Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1978 Oct, (10), 85 - 9 {Production of L forms of the plague microbe}; Dunaev GS et al.; Experiments were conducted in vitro . The process of formation of unstable L-form cultures of Pasteurella pestis under the effect of penicillin was studied . A comparatively high frequency of this phenomenon in various strains was demonstrated . A possible role of the L-transformation process in the persistence of the causative agent in the organism of wild animals in endemic foci of infection is put forward. Can J Comp Med, 1978 Oct, 42(4), 489 - 95 Serological tests as indicators of immunity against Pasteurella multocida infection in sheep; Dua SK et al.; Five serological tests, i.e . single tube agglutination, doubling dilution tube agglutination, agar agglutination, passive hemagglutination and passive mouse protection tests were evaluated for their efficacy in predicting the fate of vaccinated and unvaccinated sheep on challenge with an ovine strain of Pasteurella multocida . The passive hemagglutination test predicted the fate of unvaccinated sheep while the agar agglutination test indicated the immune status of vaccinated sheep. Avian Dis, 1978 Oct-Dec, 22(4), 771 - 7 Studies on Pasteurella multocida . VII . Dynamics and temporal development of local humoral immunity induced by a live avirulent fowl cholera vaccine; Dua SK et al.; Vaccination of turkeys by administering the CU strain of Pasteurella multocida in drinking water induced local antibodies in the tracheal secretions . Their appearance and persistence were demonstrated by the indirect immunofluorescence technique . Local antibodies were induced by the 10th day and persisted up to the 42nd day postvaccination, whereas none were induced by an oil-adjuvanted bacterin throughout the observation period (56 days) . Thus, the CU strain of P . multocida appeared to generate a local humoral immunity in the respiratory system whereas the bacterin did not. Am J Vet Res, 1978 Oct, 39(10), 1674 - 9 Comparison of effects of dietary T-2 toxin on growth, immunogenic organs, antibody formation, and pathologic changes in turkeys and chickens; Richard JL et al.; The effect of T-2 toxin (trichothecene mycotoxin) consumption on Broad-Breasted White turkey poults and White Leghorn chicks was studied . Groups of ten 8-day-old poults were fed rations containing T-2 at 10 ppm, 2ppm, or 0 ppm (controls) for a period of 4 weeks; a 4th group (inanition control) was fed control rations equal to the amount consumed by the group fed rations containing T-2 at 10 ppm during the previous 24 hours . A similar experimental design was used to study the effect of the toxin on 1-day-old chicks . The thymus glands of the poults given the feed containing 10 ppm were markedly decreased in size compared with thymus glands from poults in the control group, 0.182 vs 0.331 (percentage of body weight) . There was no significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) decrease in thymus gland size in poults given 2 ppm or in the inanition controls . Dietary treatment did not appear to affect the size of the bursa or spleen of the poults . Histopathologic examination of thymus glands from poults given 10 ppm of T-2 revealed a depletion of cortical lymphocytes . Chicks appeared less sensitive to T-2 toxin than did the poults . There was no effect by any dietary treatment on the size of the thymus gland, bursa, or spleen of chicks . Reductions were noticed in feed efficiency and weight gain . There was no effect of T-2 toxin on agglutinating antibody formation to Pasteurella multocida bacterin. Infect Immun, 1978 Oct, 22(1), 295 - 7 Lung lysophospholipase activity in specific-pathogen-free rats infected with Pasteurella pneumotropica or Mycoplasma pulmonis; Laubach HE et al.; The effects of Pasteurella pneumotropica and Mycoplasma pulmonis infections in specific-pathogen-free rats were studied to determine whether or not bacterial infections could cause an increase in rat lung lysophospholipase activity and/or changes in bone marrow eosinophil levels . Lung lysophospholipase activity levels of M . pulmonis-infected rats were elevated with increasing infection dosages, but enzyme levels were not accompanied by a lung tissue eosinophilia or an increase in bone marrow eosinophils . Rats infected with P . pneumotropica showed neither an increased lung lysophospholipase activity level nor an increased tissue or bone marrow eosinophilia. Am J Vet Res, 1978 Oct, 39(10), 1680 - 2 Serologic examination of the Westphal-type lipopolysaccharides of Pasteurella multocida; Brogden KA et al.; The serologic specificities of the Westphal-type lipopolysaccharides from 16 serotypes of Pasteurella multocida were compared with those reported for the heat-stable typing antigens in the gel diffusion precipitin test . Like the heat-stable typing antigen, the Westphal-type lipopolysaccharide from each of the serotypes reacted only with its homologous antiserum in 14 of the 16 serotypes . The lipopolysaccharide from type strains representing serotypes 2 and 5 reacted with either of the corresponding typing sera, as did field isolates of these serotypes to a lesser extent . Although differences among the properties of these antigens were minor, the lipopolysaccharide appeared to be a major component of the heat-stable antigen responsible for the type specificity. Poult Sci, 1978 Sep, 57(5), 1251 - 4 Acquired resistance in turkey poults to Pasteurella multocida (P-1059 strain) during aflatoxin consumption; Dziuk HE et al.; The potential for impairment by aflatoxin of the development of acquired immunity to fowl cholera in 8 week old turkey poults from a commercial flock was investigated by challenge of vaccinated poults at 10, 12, and 16 weeks of age . Sixty poults were allotted to 4 groups: A) aflatoxin fed, nonvaccinated; B) aflatoxin fed, vaccinated; C) control fed, nonvaccinated; and D) control fed, vaccinated . Aflatoxin B-1 (.5 ppm) was added to the control ration of groups A and B from 49 to 70 days of age . The avirulent CU (Clemson University) strain of Pasteurella multocida drinking water vaccine was given for one day to groups B and C . Challenge (5 poults from each group) was by administration of the virulent (P-1059) strain of P . multocida in the drinking water for 4 consecutive days . The presence of aflatoxin B-1 (.5 ppm) in the feed during oral vaccination with the avirulent strain of P . multocida did not impair the development of acquired resistance to later challenge with the virulent strain . Results indicate that age of poults and method of vaccination may be important factors in the development of acquired resistance to fowl cholera when aflatoxin is present in the diet. Am J Vet Res, 1978 Sep, 39(9), 1565 - 6 Characterization of a Pasteurella multocida bacteriophage; Gadberry JL et al.; The Pasteurella multocida bacteriophage B939a produces turbid plaques, which suggests infection with a temperate phage . Attempts to induce production of lytic phage by UV irradiation were unsuccessful, however, Bateriophage B932a is highly stable at 4 C and relatively stable at room temperature . It tolerates moist heat at 60 C, but is inactivated at 70 C in 10 minutes . Morphologically, it is a tailed phage with a hexagonal head. Am J Vet Res, 1978 Sep, 39(9), 1534 - 7 Live streptomycin-dependent Pasteurella multocida vaccine for the prevention of hemorrhagic septicemia; Wei BD et al.; A type B Pasteurella multocida was used for the development of a streptomycin-dependent (StrD) vaccine . Pasteurella multocida R-473, a hemorrhagic septicemia strain, was mutagenized with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine to increase the likelihood of encountering a StrD mutant and was plated on agar containing 400 microgram of streptomycin/ml . Replica plating was used to differentiate dependent from resistant colonies . Mice and rabbits were vaccinated with a StrD mutant and 21 days later, were challenge exposed, along with unvaccinated controls, with the wild type R-473 . Protection of greater than 4 logs was shown for the vaccinated mice . All vaccinated rabbits were protected and all nonvaccinated controls succumbed to a challenge exposure of 500 or 1,000 LD50. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1978 Aug 15, 103(16), 833 - 43 {Contamination and age as factors in the pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis (author's transl)}; Bercovich Z; The relationship between contamination with Bordetella bronchiseptica or Pasteurella multocida and the age of the piglets on the one hand and the pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis on the other, is discussed . Minimal disease-free piglets born and reared on farms on which pigs affected with clinical atrophic rhinitis were present, developed clinical atrophic rhinitis at the age of six weeks . Piglets born in the Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of sows from herds including pigs affected with atrophic rhinitis and reared under normal CVI conditions, did not develop clinical atrophic rhinitis . These sows are believed to be factors of minor importance in the pathogenesis of clinical atrophic rhinitis in piglets . When minimal disease-free piglets were contaminated during the third or fourth week of life, a slight degree of foreshortening of the upper jaw was observed in three out of nine pigs, the carcase weights of these animals not differing markedly from those of normal swine . When they were contaminated at the age of eight weeks, clinical atrophic rhinitis did not appear . It is essential that young piglets should be protected against atrophic rhinitis during the first few weeks of life. Lab Anim Sci, 1978 Aug, 28(4), 444 - 7 Isolation of Pasteurella aerogenes from the uterus of a rabbit following abortion; Thigpen JE et al.; Pasteurella aerogenes was isolated from the uterus and peritoneal cavity of a rabbit which died 4 days after abortion . Histopathologic observations confirmed a bacterial infection . Mouse pathogenicity tests indicated that this organism was an opportunistic pathogen that might have been responsible for the stillbirths . The cultural and biochemical characteristics of this isolate were similar to those of the Pasteurella aerogenes isolated from swine . This is the first report describing the isolation of Pasteurella aerogenes from a rabbit. J Clin Microbiol, 1978 Aug, 8(2), 177 - 80 Abortion in mice associated with Pasteurella pneumotropica; Ward GE et al.; Pasteurella pneumotropica was isolated from the uteri, fetuses, lungs, and spleens of aborting Swiss Carworth mice . Male mice in the colony carried P . pneumotropica in pharynges, testes, and seminal vesicles . Normal pregnant and nongravid females carried P . pneumotropica in the eye of 1 and in the uteri of 4 of 11 . Pregnant mice from another colony did not abort when injected with P . pneumotropica . Necrotizing and suppurative metritis was found among aborting females with P . pneumotropica infections . Occurrence of malignant lymphoma and mammary adenocarcinoma among animals in this colony likely resulted in immunosuppression which could have predisposed animals to the diseases seen. J Med Microbiol, 1978 Aug, 11(3), 281 - 8 Effect of bursectomy and thymectomy on Pasteurella multocida infection in chickens; Baba T et al.; The effects of various treatments on the immune response of chickens to vaccine prepared from Pasteurella multocida strain P1059 were investigated . The treatments, given on or before the day of hatching, consisted of surgical bursectomy (SB), hormonal bursectomy (HB), surgical thymectomy (ST) and X-irradiation (X) . In chickens subjected to SB, SBX or HB before vaccination, the production of agglutinin and immunoglobulin was impaired, but the production of resistance against challenge was not . In chickens subjected to ST or STX before vaccination, the production of agglutinin and immunoglobulin was unimpaired, but the production of resistance against challenge was diminished . Protection was therefore thymus-dependent. Am J Vet Res, 1978 Aug, 39(8), 1269 - 73 Immunologic and physiologic responses of calves inoculated with potassium thiocyanate extract of Pasteurella multocida type A; Mukkur TK; Inoculation of calves with potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) extract of Pasteurella multocida type A in saline-tris buffer or in Freund's incomplete adjuvant or modified Freund's incomplete adjuvant resulted in the elicitation of agglutinating, hemagglutinating, bactericidal and homocytotropic antibodies . The antibody response was significantly (P = 0.05) higher in calves inoculated with the KSCN extract in either adjuvant than in those inoculated with the extract in saline-tris buffer . Hemagglutination also was observed if the KSCN extract of P hemolytica was used for sensitizing the tanned sheep red blood cells . Further, calf anti-P multocida extract antisera also was bactericidal to P hemolytica . The KSCN extract of P multocida was found to be nontoxic to calves at 2 doses tested, as judged by an evaluation of total and differential leukocyte counts, body temperature, and pulse rates at various intervals after inoculation. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1978 Aug 1, 103(15), 783 - 7 {Serological typing of isolates of Pasteurella multocida from poultry and other animals in the Netherlands (author's transl)}; Yadin H et al.; Pasteurella multocida isolates, isolated from poultry, birds and mammals in the Netherlands, were typed serologically . The standard sera were directed against Heddleston reference strains . Of the 202 isolates, 37.6 per cent were of type 1, 24.2 per cent of type 3, 2 per cent of type 5, 5.9 per cent of type 10 and 3.5 per cent of type 12 . Cross reactions with two serotypes were shown by 18.8 per cent of the other isolates and with three serotypes by 3.5 per cent . The serotype of P . multocida isolates from several animals of the same flock on three farms was determined . Practically all the isolates from one and the same farm were found to be of the same serotype . The resulting prospects of serotyping for the use of vaccines are referred to. J Clin Microbiol, 1978 Aug, 8(2), 214 - 8 Coagglutination test for identification of Pasteurella multocida associated with hemorrhagic septicemia; Rimler RB; Two serogroups (B and E) of Pasteurella multocida associated with hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle were differentiated by a coagglutination test with antibody-coated staphylococci . The group antigen was soluble and heat stable . It was not detectable in unencapsulated cells or their heated extracts . Adsorbed onto human type O erythrocytes, it could be demonstrated by an indirect hemagglutination test with specific antiserum or by coagglutination with specific antibody-coated staphylococci . Antibody-coated staphylococci could detect the soluble group antigen in the plasma and liver extract of mice experimentally infected with P . multocida . The group antigen did not affix to mouse erythrocytes in vivo. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1978 Jul 14, 103(28), 1143 - 4 {Pasteurella multocida infection after a dog bite (author's transl)}; Bohlck I; In a 3-year old girl Pasteurella infection developed after a dog bite . The infection resolved within 9 days without sequelae after 6 days of ampicillin and clindamycin therapy. Nord Vet Med, 1978 Jul-Aug, 30(7-8), 324 - 32 Pasteurella multocida from canine and feline teeth, with a case report of glossitis calcinosa in a dog caused by P . multocida; Arnbjerg J; A case of glossitis calcinosa in a dog caused by Pasteurella multocida is reported . Swelling of the tongue and reduced appetite were the predominant clinical symptoms . Due to latent infections with P . multocida in many species there is a risk of bitewounds being infected with this microorganism . In order to find the carrier-rate of P . multocida samples in canines, teeth and gingiva of 121 dogs and 30 cats were examined bacteriologically, revealing a carrier rates of 55% and 80% respectively . The rate is significantly higher in dogs with poor oral hygiene (calcula), and there is a tendency towards small dogs being more at risk than large dogs and male cats more than females . The isolated strains of P . multocida were most sensitive to chloramphenicol and tetracycline whereas, many were resistent to penicillin and sulfa . The theory, that this pattern should be explained by the common use of the latter drugs in veterinary practice, is not valid under Danish conditions, where chloramphenicol and tetracycline are commonly used in the small animal clinic . Accordingly suspected P . multocida infections should be treated with chloramphenicol or tetracycline, until the result of a sensitivity test is available, and not with penicillin which today is the general routine. J Wildl Dis, 1978 Jul, 14(3), 317 - 21 The January 1977 avian cholera epornitic in northwest California; Oddo AF et al.; A total of 844 birds were observed dead at three sites in Humboldt County and an estimated 6750 birds died at three sites in Del Norte County, California . Coots were the primary species affected . The isolation of Pasteurella multocida from a snowy egret (Egretta thula) is the first reported case of avian cholera in this bird . There was evidence for a distinct sequence in the bird species dying at one site; American coots (Fulica americana) appeared to be the first species to die. Can J Comp Med, 1978 Jul, 42(3), 368 - 9 The bovine alveolar macrophage . II . In vitro studies with Pasteurella haemolytica; Benson ML et al.; Bovine alveolar macrophages were cultured in vitro and challenged with suspensions of live and dead bacteria . These cells showed severe cytotoxic morphological changes and a low rate of phagocytosis after exposure to live Pasteurella haemolytica type I was readily phagocytosed and produced only mild cytotoxic changes. Can J Comp Med, 1978 Jul, 42(3), 286 - 92 An agglutination test for the detection of Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in swine; Jenkins EM; An agglutination test with the use of formalin-killed antigen of the cell carrying the capsule was developed and used for the detection of antibody in swine naturally infected with Bordetella bronchiseptica . Under optimum antigen concentration and reaction temperature 210 or 60% of 342 serum samples tested from 42 conventional swine herds were positive for Bordetella infection . In contrast, only 34 or 10% of 342 nasal swabs from the same animals were positive for Bordetella by culture technique . The test was relatively free of cross-reactivity to related organism . However, 2.7 and 13.0% of sera from growing pigs and mature hogs, respectively, reacted with antigen of Pasteurella multocida . Because of this, only agglutinin reactions in 1:20 dilutions or higher to Bordetella were considered positive . The bulk of the antibody activity of selected sera tested from various age ranges of swine was mercaptoethanol sensitive, suggesting that serum antibody in Bordetella infection may be associated with immunoglobulin IgM . Because of the high agglutinability and stability of formalin-killed antigen the test may be useful as an auxiliary aid for the diagnosis of Bordetella infection where the organism cannot be identified by culture means. Am J Vet Res, 1978 Jul, 39(7), 1219 - 21 Pharmacokinetics of penicillin G in the turkey; Hirsh DC et al.; Parmacokinetics of penicillin G was determined for the turkey . The study was prompted by the isolation of a sulfonamide-resistant strain of Pasteurella multocida from tissues of turkeys involved in an outbreak of fowl cholera and the subsequent discovery that little pharmacologic information was available concerning other antimicrobial agents in that species . Penicillin G was chosen for study because P multocida is susceptible to this antibiotic . The elimination of the antibiotic followed first-order kinetics, and the half-life was found to be 0.5 hours . Parenteral administration of benzathine-procaine penicillin G resulted in higher concentrations, which persisted for longer periods than did procaine or potassium salts of the antibiotic. Lab Anim Sci, 1978 Jun, 28(3), 317 - 20 Chronic necrotizing mastitis in rats caused by Pasteurella pneumotropica; Hong CC et al.; Sixty-one of 2500 F344 rats were observed to have one to three enlarged and firm mammary glands . Pasteurella pneumotropica was isolated from all affected mammary glands . It was also routinely isolated from the feces of all cages and from the oral cavity of rats up to 6 weeks old, but not from the oral cavity of rats over 4 months of age . The organism was not isolated from clinically normal lactating mammary glands . Histopathological diagnosis of affected glands was chronic necrotizing mastitis. Am J Med Sci, 1978 May-Jun, 275(3), 359 - 63 Pasteurella multocida infectious arthritis; Spagnuolo PJ; Pasteurella multocida, a small gram-negative rod, is a domestic animal saprophyte that occasionally causes disease in humans . Infectious arthritis may develop from a superficial animal bite or scratch . Nine previous cases of infectious arthritis due to this organism have been documented in the literature, and a tenth case is reported here . Most patients had recent animal exposure, and half the patients had underlying chronic rheumatoid arthritis . Clinical signs of inflammation were consistently present; however, systemic infection was infrequent . The lack of positive synovial fluid gram-stain smears may make differentiation from other forms of infectious arthritis difficult . Penicillin in moderate doses is effective therapy, with osteomyelitis developing in only two patients . The tendency for this syndrome to affect patients with rheumatoid arthritis may reflect deficient local defense mechanisms, chronic steroid therapy, or increased ownership of pets . The mechanism of spread of infection to the joint space appears to be through contiguous spread from a skin site rather than by the hematogenous route in most cases. Vet Pathol, 1978 May, 15(3), 313 - 21 Correlation of microbiological and histological findings in bovine fibrinous pneumonia; Schiefer B et al.; In a retrospective morphological and microbiological study, 39 of 55 cases of bovine fibrinous pneumonia were diagnosed as fibrinous pleuropneumonia . Twenty-nine of these 39 (74%) were associated with Pasteurella hemolytica, but only two cases (5%) with P . multocida . In contrast, of the 16 cases classified as fibrinous bronchopneumonia, one (6%) was associated with P . hemolytica, and nine (56%) with P . multocida . In eight cases Mycoplasma and Hemophilus somnus were found in association with either P . hemolytica or P . multocida but were never isolated alone . We concluded that the use of the term pasteurellosis, implying Pasteurella as the cause, is imprecise because lesions associated with P . hemolytica fulfill the criteria of a fibrinous pleuropneumonia, whereas P . multocida is more likely to cause a bronchopneumonia with moderate amounts of fibrin. Clin Orthop, 1978 May, (132), 167 - 9 A case report of total knee arthroplasty infected by Pasteurella multocida; Arvan GD et al.; A 72-year-old woman with a total knee prosthesis was infected with Pasteurella multocida organisms from a cat bite . The joint was successfully salvaged by surgical debridement, closed tube irrigation utilizing .25% acetic acid and appropriate antibiotics. Poult Sci, 1978 May, 57(3), 593 - 5 Growth curves and stabilization of fresh vaccine cultures of the Clemson University strain of Pastuerella multocida; Jensen MM; Growth curves at 37 C for the Clemson University strain of Pasteurella multocida were about the same in either brain-heart-infusion broth or in a recently developed broth called "special broth TV" . Counts in both broths were usually greater than 1 x 10(9) viable bacteria per ml . With the addition of 5 g of dried skim milk to each 100 ml of broth culture in the stationary phase of the growth curve, only a slight decrease in viable counts occurred over the next 7 to 14 days when held at 4 C . Such stabilization of broth cultures of P . multocida gives added flexibility to the use of fresh cultures as a live oral turkey cholera vaccine. J Med Chem, 1978 May, 21(5), 483 - 5 Synthesis and antibacterial activity of isomeric 6- and 7-acetyl-3-methyl-2- quinoxalinecarbozamide 1,4-dioxides; Dirlam JP et al.; The synthesis, separation, and structure determination of 6- and 7-acetyl--3-methyl-2-quinoxalinecarboxamide 1,4-dioxides are reported together with a comparison of their antibacterial activity . The structural assignment of these 6- and7-acetyl isomers was based on NMR analysis of related mono-N-oxide derivatives, which were obtained by treatment of the quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides with acetic anhydride--acetic acid or trimethyl phosphite . The compounds were screened for in vitro and in vivo activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella choleraesuis, Pasteurella multocida, and Streptococcus pyogenes . Although the isomers were found to possess similar activity, the 7-acetyl isomer was more active therapeutically in mice than the 6-acetyl isomer when administered parenterally. J Wildl Dis, 1978 Apr, 14(2), 254 - 8 Avian cholera in eider ducks in Maine; Korschgen CE et al.; Outbreaks of avian cholera (Pasteurella multocida) occur frequently in common eiders (Somateria mollissima dresseri) in Maine during early summer . Studies over a seven year period show that over 90% of the loss occurred in incubating females and might be associated with their weakened condition because females do not feed during the incubation period . High nesting densities also may contribute to the losses . The exact source of P . multocida is unknown although carrier birds were found. Can J Comp Med, 1978 Apr, 42(2), 156 - 67 Response of the respiratory tract of calves kept at controlled climatic conditions to bovine Herpesvirus 1 in aerosol; Jericho KW et al.; Seven experiments with four calves each were conducted in which the calves spent at least four days of adaptation in an environmental chamber and then were subjected to climatic stress in the form of a number of constant ambient temperature and humidity combinations . On the second day of climatic stress the calves were individually exposed to measured numbers of infectious units of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1, virus of infectious bovine rhinotrachetis) in aerosol . The calves were killed seven or eight days later . Mycoplasma were found in some nasal swabs and in one lung . Certain bacteria but no Pasteurella were often isolated from the lungs . Bovine herpesvirus 1 was isolated from chamber air and from most postinoculation nasal swabs, tracheas and lungs . The number of macro- and microscopic lesions did not appear to be influenced by the climatic conditions of the experiments . The histopathological changes in epithelium at all levels of the respiratory tract were described in detail. Phlebologie, 1978 Apr-Jun, 31(2), 113 - 7 {Leg ulcer caused by a monkey's bite}; Dortu J; 35 days following a monkey's bite, the ulcer observed showed total necrosis associated with spotted zones of necrosis due to the deep penetration of the animal's teeth . It was treated like a regular ulcer and healed within seven weeks without complications . One should keep in mind that such ulcers involve infectious episodes due to the transmission of a pathogenic human-type flora through a septic orodental milieu: Pathogenic cocci; Pasteurella, Shigella, Salmonella; Polio viruses or microbial and viral agents of the animal itself, which can cause lethal diseases such as: Yellow fever, Marburg's disease, Rabies. Vet Rec, 1978 Feb 4, 102(5), 100 - 2 Pasteurellosis in sheep; Gilmour NJ; Pasteurellosis is an important cause of economic loss to the sheep industry . There are two distinct syndromes . The pneumonic form of the disease caused by P haemolytica biotype A occurs as pneumonia in flocks and sporadically in individual sheep . The septicaemic form, caused by P haemolytica biotype T is associated with hyper-acute disease and occurs most commonly in the autumn coinciding with the folding of hoggs on rape, turnips and improved pastures . The factors which predispose sheep to the different forms of the disease are poorly understood but recently it has been possible to reproduce pasteurella pneumonia experimentally. J Clin Microbiol, 1978 Feb, 7(2), 142 - 5 Rapid plate agglutination procedure for serotyping Pasteurella haemolytica; Frank GH et al.; A specific, rapid plate agglutination procedure for serotyping Pasteurella haemolytica was performed . The procedure did not require special antigen preparation and yielded essentially the same results as the indirect hemagglutination procedure. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1978, 32(6), 943 - 9 {Use of attenuated mutants of Pasteurella multocida strain, pathogenic to calves, in experimental mouse model studies . 4 . Immunogenicity of selected revertants of temperature-sensitive, streptomycin-dependent mutants as potential vaccine strains}; Linde K; Temperature-resistant or streptomycin-independent revertants were isolated from temperature-sensitive or streptomycin-dependent mutants of a Pasteurella multocida strain with pathogenicity to calf . The revertants were tested for virulence in mice and for their immunogenicity against wild-strain infection, using 100 times and more of the lethal dose . The following conclusions may be derived from the results thus obtained: 1 . Most of the fully attenuated streptomycin-independent revertants failed to provide sufficient protection against wild-strain infection, following one single intraperitoneal immunization . 2 . Selected streptomycin-independent revertants protect about 60% of mice immunized with one single intraperitoneal less than or approximately LD10 germ count dose, and 100% of mice immunized two times against lethal challenge . 3 . Selected temperature-resistant revertants produced high immunity in mice, with one single intraperitoneally less than or approximately LD10 germ count dose protecting roughly 95 per cent of all animals against lethal infection . 4 . The temperature-resistant revertant 9 b/1 and 9 b/5 and the streptomycin-independent revertant 1/14 are on the agenda as potential vaccine strains which can provide full or sufficient protection on the basis of one single immunization. Vet Med Nauki, 1978, 15(7), 79 - 83 {Respiratory enzootics in sheep caused by Pasteurella haemolytica}; Dikova Ts; Bacteriologically in 25 per cent of the materials taken from lambs, weaned lambs, and adult sheep Pasteurella haemolytica was invariably isolated . Serologic typing revealed that serotypes A2 and A6 were mostly widespread . The remaining serotypes proved to be encountered . Widely occurring were likewise the carriers of Pasteurella haemolytica both among the diseased animals and among the normal contacts--30 and 6 per cent, respectively . The serotype of the isolated strains (swab samples) was shown to be identical with the serotype of the strains isolated from pathologic materials on the same farm . This spoke of the symptomless existence of the infection in the flock and the important part played by such stress factors as movement, transportation, etc . in the outbreaks and the aggravation of the P . haemolytica infections . The isolated strains were apathogenic for albino mice and were sensitive in vitro penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and streptomocin. Scand J Infect Dis, 1978, 10(3), 251 - 3 Meningitis and bacteremia caused by Pasteurella ureae . Report of a case following intracranial surgery; Bia F et al.; An otherwise healthy 53-year-old woman underwent intracranial surgery for trigeminal neuralgia . One week later she developed meningitis and bacteremia caused by Pasteurella ureae and was treated successfully with antimicrobials . This organism is known to colonize the respiratory tract in certain individuals and is an extremely rare cause of meningitis or bacteremia . This is the first reported case of bacteremia in an adult. Vet Med Nauki, 1978, 15(2), 95 - 100 {Atrophic rhinitis in swine}; Vachev B et al.; Four 60-day-old pigs were experimentally infected with Bordetella bronchiseptica at a state in which the animals were clinicylly normal . A single pig only, killed on the 180th day, presented a slight deflection of septum nasi . Morphologically, there were severe dystrophic and necrotic changes in the mucosa of the conchae, the nasal cartilages as well as in the bones . The pathogen was reisolated from two of the pigs . Clinical and morphological investigations were carried out also with spontaneously affected animals, isolating Pasteurella multocida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycoplasma organisms, but not Bordetella bronchiseptic . Morphologically, there were in 37 of the pigs severe dystrophic and necrotic lesions in the nasal mucosa, cartilages, and bones . Basophilic inclusion bodies were demonstrated in the epithelial cells of the tubulous glands . It is concluded that a combined method of prophylaxis and treatment would be most effective, and of the drugs borgal has proved likewise most promising. Avian Dis, 1978 Jan-Mar, 22(1), 185 - 90 A new serotype of Pasteurella multocida associated with fowl cholera; Brogden KA et al.; Gel-diffusion precipitin tests demonstrated an additional Pasteurella multocida serotype, designated serotype 16 . Isolate P-2723, antigenically distinct from the other (previously reported) 15 serotypes, was from a turkey affected with fowl cholera . This serotype is not widely distributed . Isolate P-2723 was of mild virulence in turkeys, resulting in local infections in the hock joint and sternal bursa of only 1 of 9 turkeys exposed. Avian Dis, 1978 Jan-Mar, 22(1), 131 - 9 Response of young chickens and turkeys to virulent and avirulent Pasteurella multocida administered by various routes; Derieux WT; Groups of 20 young chickens and turkeys obtained from commercial flocks and placed in pens with pine shavings over concrete floors or from the hatchery and grown on wire, were exposed to avirulent Pasteurella multocida serotype 3,4 cross or virulent P . multocida serotype 3 by drinking water, ocular, subcutaneous, intracutaneous, or palatine cleft routes . A secondary exposure to virulent P . multocida serotype 1 by the palatine cleft route was given 14 days later, except that birds exposed by palatine cleft on the initial exposure were reexposed by drinking water . There was a group of each species for each floor type and each exposure route except palatine cleft, which was performed on litter only . Chickens were more resistant to initial exposure to virulent P . multocida by all routes than turkeys . Chickens showed much less resistance to subsequent exposure to P . multocida serotype 1 than turkeys after exposure to the avirulent organism by the drinking-water route . Avirulent P . multocida administered to chickens or turkeys by subcutaneous or intracutaneous routes and turkeys by drinking water route produced a high degree of resistance to subsequent exposure to P . multocida serotype 1 . In a second experiment it was found that wire floors caused many more breast blisters than pine shavings on Pasteurella-exposed or unexposed chickens. Cornell Vet, 1978 Jan, 68(1), 84 - 93 Serological types of Pasteurella haemolytica in Kenya; Mwangota AU et al.; The 12 known serotypes of P . haemolytica and two biotypes A and T were found to occur in Kenya . Biotype T was more common in disease conditions than biotype A, which was more common in the nasal passages of healthy animals . Only biotypes A strains were recovered from cattle and the majority were serotypes 1 and 2, but serotypes 4 and 11 were also isolated . All serotypes were found to occur in sheep and goats, but serotypes 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 were more commonly associated with pneumonia . It was observed that chickens could harbour both biotypes A and T in pathological conditions . Biotype A serotype 2 was isolated from an adult wildebeest, but the prevalence of P . haemolytica in wild animals needs furter investigation. Poult Sci, 1978 Jan, 57(1), 74 - 9 Vaccination immunity to selected diseases in chickens fed the androgen analog mibolerone; Romero CH et al.; Chickens fed the androgen analog mibolerone during the first 7 weeks of life regress their bursa of Fabricius but can be properly immunized by vaccination against avian pathogens of major economic importance such as Newcastle disease virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus, infectious bronchitis virus, fowl pox virus, Marek's disease virus, and Pasteurella multocida, the pathogen causing fowl cholera . These findings on immunocompetence to infectious agents are important because we have previously shown that the administration of mibolerone prevents the development of lymphoid leukosis tumors. Dev Biol Stand, 1978, 41, 401 - 9 {Determination of antigen structures of Pasteurella multocida: the preparation of vaccines}; Desmettre P et al.; The discovery of the role played by somatic antigens of the Pasteurella multocida A and D capsular types in the immunization of susceptible species makes it necessary to type the somatic antigens of the isolated strains prior to any action to induce active or passive immunity . Only immunoprecipitation in gel was chosen out of the various typing techniques proposed, and a correlation was established between the capsular types (according to Carter), somatic types (according to Namioka) and types determined by immunoprecipitation in gel (according to Heddleston) . Parallel to this, the same technique was developed for strains of Pasteurella multocida B and E capsular types, and the immunogenicity of these capsular antigens was proven. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, 1977 Dec 19, 285(16), 1553 - 6 {Effect of lead microparticles introduced into the respiratory system of the sensitivity of mice to Pasteurella multocida infection via aerosol}; Bouley G et al.; Lead microparticles, resulting from the pyrolysis of organic lead used as an anti-knock agent in gasoline, were introduced into the lungs of Mice, during a short single exposure . When 6 microgram of lead were retained in the lungs (mean value per Mouse), the phagocytic ability of the pulmonary alveolar macrophages harvested 6 and 18 hrs . later, was significantly reduced . It was observed, in the same conditions, that the resistance of Mice to experimental infection by aerosolized Pasteurella multocida, was significantly reduced . When 3 microgram of lead were retained in the lungs, there was no significant difference between control and intoxicated Mice. Infect Immun, 1977 Dec, 18(3), 583 - 5 Demonstration of cross-protection between Pasteurella multocida type A and Pasteurella haemolytica, serotype 1; Mukkur TK; Mice immunized with the potassium thiocyanate extract of Pasteurella haemolytica, serotype 1, were found to resist a challenge infection of P . multocida type A, thus demonstrating cross-protection . This finding was further supported by the finding that an antiserum directed against the potassium thiocyanate extract of P . haemolytica was bactericidal to P . multocida and vice versa. Am J Gastroenterol, 1977 Nov, 68(5), 489 - 91 Pasteurella multocida bacteremia associated with peritonitis and cirrhosis; Jacobson JA et al.; Pasteurella multocida has been the etiologic agent in at least three cases of "spontaneous" bacterial peritonitis (SBP) . We report another patient with P . multocida bacteremia and SBP and suggest that there may be more than a chance association between cirrhotic liver disease and this unusual organism which rarely causes sepsis in man. Avian Dis, 1977 Oct-Dec, 21(4), 712 - 5 Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in turkeys; Helfer DH et al.; In a case of excessive mortality in seven-week-old turkeys, the primary lesion at necropsy was severe fibrinous pericarditis and epicarditis . After 48 hours of incubation at 37 C, Pasteurella anatipestifer was isolated . The infection responded to antibiotic therapy with a combination of neomycin and oxytetracycline in the drinking water . The lesions suggested chlamydial infection, but cultural procedures for chlamydia were negative. Avian Dis, 1977 Oct-Dec, 21(4), 708 - 10 An outbreak of erysipelas in Coturnix quails; Panigrahy B et al.; A severe outbreak of erysipelas causing high mortality was observed in Coturnix breeder quails . Possible source(s) of erysipelothrix infection in the flock and subsequent infections due to Pasteurella multocida, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus are discussed. Avian Dis, 1977 Oct-Dec, 21(4), 543 - 8 Fowl cholera: immunization of chickens with potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) extract of Pasteurella multocida serotype 3; Gaunt G et al.; Potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) extract of Pasteurella multocida, serotype 3, was found to be immunogenic against a challenge infection of homologous as well as one heterologous strain tested (serotype 1) . Ouchterlony's gel-diffusion analysis revealed the presence of two components in the KSCN-extracts of both serotypes 3 and 1, which were antigenically identical. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1977 Sep 15, 171(6), 549 - 52 Septic polyarthritis associated with bacterial endocarditis in two dogs; Caywood DD et al.; Two dogs were examined because of chronic shifting lameness . In each case, lameness was attributed to septic polyarthritis, as documented by synovial fluid analysis and culture . In 1 dog, antemortem diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis was verified by clinical and culture data . Treatment of both dogs was unsuccessful, and necropsy of each dog revealed bacterial endocarditis with coexistent septic polyarthritis . Bacteriologic blood cultures yielded an anaerobic Streptococcus sp (dog 1) and Pasteurella multocida (dog 2). Scand J Work Environ Health, 1977 Sep, 3(3), 116 - 21 Toxic effects of cadmium microparticles on the respiratory system . An experimental study on rats and mice; Bouley G et al.; An experimental study on rats and mice . Scand . j . work environ . & health 3 (1977) 116--121 . Experiments on male, specific pathogen-free rats (193) and mice (66) are reported . The test and control animals received a single 15-min exposure to cadmium (cadmium oxide) and aluminum (alumina) microparticles, respectively . The air cadmium content was 10 mg/m3, and 4 microgram of this metal was retained by the lungs of the rats . The animals were observed for 24 days . The following significant differences appeared between the control and test groups: in the cadmium exposed rats the relative lung weight (percentage of body weight) became temporarily higher; the absolute number of alveolar macrophages decreased at first and then increased; numerous polymorphonuclear and lymphocytic cells appeared in the alveoli . According to these inflammatory phenomena, at the 48th h after exposure, there was an alteration in the clearance kinetics of inhaled bacteria and an increase in the death rate of cadmium exposed animals following a test infection with Salmonella enteritidis (rats) or Pasteurella multocida (mice) aerosols . The mechanism of cadmium toxic action on the respiratory system is discussed. South Med J, 1977 Sep, 70(9), 1123 - 4 Pasteurella multocida pneumonia and bacteremia; Milder JE et al.; A 76-year-old man with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who developed P multocida pneumonia and bacteremia has been described . The infection was treated with antibiotics, and the patient recovered . Pasteurella multocida is known to infect many species of animals . The instances of human infection due to this organism are frequently associated with exposure to animals . Pulmonary infection occurs principally in patients with underlying chronic bronchopulmonary disease. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1977 Sep 1, 102(17), 1034 - 8 {Vaginitis in the bitch (author's transl)}; Okkens AC et al.; During a period of two and a half years (2 1/2), sixty-two patients wre submitted to the Department of Veterinary Obstetrics and Gynaecology, where a diagnosis of vaginitis was established . These patients often were young large dogs . Most of the females showed a vaginal discharge, although some bitches were only very attrative to males . There were no complaints concerning the general physical condition of the patients . On clinical examination, the vulva was found to be swollen . Exudation was also frequently observed, externally (vaginoscopy) . Ninety per cent of the patients showed normal haemograms . On bacteriological examination, streptococci, E . coli and pasteurellae were often isolated . As a rule the bitches were treated locally (deeply intravaginal), the choice of the drug depending on the results of bacteriological examination . Another bacteriological examination was made after treatment . An inquiry was made into the results of treatment in these sixty-two dogs, wherever possible . On the other hand, the prognosis in those bitches in which bacteriological examination is negative at the time of discharge from the department is likely to be better than it is in those in which bacteriological examination is still positive at that time . The extent to which vaginitis may influence fertility is not known at the time of writing . The differential diagnosis of vaginitis and endometritis may present difficulties. Med J Aust, 1977 Aug 13, 2(7), 224 - 5 A dog bite wound infected with Pasteurella pneumotropica; Medley S; A case is described of a dog bite of a finger which was infected with Pasteurella pneumotropica; it was successfully treated with amoxycillin. Am J Vet Res, 1977 Aug, 38(8), 1183 - 5 Demonstration of bacteriocin activity in bovine and bison strains of Pasteurella multocida; Chengappa MM et al.; Of 33 strains of Pasteurella multocida examined, 14 showed bacteriocin activity and 17 were susceptible to bacteriocin . The activity was increased by about twofold if the cultures were induced with ultraviolet radiation; however, no increase in bacteriocin activity was observed if the potential producer strains were induced with mitomycin C . The bacteriocin activity of potential producer strains was increased if CaCl2 was incorporated in the medium . The patterns of bacteriocin susceptibility indicate that these substances may ultimately contribute to a typing scheme for the species . An extra-chromosomal genetic element was not detected when a potential producer strain was not detected when a potential producer strain was tested by the dye-buoyant density gradient method . This fact suggests that the genetic material responsible for bacteriocin activity in P multocida is located on the host chromosome proper. Mod Vet Pract, 1977 Aug, 58(8), 675 - 8 Bacterial sensitivity to the aminoglycosides; Clark CH; From the reports of bacterial sensitivity testing reviewed here, it can be concluded that gentamicin has currently a very broad spectrum, with few resistant organisms . Gentamicin, amikacin, and tobramycin are the most effective of the aminoglycosides against Pseudomonas . They are also effective against Escherichia, salmonellae, staphylococci, pasteurellae, Klebsiella, and others; they are less effective against streptococci . Streptomycin is effective but bacterial resistance to it develops very rapidly and there are a large number of resistant strains involved in animal diseases . It is the least effective aminoglycoside that is commercially available . Neomycin is fairly effective against staphylococci, less effective against streptococci, and fairly effective against gram-negative intestinal organisms. J Wildl Dis, 1977 Jul, 13(3), 294 - 6 Treatment of captive giant Canada geese affected by avian cholera; Zinkl JG et al.; In the spring of 1975, an epornitic of avian cholera in Nebraska affected wild waterfowl, common crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), and a captive flock of guant Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima) . Measures taken to control the disease in the captive geese included flushing the water of their pen with fresh well water, parenteral (50mg oxytetracycline intramuscularly) and feed (tetracycline 500 g/ton) antibiotic treatment, and removing dead waterfowl and crows from the pen, and keeping wild waterfowl and crows out of the pen . Other measures taken to prevent a recurrence of the outbreak included monitoring the area with susceptible sentinel birds and culturing nasal swabs for Pasteurella multocida . Young Canada geese and wood ducks (Aix sponsa) raised in the area also were cultured before release to assure that carriers would not be released into the wild . Presently, ponds in the pen have been dried up so that the area is less attractive to wild waterfowl . Swine feeders and waterers that have been modified to discourage their use by crows are being used to feed and water the geese. Avian Dis, 1977 Jul-Sep, 21(3), 382 - 93 A bacterin against fowl cholera in turkeys: protective quality of various preparations originated from broth cultures; Matsumoto M et al.; Bacterins prepared from broth cultures of Pasteurella multocida were studied for their immunogenicity against fowl cholera in turkeys . The various preparations differed in culture medium, method of inactivation, and adjuvants added . Eight-to-twelve-week-old turkeys were inoculated subcutaneously with each preparation . After challenge with a live culture of the homologous strain, protection was significantly better from a broth bacterin grown in brain-heart infusion broth, concentrated tenfold, inactivated with formalin, and emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant than in controls (unvaccinated birds and birds receiving commercial products) . In two separate trials, protection was 86% from the bacterin and 21 and 14% from a commercial product (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01, respectively) . The broth bacterin could be prepared on a large scale at minimum labor and therefore might be suitable for commercial production. Poult Sci, 1977 Jul, 56(4), 1102 - 6 Evaluation of Aureomycin for prevention of arthritic, pulmonary and cranial forms of fowl cholera in turkeys; Olson LD; Aureomycin fed at concentrations of 55, 110, and 220 mg./kg . of feed significantly (P less than 0.05) increased livability as compared to that of the nonmedicated exposed and increased average body wieght gained per turkey as compared to that of both the nonmedicated exposed and nonmedicated nonexposed turkeys . The increase in survival was proportional to the increase in concentration of Aureomycin in the feed . Turkeys were exposed, in the drinking water, to three isolates of Pasteurella multocida which had inclinations for localizing in the joints, lungs, and air spaces of the head . There were no carriers of P . multocida in either the medicated or nonmedicated turkeys three weeks after exposure. Poult Sci, 1977 Jul, 56(4), 1098 - 1101 Evaluation of Rofenaid and a commercial bacterin for prevention of cranial form of fowl cholera in turkeys; Olson LD; Rofenaid, a potentiated sulfadimethoxine at drug concentrations of 0.04, 0.02, and 0.01% in feed, a combination of vaccination with a commercial bacterin and 0.01% potentiated sulfadimethoxine (Rofenaid), and vaccination separately, significantly (P less than 0.05) increased livability of turkeys experimentally induced with the cranial form of fowl cholera as compared to that of the nonmedicated nonvaccinated exposed turkeys . Turkeys were exposed by the administration of Pasteurella multocida (isolate 8579) in the drinking water. Lab Anim Sci, 1977 Jun, 27(3), 343 - 7 Suppurative otitis media in the rabbit: prevalence, pathology, and microbiology; Flatt RE et al.; The middle ears of 2001 young and 583 adult rabbits being slaughtered for human consumption were examined . Otitis media was found in 87 (4%) of the young rabbits, and in 188 (32%) of the adult rabbits . The condition was bilateral in 61% of the affected young rabbits and 70% of the affected adults . Pasteurella multocida was isolated from 60 (98%) of 61 affected young rabbits . The gross and microscopic lesions and secondary complications were similar to those described in children . Rupture of the tympanic membrane was observed in both affected young and affected adult rabbits. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 May, 238(1), 80 - 5 {Differentiation of Brucella by acrylamide-gel electrophoresis (author's transl)}; Balke E et al.; The strains of Brucella (Tab . 1) were grown on Tryptose-blood-agar at 37 degrees C, and the strains of Bordetella, Pasteurella and Actinobacillus on blood-agar . After 24 or 48 h they were harvested and extracted in phenol-acetic acid-water solution (4:2:1) (1 ml/50 mg bacterial wet weight) at 4 degrees C over 48 h . After centrifugation (8000 X g, 1 h) 2 volumes of the supernatant were mixed with 1 volume of a 40% sucrose solution in 35% acetic acid . Different volumes (0.20, 0.15 or 0.10 ml) of this were added to 7.5% acrylamide gel (2 ml in tubes 6 X 100 mm), containing 5 M urea and 12% acetic acid . The solution in both electrode chambers was 10% acetic acid . During the first 15 min it was focused with 2 mA/tube, then it was separated for 3 or 5 h with 4 mA/tube . The protein bands were stained with amido black 10B . All species could be exactly differentiated from each other, but the protein bands of biotypes of Bruc . suis, Bruc . melitensis and Bruc . abortus were identical in each case . All investigated strains of Bruc . canis were identical too . A small relationship was noticed between Bruc . canis and Bruc . suis and between Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bruc . canis respectively Bruc . suis strains. Avian Dis, 1977 Apr-Jun, 21(2), 323 - 5 An outbreak of fowl cholera due to Pasteurella gallinarum in Uttar Pradesh (India); Yadav MP et al.; An acute outbreak of fowl cholera in one-month-old chickens was investigated . Pasteurella gallinarum was isolated in pure culture from the heart blood of two moribund chicks . One of the isolants on experimental inoculation was found to be nonpathogenic for rabbits, mice, and chickens . It did not provide protection in rabbits against a virulent strain of P . multocida . This seems to be the first record of the isolation of P . gallinarum in India. Avian Dis, 1977 Apr-Jun, 21(2), 178 - 84 Evaluation of two avirulent vaccines for preventing experimental fowl cholera in turkeys, and use of one vaccine in the field; Olson LD; The Clemson University (CU) strain of live cholera vaccine administered in water (LCVW) was effective in immunizing turkeys against the pulmonary, arthritic, and cranial forms of fowl cholera . The Missouri strain of LCVW immunized turkeys against the pulmonary and septicemic forms of fowl cholera . Pasteurella multocida was isolated from the orifice of the auditory tube of 5% of the turkeys vaccinated with the CU strain 2 weeks postvaccination, but not 4 weeks after challenge . Mortality was not increased by administering the CU strain of LCVW at 5, 10, 20, and 40 x the standard dose of 4 x 10(8) P . multocida . A low concentration of Rofenaid (providing 0.01% potentiated sulfadimethoxine) had no perceptible effect on the development of immunity with the CU vaccine. Avian Dis, 1977 Apr-Jun, 21(2), 160 - 6 Comparison of low-level rofenaid, low-level chlortetracycline, and vaccination with commercial bacterin for preventing pulmonary form of fowl cholera in turkeys; Olson LD; The pulmonary form of experimentally induced fowl cholera was controlled effectively either by Rofenaid, a potentiated sulfadimethoxine, at 0.01% in feed, chlortetracycline at 0.0055% in feed, vaccination with a commercial fowl cholera bacterin and a combination of Rofenaid and vaccination . The medicated or/and vaccinated turkeys had a significantly (P less than 0.05) better livability than the unmedicated or unvaccinated exposed turkeys . Turkeys were exposed by contact with carriers and administration of Pasteurella multocida in drinking water . Transmission from carriers to recipients through the water was demonstrated . P . multocida was isolated from the mouths of recipient turkeys receiving low-level medication one week after carriers were introduced. J Wildl Dis, 1977 Apr, 13(2), 194 - 8 An epornitic of avian cholera in waterfowl and common crows in Phelps County, Nebraska, in the spring, 1975; Zinkl JG et al.; In the spring of 1975, many species of waterfowl and common crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) were found dead in Phelps County, Nebraska . About 25,000 water fowl and at least 3,000 crows died in the epornitic . Few waterfowl were seen dying, but the crows experienced a chronic illness during which they became debilitated and were lethargic and dyspneic . Gross and microscopic lesions in the waterfowl were typical for acute avian cholera . The crows had dark, firm areas within the lungs, loosely adhered yellow fibrous material in the pericardial sac and air sacs and, occasionally, liver abscesses . Microscopically, focal purulent pneumonia was present and a fibrinopurulent exudate overlaid a granulomatous reaction on the heart and lung surfaces . Isolation of Pasteurella multocida serotype 1 confirmed the diagnosis of acute and chronic avian cholera in the waterfowl and crows, respectively. J Wildl Dis, 1977 Apr, 13(2), 117 - 24 An epizootic of pneumonia in captive bighorn sheep infected with Muellerius sp; Demartini JC et al.; An epizootic of pneumonia in 20 captive Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) is described . The sheep were maintained in large paddocks for about 9 months after which, in the late summer, the entire herd died within a three week period . Large numbers of Muellerius adults, eggs and larvae were in the lungs of all sheep . First stage larvae were widely disseminated throughout the lungs and apparently elicited a granulomatous pneumonia . Pasteurella sp . and other bacteria were isolated from the lungs of several sheep but no Chlamydia, Mycoplasma or viral agents were recovered . Elevated serum fibrinogen levels and normal leukocyte values were found in blood samples taken from several sheep 7-14 days prior to death. Can J Comp Med, 1977 Apr, 41(2), 219 - 23 Pulmonary lesions induced by Pasteurella hemolytica in cattle; Friend SC et al.; Twelve four month old calves were inoculated intratracheally with a large dose of Pasteurella hemolytica and the lungs examined 18 hours, three days and seven days later . The gross and microscopic lesions were graded in each calf . The most extensive gross lesions were present at three days and were characteristic of a fibrinous pneumonia . Discrete areas of coagulation necrosis were present at three days and granulation tissue had formed around these by seven days . Characteristic swirly dark cells accumulated in alveoli and alveolar ducts and were observed from three days onwards . The gross and microscopic lesions were similar to those seen in field cases of pneumonic pasteurellosis. Can J Comp Med, 1977 Apr, 41(2), 211 - 4 Recovery of Pasteurella hemolytica from aerosols at differing temperature and humidity; Jericho KW et al.; A Pasteurella hemolytica suspension with fetal calf serum was aerosolized in a standard system with ambient temperature of 30 or 2 degrees C and relative humidity conditions of 90 or 60% . The number of organisms sprayed in five minutes and the number recovered from one third of the aerosol during these five minutes was determined . Recoveries were influenced by temperature difference between aerosol and collecting fluid . Recoveries ranged between 0.059--0.94%. Br J Dis Chest, 1977 Apr, 71(2), 123 - 6 Acute Pasteurella multocida pneumonia; Rose HD et al.; Acute pneumonia caused by Pasteurella multocida appeared in two elderly patients . One patient had chronic obstructive lung disease and the other developed aspiration pneumonia after an episode of cardiac arrest . Pasteurella multocida was not isolated from the initial sputum cultures . The delay in recognizing the pathogen resulted in extension of the pneumonia and abscess formation in the patient with obstructive lung disease . Pasteurella multocida was isolated from a percutaneous transtracheal aspirate in both patients and from the blood of one . They recovered after treatment with a penicillin administered in higher than usual dosage over a period of several weeks. Am J Vet Res, 1977 Apr, 38(4), 487 - 9 Immune response of medicated turkeys vaccinated with live Pasteurella multocida; Derieux WT; In 3 experiments, turkeys were vaccinated with the Clemson University strain of Pasteurella multocids (CU) via the drinking water for 1 or 3 days while they were fed 3 different rations . Ration 0X consisted of non-medicated turkey starter, ration 1X had 0.00625% sulfadimethoxine and 0.00375% ormetoprim added, and ration 2X had 0.0125% sulfadimethoxine and 0.0075% ormetoprim . Immune response was determined by challenge exposure with pathogenic P multocida, either serotype 3 or serotype 4, administered for 3 days via the drinking water . In experiment 1, the 1X concentration of medication reduced protective immunity by 30% . In experiment 3, the reduction was 37% for the 1X concentration and 45% for the 2X concentration . The increased concentration of medication was more efficacious in preventing infection in vaccinated and nonvaccinated turkeys. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1977 Apr 1, 102(7), 448 - 55 {Measures to be adopted in the prevention and treatment of atrophic rhinitis in piglets under field conditions (authors transl)}; Centraal Diergeneeskundig Instituut et al.; The following measures designed for the prevention of Atrophic rhinitis (AR) were compared . (1) Adopting the all in - all out system in separate farrowing quarters . The variation in age between piglets in a single farrowing house was confined to one to two weeks . (2) Treating the piglets with a combined preparation of penicillin, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline hydrochloride or sulphonamides on the third, sixth and twelfth days of life . (3) Administering immune sera to piglets . (4) Vaccinating sows and piglets with Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine and piggery--specific Pasteurella multocida vaccine . The various forms of treatment had a beneficial effect on the clinical picture in every case of Atrophic rhinitis . Moreover, the dosage of the antibiotic oxytetracycline hydrochloride as well as the titre of the immune serum were found to be factors in the prevention of AR . The pressure of infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica and/or Pasteurella multocida is a factor of major importance in the pathogenesis of clinically apparent AR in piglets under eight weeks . Maintaining infection at a low level is the main object in the control of AR . The more so as the knowledge available today does not make it possible to free piggeries from Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida. Am J Ophthalmol, 1977 Apr, 83(4), 540 - 2 Corneal ulcer caused by Pasteurella multocida; Purcell JJ Jr et al.; A 44-year-old woman with Graves' disease and exophthalmos developed a severe corneal ulcer caused by Pasteurella multocida after being bumped on her right eye by her pet dog . The organism was transferred from the patient to an abraded rabbit cornea and produced a similiar corneal ulcer and hypopyon. Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol, 1977 Apr-Jun, 22(2), 65 - 70 {Pathogenicity expressed by inhibition of the Pasteur effect}; Dragomirescu M et al.; The experiments carried out demonstrate that under the influence of tetanus exotoxin, Gram-negative bacteria endotoxins, staphylococcal infection and infestation with Tr . spiralis, inhibition of the Pasteur effect occurs . Recently published data show that the same manifestation of pathogenicity is induced by diphtheria alpha and delta exotoxin, staphylococcal toxin, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin, staphylococcal enterotoxin, streptolysin O, infections with Cl . perfringens, Pasteurella and Rickettsia and hepatitis viruses in man . These data confirm a previous hypothesis according to which inhibition of the Pasteur effect represents the expression and metabolic measure of pathogenicity and toxicity . The inhibitory effect was proportional to the amount of pathogenic agent or toxin, just as the respective anatoxin or toxin + endotoxin mixture does not influence the Pasteur effect . The metabolic criteria of the Pasteur effect, i.e . inhibition of hyperlactacidaemia and decrease of the organic P/inorganic P ratio, are thus the direct indices of pathogenicity and toxigenicity . This also accounts for deep alteration of the Pasteur effect in infections generating states of infectious and endotoxinic shock. J Clin Microbiol, 1977 Mar, 5(3), 332 - 5 Pasteurella pneumonia: report of a case and review of the literature; Starkebaum GA et al.; A case of pneumonia due to Pasturella ureae was encountered in a 57-year-old man who developed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and respiratory insufficiency while convalescing in the hospital from a hip fracture and multiple rib fractures . Cultures of his sputum grew an essentially pure growth of Pasturella ureae . This organism, a small gram-negative rod, could be differentiated from the other Pasteurella species by its ability to hydrolyze urea and failure to produce indole . The literature on Pasteurella infections is briefly reviewed, and the recent taxonomic revisions of the genus Pasteurella are discussed. Urology, 1977 Mar, 9(3), 294 - 5 Pasteurella multocida infection of urinary tract in patient with ileal loop; Baliah T et al.; Pasteurella multocida infection in the ileal loop and in the pelvis of a hydronephrotic kidney of a patient whose other kidney had been removed at age six months was documented by the repeated isolation of this patthogen . Two episodes occurred, the first terminated after a dose of gentamicin and the other without chemotherapy . Since the patient prior to infection was in severe renal failure necessitating hemodialysis, the effect of this infection on renal function could not be ascertained . The probable source was a cat present in the household. Am J Vet Res, 1977 Mar, 38(3), 337 - 40 Comparative clinical pharmacology of amikacin and kanamycin in dairy calves; Ziv G; The in vitro susceptibility of Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp, Pasteurella multocida, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from young calves and their environment to kanamycin and its semisynthetic derivative--amikacin, was compared by the tube dilution method . The minimal inhibitory concentration of amikacin was two- to fourfold lower than the minimal inhibitory concentration of kanamycin for the Salmonella group B, Ps aeruginosa and P multocida strains examined, whereas the E coli and Salmonella group D strains were eqaully susceptible to the 2 antibiotics . The concentrations of amikacin and kanamycin in the serum of calves after single intramuscular injections at 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg were determined, and differences between the 2 antibiotics were not observed . Intramuscular dosage schedules were calculated, based on the sensitivity of the different bacterial strains and the duration of effective serum drug concentrations. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1977 Feb 15, 102(4), 266 - 73 Treatment with oxytetracycline hydrochloride in the prevention of atrophic rhinitis in baby pigs; de Jong MF et al.; Atrophic rhinitis (AR) caused serious losses in a breeding herd including approximately 120 sows . The extent to which piglets were affected by AR was assessed by determining the degree of shortening of the upper jaw . Animals showing a crooked nose or grade two or more of shortening of the upper jaw were considered to be clinically positive . Grades three and four of the upper jaw were observed in those animals which were severely affected by Atrophic rhinitis . Treatment of all piglets up to about eight weeks of age by the antibiotic oxytetracycline hydrochloride directed against the bacteria Bordetella bronchisepica and Pasteurella multocida was successful in reducing the proportion of clinically affected piglets from 30 per cent to 0 per cent within eight weeks . There was found to be a positive relationship between the proportion of piglets infected with the two above bacteria at an age of about five weeks and the incidence of shortening of the upper jaw at an age of about eight weeks . The proportion of piglets with shortening of the upper jaw rose following a marked increase in the number of piglets in farrowing and flat-deck houses and as a result of the supply of inadequately medicated feed. Am J Vet Res, 1977 Feb, 38(2), 273 - 5 A pharmacokinetic analysis of tylosin in the normal dog; Weisel MK et al.; Studies were conducted to determine certain kinetic variables for tylosin in the normal dog . These variables were determined by pharmacokinetic analysis, measuring the decrease in serum concentration of tylosin activity in 3 separate experiments . Tylosin, given as a single intravenous dose of 10 mg of tylosin activity/kg of body weight, was calculated to have an elimination half life (t1/2beta) of 54 minutes and was no longer detectable in the serum by assay methods at about 270 minutes . In addition, tylosin appeared to be highly distributed with an apparent volume of distribution of about 1.7 L/kg and a tissue-to-plasma ratio of about 0.7 . The body clearance of tylosin was calculated to be about 22 ml/kg minute . A separate multiple-dose intravenous experiment with the same dose per injection was conducted and showed similar results . Also, single intramuscular injection of 10 mg of tylosin activity/kg showed tylosin to peak after injection in the serum at 30 minutes, attaining a concentration of approximately 1.5 mug/ml . This concentration was maintained through 60 minutes and decreased slowly through 540 minutes . Data generated through 17 clinical cases indicated that the minimum inhibitory concentration for tylosin in Pasteurella spp tested was about 6.25 mcs/ml and for hemolytic Staphylococcus spp tested greater than or equal to 0.4 mug/ml . Thus, it would appear that tylosin, given at the recommended dose (6.6 to 11.0 mg tylosin activity/kg of body weight once or twice per day), would produce serum levels insufficient to treat all Pasteurella spp and some hemolytic Staphylococcus spp tested since a serum level of tylosin at slightly higher than 1 mug/ml for about 30 minutes was achieved in this study. Can J Microbiol, 1977 Feb, 23(2), 197 - 201 Characterization of an immunogenic fraction of Pasteurella multocida culture filtrates; Krivastava KK et al.; An immunogenic fraction (IF) of Pasteurella multocida strain P-1059 was separated from culture filtrate by Sephadex gel filtration . Additional fractionation of IF with aqueous ether resulted in the glycoprotein-like preparation (GLP) while extraction with aqueous phenol provided the lipopolysaccharide-like preparation (LPP) . The unextracted IF contained carbohydrate, protein, and lipid; the GLP contained carbohydrate and protein; and the LPP contained carbohydrate and lipid . The GLP was maximally protective for mice against homologous challenge, and was medially toxic in rabbit skin when compared to the other culture-filtrate preparations; the LPP was maximally toxic in rabbit skin, and was least protective for mice; and the unextracted IF was medially protective for mice, and was least toxic in rabbit skin. JAMA, 1977 Jan 10, 237(2), 146 - 7 Unusual infections caused by Pasteurella multocida; Johnson RH et al.; Three cases of infection with Pasteurella multocida included acute epiglottitis, septic arthritis, and pleuropulmonary infection . Human infections with this microorganism are commonly related either to animal contact (eg, wound infections) or to the presence of underlying chronic respiratory tract disease . Although septic arthritis and pleuropulmonary infections have previously been attributed to this pathogen, to our knowledge, this is the first reported case of acute epiglottitis caused by P . multocida. Scand J Infect Dis, 1977, 9(3), 247 - 8 Endocarditis caused by Pasteurella multocida; Lehmann V et al.; A 51-year-old previously healthy man developed endocarditis with low grade fever, aortic insufficiently and multiple arterial emboli . An atypical strain of Pasteurella multocida was isolated from each of 3 consecutive blood cultures . Protracted treatment with high doses of penicillin G was necessary to eradicate the infection . Following resection of the damaged aortic valves and implantation of a valve prosthesis, the patient recovered . P . multocida should be regarded as one of the possible causes of subacute bacterial endocarditis. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1977, 31(2), 289 - 98 {Bordetella-bronchiseptica pneumonia in the swine}; Janetschke P et al.; Bordetella have been frequently detectable from lesioned lung material of swine as well as from the upper respiratory tracts of clinically intact animals . Pneumonia, different in extent, was produced in primarily specific pathogen free pigs by intratracheal and intranasal application of eight Bordetella isolates . Moderate to medium manifestations of focal pneumonia with scattered speckles developed, with severity depending on dosage and mode of infection . Histologically, they were characterised by vascular lesions and fibroblastic proliferation . This type of pneumonia thus was differentiated by the above characteristics from pneumonia caused by heamophils and Pasteurellae . Under conditions of natural exposure, Bordetella pneumonia can be expected to develop primarily due to defective host-patasite relationship . Bordetellae, in this context, are considered only conditionally pathogenic . Bordetellal infection will have to be taken into consideration in differential diagnosis whenever checks are made on pigs in industrialised units. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1977, 31(2), 265 - 76 {Influence of Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella-multocida endotoxin on the blood-coagulation-analytic parameter after experimental administration in calves}; Schimmel D et al.; Experimental administration to calves of Pasteurella multocida or the application of an endotoxin preparation of the strain produced continuous decline of thrombocytes, disorders in thrombocytic functions, and the development of hypofibrinogenaemia . The changes recorded as well as the clinical symptoms and pathologico-anatomic findings are interpreted as endotoxin shock. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1977, 31(1), 145 - 59 {Problems in the use of radioactively marked bacteria in animal experiments . 1 . Labeling of Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella haemolytica and Salmonella dublin with eH, 14C, 32P, 59Fe, 99mTc, 125J1}; Flossmann KD et al.; Several methods are suggested by which to use the radionuclides 3H, 14C, 32P, 59Fe, 99mTc, and 125J for labelling or doublelabelling of Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella haemolytica, and Salmonella dublin, with particular reference being made to labelling ofr animal experiments . Suitable radioactive substrates for internal labelling in chemically defined or partially defined nutritive media include 3H-thymin, 3H-thymidine, 14C-glucose, 14C-mannose, 14C-aspartic acid, as well as 3H-uracil, 3H-uridine, 3H-orotic acid, 14C-orotic acid, 59Fe-III-citrate or chloride, and Na2H32PO4 . The choise of the nuclide and substrate should by governed by the problem at hand. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1977, 31(1), 139 - 44 {Characterization of the lipopolysaccharides of various Pasteurella multocida strains}; Erler W et al.; The occurrence of monosacharides, glucosamine, galactosamine, L-glycero-D-mannoheptose, D-glycero-D-mannoheptose, glucose, and galactose in the lipopolysaccharides of Pasteurella multocida is likely to support subdivision into four chemical types which, however, are not equivalent with serotypes. Avian Dis, 1977 Jan-Mar, 21(1), 50 - 6 Fowl cholera: induction of cross-protection in turkeys with bacterins prepared from host-passaged Pasteurella multocida; Rebers PA et al.; Modified fowl cholera bacterins prepared by inoculating agar medium with infected liver tissue from birds which died of acute fowl cholera induced 70% cross-protection in turkeys, i.e., protection against a different immunologic type of Pasteurella multocida . Standard bacterins prepared from cultures which had been lyophilized and stored showed variable cross-protection (0--40%) . Repeated subculturing of the standard inoculum on agar reduced cross-protection . The protection with either the modified or standard bacterins was comparable (80--100%) when immunity was challenged with the homologous strain . With lyophilization of P . multocida and subculturing on agar, it appears that antigens capable of inducing cross-immunity may be lost more readily than antigens capable of inducing homologous immunity. Res Vet Sci, 1977 Jan, 22(1), 130 - 1 Serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica in ovine pasteurellosis; Thompson DA et al.; The serotypes of 406 strains of Pasteurella haemolytica were determined . These came from cases of pasteurellosis in sheep of all ages . Serotype A2 was the most frequent and comprised 33 per cent of all strains recovered . Serotypes T3, T4 and T10 comprised 16, 14 and 12 per cent of the total respectively . Serotypes A1 and A6 contributed 5 per cent each, A7, 18, A9, A11 and A12 a total of 8 per cent collectively, serotype A5 was not isolated at all while 6 per cent of strains were serologically untypable . More strains were received during September, October and November than at any other three-month period and in these months the T biotype predominated. J Wildl Dis, 1977 Jan, 13(1), 69 - 73 Isolation of a hemolytic Actinobacillus from waterfowl; Hacking MA et al.; A previously undescribed species of hemolytic Actinobacillus was isolated from six waterfowl, three with periocular serous exudation and two with airsacculitis and bronchopneumonia . Cultural and biochemical characteristics were compared with those of Actinobacillus and Pasteurella spp, using a numerical technique. Am J Vet Res, 1977 Jan, 38(1), 129 - 30 Use of bacteriophages as an adjunct in the identification of Pasteurella multocida; Gadberry JL; Bacteriophages were used as an adjunct to biochemical reactions in the identification of Pasteurella multocida . With the use of bacteriophages, rapid definitive identification of 52.4% of 61 P multocida isolates was made. Infect Immun, 1977 Jan, 15(1), 1 - 6 Immunogenic activity of a ribosomal fraction obtained from Pasteurella multocida; Baba T; The cells of P . multocida strain P-1059 were destroyed with the French pressure cell; the ribosomal fraction proven to be homogeneous by analytical ultracentrifugation was obtained from the product by centrifugal fractionation, zonal electrophoresis, and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration . The ribosomal fraction exhibited intense protective antigenicity in mice and chickens, but the lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) and the other bacterial cell fraction obtained in this experiment did not . Sodium deoxycholate treatment of the ribosomal fraction resulted in only a 13% loss in immunological activity, and ribonuclease treatment caused a 60% loss of activity. Cornell Vet, 1977 Jan, 67(1), 103 - 38 Mechanisms of acquired resistance to Pasteurella multocida infection: a review; Collins FM; Pasteurella multocida is an animal parasite of considerable economic and veterinary importance . The organism produces both capsular polysaccharide and somatic (lipopolysaccharide) antigens used to serotype the organisms . Correlations exist between antigenic structure, host susceptibility and strain virulence . The host response seems to be predominantly polymorphonuclear in nature, with little evidence of a mononuclear component in the host response to infection . In the absence of specific opsonins, phagocytosis rates are very slow, the organisms multiplying freely in an essentially extracellular environment . Passive transfer studies indicate that acquired resistance is humorally modiated, presumably by promoting phagocytosis withing the peritoneal cavity . There is, however, no sign of early increased local bactericidal action within the peritoneal cavity; protection seems rather to be due to an inhibition of the rapid spread by the organisms to the bloodstream and other reticuloendothelial organs . Viable attenuated oral vaccines are effective for chicken and turkey poults, both experimentally and under field conditions . The nature of the protective immunoglobulins and their mode of action against an orally induced infection has not been widely examined as yet . Effective protection can be achieved in birds, cattle and experimental animals with a variety of killed vaccines (especially when presented in a suitable adjuvant) . The lack of quantitative growth data in suitably vaccinated animals and the absence of definitive studies of the bactericidal mechanisms involved in the expression of this acquired resistance continue to limit our present understanding of defense against this important animal disease. Can J Comp Med, 1977 Jan, 41(1), 77 - 83 Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis: experimental induction in vaccinated and nonvaccinated calves; Friend SC et al.; A study was undertaken to investigate the effects of the immune response induced by combined aerosol and parenteral vaccination on the lung lesions induced in calves by Pasteurella haemolytica AI . Twenty-four calves, twelve of which had been vaccinated with killed P . haemolytica by aerosol and subcutaneous injection in Freund's complete and incomplete adjuvant were challenged by intratracheal inoculation of live P . haemolytica . Serological response to vaccination was not marked but was best measured by the whole cell agglutination test or by indirect bacterial agglutination rather than by the passive haemagglutination test . Titres of vaccinates were positively correlated with the degree of pneumonic change following challenge while in nonvaccinated controls, titres were negatively correlated with lung lesions . These findings suggest the occurrence of an immunologically mediated hypersensitivity pneumonitis in the lungs of vaccinates and point to the potential efficacy of live bacterial aerosols for stimulation of protective immunity in pneumonic pasteurellosis. Vet Med Nauki, 1977, 14(9), 33 - 6 {Electron microscopic studies of Pasteurella multocida bacteriophages}; Karaivanov L et al.; Studied was the morphology of four Pasteurella multocida phages, Nos . 115, 32, 967, and 1075, with the use of an electron microscope . The bacterial phages had hexagonal heads of a 55 x 55 nm diameter, and were of an isometric polygonal form themselves . The tail of the phages was 120 nm long and was non-contractile . By these characters the P . multocida phages are to be referred to the morphologic group of phages of noncontractile tails--group B after Bradley and group IV after Tihonenko. Poult Sci, 1977 Jan, 56(1), 273 - 6 The response of turkeys to varying doses of live oral Pasteurella multocida vaccine; Coates SR et al.; Groups of 30 turkeys were vaccinated by the drinking water route against fowl cholera with varying doses of the low virulence, CU strain, of Pasteurella mulocida . One group (heavy dose) received 1.2 x 107, another (medium dose) 1.5 x 105, and a third (light dose) 1.0 x 103 bacteria per ml . of drinking water . Two (6.7%) vaccine induced cholera deaths occurred in the heavy dose group . No deaths resulted in the other groups . Maximum serum antibody titers per group were; light dose 1:32, medium dose 1:128, and heavy dose 1:256 . Three weeks after vaccination all turkeys were challenged with a large dose of virulent P . multocida (P-1059) . Mortalities resulting from the challenge were 100% in the light group, 23% in the medium group, 4% in the heavy group, and 100% in the unvaccinated controls. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1977, 31(5), 789 - 95 {Problems in the use of radioactively labelled bacteria in experiments . 2 . Quantitative method for the evaluation of pathogens in the calf lung by means of labelled bacteria after aerosol or intratracheal administration}; Flossmann KD et al.; By means of two aerosol apparatures radioactive labelled Pasteurella-multocida-germs were given to calves via a respiratory mask . Labelling of Pasteurellae was done internal by using special nutritive media with Fe-59 or P-32 . In a period of 10-25 minutes 5 X 10(9)-10(10) labelled bacteria were given to the animals for inhalation . Another animal group was injected intratrachealy with the same quantity of labelled germs . Immediately after termination of germ application the animals were killed and dissected . After solution or homogenization, respectively of the total lung tissue radioactivity was determined by liquid-scintillation-counting (Fe-59) or Cerenkov-measurement (P-32), respectively . The activities recovered from lung homogenates rendered is possible to calculate the received amount of bacteria . 40-80% of germs would be recovered in the lung after application by intratracheal injection while only 1-7% could be recovered after individual aerosol application lasting for 15-25 minutes. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1977, 31(4), 609 - 19 {Experimental Pasteurella multocida infection of swine . A contribution to the etiology of enzootic porcine pneumonia}; Kielstein P et al.; Pasteurella can be isolated from about 50 per cent of pneumonically changed pig lungs . Isolation, however, is possible also from intact lungs of conventional or secondary SPF animals . The authors of this paper used the positive hyaluronidase test and identified exclusively Pasteurella multocida, with predominance of capsular type A . Most of the Pasteurella strains tested in this context caused pneumonia in SPF animals, particularly, following intratracheal application . No correlations were found to exist with murine virulence, the serological type or the origin of the strains from affected or intact lungs . Apart from virulence differences between the strains, host reactivity was found to depend primarily on high germ counts and, under natural conditions, on environmental stresses . Pasteurella multocida, hence, can be considered as one of the potential pathogens of porcine pneumonia . Pneumonia foci with transduced localised fibrinous pleuritis are characteristic and constitute a process of purulent inflammation with early involvement of fibrin. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1977, 22(2), 117 - 27 Cyclic kinetics and mathematical expression of the primary immune response to soluble antigen . VII . The conveyer hypothesis and its mathematical expression; Levi MI et al.; The conveyer hypothesis is based on the fact that because of clone predetermination, antibody production takes place in an organism without the presence of antigen as a result of natural cell differentiation . Soluble antigen is an analogue of a specific mitogen which gives rise to reproduction mainly of cells carrying on their surface the immunoglobulin receptors to the given antigen . The mathematical model of the conveyer hypothesis takes into account the initial conditions, among them the background level of antibody-producing cells before injection of a soluble antigen, migration of precursor cells in the draining lymphoid organ, and the rate of precursor differentiation, including the rate of the change of the immunoglobulin receptor number on the cell surface . Changes of antigen concentration in blood determine the intensity of precursor proliferation . Comparison of real experiments (intraperitoneal injections of capsular antigen of Pasteurella pestis into inbred mice) with calculations done on the basis of the developed mathematical model shows a definite qualitative resemblance with the kinetics of antibody-producing cells and free antibodies as well as with the decrease of free antigen concentration in blood . In spite of some differences between model experiments and real experiments the conveyer hypothesis and its mathematical model appear suitable for describing the primary immune response of mice immunized with low doses of capsular antigen of Pasteurella pestis. Lab Anim, 1977 Jan, 11(1), 47 - 8 The use of a simple barrier system to exclude murine pathogens; Cooper JE et al.; A simple barrier system was used successfully to exclude Mycoplasma pulmonis and Sendai virus from a conventional mouse room . 49 weeks after introduction of the barrier system of management Pasteurella pneumotropica was first isolated from animals in the room. Vet Med Nauki, 1977, 14(1), 3 - 7 {Pasteurella multocida bacteriophage adsorption}; Karaivanov L; Studied was the adsorption of 8 strains of Pasteurella multocida bacteriophages presenting three groups of phages isolated in Bulgaria . With the bacteriophages of groups I and II the adsorption in broth in the first 10 minutes amounted to 50-65%, and at the 80 the minute reached its maximum value--98-99% . With the bacteriophages of group III adsorption started with a lower percent and by the 140th minute reached 96-97% . It was by 60 min slower as compared with the adsorption with group I and II phages . In a veronal-medinal buffer the adsorption of all investigated phages of the three groups set in with a prolonged time of 60 min as compared with the time elapsed using broth . At the cross testing of adsorption the phages of group I were adsorbed by the hosts of the other two groups to a maximum level, however, the phages of groups II and III were adsorbed to a negligible extent on the other hosts (except for the adsorption on their homologous one) . The difference established in the adsorption for a 60 minutes time so far as the phages of group III were concerned was sufficiently persuasive to consider this group as an individual one by this feature too . Adsorption appeared as a subsidiary taxonomic characteristic in the classification of Pasteurella multocida bacteriophages. Lab Anim Sci, 1976 Dec, 26(6 Pt 2), 1073 - 8 Microbial agents of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus); Daniel MD et al.; A survey of the microbial flora in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) has led to the isolation of numerous bacterial, fungal, and viral agents . Some of the bacterial and fungal agents, particularly Dermatophilus, Pasteurella, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Candida are known pathogens . Viruses belonging to the herpesvirus, adenovirus, paramyxovirus, and papovavirus groups have been isolated from the owl monkey . Most of these viruses were recovered as latent agents from kidney cell cultures . Thus far, they have not been associated with clinical illness or specific lesions in the owl monkey and their infectivity for other animal hosts and for man is unknown. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1976 Nov, 236(2-3), 294 - 307 Actinobacilli in domestic fowl; Mraz O et al.; Reports on haemolytic rods from salpingitis in hens and from organs of died chicks may be found since the year 1950 (Kjos-Hanssen) . Correct systematic classification on these microorganisms is still lacked because not all relations to the nearest pasteurellae were known as well as the clear differences in the Pasteurella-Actinobacillus group . The authors have isolated 34 suspected strains from 14 localities; 25 strains were from salpingitis or internal organs of died fowl inclusively chicks, and 9 strains from choanas of pullets clinically healthy . Bacteriological, serological, chemical and biological tests gave the results as follows: 1) All strains exhibit fundamental properties of Pasteurella-Actinobacillus group, and moreover, they show ability to grow on MacConkey agar with crystal violet (BioQuest) being a significant feature of the genus Actinobaccillus (Mraz, 1975) . 2) From the nearest species Actinobacillus haemolyticus (Newsom and Cross, 1932) Mraz, 1969, they differ with expressive haemolysis on agar with sheep blood, single haemolytic zone on agar with lamb blood according to Smith (1962), structure of somatic antigen, with natural hosts (gallinaceous birds) and pathogenicity for 5-day-old chicks . The GC content in DNA was determined in the range 39,6-42,9% (mean value 41,5%) . 3) The first who presumed an independent state of these microorganisms, was Kohlert (1968), from the work of which the epithet for correct name, i.e . Actinobacillus salpingitidis (Kohlert, 1968) comb . nov., was accepted. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1976 Oct 1, 169(7), 710 - 2 Multiple drug resistance in Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica from cattle and swine; Chang WH et al.; The results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing on 262 strains of Pasteurella multocida and 141 strains of Pasteurella haemolytica isolated from cattle and swine from 1971 to 1974 were analyzed for patterns of resistance to streptomycin, penicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol, using a modified Kirby-Bauer procedure . Resistance was recorded for 80.5% of the isolants of P multocida and 92.2% of those of P haemolytica . Resistance to streptomycin was most frequent, followed by resistance to penicillin and tetracycline . Most cultures of P multocida and P haemolytica were susceptible to chloramphenicol . There were 9 patterns of resistance with the aforementioned antibiotics . The combinations, streptomycin and penicillin and streptomycin and tetracycline, each accounted for approximately 10% of the resistance patterns of P multocida . Approximately half of the 14 isolants of P haemolytica were resistant to the combination of streptomycin, penicillin, and tetracycline . These observations underscore the need for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinical isolants of P multocida and P haemolytica. Can J Comp Med, 1976 Oct, 40(4), 346 - 9 The effect of route of immunization on the lapine immune response to killed Pasteurella haemolytica and the influence of aerosol challenge with the live organism; Wilkie BN et al.; Appearance of anti-Pasteurella haemolytica antibody in the serum and broncho-alveolar washings of rabbits is independent of the route of immunization and is similar in both locations . The most influential factor in development of a humoral response is exposure to live P . haemolytica and prior exposure to the killed bacterium has no significant effect upon titre determined following aerosol challenge with live organisms. Health Lab Sci, 1976 Oct, 13(4), 246 - 9 In vitro antibiotic sensitivity of Pasteurella multocida; Rosenthal SL et al.; Thirty Pasteurella multocida strains were tested against 19 antibiotics using an agar dilution method . Penicillin G was the single most active agent tested . Anti-staphylococcal penicillins were markedly less inhibitory than penicillin G . Other penicillins including phenoxymethyl penicillin, and tetracyclines, chloramphenicol and cephalosporins all inhibited the organisms in low concentrations . Erythromycin and lincomycins had poor activity against several of the strains . The range of M.I.C.s observed for most antibiotics was narrow but wide variation was seen in zone size when antibiotic disk tests were performed. Infect Immun, 1976 Oct, 14(4), 990 - 9 Immunogenic and toxic properties of a purified lipopolysaccharide-protein complex from Pasteurella multocida; Ganfield DJ et al.; An immunogenic fraction from Pasteurella multocida was found to consist chiefly of a high-molecular-weight protein-polysaccharide complex containing 25 to 27% protein and 10.7% carbohydrate . The starting material was obtained by differential centrifugation at 105,000 X g of saline extract of P . multocida cells and further purified by gel filtration on Sepharose 2B . Three peaks were usually obtained after gel filtraion.pharose 2B . Three peaks were usually obtained after gel filtration . The component in the first peak amounted to about 10% of the starting material and eluted in the void volume . It was predominately carbohydrate, although some protein was present . Two inoculations of 10 to 20 mug of the first component induced up to 80% protection in mice against a challenge inoculation with P . multocida that killed 100% of the controls . The second, or major, component amounted to about 75 to 95% of the starting material . This fraction contained 25 to 27% protein and 10.7% carbohydrate . Small amounts, 10 to 20 mug, induced active immunity in mice and turkeys, but large amounts could be lethal; the mean lethal dose was 195 mug for mice and 5.7 mug for 10-day-old chicken embryos . The components in the third peak were primarily proteins that gave reactions of nonidentity with the antigens of peak II in gel diffusion . The components present in the third fraction were definitely less effective in the induction of protective immunity than those present in the first or second . Analyses of the protective antigen(s) by the isoelectric focusing procedure in a pH 3 to 10 gradient showed that all of the precipitinogenic activity was found in the range of pH 3 to 4, with a peak at pH 3.7. Can J Comp Med, 1976 Oct, 40(4), 385 - 91 The pulmonary clearance of Pasteurella hemolytica in calves infected with bovine parainfluenza-3 virus; Lopez A et al.; The purpose of this study was to determine if parainfluenza-3 virus in calves interfered with normal pulmonary bacterial clearance . Three groups (A, B and C) of four calves each were exposed to an aerosol of parainfluenza-3 virus . Three days later the four hour pulmonary clearance of Pasteurella hemolytica was determined on the first group (A), seven days later on the second (B) and 11 days later on the third (C) . Group A had a mean pulmonary bacterial retention of 3.6 +/- 3.5% . Group B was 83.1 +/- 35.9% and Group C was 41.2 +/- 30.9% . The results demonstrate that parainfluenza-3 virus interfered with the pulmonary bacterial clearance of Pasteurella hemolytica particularly on day 7 and also on day 11 but not on day 3 . This inhibition of pulmonary clearance caused by the virus may be a key factor in the pathogenesis of pneumonic pasteurellosis . Histological examination of the lungs did not demonstrate a correlation between pulmonary retention of bacteria and the development of pathological changes. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1976 Sep 1, 169(5), 500 - 6 Shipping fever pneumonia in yearling feedlot cattle; Jensen R et al.; During each week of 1974, we surveyed, for illnesses and deaths, a continually changing population of yearling feedlot cattle that, for the year, totaled 407,000 animals . About 5.1% of the cattle sickened and, of these, 18.9% died . From the 3,943 fatalities, 1,988 necropsies were made . About 75% of the clinical diagnoses and 64% of the necropsy diagnoses were respiratory tract diseases; of the fatalities from respiratory tract diseases, 75% were attributed to shipping fever pneumonia . Nearly 72% of fatal cases of shipping fever pneumonia occurred during the first 45 days on feed . In the lungs of most cattle with shipping fever pneumonia, bronchiolitis, fibrinous exudate, colonies of microorganisms, lymphatic clots, intravascular clots, thromboses, and foci of necrosis were found . Pasteurella spp, Mycoplasma spp, and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus were isolated from pneumonic tissues . It was hypothesized that pathogenic Pasteurella spp and other microorganisms in nasal secretions transfer from the nasopharynx into the lungs by draining along the tracheal floor into ventral bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli, and that pasteurella endotoxin, formed in infected lobules, thromboses and occludes lymphatics, capillaries, and veins and thereby causes ischemic necrosis. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1976 Aug 1, 101(15), 855 - 8 {A case of fowl cholera (Pasteurella multocida) in six-week-old broilers (author's transl)}; Kouwenhoven B et al.; An outbreak of fowl cholera in a broiler-house with 6,000 six-week-old broilers is reported . The birds were affected with respiratory disease when they were four weeks old . Eight days after recovery, at an age of six weeks, 50 per cent of the birds were severly ill . The birds were reluctant to move and unable to drink . Four hundred birds died in one day . Post-mortem examination revealed marked swelling of the kidney and arthritis of all the hocks and knee joints in all fifteen birds studied . Pure cultures of Pasteurella multocida were isolated from all joints, the heart, the liver and the kidney . Treatment with chloramphenicol resulted in recovery of the birds which were slaughtered under the supervision of the Veterinary Services of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries in the Netherlands . The disease was not observed in the two other broiler-houses on the same farm, which housed 11,000 and 12,500 broilers of the same age . The findings are discussed. Z Gesamte Inn Med, 1976 Jul 15, 31(14), 552 - 3 {Post-traumatic meningitis due to Pasteurella multocida}; Schreckenbach G et al.; The clinical data of a 14-year old female patient with posttraumatic meningitis by Pasteurella multocida are reported . The behaviour of the isolated strain is recorded in cultural and biochemical aspect as well as in animal experiment . The importance of the infection with Pasteurella multocida is lined out and the possible origin of the disease in the reported case is discussed . Finally some problems of special bacteriological diagnosis are explained and hints are given in this respect. Avian Dis, 1976 Jul-Sep, 20(3), 552 - 5 Effect of furazolidone in feed on immune response of turkeys vaccinated with live Pasteurella multocida in drinking water; Derieux WT; In 2 trials, turkey poults were fed diets containing 0.011% furazolidone: in one trial until 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days before vaccination with live Pasteurella multocida (CU) in the drinking water; and in a second trial with the furazolidone added to the diet 4 days before the vaccination or 1, 3 or 5 days after . This 0.011% level of medication did not appear to reduce the immune response. Lab Anim Sci, 1976 Jun, 26(3), 482 - 5 Isolation of an atypical Pasteurella-like organism from guinea pig abscesses; Stewart DD et al.; Four of a group of 33 (12%) guinea pigs were found to have subdermal abscesses . Bacteriologic culture produced an aerogenic Pasteurella-like organism . There is some indication that the Gram-negative rod may be a yet unclassified pathogen with a predilection for guinea pigs. Am J Vet Res, 1976 Jun, 37(6), 745 - 7 Physiologic characteristics of 1,268 cultures of Pasteurella multocida; Heddleston KL; Results of 29 physiologic tests are reported for 1,268 cultures of Pasteurella multocida from various hosts over a 10-year period . Of the cultures, 97 to 100% fermented galactose, glucose, mannitol, mannose, fructose, and sucrose, produced hydrogen sulfide and indole, and reduced nitrate; 6 to 91% fermented arabinose, glycerol, sorbitol, trehalose and xylose . Fermentation of dextrin, dulcitol, inositol, inulin, lactose, maltose, raffinose, rhamnose, and salicin, growth on MacConkey agar, change of litmus milk, production of urease and hemolysin, liquefaction of gelatin and motility were negative with 97 to 100% of the cultures . Of 200 cultures tested for catalase and oxidase, all were positive . Results of this study indicate that none of these tests will determine the host from which the culture was isolated. Trop Anim Health Prod, 1976 May, 8(2), 85 - 9 Caprine pneumonia in Nigeria . I . Epidemiology and bacterial flora of normal and diseased respiratory tracts; Ojo MO; The prevalence of caprine pneumonia in Nigeria is high during the rainy and "harmattan" seasons . In this investigation the important bacteria isolated both from normal and diseased respiratory tracts of goats were pasteurellae and mycoplasmata. Res Vet Sci, 1976 May, 20(3), 249 - 53 Protection of cattle against experimental haemorrhagic septicaemia by the capsular antigens of Pasteurella multocida, types B and E; Nagy LK et al.; Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant vaccines containing endotoxin-free capsular antigens of Pasteurella multocida, types B and E, were administered to cattle . Dose dependent serological responses were observed which were similar for both antigens . The immunised cattle were subjected to intravenous challenge by a virulent type E strain . All animals which received the highest vaccine dose survived and all unimmunised control animals died and a vaccine dose-response relationship was obtained . The results of passive mouse protection and indirect haemagglutination tests (type E) on the sera of immunised cattle corresponded with the degree of protection against challenge of the cattle. Avian Dis, 1976 Apr-Jun, 20(2), 332 - 41 Studies on Pasteurella multocida . III . In vitro assay for cell-mediated immunity; Maheswaran SK et al.; Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from turkeys immunized against fowl cholera with a bacterin or a live avirulent vaccine (strain CS-148) were cultured in vitro with various antigenic preparations from Pasteurella multocida (strain P-1059) . The degree of lymphocyte stimulation (blastogenesis) was quantitated by measurement of the uptake of (3H) thymidine . Higher stimulation indices were obtained with immune lymphocytes rather than nonimmune lymphocytes . Stimulation was specific since PBL from turkeys immunized against P . multocida failed to react with Escherichia coli or Mycoplasma synoviae antigens . These differences were statistically significant as analyzed with the student's t-test . The lymphocyte transformation assay was emphasized as a convenient and useful in vitro indicator of cell-mediated immunity that should help define the role of cell-mediated immunity in P . multocida infections of turkeys. J Pharm Sci, 1976 Mar, 65(3), 433 - 4 Homogeneity of Pasteurella avicida bacterin; Kirschbaum J et al.; A simple rapid procedure is described for determining whether an emulsified bacterin is homogenous by measuring the UV absorbances of chloroform-washed centrifugates . These absorbances appear to depend on nucleic acid content. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1976 Mar, 151(3), 571 - 4 The bacterial flora of the female rat genital tract; Larsen B et al.; A study of the genital microflora in virgin female rats of reproductive age has demonstrated that alpha and nonhemolytic streptococci, Pasteurella pneumotropica, diphtheroid bacilli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Proteus mirabilis are the predominant genital organisms . The pH of the rat vagina was demonstrated to be near neutrality . It is suggested that the higher pH in the rat vagina as compared to the human vagina may account for some of the differences between human and rat genital microflora. Gastroenterology, 1976 Mar, 70(3), 413 - 5 Pasteurella multocida peritonitis in hepatic cirrhosis with ascites; Gerding DN et al.; Two patients with spontaneous Pasteurella multocida peritonitis in association with cirrhosis and ascites are described . Both patients had close contact with domestic animals, but neither had been bitten . Both patients died, but only one as a result of his infection . We are aware of only one previous report of cirrhosis with spontaneous peritonitis caused by this organism . P . multocida should be considered as a possible cause of peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with a history of close contact with animals, particularly cats. Infect Immun, 1976 Mar, 13(3), 949 - 58 Immune mechanism in Pasteurella multocida-infected mice; Woolcock JB et al.; Various immunizing procedures were tested for their effect on the growth of Pasteurella multocida in specific pathogen-free CD-1 mice . Two injections with killed vaccine incorporated into Freund complete adjuvant gave excellent protection against parenteral challenge, but less to control the growth of an aerogenic inoculum . Protection with adjuvant-treated preparation was always superior to that seen with non-adjuvant-treated vaccines . A killed saline-suspended vaccine introduced aerogenically marginally increased resistance to small (2 to 5 mean lethal doses) aerogenic challenges . Live mycobacterium bovis (BCG) vaccine immunopotentiated a single dose of heat-killed P . multocida vaccine in terms of the protective immune response against a subsequent footpad challenge . Hyperimmune mouse serum, administered intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, or intravenously 1 to 7 days prior to subcutaneous challenge with 500 to 5,000 P . multocida, was highly protective . Mice injected in the thigh with 0.2 ml of hyperimmune serum prior to footpad challenge frequently developed a severe inflammatory response with local swelling within 48 h; these lesions often became severly abscessed with time . The passively pr