA et al.; An outbreak of diarrhoea, dysentery, abortion and death among N'Dama cattle is reported . Eight animals involved were examined ante- and/or postmortem yielding salmonella belonging to three serotypes, S . visby, S . hadar and S . taksony . The need for further studies to elucidate the problem of salmonella abortion in cattle in Sierra Leone is highlighted.

J Rheumatol, 1983 Feb, 10(1), 147 - 50
Septic arthritis due to Arizona hinshawii; Quismorio FP Jr et al.; Arizona hinshawii, a gram negative bacillus which bears antigenic similarities to genus Salmonella is an uncommon cause of human disease . We report 3 patients who in an immunocompromised state developed septic arthritis due to Arizona hinshawii . Treatment with systemic antibiotics and repeated joint aspiration was successful . The infection was recurrent in 2 patients and 1 died of septicemia . Previous cases of Arizona hinshawii septic arthritis are reviewed.

J Rheumatol, 1983 Feb, 10(1), 144 - 6
Salmonella dublin arthritis: an initial case presentation; Brodie TD et al.; Salmonella dublin is a rare pathogen in man usually causing an enteric fever syndrome . We report a 32-year-old black male who developed septic polyarthritis with Salmonella dublin . The clinical features are similar to those seen with other Salmonella serotypes reported to cause arthritis . The initial presentation is suggestive of a reactive arthritis that is immunologically mediated.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Feb, 17(2), 240 - 4
Reduced set of phages for typing salmonellae; Gershman M et al.; A set composed of 27 phages is described for differentiating Salmonella spp . representative of groups A, B, C1, C2, D1, D2, E1, E2, E3, E4, G1, K, and N . All of the 1,245 cultures used in this effort were typable and were differentiated on the basis of the 420 phage patterns observed . All results were reproducible . Characteristic phage patterns were produced by a variety of Salmonella serovars isolated from campus incidents and a number of hospital, family, restaurant, and processing plant outbreaks to indicate an existing epidemiological relationship.

Cancer Lett, 1983 Feb, 18(1), 41 - 8
Effects of dietary choline deficiency on the mutagenic activation of chemical carcinogens by rat liver fractions; Reddy TV et al.; Salmonella mutagenesis assays were used to evaluate the mutagenicity of several chemical carcinogens as mediated by liver S-9 fractions from rats fed a choline-supplemented (CS) or choline-devoid (CD) diet . The liver S-9 fraction from CD diet-fed rats was found to have a significantly decreased ability to activate 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA) and 6-aminochrysene (6-AC), but not N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (HO-N-2-AAF) and dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) . The same liver S-9 fraction was also less effective in deactivating N-methyl-N1-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) but not methylnitrosourea (MNU) . A decrease (20%) in the cytochrome P-450 content was found in liver microsomes of CD diet-fed rats . Although it has been shown that feeding a CD diet to rats enhances chemical hepatocarcinogenesis, the data presented here suggest that CD diet does not increase the activation of the chemical procarcinogens tested.

J Hyg (Lond), 1983 Feb, 90(1), 91 - 7
Phage types of Salmonella typhi isolated in Malaysia over the 10-year period 1970-1979; Jegathesan M; The pattern of phage types of 2553 strains of Salmonella typhi isolated over the 10-year period 1970-9 was studied . During the period 29 different phage types were encountered, not including the categories of 'untypable strains', 'degraded Vi-strains' and Vi negative strains . For the period as a whole, the commonest phage types encountered were A (20.9%), E1 (14.8%), D1 (10.3%), degraded Vi positive strains (10.3%), untypable Vi strains (7.3%), C4 (7.1%), D2 (4.4%), E2 (3.9%) and type 25 (2.6%) . There were phage types which appeared in the early years of the period and then disappeared (types B2, D9 and D1-N) . Others only made their appearance in recent years (K1 and 53) . Notable differences were also seen in the predilection of some phage types for certain geographical areas.

Biochem Pharmacol, 1983 Feb 1, 32(3), 523 - 7
Metabolism of spirohydantoin mustard in the mouse . Isolation of an alkylating, mutagenic metabolite; Suling WJ et al.; The metabolism of spirohydantoin mustard (SHM), a central nervous system-directed nitrogen mustard with reported anticancer activity, was studied using both the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay and radiolabeled drug . SHM had little or no mutagenic activity by itself but was metabolized to a mutagen(s) in the presence of mouse postmitochondrial liver fraction (9000 g supernatant, S9) . Metabolism was NADPH-dependent and was enhanced with phenobarbital-induced S9 . Both SHM and mutagen(s) were extractable in chloroform . Studies using {14C}SHM, uniformly labeled on the bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group, and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of chloroform extracts of liver S9 incubation mixtures indicated the formation of a single major metabolite fraction that contained a direct-acting mutagen . Chloroform extracts of both blood and brain from BDF1 mice injected i.p . with SHM (60 mg/kg) were found to be mutagenic in the absence of S9 . Also, TLC of chloroform extracts of brain taken 15 min after i.p . injection of {14C}SHM suggested the presence of SHM and the mutagenic metabolite . These results suggest that the mutagenic metabolite may have a significant role in the mechanism of action of SHM.

Mutat Res, 1983 Feb, 119(2), 135 - 44
The Escherichia coli WP2/WP100 rec assay for detection of potential chemical carcinogens; Mamber SW et al.; 46 chemicals of various classes and structures, including 30 known animal carcinogens, were evaluated for genotoxic effects using the Escherichia coli rec assay with strains WP2 (wild-type) and WP100 (uvrA- recA-) in qualitative and quantitative spot tests and in quantitative suspension tests . The rec assay detected 17 of 30 known carcinogens as genotoxic agents, including mitomycin C and diethylnitrosamine, both negative in the Salmonella/Ames test as utilized in these studies . The rec assay in conjunction with the Salmonella/Ames test detected 20 of 30 known carcinogens as genotoxic agents . Azo/aminoazo carcinogens showed little gentoxicity, and the aromatic amine 2-acetylaminofluorene was non-genotoxic in the rec assay . The rec assay was more effective than pol tests with E . coli strains W3110/p3478 and strains WP2/WP67 . Effectiveness of the rec assay was related to the DNA repair-defective nature of the uvrA- recA- genotype of strain WP100.

Mutat Res, 1983 Feb, 119(2), 121 - 33
The biological activity of 4-chloromethylbiphenyl, benzyl chloride and 4-hydroxymethylbiphenyl in 4 short-term tests for carcinogenicity . A report of an individual study in the UKEMS genotoxicity trial 1981; Booth SC et al.; 4-Chloromethylbiphenyl (4CMB), benzyl chloride (BC) and 4-hydroxymethyl-biphenyl (4HMB) were tested for biological activity in the following assays: (i) the Salmonella/microsome assay; (ii) a bacterial 'fluctuation' assays; (iii) a DNA repair assay in Hela cells, and (iv) a mouse lymphoma mutation assay . 4CMB was active in assays (i), (ii) and (iii) but not in (iv); BC was active in assays (i), (ii), (iii) but not in (iv) while 4HMB was inactive in all assays . Where biological activity was seen this did not require addition of a liver S9 preparation . 4CMB was more active than BC in all the test systems in which a positive response was obtained . The implication of these results for a test battery approach to in vitro testing is discussed.

Cancer Res, 1983 Feb, 43(2), 476 - 80
Activation of some aromatic amines to mutagenic products by prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase; Robertson IG et al.; Cooxidation of xenobiotics may occur during prostaglandin biosynthesis . The ability of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase to cooxidize several aromatic amines and other chemicals to mutagenic products was tested with the standard Salmonella tester strains . The microsomal fraction of ram seminal vesicles, a rich source of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase, in the presence of the prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase substrate arachidonic acid metabolized benzidine, 2-aminofluorene, 2-naphthylamine, and 2,5-diaminoanisole to mutagenic products . 1-Napthylamine, 2-aminoanthracene, 2-acetylaminofluorene, and 2,4-diaminoanisole were negative or weakly mutagenic . N-Nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosomorpholine, the pesticide Aminocarb, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate were not activated to mutagenic products by the ram seminal vesicle microsomal fraction.

Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 1983 Feb, 61(Pt 1), 63 - 77
The role of antibody in the interaction of Salmonella and listeria with peritoneal macrophages; Cooper JM et al.; That in vitro killing by normal and activated macrophages of S . typhimurium and other gram-negative organisms is dependent on the presence of antibody has been confirmed . It has been shown that antibody is required for the binding of S . typhimurium to the surfaces of macrophages . This binding can be inhibited by the Fc portion of immunoglobulin, indicating that the Fc receptors on macrophages are used for binding S . typhimurium . It has also been confirmed that antibody does not appear to be necessary for killing of L . monocytogenes to occur . The organisms bind to the surface of macrophages by different receptors . Binding of L . monocytogenes occurs in the absence of added antibody and Fc fragments of immunoglobulin do not affect the binding . Attachment can be inhibited, however, by removal of divalent cations, a treatment that has no effect on antibody-mediated binding as, under these conditions, the binding of L . monocytogenes to macrophages can be enhanced by antibody . The significance of these findings is discussed.

Eur J Biochem, 1983 Jan 17, 130(1), 167 - 71
Fatty acid in lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella species grown at low temperature . Identification and position; Wollenweber HW et al.; Salmonella minnesota R 595 (Re) and other Salmonella strains incorporate cis-delta 9-16:1 (palmitoleic acid) at the expense of mainly dodecanoic acid into the lipid-A portion of lipopolysaccharides, when the cells are grown at low temperature (12 degrees C) . It has recently been shown, that in S . minnesota R 595 grown at 37 degrees C dodecanoic acid is linked to the 3-hydroxyl group of an amide-bound 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid . The present data suggest, that cis-delta 9-16:1 occupies the same position in lipid A (12 degrees C).

Fundam Appl Toxicol, 1983 Jan-Feb, 3(1), 27 - 33
Mutagenicity of chloropropanol in a genetic screening battery; Biles RW et al.; A 72:25 mixture of 1-chloro-2-propanol and 2-chloro-1-propanol was tested for genetic activity in a battery of short term tests . Chloropropanol was tested over a dose range of 527-167,250 micrograms/plate in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay . A dose dependent mutagenic response was observed in strains TA 1535 and TA 100 . Metabolic activation enhanced mutagenicity in both strains . Although chloropropanol was mutagenic in the TK+/-mouse lymphoma assay with and without metabolic activation, a smooth linear dose response relationship was not observed . Non-toxic mutagenic doses ranged from 5,000 to 10,000 micrograms/mL without activation . Chloropropanol was also mutagenic in the rat bone marrow cytogenetic assay . Rats dosed orally with 10, 31 and 100 mg/kg/day for 5 days displayed no significant difference in mean body weight gain or mean mitotic index when compared to controls, however, a dose-response increase (significant) in the number of aberrations, mostly chromatid breaks, was observed in each case.

Dev Biol Stand, 1983, 53, 33 - 4
Thermolabile antigens of "Salmonella typhi"; Grados O; Somatic soluble antigens of S . typhi can be subdivided into three categories . These are: 1 . Thermolabile antigens (TL) at 100 degrees C or 121 degrees C . They showed two kind of fractions, by immunoelectrophoresis method, some anodic and others cathodic in migration . 2 . Thermostable haptens (Th) at 100 degrees C or 121 degrees C . Demonstrated by their capacity to absorb antibodies after heat treatment (100 degrees C or 121 degrees C) and to precipitate antibodies from antiserum produced with unheated bacterial suspensions . These fractions failed to induce antibody production, after heating in rabbits . Electrophoretically they migrated toward the anode . 3 . Thermostable antigens (TS) at 100 degrees C or 121 degrees C . Demonstrated by their capacity to induce antibody formation in rabbits after heat treatment at 100 degrees C or 121 degrees C and to precipitate antibodies after being heated at these temperatures . These antigens revealed only cathodic migration . Using the serum made with S . typhi strain Ty-21a, thermolabile and thermostable antigens were demonstrated in S . typhi 0901 strain.

Dev Biol Stand, 1983, 53, 29 - 31
Antibody response to the protein antigens of "Salmonella typhi" during typhoid infection and following vaccination with a live oral typhoid vaccine Ty21a; Chau PY et al.; Two protein antigens, named as S1Da and S1Db, common to many gram-negative bacteria, were prepared from an extract of Salmonella typhi cells . Antisera to S . typhi, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, prepared by immunizing rabbits with acetone-treated cells of the corresponding bacterial species, all reacted against S1Da and S1Db as shown both by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . Forty nine (98%) of the 50 tested sera obtained from typhoid patients while only 4 (8%) of the 50 sera obtained from febrile non-typhoid patients showed antibodies to S1Da and S1Db with ELISA titres above 1.000 . S1Da and S1Db were then tested against 80 sera collected from 24 volunteers who had received a live typhoid vaccine Ty21a . Those vaccinees, who had antibodies to the LPS antigens of S . typhi following Ty21a vaccination, also developed antibodies to both the S1Da and S1Db antigens . Antigenically, S1Da and S1Db were different from each other and from the LPS antigens of S . typhi . S1Da and S1Db were basically protein in nature, the reactivity of these antigens against a positive control antiserum was destroyed by pronase, i.e., the addition of pronase after coating the MICROELISA plates with S1Da or S1Db reduced the ELISA titre to a minimum . Treatment with pronase, however, did not affect the ELISA titre when plates coated with the LPS antigens of S . typhi were used as the solid-phase antigen.

Adv Exp Med Biol, 1983, 162, 261 - 96
Immunity to Salmonella infection; Eisenstein TK et al.; The foregoing literature review and data presentation have been set forth in the hope of clarifying some complex and confusing issues in regard to Salmonella infection . From a practical point of view, the information presented has implications for the direction to take with regard to improving the current typhoid vaccine, as the presently used acetone-killed cell preparation has considerable toxicity . The issues are important from a theoretical standpoint, because they have bearing on the nature of the concepts researchers and clinicians carry as working hypothesis with regard to the mechanisms of immunity to Salmonella infection . An incomplete appreciation of the literature seems to have led many scientists to believe that only cellular immunity can protect a mouse, and by analogy a human, against Salmonella . The logical deduction from such a premise is that only live vaccines will be effective in humans againsT S . typhi . Such a conclusion would appear unfounded, as documented in this review, for killed vaccines have been shown to be highly effective in vaccinating many mouse strains, as well as humans, against enteric fever.

Vet Med Nauki, 1983, 20(1), 3 - 8
{Immunoprophylaxis of Salmonella infection caused by S . dublin in calves}; Ivanov IN et al.; Studied is the active immunoprophylaxis of calves on farms with a Salmonella dublin infection, using a live vaccine produced with a S . dublin attenuated strain . The disease was fully suppressed among calves through vaccination after the tenth day following birth . However, the source of infection was not done away with, and it was most likely to be found in adult cattle . This was reasonable to believe as there was a second outbreak of the disease in a group of unvaccinated, newborn calves . The regular vaccination is suggested of all newborn calves up to the time when the adult population would occasionally be replaced.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1983, 77(2), 194 - 7
A study on the usefulness of counter immuno-electrophoresis for the detection of Salmonella typhi antigen in the sera of suspected cases of enteric fever; Sundararaj T et al.; Counter immuno-electrophoresis (CIE) was used to detect the presence of Salmonella typhi antigen and antibodies in the sera of 123 suspected cases of enteric fever . Of these, 68 had been incompletely treated with various antibiotics before establishing the diagnosis . The sera of 31 (25%) of the 123 cases showed the presence of S . typhi antigen . Blood culture was positive for S . typhi in only one case . Antigen could be demonstrated in sera of patients with fever ranging from two to ten days . Antigen could also be demonstrated after ten days in sera of patients who had taken some antibiotics . There is no apparent relationship between the presence of antigen and antibodies in the sera, and no apparent relationship between the CIE antibody and Widal antibody titres.

Toxicon, 1983, 21(2), 309 - 20
Cell-free extracts of Salmonella inhibit protein synthesis and cause cytotoxicity in eukaryotic cells; Koo FC et al.; Cell-free, unconcentrated sonic extracts of several serotypes of Salmonella caused extensive detachment of intact Vero cells . Undiluted sonic extracts of these strains exhibited cell detachment in the range 20-50% . Upon dilution, the extract preparations caused a linear, dose-related cytotoxic effect on Vero cell monolayers . The heat-lability (100 degrees C for 30 min) of much of the cytotoxic activity in the extract ruled out the possible involvement of endotoxin in this toxic effect for eukaryotic cells and suggested that this toxic factor is probably a protein . It was demonstrated that these sonic extracts also inhibited the incorporation of 3H-leucine by Vero-cells and that the inhibitory events occurred 1-2 hr after exposure . When subjected to heating at 100 degrees C for 30 min, the ability of Salmonella extracts to inhibit protein synthesis of Vero cells was significantly but only partially destroyed . Because of Salmonella extract-treated Vero cells did not release 3H-uridine until 24-48 hr after addition of sonic extracts, cell lysis was considered to be a secondary event resulting from the early shutdown of protein synthesis, rather than a direct effect of the toxic factor on membrane integrity . Further studies are needed to determine if these two biological activities of Salmonella sonic extracts are due to a single toxic molecule or result from two distinct toxin molecules.

Cancer Res, 1983 Jan, 43(1), 214 - 21
Carcinogenicity of hydroxylated alkylnitrosoureas and of nitrosooxazolidones by mouse skin painting and by gavage in rats; Lijinsky W et al.; The carcinogenic effectiveness of a number of nitrosoalkylamides related to nitrosoethylurea and nitroso-n-propylurea has been compared by topical application to Swiss mice and by intragastric administration to F344 rats . Nitrosohydroxyethylurea and the related cyclic nitrosamide, nitrosooxazolidone, were as potent as nitrosoethylurea as skin carcinogens, although the latter was a much weaker mutagen to Salmonella . When administered p.o., nitrosooxazolidone induced mainly forestomach tumors in rats, while nitrosohydroxyethylurea was very broadly acting, inducing neoplasms of the lung, forestomach, glandular stomach, colon, duodenum, and bone (osteogenic sarcomas) . Nitroso-2-hydroxypropylurea, nitroso-3-hydroxypropylurea, and nitroso-5-methyloxazolidone were all much more potent carcinogens on mouse skin than was nitroso-n-propylurea, nitroso-5-methyloxazolidone being somewhat less effective than the nitrosoureas; the mutagenicity to Salmonella seemed not to be quantitatively related to carcinogenicity . Nitroso-5-methyloxazolidone given p.o . to rats induced mainly forestomach neoplasms and a few neoplasms of the duodenum, whereas similar treatment of rats with nitroso-2-hydroxypropylurea induced a high incidence of neoplasms of the thymus, some of the forestomach, and few at any other site.

J Comp Pathol, 1983 Jan, 93(1), 127 - 34
Isolation of orthoreoviruses from psittacine birds; Meulemans G et al.; Orthoreoviridae were regularly isolated from imported psittacine birds in the absence of other pathogens or in combination with salmonella . These viruses grew in embryonated eggs, in chicken embryo fibroblasts and in hepatic cell cultures . The viral isolates were classified as orthoreoviridae on the basis of their morphological and physico-chemical properties.

Toxicol Lett, 1983 Jan, 15(1), 25 - 31
An evaluation of acetone extracts from six plants in the Ames mutagenicity test; White RD et al.; Acetone extracts from six plants were evaluated for mutagenic activity with the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test (Ames) utilizing tester strains TA98 and TA100 and in the presence and absence of induced rat liver microsomes . Extracts from alfalfa (Medicago sativa), lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and thread-leaf groundsel (Senecio longilobus) produced only negative responses . Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) and tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) extracts produced toxic responses that were abolished in the presence of the microsomal bioactivation system . Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) and tansy ragwort extracts produced positive responses following bioactivation with the liver microsomal system . The results suggest that the Ames mutagenicity test may be of some value in initial evaluations for potential toxic effects of plants consumed by animals and man.

Pediatr Infect Dis, 1983 Jan-Feb, 2(1), 39 - 42
Ampicillin-chloramphenicol interaction against enteric Gram-negative organisms; Asmar BI et al.; Because two children with Salmonella osteomyelitis responded differently to a combination of ampicillin and chloramphenicol, we investigated the activity of each antibiotic and the combination against 21 enteric organisms including Salmonella sp . and other Gram-negative bacilli . Ampicillin was bactericidal against all 21 organisms (minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) range, 0.25 to 16 micrograms/ml) . Chloramphenicol was bactericidal against 5 (MBC range, 2 to 16 micrograms/ml) and bacteriostatic against 16 (MBC, greater than or equal to 64 micrograms/ml) . Fractional lethal indices indicated that chloramphenicol and ampicillin were antagonistic (fractional lethal concentration, greater than 1.2) against all 16 bacteria for which chloramphenicol was bacteriostatic, and the ampicillin MBC increased from a mean of 2.2 micrograms/ml to 37.2 micrograms/ml . The two antibiotics were synergistic (fractional lethal concentration, less than 0.8) against the five organisms for which chloramphenicol was bactericidal, and the ampicillin MBC was lowered from a mean of 3.0 micrograms/ml to 0.4 micrograms/ml . Our data indicate that the combination of ampicillin and chloramphenicol can be synergistic or antagonistic against Gram-negative enteric bacteria depending on whether chloramphenicol is bactericidal or bacteriostatic against the specific organism.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Jan, 17(1), 172 - 4
Bacteriophage types of Salmonella typhi in the United States from 1974 through 1981; Hickman-Brenner FW et al.; From 1974 through 1981, 4,089 isolates of Salmonella typhi were phage typed at the Centers for Disease Control and nine regional laboratories in the United States . The most prevalent types were degraded Vi (27%), E1 (20.6%), A (9.8%), C1 (5.7%), untypable Vi (3.5%), W form (3.5%), D1 (3.4%), B3 (3.4%), and F1 (2.4%) . There were less than 2% of each of the remaining types . The distribution of phage types for this time period was similar to that seen in the periods 1966-1969 and 1970-1973, except that phage type B3 was one of the 10 most prevalent types in 1974-1981 but was not seen in 1966-1973 . Phage typing is presently the most valuable laboratory tool for differentiation of strains of S . typhi in epidemiological studies.

Environ Health Perspect, 1983 Jan, 47, 177 - 87
Mutagenicity in emissions from coal- and oil-fired boilers; Alfheim I et al.; The mutagenicity of emission samples from three oil-fired and four coal-fired boilers have been compared by using the Salmonella/microsome assay . Very little or no mutagenic activity was observed in samples from five of these boilers . The sample from one oil-fired boiler showed mutagenic activity of about 500 revertants/MJ, and the sample from a coal-fired fluidized bed combustor had an activity of 58,000 revertants/MJ measured with strain TA 98 in the absence of metabolic activation . All samples contained substances that were cytotoxic to the test bacteria, thus making it difficult to obtain linear dose-response curves . Mutagenic activity at low levels may remain undetected due to this toxicity of the samples . Samples with mutagenic activity below the detection limit in the Salmonella test have also been tested for forward mutations at the HGPRT locus in V79 hamster cells . Weak mutagenic effects were detected in two of the samples, whereas the sample from one oil-fired boiler remained negative . In this test, as well as in the Salmonella test, a strong cytotoxic effect could be observed with all samples.

Environ Health Perspect, 1983 Jan, 47, 153 - 9
Advantages of and problems with short-term mutagenicity tests for the assessment of mutagenic and carcinogenic risk; Ramel C; The Salmonella microsomal assay has become an indispensible tool for the screening of mutagens and carcinogens, particularly when a large number of samples have to be tested, as in the present context for the screening of air pollution . However, for a more definite identification of potential carcinogens, a verification of the results from bacterial tests has to be performed with a battery of other tests, including point mutations and chromosomal aberrations in eukoaryotic systems . While there is a close qualitative correlation between the mutagenic and carcinogenic property of chemicals, a corresponding quantitative correlation between the mutagenic and carcinogenic potency is not always found . One reason for this lack of quantitative correlation presumably depends on the fact that cancer is induced in two steps, of which only the initiating, but not the promoting, step constitutes a mutational event, which is reflected by mutagenicity tests . Present mutagenicity tests have concentrated on discrete major mutations, while mutations of polygenes, acting on quantitative characters, have largely been omitted . Mutational data from Drosophila indicate, however, that polygenes mutate at a considerably higher rate than major genes and that they have a comparatively strong effect in heterozygous condition . It seems of great importance to develop appropriate methods to study induced mutations of polygenic systems and to get a better understanding of the properties of these genetic systems and an evaluation of the risk connected with induced mutations in polygenes.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1983 Jan, 32(1), 61 - 8
Circulating immune complexes and rheumatoid factor in schistosomiasis and visceral leishmaniasis; Carvalho EM et al.; Circulating immune complexes, measured by the C1q binding and Raji cell radioimmunoassays, were detected in 16 of 25 (64%) patients with schistosomiasis alone, in all 13 patients (100%) with schistosomiasis infection associated with prolonged bacteremia by salmonella organisms, and in 15 of 18 (83%) patients with visceral leishmaniasis . The C3 levels in the serum of patients with schistosomiasis, with and without prolonged salmonella bacteremia, were significantly lower in those with renal disease . Further, in patients with schistosomiasis alone, the absence of renal involvement was positively associated with C1q binding within the normal range (P = 0.015) and the presence of IgM rheumatoid factor in serum (P = 0.04) . In six of eight patients with visceral leishmaniasis treated with a pentavalent antimonial, there was a fall in Raji cell binding, suggesting indirectly that the parasitic antigen may be involved in the pathogenic immune complexes in serum.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1983, 33(11), 1538 - 40
Comparison of in vitro behaviour and in vivo efficacy of two 7S-immunoglobulin preparations for intravenous use; Stephan W et al.; Two intravenous 7S-immunoglobulin (IgG) preparations, beta-propiolactone(beta-PL)-treated (Intraglobin) and hydrochloric acid/pepsin-treated, were tested for their in vitro behaviour in haemagglutination, anticomplementary activity and binding to SPA-sepharose . These results were compared with the efficacy of these preparations in vivo, using mouse protection tests with Salmonella and Pseudomonas as a challenge . In spite of marked differences in the in vitro behaviour, both preparations showed almost the same efficacy in vivo . These results indicate that in vitro findings do not allow predictions of the in vivo efficacy of intravenous IgG preparations.

Acta Chem Scand B, 1983, 37(9), 775 - 83
Mercury iodide as a catalyst in oligosaccharide synthesis; Bock K et al.; The disaccharide 4-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranose and the trisaccharide 2-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-4-O-beta-D-mannopyranosyl-alpha-L-rhamno pyranose determinants, which are analogs of the repeating unit of Salmonella sero-group A, B and D, have been synthesized using mercury(II) iodide as a catalyst in the glycosylation reaction . The reducing end of the di- and the trisaccharide was substituted with a linking arm for covalent attachment to a protein carrier . Reaction of 8-ethoxycarbonyloct-1-yl 2,3-di-O-benzoyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside with acetobromomannose in the presence of mercury(II) iodide gave, after deprotection, the disaccharide in 49% yield . The trisaccharide was prepared by a block synthesis in which 6-O-acetyl-4-O-allyl-2-O-(6-O-acetyl-2-O-allyl-3,4-di-O-benzoyl-alpha-D- galactopyranosyl)-3-O-benzyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl bromide (21) and 8-methoxycarbonyloct-1-yl 2,3-O-cyclohexylidene-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside were condensed in the presence of mercury(II) iodide . These conditions gave the trisaccharide (26) in 26% yield . The disaccharide 21 was prepared by mercury(II) iodide catalyzed condensation of the protected galactopyranosyl bromide (15) and 4-O-allyl-1,6-anhydro-3-O-benzyl-beta- D-mannopyranose followed by acetolysis and reaction with titanium tetrabromide.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1983, 77(5), 724 - 30
Bacteria, parasitic agents and rotaviruses associated with acute diarrhoea in hospital in-patient Indonesian children; Soenarto Y et al.; Faeces from children (aged from one month to 12 years) with acute diarrhoea admitted to hospital in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, from June 1978 to June 1979, were examined for the presence of enteric pathogens . One or more recognized enteropathogens were identified in 56% of children . Rotaviruses were identified in 38% of all children . Toxigenic coliforms (predominantly Escherichia coli) were isolated from 12% of children . Salmonella sp . (6%), Shigella sp . (4%) and enteropathogenic parasites (predominantly Trichuris trichiura) from 3.5% of children . Mixed infections with two or more enteric pathogens were found in 7.6% of children . The incidence rate of each pathogen was correlated with age of the child, socio-economic level of the family and duration of breast feeding . Toxigenic coliforms were equally common in all age groups from both well-to-do and poor families . Enteropathogenic parasites appeared in increasing frequency with age . They were more common in artificially fed children and in children from families of low socio-economic level . The occurrence of multiple infection with mixtures of enteric pathogens increased with increasing age . Mixtures of parasites and other enteric pathogens only occurred in children with acute diarrhoea . These results provide baseline data about the relative importance of different enteropathogens in Indonesian children.

Environ Mutagen, 1983, 5(6), 881 - 9
Distribution of extractable mutagenic activity in steel foundry air particulates of different sizes; McCalla DR et al.; An Andersen 2000 sampler was used to collect different size classes of airborne particulate matter in a large steel foundry . When extracts of these particles were assayed for mutagenicity using the Ames Salmonella/S-9 assay, much of the mutagenic activity was found in particles of respirable size . Furthermore, mutagens requiring activation were distributed among the various size classes roughly in proportion to the total surface area of the particles with the smallest class (less than 1.1 micron) containing by far the largest amount of mutagenic activity . The distribution of direct-acting mutagenic activity was more variable and in some samples the bulk of this activity was in the largest size class (greater than 7.0 micron).

Environ Mutagen, 1983, 5(6), 859 - 69
Dinitro and mononitrobenzo(ghi)perylenes and mononitrocoronene are highly mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella assay; Vance WA et al.; Benzo(ghi)perylene (B(ghi))Per, (191-24-2)) and coronene (Cor, (191-07-1)) are major constituents of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) found in automobile exhaust and polluted air {eg, Grimmer et al, 1981} . Nitration of these PAH by NO2 and traces of HNO3, which are also formed in automobile exhaust, seems highly probable . To identify the presence of these nitroarenes in environmental samples and to examine their mutagenic potencies we synthesized and characterized nitro derivatives of both PAH . 5-NO2B(ghi)Per (81316-87-2) and 1-NO2Cor (81316-84-9) produced 405 and 340 revertants/nmole respectively in TA98 in the presence of 0.6 mg of microsomal enzymes (S-9) per plate in the Ames test . 5,8-diNO2B(ghi)Per (83292-25-5) and 5,10-diNO2B(ghi)Per (83292-26-6) produced 21,500 and 4,000 revertants/nmole in TA98 without microsomal activation . Mutagenicity for the dinitrobenzo(ghi)perylenes was also high in TA98NR and TA97 but was reduced by 97% in TA98-1,8DNP . There is close similarity in the orientation and distances between reactive sites (nitrenium ion and carbocation) on the dinitrobenzo(ghi)perylenes and 1,6-dinitropyrene (42397-64-8) and 1,8-dinitropyrene (42397-65-9).

Ann Med Interne (Paris), 1983, 134(5), 475 - 8
{Infectious arteriopathies}; Bastin R et al.; After reviewing the physiopathology, the authors report the principal features of infectious arterial disease observed in a department of infectious diseases . Excluding iatrogenic arteritis, particularly after vascular surgery, and some vasculitis in which an infectious agent may play a role, only the classical but now rare causes are described: rickettsial disease, syphilis and typhoid . The most commonly observed problem at present is infectious aneurysms: primary aneurysms secondary to atherosclerosis in which salmonella is by far the predominant organism, before the staphylococci and streptococci . The most serious complication is the major risk of rupture which may be the presenting event . Secondary aneurysms are essentially those of endocarditis . The mechanism is not fully understood and they occur at different stages of the course of the disease . The main problem associated with these aneurysms is their multiplicity and localisation; the intracranial forms are the most common and most serious in the experience of the authors, with their difficulties of diagnosis and treatment: extracranial aneurysms are usually located in the main limb arteries . Adjacent secondary aneurysms are exceptionally rare . Tuberculous and viral causes of aneurysm are among the rarest etiologies discussed.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1983, 77(4), 548 - 51
Enteric fever in patients admitted to a diarrhoeal disease hospital in Bangladesh; Stoll BJ et al.; The hospital records of 62 patients with blood culture-proven enteric fever admitted to the Dacca Hospital of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, over a one-year period were reviewed . Older children and young adults had the highest age-specific rates of disease . The clinical, epidemiological and laboratory features of patients with enteric fever were compared with similar information from patients in hospital for cholera and shigellosis . Patients with enteric fever had a significantly longer prodrome of illness and were more likely to have fever than patients in the other groups . Our hospital cares primarily for patients with diarrhoeal diseases and while 94% of enteric fever patients had diarrhoea, only 5% had the recognized diarrhoeal pathogens Shigella or Vibrio cholerae identified, compared to 25% of the total hospital in-patient group, suggesting that Salmonella typhi itself may be a cause of diarrhoea . Antibiotic resistance patterns of S . typhi isolates were reviewed, and one isolate was found to be multiply antibiotic resistant . The advent of an effective oral typhoid vaccine makes further work on the epidemiology of enteric fever in endemic areas such as Bangladesh a high priority.

Biomed Pharmacother, 1983, 37(2), 65 - 8
Hemopoietic responses of LPS-unresponsive C3H/HeJ mice to salmonella infection; Miyanomae T et al.; Effects of Salmonella enteritidis infection on hemopoietic stem cells were examined in LPS-unresponsive C3H/HeJ mice . The salmonella infection increased pluripotent stem cells (CFUs) and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFUc) in the spleen and decreased these hemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow . These responses seemed to be specific to salmonella infection and not due to biological activities of LPS.

Ann Rech Vet, 1983, 14(2), 129 - 39
{Effect of routes and doses of Salmonella abortus ovis inoculation on the abortive effect and serologic response of ewes}; Pardon P et al.; Three successive experiments using a restricted number of Prealpes X Lacaune ewes were designed to form a procedure allowing the reproduction of an abortive infection with Salmonella abortus ovis . Effects of inoculations at mid-gestation were estimated by the duration of gestation, bacteriological excretion at lambing and evolutions of rectal temperatures and of serological antibodies . Serological responses were revealed with four tests: O or H agglutination tests in tubes, H agglutination or complement fixation tests in microtechnics . Intravenous inoculations of 10(9) salmonella induced lethal septicaemia . Intragastric inoculations of 10(7), 10(8), 10(9) or 10(10) salmonella did not produce effects related to inoculated doses; in particular the only abortion obtained in this way occurred after inoculation of 10(7) salmonella . Subcutaneous inoculation of 10(6) to 10(10) salmonella induced serological, bacteriological and clinical responses related to the inoculated doses: ewes with at least two febrile phases during the 20 days post-inoculation aborted, including two ewes not excreting salmonella at lambing . After intragastric or subcutaneous inoculation, and with the four serological tests, the initial raising of titers was followed by an early and rapid decrease, without a new rise round about the time of abortion; no salmonella was isolated from ewes autopsied three to six months after inoculation . It appeared that the subcutaneous inoculation of 10(10) S . abortus ovis viable to ewes at mid-gestation was able to frequently induce a sublethal but abortive infection.

Vet Med Nauki, 1983, 20(9), 87 - 95
{Trial of trimedin action on chickens}; Drumev D et al.; Investigations were carried out with a total of 421 broiler birds (four-line Cornish X Plymouth Rock hydbrids) within the age range of 2 days to 5 weeks . Determined was the acute toxicity of the combination sulfadimidine (SDM) + trimetoprim (TMP)--5 + 1 and the water-soluble formula of trimedin following the intraingluvial introduction with week-old birds . LD50 of the combinations SDM+TMP (5+1) was 3980 mg/kg (2780: 5690), and that of trimedin was 2038 mg/kg body mass . The biologic half-life of SDM ranged from 4.77 to 5.34 h, and that of TMP--from 4.81 to 5.71 h at the intraingluvial introduction of the combination SDM+TMP (5+1) at the rate of 0.06 g/kg . Demonstrated were the therapeutic levels of SDM and TMP during the whole period (10 days) of treatment with the combination SDM+TMP (5+1) given with the feed in conc . 500 ppm or at the application of trimedin alone via the drinking water in conc . 0.05% . It was found that trimedin used for 10 days with the drinking water in conc . 0.05 per cent with broilers at the experimental infection with Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum protected about 40 per cent of the birds, the latter remaining, however, carriers of the infection.

Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1983, 407, 351 - 61
Bacterial-mammalian mutagenesis correlations: mechanistic significance for carcinogenesis; Bartsch H; Chemicals evaluated for their carcinogenic potential in the IARC Monographs (Supplement 4 to volumes 1-29)2 are used to compare their response in bacterial and mammalian cell mutagenicity assays in vitro . Simultaneous positive and negative test results in both systems showed a high degree of parallelism . Several carcinogens active in animals/humans, however, were not detected in either assay . The possibility of a quantitative extrapolation of bacterial mutagenesis data to processes occurring in intact mammals was further examined . Published covalent binding indices in rat liver DNA for 36 compounds were found to be correlated with their mutagenic effects in the Salmonella/liver-microsome test; several compounds deviated from this proportionality . The quantitative relationship between carcinogenicity in rodents (TD50) and mutagenicity was examined, using 10 alkylating agents . Mutagenicity in S . typhimurium TA100 strain (plate and liquid assays) showed no correlation with carcinogenic potency . However, there was a positive relationship between TD50 values and the initial ratio of N-7-alkyl/O6-alkyl guanine formed (predicted) after reaction with double-stranded DNA in vitro.

Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac, 1983, 84(3), 144 - 8
{Sickle cell anemia, an example of a constitutional disease of hemoglobin}; Schaison G; Sickle cell anemia is a congenital haemolitic anemia . The replacement of the hydrophilic glutamine residue at the 6 position of the beta chain by the hydrophobic valine leads to severe conformation change in the molecule resulting in sickling . The consequences are haemolysis, vascular stasis and thrombotic crisis . Infection triggers thrombosis and vice-versa . Clinical manifestation is anemia punctuated by intermittent crisis producing infarction . Pneumococcal and salmonella infections are frequent mainly in the lungs and bones . Prognosis is poor, half of the patients dying before 20 years . Prompt treatment of infection is important . Treatment includes good nutrition and administration of folic acid . Transfusions are often usefull to avoid hazards of anesthesia or surgery . Ante natal diagnosis based on smaller sample of foetal blood or amniotic liquid is now possible.

Int Orthop, 1983, 7(2), 69 - 78
Chronic haematogenous osteomyelitis; studies on an experimental model; Deysine M et al.; The progression of acute haematogenous osteomyelitis into a chronic infection was investigated in a group of ten dogs in which the infection was produced by injection of micropaque barium mixed with Staphylococcus aureus or Salmonella Group C-2 into the tibial nutrient artery . Antibiotics were not used . Twenty four months later the infected limb of the surviving animals exhibited clinical, histological, radiological and microbiological changes which closely resembled those found in chronic haematogenous osteomyelitis (CHO) in humans . We observed spontaneous fractures, skin fistulae, bone sequestration and active bone remodelling . The original infecting bacteria were often replaced by different microorganisms because of skin fistulae or haematogenous contamination . Although the initial mortality was high the surviving animals showed signs of local and systemic symbiosis with the infecting bacteria . In two animals the previously infected and remodelled bone failed to show histological evidence of infection . This model may be useful in the study of a variety of factors affecting the natural history of CHO, particularly those encompassing the immunological response of the host.

Scand J Work Environ Health, 1983, 9 Suppl 2, 27 - 37
Mutagenicity of rubber additives and curing fumes . Results from five short-term bioassays; Donner M et al.; The mutagenicity of rubber additives and curing fumes from some rubber formulations were studied in five short-term tests: point mutations in Chinese hamster V79 cells, the induction of sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells, micronuclei in erythrocytes of Chinese hamster bone marrow, sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in Drosophila melanogaster, and reverse mutations in the Salmonella/microsome assay . When 46 rubber additives were tested with Salmonella, 15 compounds were mutagenic, 16 were negative, and 15 were negative with no observed toxicity . Only one negative response was obtained for the nine tested samples of curing fumes . Thiuram and dithiocarbamate additives and some curing fumes with mutagenic responses in Salmonella were the primary objects of study in the other four test systems . Although the results of these four tests did not completely parallel the Salmonella results, they indicate that the individual compounds and the curing fumes from different types of rubber formulations may involve genotoxic risks.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1983, 15(1), 17 - 9
Biliary calculi in chronic Salmonella carriers and healthy controls: a controlled study; Schioler H et al.; A controlled study was performed to evaluate the incidence of gall bladder and biliary duct disease in chronic typhoid and paratyphoid carriers . Eight chronic carriers were compared with a comparable group of control persons who had previously had acute typhoid or paratyphoid fever without developing a chronic carrier state . By combined surgical and radiological evaluation biliary calculi were detected in 88% of the carrier group and in 11% in the control group . This difference is statistically significant (p less than 0.02) . No difference in biliary function was found between the two groups.

Acta Haematol, 1983, 69(2), 136 - 9
Immunoglobulin levels, opsonic activity and phagocytic power in Egyptian thalassemic children; Khalifa AS et al.; Serum IgG, IgM and IgA were determined in 25 patients with homozygous beta thalassemia and 7 with the trait . The levels were increased in homozygous patients and increased further after splenectomy . Serum opsonic activity against Salmonella typhi and staphylococci was impaired in homozygous patients . Splenectomy caused more impairment against salmonella only . Similarly, phagocytic power against both organisms was lower in beta thalassemia . Further decrease against salmonella occurred after splenectomy . Patients with thalassemia trait did not differ from normal controls.

Rev Argent Microbiol, 1983, 15(4), 187 - 92
{Salmonella in eviscerated chickens from processing plants of greater Buenos Aires}; Mercado EC; Thirty-five samples of eviscerated poultry from processing plants in greater Buenos Aires were examined for the presence of Salmonella . Eighteen samples (51.2%) were found to be contaminated with salmonellae on testing with the non-destructive rinse method . Out of 7 plants investigated, 6 exhibited the presence of Salmonella in the product . A total of 6 confirmed species were found, S . infantis being the most frequently isolated . Rappaport-Vassiliadis and Tetrathionate-Brilliant Green broths were used as enrichment media, combined with Bismuth Sulphite or Brilliant Green-Phenol Red-Lactose-Sucrose-Deoxycholate agars as isolations media . The combination Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth and Bismuth Sulphite agar, was the only one that allowed the detection of all positive samples, including the six confirmed Salmonella species . Taking in to account the percentage of presumed colonies that were later confirmed, the Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth/Bismuth Sulphite agar proved the most specific.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Jan, 36(1), 70 - 5
Quaternary heterocyclylamino beta-lactams . V . L-640,876 treatment of induced enterotoxigenic colibacillosis (scours) in calves and piglets; Jacks TM et al.; A new semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic designated L-640,876, 7-beta-(1-benzylpyridinium-4-yl)amino-3-{( (1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio} methyl)ceph-3-em-4-carboxylate, was highly active in vitro against 110 enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella species of animal origin . The MIC90 was 0.125 microgram/ml for the E . coli strains, 2 micrograms/ml for the S . choleraesuis strains and 4 micrograms/ml for the S . typhimurium strains . In colostrum-fed calves infected with E . coli strain B44, L-640,876 administered by gavage at 30 mg/calf (0.67 mg/kg) twice a day for 3 days, starting at 20-hour post-inoculation, eliminated the diarrhea and reduced the mortality from 82% in the infected, nonmedicated calves to 11% in the infected, medicated calves (P less than 0.05) . In colostrum-fed piglets infected with E . coli strain P155, L-640,876 administered by gavage at 12.5 or 20 mg/piglet (10 or 16 mg/kg) twice a day for 3 days, starting at 6-hour post-inoculation, eliminated the diarrhea and reduced the mortality from 79% in the infected, nonmedicated to 25% in the infected, medicated piglets (P less than 0.05) . Thus, L-640,876 was highly effective in restoring the calves and piglets to good health by eliminating diarrhea and reducing mortality.

Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg, 1983, 9(4), 31 - 6
A study on the mutagenic effect of some Bulgarian drugs using the Salmonella/microsome test; Dimitrova K et al.; It has been shown that mixtures of phenobarbital and 3- methylcholantrene may be used in the Salmonella/microsome test as inductors of the S9 liver fraction, instead of "Aroclor 1254" . The Salmonella/microsome method has been used to study the mutagenic action of Flatogel (2.5% polymethylsyloxanum activatum and 2% ethylium -p- aminobenzoicum , suspended in sorbitol-balanced gel of aluminum hydroxidatum and magnesium hydroxidatum ), Nitrolong (2,2-bis/hydroxymethyl/-1,3- propandioltetranitrate ) and Cymethidine (N-cyano-N'-methyl-N"/2-/5-methyl-4-imidazolyl-methylthio/ethyl/guanidin e) . These substances are produced as drugs by the Bulgarian chemical and pharmaceutical industry ( PHARMACHIM ) . The results obtained show that the drugs studied have no mutagenic action, both without and with activation with S9 liver fraction isolated from rats treated with "Aroclor 1254" or combinations of phenobarbital and 3- methylcholantrene .

Nutr Cancer, 1983, 5(3-4), 153 - 8
Effect of butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole on the mutagenicity of 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl; Reddy BS et al.; This study was undertaken to investigate the possible antimutagenic effects of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (DMAB)-induced mutagenicity, using the Ames Salmonella/mammalian microsome system . The addition of 100-250 micrograms of BHT or 25-500 micrograms of BHA/plate was found to inhibit DMAB-induced mutagenicity in Salmonella strains TA 98 and TA 100 . In TA 100, the mutagenicity was further inhibited with the addition of S9 prepared from the livers of rats fed a 0.6% BHT diet as compared to S9 from the animals fed a diet containing no BHT.

Vet Med Nauki, 1983, 20(9), 18 - 24
{Erythrocyte antigen for the rapid intravital diagnosis of fowl typhoid and pullorum disease}; Giurov B et al.; A stable erythrocyte antigen was obtained for the rapid diagnosis of typhoid and pullorum disease in birds, which was tested under laboratory and field conditions . It was found that with the use of whole blood or serum taken from birds that had been either experimentally infected or had died of spontaneous infection of Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella enteritidis the erythrocyte antigen was substantially superior to the routinely used colour ordinary test-antigen in terms of time consumed, intensity, and number of reacting birds . Discussed is the effect of its quick adoption into practice on the basis of its higher epizootiologic, epidemiologic, and economic value.

DNA, 1983, 2(4), 291 - 9
Adaptive doses of MNNG efficiently induce a recA-trp gene fusion; Smith CL et al.; The recA gene product plays a critical role in the Escherichia coli SOS system . To facilitate studies of the regulation of the recA operon, we constructed a gene fusion between the recA operon and the Salmonella trp operon . This gene fusion closely mimics the behavior of the authentic recA operon in vivo . Using the gene fusion, we looked at the effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) on recA expression . In contrast to the expectations from previous work, we found that low (0.5 microgram/ml) adaptive doses of MNNG induce the recA-trp gene fusion as efficiently as other SOS inducers without inducing either lambda or phi 80 prophages . These results are a clear example of the ability of some agents to induce a subset of the SOS-dependent operons . They force a reevaluation of many of the arguments that have led to the conclusion that the SOS and adaptive responses are completely independent.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1983, 31(2), 249 - 53
Impaired bactericidal activity of cord sera against Salmonella strains; Jankowski S et al.; Weaker bactericidal activity of cord sera against Salmonella bacilli was shown in comparison with maternal venous sera . No correlation was found between the bactericidal activity and the levels of complement, immunoglobulins and lysozyme in cord sera . Worthy of notice is detected in these researches specificity of bactericidal action of cord sera.

Mol Gen Genet, 1983, 192(1-2), 163 - 70
The hisR locus of Salmonella: nucleotide sequence and expression; Bossi L; In S . typhimurium, the hisR locus is defined by mutations causing reduced levels of the histidine transfer RNA . As a preliminary step in the analysis of the hisR mutants, a 972 bp DNA fragment containing the histidine tRNA gene from wild-type Salmonella was cloned and completely sequenced . This analysis revealed the existence of a tRNA gene cluster which, in addition to the tRNAHis gene, includes the genes for tRNALeu1, tRNAPro1 and a tentative tRNAArgCGG . All four tRNA genes are present as single copies and are separated by spacer sequences ranging from 20 to 53 bp in length . The gene cluster is efficiently transcribed in vitro by E . coli RNA polymerase and yields a transcript, approximately 480 nucleotides long, which contains all four tRNA sequences . This tetrameric precursor can be processed to 4S RNA in vitro with a wild-type Salmonella extract, but not with an extract prepared from a hisU (RNase P) mutant . Using portions of the tRNA gene cluster as specific hybridization probes, various processing intermediates were shown to accumulate in vivo in the hisU mutant . Most of these RNAs are monomeric precursors only a few nucleotides longer than the respective mature tRNA species.

Immunol Lett, 1983, 7(1), 41 - 5
The transient appearance of IgM antibodies in the bile of rats injected with Salmonella enteritidis; Jackson GD et al.; Following the intravenous injection of 2 X 10(8) killed Salmonella enteritidis into rats, high levels of specific antibodies were detected in the serum and bile after 4 days . The level in serum persisted while that in bile had virtually disappeared by day 7 . On the basis of gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA22 the activity in bile was found to be associated with the IgM fraction . The transient nature of the biliary response was further evidenced by the association of the agglutinating activity with a four-fold increase in the concentration of IgM and the presence of complement-fixing bactericidal antibody . Initial evidence suggests that the source of the biliary IgM is from cells within the liver rather than transport of IgM from blood to bile . It is proposed that immune stimulation by blood-borne microorganisms can lead to a pulse of IgM in the bile, providing rapid augmentation of other local immune processes in the gastrointestinal tract.

Circ Shock, 1983, 11(1), 23 - 34
Relation of endotoxin structure to hypoglycemic and insulinlike actions; Witek-Janusek L et al.; Various endotoxin preparations were used to determine which portion of endotoxin, lipid A, polysaccharide, or lipid-associated protein (LAP), mediates the hypoglycemic and insulinlike action in rats . Salmonella enteriditis Boivin (SEB), complete endotoxin, and S enteriditis Westphal (SEW), lacking LAP, were equally lethal to endotoxin-sensitized rats; however, S minnesota (SM) glycolipid (lipid A plus 16% polysaccharide) was comparatively more toxic . Toxic effects were prevented by alteration of lipid A through alkaline hydrolysis or polymixin B treatment . SM-lipid A (0.02% polysaccharide) was less toxic than SM-glycolipid . Similar hypoglycemic effects were produced by SEB and SEW; however, SM-glycolipid produced a significantly greater hypoglycemia . Although SEB, SEW, and SM-glycolipid all produced significant increases in adipose tissue glucose oxidation a decreasing trend in effectiveness was observed, while the SM-lipid A was without effect . However, adding detoxified hydrolysates of endotoxin to SM-lipid A produced a significant increase in glucose oxidation . In conclusion, lipid A is the primary endotoxin moiety mediating both the lethal effects of endotoxin and its hypoglycemic action . However, maximal expression of insulinlike action requires the presence of all three portions of endotoxin.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1983, 77(3), 336 - 7
Non-typhoidal Salmonella infection in Zambian infants; Dube SD et al.; In the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia, 45 strains of various non-typhoidal Salmonella species were isolated from 2990 samples of stools, blood and C.S.F . About 93% of the 45 strains were isolated from infants less than two years old . S . heidelberg was the most common species isolated from stools and revealed a multi-drug resistant character . Only S . typhimurium and S . bovis-morbificans were isolated from blood and C.S.F.

Environ Mutagen, 1983, 5(5), 665 - 78
Complex effects of retinol on the metabolic activation of 2-aminofluorene; Balbinder E et al.; It has been reported that vitamin A alcohol (retinol) inhibits the mutagenicity of certain carcinogenic agents requiring metabolic activation by mammalian microsomal enzymes in the Ames Salmonella assay . We have found that the effect of retinol on the mutagenicity of 2-aminofluorene (2AF), a carcinogen requiring metabolic activation, is complex and dependent both on the ratio of retinol (microgram per plate) to S9 (microgram of protein per plate), as well as the absolute concentration of retinol . Retinol had no effect on the mutagenicity of 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (4NPDA), a direct-acting mutagen . However, the mutagenicity of 4NPDA was inhibited by S9 and this inhibition was not affected by retinol.

Environ Mutagen, 1983, 5(5), 657 - 63
Evaluation of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and its major metabolites in the Ames test and L5178Y mouse lymphoma mutagenicity assay; Kirby PE et al.; Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and its two major metabolites, mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP) and 2-ethylhexanol (EH), were tested for genetic activity in both the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity (Ames) assay and the L5178Y TK+/- mouse lymphoma cell mutagenicity assay . All chemicals were tested in both the presence and absence of Aroclor-induced liver microsomes prepared from male Sprague-Dawley rats . Dose levels for both assays were selected from preliminary toxicity studies for each chemical . Neither DEHP, MEHP, nor EH exhibited any significant mutagenic activity in strains TA-98, TA-100, TA-1535, TA-1537, and TA-1538 in the Ames test or when tested in the L5178Y TK+/- mouse lymphoma cell mutagenicity assay.

Environ Mutagen, 1983, 5(4), 603 - 7
Putative mutagens and carcinogens in foods . IV . Malonaldehyde (malondialdehyde); Hartman PE; Malonaldehyde or malondialdehyde (MA) is an ubiquitous dietary constituent formed by the peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and of the food additive, sorbate . The average US citizen consumes between 0.2 and 0.6 microgram of MA each day from fresh and processed meats alone . This figure might have been considerably higher in past decades when meat was packaged and stored under less optimal circumstances . No studies seem to have been performed to determine if free MA is released under physiological conditions, such as in simulated gastric juice . Although pure enzymologically synthesized MA is a weak mutagen for a new Salmonella frameshift tester strain containing a polyadenine sequence, reports of more pronounced mutagenicity and carcinogenicity are very likely erroneous . The impure chemically synthesized MA samples used in the strongly positive tests for genotoxic activity were contaminated with mutagenic methoxy- and ethoxyacroleins that would not be expected to constitute important components of foodstuffs . Thus, the greatest importance of MA and other carbonyls in foodstuffs may be their ability to catalyze nitrosation reactions in the presence of free nitrite and as indicators of the presence of other lipid oxidation products.

Environ Mutagen, 1983, 5(4), 541 - 51
The effect of culture conditions and toxicity on the Ames Salmonella/microsome agar incorporation mutagenicity assay; Kazmer S et al.; Various methods were used to reconstruct an environment similar to a chemically bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect in the Ames mutagenicity assay in order to determine whether a false-positive result could occur . Neither population reduction, sonication, nor increased histidine produced an increase of spurious revertant colonies.

Environ Mutagen, 1983, 5(3), 353 - 62
Review: putative mutagens and carcinogens in foods . III . Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT); Malkinson AM; Although the average American's daily consumption of BHT can be measured in milligrams, there are numerous reports that BHT causes organ damage in laboratory animals . Only a few genotoxic effects of BHT have been reported, however, including mutagenicity in the abnormal sperm assay and ambiguous results regarding its teratogenicity . More dramatic are the modulatory effects of BHT on the actions of established mutagens and carcinogens . BHT can either enhance or inhibit mutagenic potency, depending on the substance tested . For example, in the Ames test, BHT is antimutagenic towards benzo(a)pyrene, but increases the number of Salmonella revertants induced by aflatoxin B1 . BHT is one of the few compounds to have both tumor prophylactic and tumor promoting capacities . It is the temporal sequence in which BHT and carcinogens are administered to test animals which determines how BHT affects the response to these carcinogens . In common with other antioxidants, BHT inhibits the ability of carcinogens to induce tumors in various rodent organs when the animal is given BHT prior to carcinogen treatment . Unlike other antioxidants, however, the number of tumors increase when BHT is administered after carcinogen exposure . The comutagenic and cocarcinogenic properties of BHT have been demonstrated in tests ranging from the Ames test to cell transformation procedures to in vivo assays . These effects are probably mediated by metabolites of BHT, rather than by BHT itself.

Immun Infekt, 1983 Jan, 11(1), 16 - 22
{Typhoid vaccination yesterday and today}; Bockemuhl J; Despite the early attempts to produce resistance against typhoid fever with parenteral vaccination by Pfeiffer and Kolle in 1896, and with oral vaccines by Carroll in 1904, it was not until the 1950s when typhoid vaccine efficacy was prospectively evaluated in both well-controlled field trials and human volunteer studies . Among the parenteral whole cell preparations the acetone-inactivated and heat-phenol-killed vaccines, respectively, demonstrating an efficacy of 60-90% for 3-5 years, have received most attention . Oral killed typhoid vaccines have enjoyed popularity for many years, but their effectiveness has never been proven under statistically and epidemiologically controlled conditions . More encouraging results were obtained with live oral vaccines produced from genetically defective, avirulent mutants . Investigations with streptomycin-dependent strains of Salmonella typhi were followed by studies of so-called galE mutants . One of such vaccine strains, labelled Ty 21a, proved to be more effective in volunteer studies than all previous vaccines, and promoted 95% resistance to clinical illness for three years in a field trial in Egypt . It has to be borne in mind, however, that immunity to typhoid fever is never absolute but depends on the dose of infection . This is important to be known by the vaccinee in order to avoid a wrong feeling of security which might result in negligence of personal and food hygiene.

Carcinogenesis, 1983, 4(4), 449 - 55
Studies on the efficiency of the Salmonella/rat hepatocyte assay for the detection of carcinogens as mutagens: activation of 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine and procarbazine into bacterial mutagens; Malaveille C et al.; Aflatoxin B1, benzo{a}pyrene, N-nitrosomorpholine, procarbazine (PC) and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) were used to investigate the efficiency of the Salmonella/rat hepatocyte assay for detecting carcinogens as mutagens . In this assay, bacteria and the test compound were co-incubated with freshly isolated rat hepatocytes and then plated onto minimal glucose agar . Factors for optimal mutagenicity, including the number of hepatocytes and the number of bacteria, the type of assay medium and the length of incubation in liquid medium were investigated . All the compounds were metabolized into bacterial mutagens . Mediation of the mutagenicity of PC and DMH by rat hepatocytes indicates that freshly isolated cells of this type are a useful alternative metabolic activation system for use in screening chemicals found to be non-mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome assay.

Environ Mutagen, 1983, 5(1), 101 - 9
Mutagenic activity from nitrosation of oligoamines; Murphey-Corb M et al.; To determine structural features necessary for the production of direct mutagenic activity from oligoamine-nitrate reaction mixtures, we systematically tested a group of aliphatic amine substrates for comutagenic action with nitrite . The ability to react with nitrite and form direct-acting mutagenic derivatives was common to a reasonably well defined class of aliphatic polyamines . In general, primary-secondary diamino compounds were mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella tester system when reacted with nitrite, whereas primary and secondary amines produced no direct mutagenic activity when tested separately . In combination with teritary amino groups, primary amines were inactive; one secondary-tertiary amine was tested, and this substrate produced mutagenic activity.

Am Surg, 1983 Jan, 49(1), 37 - 50
Spontaneous abdominal aortic infections . Essentials of diagnosis and management; Ewart JM et al.; The spectrum, pathogenesis, and changing bacteriology of spontaneous abdominal aortic infections is presented . The classic presentation includes fever, positive blood cultures, and a pulsatile abdominal mass . However, most essential in the preoperative diagnosis is having a high index of suspicion . The bacteriologic spectrum is changing, with Salmonella now being the most common organism cultured . Principles of management include aggressive antibiotic therapy, excision of infected tissue, and extra-anatomic bypass . Long-term follow-up for late complications is important . With early recognition and aggressive combined medical and surgical management, increasing numbers of survivors are being reported.

Ann Intern Med, 1983 Jan, 98(1), 20 - 5
Bicozamycin, a poorly absorbable antibiotic, effectively treats travelers' diarrhea; Ericsson CD et al.; The efficacy of bicozamycin, a poorly absorbable antibiotic, in the treatment of acute diarrhea was assessed in a prospective, double-blind study of 140 adults from the United States visiting Guadalajara, Mexico . Patients randomly received bicozamycin (500 mg orally four times daily) or placebo for 3 days . The mean duration of illness was shorter in the bicozamycin than the placebo treatment groups for patients with diarrhea due to Shigella (37 versus 96 hours; p = 0.01), toxigenic Escherichia coli (31 versus 60 hours; p = 0.003), and unknown pathogens (18 versus 41 hours; p = 0.02) . Cramps were significantly relieved by bicozamycin in all patients . Treatment failed in significantly fewer patients treated with bicozamycin than those treated with placebo when diarrhea was associated with Shigella, Salmonella or toxigenic E . coli . Bicozamycin was well tolerated and appears to be effective therapy for acute travelers' diarrhea of diverse causes . These data show the value of an antibiotic in the therapy of toxigenic E . coli infection and indicate a need to reevaluate the clinical dictum that nonabsorbable antibiotics are ineffective against invasive enteropathogens.

Rev Argent Microbiol, 1983, 15(3), 169 - 75
{Salmonella: its incidence in waters of the Zaimán arroyo}; Benassi FO et al.; The present work is the initial stage of a project to determine the causes and degree of pollution of the Zaiman creek waters, which flow through wide suburban areas of Posadas, Argentina . The research was focused on the presence of Salmonella serotypes, pathogenic microorganisms probably responsible for most waterborne disease outbreaks . In addition, the N.M.P./100 ml (Most Probable Number) of total coliform organisms was determined in samples collected from points near cold storage plant and slaughterhouse, both to show the pollution effect of industrial discharges . So far, 35 sampling operations have been carried out in representative geographic points . The methodology for Salmonella consisted in applying concentration technics for waterborne pathogens, followed by an enrichment procedure performed by incubating samples in Dulcitol Selenite and Tetrathionate (Muller-Kauffman) broths at 41.5 degrees C during 25 hours . Typical, well-isolated Salmonella-like colonies were obtained by streaking duplicate plates of E.M.B . Agar (Eosin Methylene Blue), Brilliant Green Agar and Bismuth Sulphite Agar . Suspected colonies were classified by 10 biochemical reactions and further verified by serological identification, performed at the National Institute of Microbiology "Carlos Malbran" . The methodology followed for the determination of total coliforms was the one described in the American Water Standards . Salmonella serotypes were isolated in 46% of the examined samples . Isolation efficiency of culture media is shown . First isolations of Salmonella abaetetuba and S . saphra are reported . Most serotypes were isolated from sampling points down-stream from the industrial plant . Zaiman creek waters were classified as No 4 of W.H.O (World Health Organization) stream waters classification, except during heavy rain periods in which they ranked as No 3.

Rev Argent Microbiol, 1983, 15(1), 25 - 31
{Serotypes of Salmonella in the Republic of Argentina isolated from human and non-human sources, 1979-1981}; Eiguer T et al.; A total of 49 serotypes were isolated in Argentina during the triennium 1979-1981, from 3,665 Salmonella strains isolated from different sources: human, animal, food and water . The degree of correlation among every one of them was analyzed in order to establish their influence in the cycles of transmission and human infection . S . typhimurium prevailed in human materials, being also isolated from water and animal, although in a smaller degree . Something similar occurred with S . oranienburg . It was observed that S . typhi retained its usual feature of endemic disease . Other serotypes of Salmonella were also found, particularly: S . paratyphi, S . panama, S . derby, S . agona, S . bredeney, S . newport, S . anatum and S . montevideo . From 3,665 Salmonella strains studied, 73.73% were isolated from human sources and the other 26.27% from non human sources, 5.40% corresponding to animal isolations, 15.39% from water and 5.48% from food.

C R Seances Soc Biol Fil, 1983, 177(4), 553 - 61
{Experimental infection of mice by Salmonella typhi inoculated orally: influence of immunosuppressive therapy}; Vidal D et al.; Various immunosuppressive treatments were used in order to induce a Salmonella typhi infection in mouse by oral route . Neither low protein diets nor administration of mucin, iron, streptomycin or silica could modify animal's sensitiveness, but, cyclophosphamide injections enhanced lethal effect of bacteria, while silica increased the number of bacteria in the blood and the spleen.

Toxicon, 1983, 21(6), 761 - 75
Elevated cAMP in intestinal epithelial cells during experimental cholera and salmonellosis; Peterson JW et al.; Cholera and salmonellosis are two diarrheal diseases in which intestinal tissue cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations are elevated . Investigations of each experimental disease were initiated to identify the specific intestinal cells containing the elevated cAMP . Epithelial cells were eluted from the mucosa of infected and control intestinal loops of adult rabbits, after which the cAMP content of the epithelial cell fractions and the lamina propria cells was extracted and assayed . The identity of the epithelial cells (in the villus tip-to-crypt cell gradient) was monitored by measuring their intracellular alkaline phosphatase activity, while scanning electron microscopy was used to visualize the effects of infection and cell elution techniques . Clearly, in both experimental cholera and salmonellosis, elevated cAMP levels were associated with crypt epithelial cells . Villus tip epithelial cells from either infection tended to contain less cAMP than those of noninfected control tissue . In Salmonella-infected loops, it was apparent that cAMP was also elevated in lamina propria cell fractions . Lamina propria cells from V . cholerae-infected intestinal loops contained only basal levels of cAMP . In vitro exposure of isolated intestinal cells from normal rabbit intestine to a cell-free lysate of Salmonella resulted in elevation of cAMP in the epithelial cells and lamina propria cells . We conclude that in experimental cholera and salmonellosis, significant elevation of the cAMP levels occurred in intestinal crypt cells, consistent with an enterotoxin-mediated mechanism . In Salmonella-infected loops, it was unclear if the increased concentration of cAMP in lamina propria cells was generated by enterotoxin released from the invasive salmonellae or by prostaglandins formed during the inflammatory response to the bacteria, or by both mechanisms.

EMBO J, 1983, 2(10), 1733 - 40
Sequence of the site-specific recombinase gene cin and of its substrates serving in the inversion of the C segment of bacteriophage P1; Hiestand-Nauer R et al.; Inversion of the 4.2-kb C segment flanked by 0.6-kb inverted repeats on the bacteriophage P1 genome is mediated by the P1-encoded site-specific cin recombinase . The cin gene lies adjacent to the C segment and the C inversion cross-over sites cixL and cixR are at the external ends of the inverted repeats . We have sequenced the DNA containing the cin gene and these cix sites . The cin structural gene consists of 561 nucleotides and terminates at the inverted repeat end where the cixL site is located . Only two nucleotides in the cixL region differ from those in the cixR and they are within the cin TAA stop codon . The cin promoter was localized by transposon mutagenesis within a 0.1-kb segment, which contains probable promoter sequences overlapping with a 'pseudo-cix' sequence cixPp . In a particular mutant, integration of an IS1-flanked transposon into the cin control region promoted weak expression of the cin gene . The cin and cix sequences show homology with corresponding, functionally related sequences for H inversion in Salmonella and with cross-over sites for G inversion in phage Mu . Based on a comparison of the DNA sequences and of the gene organizations, a possible evolutionary relationship between these three inversion systems and the possible significance of the cixPp sequence in the cin promoter are discussed.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1983, 15(2), 189 - 93
Mecillinam, a new prophylactic for travellers' diarrhoea . A prospective double-blind study in tourists travelling to Egypt and the Far East; Black FT et al.; The efficacy of mecillinam when given orally in preventing travellers' diarrhoea has been studied . Preliminary investigations in volunteers showed that single daily doses of up to 200 mg for 3 weeks were well tolerated . A randomised double-blind study was carried out in a group of tourists visiting Egypt and the Far East . The subjects took either mecillinam (200 mg daily) or placebo for 25 days . 19/36 tourists (53%) taking placebo and 5/38 tourists (13%) taking mecillinam developed travellers' diarrhoea during the treatment period (p less than 0.001) . In the placebo group enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (LT/ST) were found in 2 cases of diarrhoea and Salmonella in another 2 cases . In the remaining cases of diarrhoea the etiological agent was not found in either of the 2 groups.

Dev Biol Stand, 1983, 53, 9 - 14
Immunogenicity of Ty21a attenuated "Salmonella typhi" given with sodium bicarbonate or in enteric-coated capsules; Black R et al.; Ty21a, a stable attenuated mutant of Salmonella typhi, is a safe, protective oral vaccine when 3 doses of 10(9) cells in saline are taken after neutralization of gastric acidity by 1 g NaHCO3 . To identify a more convenient method to administer vaccine and to determine the feasibility of immunizing with a single dose, we studied the immune response of children and adults to different formulations of Ty21a with a newly developed, sensitive, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . In this ELISA, a rise in S . typhi O antibody was defined as a change in net optical density of greater than or equal to 0.15 (more than 3 SD from the mean difference in optical density in a negative control population) . Three hundred and thirty-five Chilean children were given 3 doses of 10(9) Ty21a in 150 ml of milk with 0.8 g NaHCO3 or in enteric-coated capsules . In each group, 5% seroconverted by Widal O but 41% by IgG ELISA O antibody titers; mean antibody levels by group were identical . Studies were also carried out in healthy college students in a non-endemic area (U.S.A.) who had no history of prior typhoid immunization . In total, 141 U.S . adults received vaccine formulated in either one of two ways: 1) in gelatin capsules administered with two additional gelatin capsules containing a total of 0.8 gm NaHCO3 or 2) in enteric-coated capsules . Thirty-six persons received one dose, 30 got two doses and 16 ingested three doses of enteric-coated vaccines, while 44 persons receiving one dose and 15 got two doses of vaccine in the gelatin capsule formulation . Rates of seroconversion of ELISA O antibody were similar in all the groups . Ty21a vaccine was not recovered from multiple stool, jejunal fluid or blood cultures of the U.S . vaccine recipients . Based on these observations a large-scale field trial of efficacy has been initiated in 90.000 schoolchildren 6-20 years of age in Santiago, Chile, of whom one-third received one dose of enteric-coated vaccine, one-third got two doses and the remainder received placebo.

Mol Gen Genet, 1983, 189(1), 90 - 101
Tn1525, a kanamycin R determinant flanked by two direct copies of IS15; Labigne-Roussel A et al.; We have isolated plasmid pIP112 (IncI1) from Salmonella panama and characterized by restriction endonucleases analysis and by recombinant DNA techniques a transposable element designated Tn1525 . This 4.44 kilobase (kb) transposon confers resistance to kanamycin by synthesis of an aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (3') (5") type I and contains two copies of IS15 (1.5 kb) in direct orientation . The modular organisation of Tn1525 offers the possibility for intramolecular homologous recombination between the two terminal direct repeats and thus accounts for the in vivo structural lability of plasmid pIP112: instability of kanamycin resistance and tandem amplification of the kanamycin determinant . Other transposons mediating resistance to kanamycin by the same enzymatic mechanism were analysed by agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, following digestion with restriction endonucleases, and by Southern hybridizations . These comparisons indicate that, although the structural genes for the phosphotransferases are homologous, Tn1525 differs from Tn903 and Tn2350 and is closely related but distinct from Tn6 . Using the same techniques Tn1525 was detected on plasmids belonging to different incompatibility groups and originating from various species of Gram-negative clinical isolates . These results indicate that Tn1525 is representative of a new family of class I composite transposons already spread in diverse pathogenic bacterial genera.

Cell, 1983 Jan, 32(1), 109 - 17
Asynchronous switching of flagellar motors on a single bacterial cell; Macnab RM et al.; Salmonella possesses several flagella, each capable of counterclockwise and clockwise rotation . Counterclockwise rotation produces swimming, clockwise rotation produces tumbling . Switching between senses occurs stochastically . The rotational sense of individual flagella on a single cell could be monitored under special conditions (partially de-energized cells of cheC and cheZ mutants) . Switching was totally asynchronous, indicating that the stochastic process operates at the level of the individual organelle . Coordinated rotation in the flagellar bundle during swimming may therefore derive simply from a high counterclockwise probability enhanced by mechanical interactions, and not from a synchronizing switch mechanism . Different flagella on a given cell had different switching probabilities, on a time scale (greater than 2 min) spanning many switching events . This heterogeneity may reflect permanent structural differences, or slow fluctuations in some regulatory process.

Dev Comp Immunol, 1983 Winter, 7(1), 127 - 37
Studies on the immune response in chickens . IV . Generation of hapten-specific memory and absence of increase in carrier-specific helper memory in antibody response to sheep red blood cell antigen and its hapten-conjugate; Nagase F et al.; The role of carrier recognition in the hapten-specific antibody response of chickens to hapten (TNP) conjugate of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was studied . The anti-TNP antibody response to the challenge with either TNP-SRBC or DNP conjugate of Salmonella enteritidis (DNP-Sal) of chickens previously primed with TNP-SRBC was definitely higher than that of unprimed chickens . Injection of TNP-chicken red blood cells, which did not provoke any significant primary anti-TNP response, also induced the memory for secondary anti-TNP response to the challenge with TNP-SRBC or DNP-Sal . The TNP-specific memory generated by stimulation with TNP-SRBC was adoptively transferable by spleen cells into cyclophosphamide (CY)-treated X-irradiated syngeneic recipients . On the other hand, the SRBC-specific memory for augmentation of anti-TNP response to the challenge with TNP-SRBC was never detected in chickens previously primed with either any of a wide range of doses (10(4)-10(8)) of SRBC, solubilized SRBC or SRBC fixed with formaldehyde, nor in CY-treated X-irradiated chickens receiving SRBC-primed spleen cells . The anti-TNP response of chickens to the challenge with TNP-SRBC was rather suppressed by the SRBC preimmunization . The passively administered anti-SRBC chicken serum also suppressed the response to TNP-SRBC . The carrier-specific suppressor activity generated by SRBC stimulation was not adoptively transferable by spleen cells . It is suggested from these results that the mechanism of amplification of the anti-hapten antibody response of chickens to hapten-SRBC conjugate is primarily mediated by the hapten-recognition, and carrier-recognition is more important for suppression rather than for amplification of the anti-hapten response, although the inductive mechanism for anti-hapten response itself should somehow involve the carrier recognition.

Immunogenetics, 1983, 18(4), 359 - 64
Inverse modification of antibody responsiveness to RGG in lines of mice selected for high or low responses to somatic antigen of Salmonella; Sant'Anna OA et al.; High (H/s) and low (L/s) antibody responder lines of mice selected according to their response to the somatic (s) antigen of Salmonella (Selection IV) have unexpected inverse capacity for antibody production to rabbit gamma globulin (RGG): H/s mice are low or even nonresponders to this antigen, whereas L/s mice are high responders . It was shown that the phenotypic variability within each line is due to environmental factors . RGG was a selection antigen in Selection V; the high (H/p) and low (L/p) responder mice are therefore considered as homozygous for the RGG genes . Responsiveness to RGG was investigated in F1 and F2 hybrids obtained by crossing the phenotypically similar RGG responder or nonresponder mice of Selections IV and V . The results support the hypothesis that the same genes control the response to RGG in L/s and H/p lines as well as in H/s and L/p lines . This means that the genes specific for RGG responsiveness were independent from those regulating responses to the s antigen . Unaffected by the selective breeding in Selection IV, they have been fixed by chance in an inverse way in H/s and L/s lines.

Environ Health Perspect, 1983 Jan, 47, 227 - 38
Bioassay of extracts of ambient particulate matter; Alfheim I et al.; Organic extracts from airborne particles collected at various sites in Scandinavia have been tested for mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay . Extracts from particles in the respirable size fraction (diameter less than 3 microns) were mutagenic with and without metabolic activation . The mutagenic activity varied from day to day, mainly due to variations in meteorological parameters, especially wind speed and atmospheric stability . A seasonal variation could also be observed, with the highest average values in winter time . Samples collected in urban areas were considerably more mutagenic than samples from background areas . The results suggest that exhaust from motor vehicles are the most important source of mutagenic particles in urban areas . Comparison of roof top samples with street level samples indicated that atmospheric reactions cause transformation of nonpolar compounds in the primary emission to more oxygenated mutagenic compounds . It is, however, not known to which degree this causes an overall increase of the mutagenic activity . The mutagenic activity of emissions from stationary combustion sources have also been studied, and residential heating by burning solid fuels in small combustion units have been shown to be a major contributor to mutagens in the environment.

J Infect Dis, 1983 Jan, 147(1), 57 - 67
Immunization with rough mutants of Salmonella minnesota . IV . Protection by antisera to O and rough antigens against endotoxin; Johns M et al.; The protection by antisera to O antigens and antigens (lipid A, the Re 595 mutant of Salmonella minnesota, and the J5 mutant of Escherichia coli) of the core portion of endotoxin against lethal challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was compared . Rabbits immunized with the Re mutant developed antibody that protected mice against challenge with S . minnesota or Salmonella typhosa LPS . Antisera to heterologous O antigen and lipid A were not protective, whereas homologous antisera and antiserum to the Re or J5 mutant protected against lethal challenge . On a volumetric basis, O-specific antiserum was consistently somewhat more protective than antiserum to the Re mutant, which was slightly more protective than antiserum to the J5 mutant . When comparisons were made using passive transfer to similar quantities of hemagglutinating or precipitating antibody, antiserum to the Re mutant was considerably more protective than O-specific antiserum . This greater protection is hypothesized to result from more effective masking of the toxic lipid A moiety by antibody to the rough mutants than by O-specific antibody.

Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, 1983, 84, 121 - 34
Travellers' diarrhoea: prospects for successful immunoprophylaxis; Levine MM; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are the major aetiological agent of travellers' diarrhoea, usually accounting for 30-60% of cases . Thus a safe and effective vaccine against ETEC could play an important role in prevention of this infection . A successful vaccine must somehow protect against a heterogenous array of ETEC pathogens comprising many O:H serotypes and three enterotoxin phenotypes (LT+/ST-, LT-/ST+, and LT+/ST+) . Three major approaches to vaccine development are currently in progress including: 1) LT and ST toxoids that stimulate antitoxic immunity; 2) purified pili vaccines that induce anti-adhesion immunity; 3) attenuated strains (prepared by recombinant DNA techniques) that mimic natural infection by stimulating antibacterial and anti-adhesive immunity as well as antitoxic immunity . Since Shigella represents the second most common cause of travellers' diarrhoea, immunoprophylaxis against this pathogen is also desirable . A recently described attenuated Salmonella typhi strain (Ty21a) expressing Shigella sonnei O antigen on its surface represents an attractive Shigella vaccine prototype.

Acta Virol, 1983 Jan, 27(1), 83 - 5
Interferon-inducing activity of Salmonella minnesota re glycolipid--anti-glycolipid immune complexes; Eskenazy M et al.; Immune complexes formed from Salmonella minnesota Re glycolipid (Gl) and its derivative DMSO-Gl with homologous antibodies exhibited stronger interferon (IFN)-inducing activity than the free Gl (4- to 32-fold increase and 8- to 64-fold increase respectively) . This effect was found dose-dependent.

Teratog Carcinog Mutagen, 1983, 3(2), 195 - 203
Criteria for the standardization of Salmonella mutagenicity tests: results of a collaborative study . III . The influence of the composition and preparation of the minimal medium in the Salmonella mutagenicity test; Aeschbacher HU et al.; The influence of factors connected with the preparation of the minimal medium for the Ames test has been investigated . Faulty sterilization procedures can lead to the generation of toxic and/or mutagenic by-products in the minimal medium . Changes in histidine concentration affect not only the number of spontaneously arising colonies on the plate, but also the number of induced mutants . Although the number of spontaneous mutants increases slightly with increasing histidine concentration, the influence on the number of induced mutants depends on the nature of the mutagen tested.

Teratog Carcinog Mutagen, 1983, 3(2), 177 - 82
The Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay: variations of the test protocol; results of a questionnaire returned by 87 laboratories; Friederich U et al.; The answers to a questionnaire sent to 147 laboratories in Europe using the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay are presented . In mutagenicity testing, where research projects in environmental mutagenesis predominate, the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay is the most often used test . Of all laboratories that answered the questionnaire, 80% are using the test with occasional modifications (preincubation, fluctuation test) . Most of the differences concern the activation system used . This questionnaire is part of a European collaborative study which aims to improve the standardization of the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay.

Teratog Carcinog Mutagen, 1983, 3(2), 151 - 62
Mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene metabolites generated on the isolated perfused lung following particulate exposure; Schoeny R et al.; The isolated perfused rabbit lung (IPL) is being used to study the effects of particulate exposure on the pulmonary metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) . Pasturealla-free New Zealand white rabbits were treated intraperitoneally with BaP prior to kill . The isolated lungs were then administered either 14C-labeled BaP alone or BaP plus Fe2O3 or fly ash by intratracheal injection . Rates of appearance of BaP metabolites in the perfusing blood were determined . The extent of metabolism, distribution of metabolites, and types of metabolites produced were quantified for various lung tissue types by high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid scintillation spectrometry . Procedures were developed to apply the Salmonella/microsome test in the assay of mutagenicity of lung tissue and blood extracts as an indicator of their biologic activity . With few exceptions, blood extracts from IPL receiving BaP only were not mutagenic . Lung, trachea-bronchi, and macrophage extracts, by contrast, were mutagenic . A part of this activity could be attributed to BaP metabolites rather than to parent compound remaining in extracts . When lungs were exposed to Fe2O3 or to fly ash, only macrophage extracts were consistently mutagenic . This activity was due to significant amounts of unmetabolized BaP.

Carcinogenesis, 1983, 4(3), 255 - 60
Genotoxicity of nitrosated ranitidine; De Flora S et al.; The in vitro reaction of nitrite with the histamine H2-receptor antagonist ranitidine, in acidified solutions or in human gastric juice, resulted in the formation of genotoxic derivatives, mainly eliciting base-pair substitutions in his-Salmonella typhimurium and trp- Escherichia coli and inducing an increased lethality in DNA repair-deficient bacteria . The mutagenic response was better expressed in the presence of rodent (rat, mouse) and even more of human liver preparations . The patterns of this reaction, e.g., the optimal pH, temperature and time of preincubation, doses of precursor compounds, effect of inhibitors (ascorbic acid), the genotoxic mechanisms and in vitro metabolic trends were investigated and compared with those resulting from nitrosation of cimetidine under the same experimental conditions . Although the reaction proceeded under conditions simulating the gastric environment, an excess of nitrite was needed, in the case of ranitidine, for optimal formation of mutagenic derivatives . Gastric juice samples from fasting individuals treated with ranitidine were devoid of mutagenic activity, and the addition of nitrite to these samples was also without a reproducible effect . Conversely, under the same conditions, most samples from both untreated and ranitidine-treated individuals induced mutations of different genetic specificity (frameshift errors), resulting from nitrosation of physiological components of gastric juice.

Biochemistry, 1982 Dec 7, 21(25), 6580 - 6
Configurations of glycosidic phosphates of lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella minnesota R595; Batley M et al.; The anomeric configurations of the reducing terminal glucosamine and 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose phosphates in lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella minnesota R595 have been determined by nuclear magnetic resonance . Chemical shifts for the anomeric protons were obtained by selective decoupling of the phosphorus spectrum and proton-proton coupling constants by polarization transfer from protons to phosphorus . In both cases, the phosphate is attached to the sugar in an axial orientation.

Fortschr Med, 1982 Dec 2, 100(45), 2085 - 8
{Splenic abscess . Clinical aspects and therapy}; Feifel G et al.; During a period of five years seven patients suffering from splenic abscess have been treated successfully . It is anticipated that due to computerized tomography this location of an abscess is now detected more frequently . As we have seen in our patients splenic abscess occurred mostly in cases of salmonella infection or endocarditis . Therapy includes splenectomy and antibiotic treatment . We have been able to differentiate preoperatively the organisms which caused infection and splenic abscess.

J Infect Dis, 1982 Dec, 146(6), 724 - 6
Precise estimation of the numbers of chronic carriers of Salmonella typhi in Santiago, Chile, an endemic area; Levine MM et al.; As part of a program to control endemic typhoid fever in Santiago, Chile, an assessment was made of the magnitude of the reservoir of chronic carriers of Salmonella typhi . The availability of an accurate census and reliable data on the prevalence of biliary disease and of S . typhi carriage among persons with cholecystitis allowed an unusually precise estimate of the number of carriers . In 1980 there existed 25,019 female and 4,575 male carries in a population of 4,264,514, yielding a crude prevalence of 694 carriers per 10(5) population . Because of the magnitude of this human reservoir, which includes many females of greater than 40 years of age, it is recommended that a typhoid control program include the identification of carriers followed by health education and therapeutic interventions.

Clin Pediatr (Phila), 1982 Dec, 21(12), 709 - 12
Salmonella gastroenteritis in the first three months of life . A review of management and complications; Nelson SJ et al.; Salmonellosis in older children and adults is usually a self-limited disease, but the risk of complications in infants is not well-defined . We performed a retrospective review of 52 patients . 90 days of age or less, seen at the St . Louis Children's Hospital between 1975 and 1981 with stool cultures positive for salmonella . Sixteen were 30 days old or less (neonates), 21 were 31- 60 days of age, and 15 were 61-90 days old . Among patients in whom blood cultures were done initially, bacteremia was most frequent in neonates: 5/11 (45%), compared to 2/18 (11%) in older infants . All seven infants presenting with bacteremia received 10 or more days of antibiotic therapy: yet complications (osteomyelitis, fatal meningitis or chronic diarrhea) developed in three of five neonates and one of two older infants . Complications also developed in seven of 22 patients who initially had negative blood cultures, including two infants in whom sepsis later developed and two infants who required intravenous hyperalimentation because of chronic diarrhea and malnutrition . The group of 23 patients who did not have blood cultures all did well . Salmonellosis is not necessarily a self-limited infection in young infants . Even in the absence of bacteremia, clinicans would appear to be justified in using antimicrobial therapy in infants 3 months of age or les with salmonella gastroenteritis, particularly neonates of older infants with symptoms of dysentery or failure to thrive.

Cancer, 1982 Dec 1, 50(11), 2493 - 5
Salmonella thyroiditis, apathetic thyrotoxicosis, and follicular carcinoma in a Laotian woman; Walter RM Jr et al.; A 49-year-old Laotian woman presented with apathetic hyperthyroidism and suppurative thyroiditis from Salmonella cholerae-suis occurring in a multinodular gland with a large right-sided mass . Apathetic hyperthyroidism in this age group is uncommon and Salmonella thyroiditis has been infrequently described . Surgical removal of the mass which had effectively concentrated radioactive iodine cured the hyperthyroidism and permitted the remaining suppressed normal tissue to regain function . Pathologic evaluation of the functioning mass demonstrated nearly total replacement of normal thyroid tissue by follicular carcinoma . No clear evidence of metastatic disease was present . Thyrotoxicosis from follicular carcinoma of the thyroid not resulting from metastases has not been previously described.

Immunobiology, 1982 Dec, 163(5), 460 - 9
Adjuvant action of bacterial lipopolysaccharide in induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity to protein antigens . II . Relationships of intensity of the action to that of other immunological activities; Ohta M et al.; Various kinds of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) isolated from different bacterial strains exhibited more or less an adjuvant action in induction of delayed-type footpad response to ovalbumin (OA) in mice when antigen was injected subcutaneously together with LPS . There was a wide diversity in strength of the adjuvant action of LPS, and the action of the 03 antigen isolated from the culture supernatant fluid of Klebsiella was the most potent of eleven kinds of LPS tested . Besides this substance, LPS extracted from Escherichia coli 08, 09 and 0128, and Salmonella typhosa exhibited relatively strong action . The difference in strength of the action of the high and low active LPS in induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity could be observed at any doses of OA and LPS . The strength of the adjuvant activity of LPS in induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity roughly correlated with that of their adjuvant activity in augmenting immunological memory for the secondary antibody response to OA and also their ability to enlarge the regional lymph node, whereas it did not apparently correlate with that of their activity to stimulate B cells polyclonally and their ability to enlarge the spleen.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {C}, 1982 Dec, 90(6), 293 - 9
Humoral and cellular immunity in typhoid and paratyphoid carrier state, investigated by means of quantitative immunoelectrophoresis and in vitro stimulation of blood lymphocytes; Espersen F et al.; The humoral and cellular immunity of 8 Salmonella carriers and 9 non-carriers was investigated and compared to findings in normal persons . The antibody response in serum and intestinal secretions was investigated by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and blood lymphocytes were investigated by in vitro stimulation . Both carriers and non-carriers showed increased levels of precipitating antibodies as well as lymphocyte responses, when compared to normal persons . No differences in the antibody responses either qualitatively or quantitatively were found between carriers and non-carriers . Only few precipitins could be detected in intestinal secretions . Lymphocyte responses to S . typhi and S . paratyphi were significantly higher in carriers and non-carriers than in the controls . No significant difference in lymphocyte response to S . typhi, S . paratyphi and mitogens was obtained between carriers and non-carriers . Thus, the carrier state seems not due to detectable major immunodeficiency.

Toxicol Lett, 1982 Dec, 14(3-4), 253 - 60
Promutagen activation in partially hepatectomized mice; Vandewaa EA et al.; Mutagenic activity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was followed in the Ames Salmonella/microsome test using liver S-9 from control and partially hepatectomized (PH) mice . The S-9 preparations from the PH mice were capable of inducing significantly greater AFB1 mutagenic activity to strain TA100 than S-9 preparations from either unoperated control, sham-operated control, or Aroclor 1254-induced mice . Increased activity was observed with S-9 preparations made at both 42 h and 148 h following PH.

Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 1982 Dec, 60(6), 663 - 74
Relationship between tumour resistance and the in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity elicited by Salmonella antigens in immunized mice; Ashley MP et al.; Immunization of mice with the attenuated 11RX strain of Salmonella enteritidis (11RX) induces resistance to intraperitoneal (i.p.) tumour growth . Tumour resistance is much greater and lasts for a longer time following i.p . immunization than following intravenous (i.v.) immunization . This paper extends our previous observations that, after this resistance is lost, it can be recalled by a T cell-mediated reaction to an antigenic extract of the bacteria (11RX antigen) which is not protective in unimmunized mice . The duration of this sensitization to 11RX antigen was determined in mice immunized i.p . or i.v . with live 11RX by challenging them at various times after immunization with 131I (or 125I)-labelled Ehrlich ascites tumour (EAT) cells alone or mixed with 11RX antigen . In vivo killing of EAT cells was assayed by monitoring whole-body retention of radioactivity and this was correlated in the same mice with suppression of tumour growth and survival of the mice . The resistance recalled by 11RX antigen was short-lived and in vivo cytotoxic activity had subsided by 6 days after antigen injection . 11RX antigen also recalled the ability of the peritoneal cells to lyse 51Cr-labelled EAT cells in vitro and a close correlation was found between this activity and the cytotoxicity measured in vivo . The adherence properties of the cytotoxic cells and their inhibition by trypan blue indicated that they were macrophages.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1982 Dec, 79(23), 7445 - 9
A new Salmonella tester strain (TA102) with A X T base pairs at the site of mutation detects oxidative mutagens; Levin DE et al.; A new tester strain, TA102, is described as an addition to the set of strains for the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test . This strain contains A X T base pairs at the site of the mutation (determined by DNA sequence analysis) in contrast to the other Salmonella tester strains that detect mutagens damaging G X C base pairs . This strain differs from previous tester strains in that the mutation has been introduced into a multicopy plasmid, so that approximately equal to 30 copies of the mutant gene are available for back mutation . The new strain detects a variety of oxidative mutagens, including x-rays, bleomycin, hydrogen peroxide and other hydroperoxides, streptonigrin and other quinones, and phenylhydrazine; a variety of aldehydes, including formaldehyde, glyoxal, kethoxal, glutaraldehyde, and malondialdehyde; a number of psoralens (in the presence of near-UV light), mitomycin C, neocarzinostatin, and UV light . Some of these mutagens have been previously shown to damage thymine in DNA . Several auxiliary tester strains also are described, including TA96, a frameshift tester strain with a hot spot for mutation at a run of five A X T base pairs with a specificity similar to that of TA102 . The importance of oxidative mutagens is discussed.

Clin Rheumatol, 1982 Dec, 1(4), 275 - 9
Arthritis associated with salmonella infection; Swaak AJ et al.; Six cases of arthritis caused by or associated with Salmonella infection are reported . It is stated that an arthritis associated with a Salmonella infection cannot be excluded on the negative results of the Widal test . Consequent upon Salmonella infection two different types of arthritis might develop: a) monoarticular infectious arthritis or b) a subacute reactive oligo-articular arthritis . In this study a patient with a chronic destructive "reactive" oligoarthritis is described, resembling experimental "Salmonella-associated arthritis" in rats . This form of arthritis might be regarded as an immune complex mediated disease associated with a chronic infection.

Cancer, 1982 Nov 15, 50(10), 2034 - 6
Recurrent Salmonella meningitis in a compromised host; Bolivar R et al.; A 26-year-old woman with Hodgkin's disease had recurrent episodes of meningitis caused by Salmonella enteritidis serotype poona, which responded well to antimicrobial therapy . An extensive investigation failed to reveal a focus of infection . A defective cellular immune response and the intracellular location of these microorganisms probably accounted for the pattern of infection seen in this patient . The need for long-term therapy in compromised patients with this type of infection is stressed.

Biochemistry, 1982 Nov 9, 21(23), 5811 - 5
Phage P22 tail protein: gene and amino acid sequence; Sauer RT et al.; The tail structure of the Salmonella phage P22 mediates both adsorption of the phage to its host and enzymatic hydrolysis of the bacterial O-antigen . The tail is an oligomeric structure, which is assembled from a single polypeptide species . We report here the amino- and carboxyl-terminal sequences of the P22 tail protein and the nucleotide sequence of its gene (gene 9) . These data specify the complete amino acid sequence of the tail protein . The tail protein is a slightly acidic protein containing 666 amino acids . Comparison of the gene and protein sequences indicates that mature tail protein arises by cleavage of the initiator N-formyl-methionine from the nascent chain.

Vet Pathol, 1982 Nov, 19(6), 687 - 99
The quantitative clearance of bacteria from the bloodstream of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri); Ferguson HW et al.; The blood clearance of 51Cr-labelled heat-killed Salmonella pullorum was biphasic and exponential for each phase . This pattern was the same for all three concentrations of bacteria used . The initial more rapid phase lasted for approximately 15 minutes when roughly 90% of the bacteria had been cleared . The second slower phase started 25 to 30 minutes post-inoculation and lasted for approximately 25 to 30 minutes . The tissue distribution of bacteria showed that in both absolute and relative terms, the kidney was the most important organ, accounting for more than 70% uptake of the bacteria . These kinetics demonstrate that rainbow trout at 8 degrees C are able to clear their bloodstream of Salmonella very efficiently, in a fashion very similar to mammals . It is not know, however, which of the various possible clearance mechanisms dominates each phase.

J Immunol, 1982 Nov, 129(5), 2198 - 201
Properties of a new complement-dependent bactericidal factor specific for Ra chemotype salmonella in sera of conventional and germ-free mice; Kawakami M et al.; A complement-dependent bactericidal factor, Ra-reactive factor, that acts specifically on Ra chemotype strains of Salmonella was found in sera of eighteen strains of nonimmune mice, including a thymusless strain . The specificity of binding of this factor to the cells of Ra chemotype bacteria was evidenced by absorption studies . The factor was inactivated by treatment with 0.02 M 2-mercaptoethanol or heating for 30 min at 55 degrees C . This factor was present in mice reared by feeding with a chemically defined, antigen-free diet under germ-free conditions . Fetal and newborn mice from a conventional or germ-free mother had the factor, although the titer was lower than the adults' . The titer in the newborn mice reached adult level 1 wk after birth . The titer in the adult mice did not increase markedly after immunization with heat-killed bacteria or administration of Freund's complete adjuvant and turpentine . These results indicate that this factor is actively produced by mice that have never been stimulated with exogenous Ra antigen.

Mutat Res, 1982 Nov, 105(5), 303 - 8
UV-absorbing and other sun-protecting substances: genotoxicity of 2-ethylhexyl P-methoxycinnamate; Bonin AM et al.; The mutagenicity of 2-ethylhexyl p-methoxycinnamate was demonstrated when 25 sunscreen ingredients were tested in the Salmonella/microsome assay . This substance also increased the frequency of sex-linked recessive lethals in Drosophila melanogaster . A trace contaminant may be implicated because many samples were obtained from several sources and the results were batch-related.

Rev Infect Dis, 1982 Nov-Dec, 4(6), 1096 - 106
A review of human salmonellosis: I . Infective dose; Blaser MJ et al.; The notion that large inocula of salmonellae are necessary to induce illness in humans is based on the results of studies involving volunteers . However, investigations of outbreaks of salmonellosis suggest that the infective dose was often low . This incongruity was investigated by an examination of factors that could affect the infective dose of Salmonella, a review of nine studies in which salmonellae were administered to volunteers, and a review of 11 outbreaks of salmonellosis for which the infective doses could be calculated . Determination of the minimal infective doses from studies involving volunteers is limited by the strains used for testing, repeated testing of the same subjects, and the use of too few volunteers at the lower dose levels . In six of the 11 outbreaks, the actual doses ingested were calculated to be less than 10(3) organisms; the outbreaks with higher doses involved very high rates of attack and short periods of incubation . Data presented on median incubation periods during 12 typhoid outbreaks suggest that low doses were involved.

Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg), 1982 Nov, 61(11), 631 - 3
{Ganglioneuroma of the cervical sympathetic nerve in combination with Salmonella infection}; Geyer G et al.; A 70-year-old patient who was seen for evaluation of a parapharyngeal abscess is reported . Since clinical recovery could not be achieved by incision and Salmonella typhi-murium was isolated from the wound-swabs, the existence of two different affections at the same time was apparent . The histological examination after surgical excision led to the diagnosis of a ganglioneuroma . When the patient returned after one year with the clinical aspect of recurrence of the tumour, this pattern could not be verified; Salmonella typhi-murium, however, was found again in the former wound and the stool, too . The etiology of focal manifestations in connection with gastroenteric salmonella-borne infections is discussed.

Mutat Res, 1982 Nov, 105(5), 299 - 302
The mutagenic potential of 25 organophosphinate compounds; Sauers LJ et al.; The mutagenic potential of 25 organophosphinate compounds was investigated using the Ames Salmonella/Mammalian Microsome Mutagenicity Assay . Diphenyl, triphenyl, p-nitrophenyl, halogenated and several other derivatives were examined . In all assays performed, there was no evidence of mutagenicity.

J Trop Med Hyg, 1982 Oct, 85(5), 187 - 94
The clinical pattern of chronic pyogenic osteomyelitis in a Nigerian community; Ogunjumo DO; Fifty-six cases of chronic pyogenic osteomyelitis encountered over a period of 1 year (1976-1977) were analysed . Males were more often affected than females . The sex ratio was 1.4:1 . However, within the specific age group of 5-15 years, the sex ratio was reversed, more females were affected and the bones of the lower extremity were more often affected . Of these, the proximal end of the tibia was more involved than the distal end . The lower end of the femur was the second more commonly affected bone . Infections of the skull and spine were not encountered . Haematogenous spread of infection was common . The onset of infection was either acute or subacute . Penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was the major organism implicated (50%) . Mixed infection was common (23%) . A striking feature found in this study was the absence of Salmonella infection in sickle-cell disease patients with chronic osteomyelitis . Gross forms of the disease with massive sequestra and involucra, and widespread destruction of bone were common . Trauma in the form of insect bites, minor cuts, thorn-pricks, open fractures, and surgical operations constituted the aetiological factors.

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