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Am J Med Sci, 1975 Jul-Aug, 270(1), 141 - 9 Observations on the core particle of hepatitis B virus and the DNA polymerase associated with hepatitis B antigen; Hirschman SZ et al.; Several methods are presented for the purification of core particles of hepatitis B virus (HBV) from nuclei of infected human hepatocytes . No endogenous DNA polymerase activity was found in any of the preparations of core particles even when circular double and single stranded DNAs were used as exogenous templates . The DNA polymerase activity associated with serum HB Ag was not stimulated by circular DNAs . Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at concentrations of greater than or equal to 0.1% inhibited the DNA polymerase activity of serum HB Ag . Exogenous templates such as native and activated calf thymus and Micrococcus lysodeikticus DNAs did not stimulate the DNA polymerase of serum HB Ag even in the presence of low concentrations of SDS . It is suggested that the DNA polymerase associated the HB Ag is specific for its own DNA as template. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Jul, 232(2-3), 221 - 6 {Bacteriophages from micrococci (author's transl)}; Peters G et al.; Using 14 indicator strains we investigated the possibilities of isolation of bacteriophages from micrococci (two strains of M . luteus, three strains of M . varians and one strain of M . roseus) . Three phages were released after mitomycin C-induction, four phages after UV-rays-induction . These seven strains seem to be the first known bacteriophages, which were released from naturally lysogenic micrococci . Induction experiments with beta-propiolacton and dimethylsulfate as well as tests of spontaneous lysogeny produced only negative results. Vopr Med Khim, 1975 Jul-Aug, 21(4), 396 - 400 {Effect of Polyakov's "prints" on the catalytic properties of an enzyme substrate system}; Grebenschikova OG et al.; Silicagels, formed in presence of an enzyme (histidine decarboxylase from Micrococcus sp . n.), substrate (L-histidine-HCl-H2O) and inhibitor (imidazole) (so-called Polyakov's "print") exhibited specific catalytic properties in the reaction of L-histidine decarboxylation . The "prints" of the enzyme, inhibitor and substrate increased the activity of the enzyme-substrate system studied . The increased activity was probably due to the specific adsorption of imidazole ring of the substrate molecule by the "print". Z Immunitatsforsch Exp Klin Immunol, 1975 Jul, 149(2-4), 187 - 92 Rheumatoid factor appearance in Micrococcus lysodeikticus immunization and its interference with allotype specific reactions; Hamers R et al.; Rabbits hyperimmunized with Micrococcus lysodeikticus produce, in addition to anti-cell wall antibodies, considerable amounts of anti-immunoglobulins or rheumatoid factors which can interfere with immune reactions . In particular, in immunodiffusion, they can reveal non precipitating systems for which the immunodiffusion typing sera are usually not tested . In our hands, rabbit allotypes d12 and A8 give rise to visible immunodiffusion reactions in presence of rheumatoid factors . Inhibition of this reaction can be used to type for these markers in sera which do not contain the rheumatoid factors. Z Immunitatsforsch Exp Klin Immunol, 1975 Jul, 149(2-4), 193 - 200 Isolation and characterization of homogenous rabbit antibodies to Micrococcus lysodeikticus with specificity to the peptidoglycan and to the glucose-N-acetylaminomannuronic acid polymer; Wikler M; The antibody response of rabbits to Micrococcus lysodeikticus is characterized by the production of a high concentration of antibodies which manifest markedly reduced heterogenicity . The specificity of these antibodies was studied and it revealed that M . lysodeikticus contains 2 major antigens: both the glucose-N-acetyl-aminomannuronic acid polymer obtained by formamide extraction of the cell walls and peptidoglycan solubilized by ultrasonic treatment gave precipitin reactions with hyperimmune antisera . By means of inhibition studies of the glucose-mannose polymer specificity, glucose appeared as the immunodominant sugar in the majority of antibodies studied . Inhibitions studies also confirmed that both the glycan and peptide moieties constitute antigenic determinants of M . lysodeikticus peptidoglycan . Antibodies to the glucose-mannose-polymer and the peptidoglycan were specifically fractionated by use of immunoadsorbents formed from lysozyme solubilized cell walls and activated Sepharose . Both antibody specificities showed a limited heterogeneity by isoelectric focusing . Finally, because antisera to M . lysodeikticus are a rich source of antibodies to peptidoglycan, emphasis is placed on the possible usefulness of this system for studies of clonal dominance. Biokhimiia, 1975 Jul-Aug, 40(4), 783 - 92 {Flourescent properties of histidine decarboxylase from Micrococcus sp . n}; Semina LA et al.; A dependency of fluorescence parameters of histidinedecarboxylase (HDC) from Micrococcuc sp . n . on pH values is studied . Native HDS has a short-waved maximum position (325 nm) and a small half-width of the fluorescence spectrum (48nm) . The change in the quantum yield of the enzyme fluorescence was parallel with the change of the enzymatic activity . Triptophane residues of native HDC are located at hydrophobic region of the enzyme globula . The dependency of HDC flourescence parameters on pH values in 8 M urea was similar to that of free triptophane . A comparative study of fluorescences parameters of HDC and its inhibitory complexes with methyl ester of histidine (MEH), hydroxylamine and p-chloromercuriumbensoate is carried out . The effect of HDC interacting with inhibitors on fluorescence parameters of the enzyme is discussed . No differences were found in infra-red spectra of HDC and its inhibitory complex with MEH. J Biol Chem, 1975 Jun 25, 250(12), 4643 - 7 Properties of chromatin subunits from developing trout testis; Honda BM et al.; When a sample of trout testis nuclei is digested with micrococcal nuclease, the DNA is cleaved almost entirely to discrete fragments approximately 200 base pairs long and multiples thereof . The same DNA fragments can be obtained when isolated chromatin, as opposed to intact nuclei, is nuclease digested . These DNA fragments can also be found in discrete chromatin "subunits" isolated from nuclease-digested nuclei . Sedimentation through sucrose gradients or velocity sedimentation in an analytical ultracentrifuge separates these chromatin subunits into 11 S (monomer), 16 S (dimer), and 22 S (trimer) etc . species . Subunits can also be fractionated on a Sepharose 2B column equilibrated and run in low salt . High salt (greater than 40 mM NaCl) or divalent cations (congruent to 5 mM) cause subunit precipitation . Chromatin subunits have a protein to DNA ratio of approximately 1.2 and contain all the histones, including the trout-specific histone T . There are, however, no detectable nonhistone chromosomal proteins . Mg-2+ precipitates of the 11 S chromatin monomers, when pelleted, are thin and clear, while oligomer Mg-2+ pellets are thick and white . This could reflect a more symmetrical or ordered packing of 11 S monomers, which are deficient in histone I . This histone may cross-link the larger oligomers, resulting in a disordered Mg-2+ complex . These results are consistent with the subunit model of chromatin structure, based on 200 base pair long regions of DNA associated with histones . These subunits would be separated by nuclease-sensitive DNA spacer regions and cross-linked by histone I. J Biol Chem, 1975 Jun 25, 250(12), 4607 - 18 DNA sequence analysis . Terminal sequences of bacteriophage phi80; Bambara R et al.; Sequences of the cohesive ends and the 3'-terminal regions of phi80 DNA have been determined . Sequences of the cohesive ends were obtained through the use of two standard methods . The first method involved the incorporation of all four labeled deoxyribonucleotides into the phi80 cohesive ends using DNA polymerase I . The DNA was then partially digested with micrococcal nuclease or pancreatic DNase . The products were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and characterized by composition, 3'-terminal, and nearest neighbor analyses . The second method involved partial incorporation using one, two, or three labeled deoxyribonucleotides followed by similar analyses . Sequences of the double-stranded regions adjacent to the cohesive ends were determined by three new methods . These methods were: (a) the DNA was specifically labeled at the 3' terminus and then partially degraded . Labeled oligonucleotide products were sequenced by their mobilities on various separation systems . (b) The cohesive ends were enlarged by limited degradation with exonuclease III . After this treatment, the DNA was partially repaired with labeled nucleotides, digested, and the products were analyzed . (c) A synthetic ologonucleotide primer was bound to phi80 DNA which had been repaired with DNA polymerase I, and then partially digested with lambda-exonuclease . The primer was extended into the region of interest by partial repair with labeled nucleotides . The extended primer was isolated and analyzed. Eur J Biochem, 1975 Jun 16, 55(1), 291 - 7 D-alanine carboxypeptidase activity of Micrococcus lysodeikticus released into the protoplasting medium; Linder R et al.; Conversion of whole cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus to protoplasts allowed the release of a soluble form of a D-alanine carboxypeptidase into the protoplasting medium . The enzyme cleaves the terminal D-alanine from the radioactively labelled UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-pentapeptide containing L-lysine as the diamino acid . However, the enzyme is only minimally active in this fraction so that it had to be enriched and partially purified before its properties could be studied . Chromatography on carboxymethyl-Sephadex removed the lysozyme used in the protoplasting of the cells . The material which was unadsorbed to the column was applied to an affinity chromatography column of Ampicillin-Sepharose . Most of the contaminating protein was washed from the column while the D-alanine carboxypeptidase adhered to the resin and could be eluted with 0.5 M Tris-HCl buffer pH 8.6 . Some of the properties of the enzymic activity were studied using this preparation . The enzyme was activated by Mg2+ ions with a broad optimum from 15--35 mM . It was maximally active when NaCl at a concentrations of 0.06--0.08 M was added to the assay, and the pH curve was biphasic with an alkaline optimum . The Km for substrate was found to be 0.118 mM . Enzymic activity was completely inhibited by low concentrations of Ampicillin and penicillin G. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 Jun 16, 395(2), 191 - 200 Stimulation of nuclear poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase activity from HeLa cells by endonucleases; Miller EG; Isolated nuclei from HeLa cells can incorporate labeled ADP-ribose from NAD into an acid-precipitable product, poly(ADP-ribose) . This reaction is stimulated by 4-6-fold by the addition of deoxyribonuclease I to the complete reaction mixture . If the nuclei are treated first with deoxyribonuclease I, no effect is seen; the stimulation is only apparent when the two enzymes deoxyribonuclease I and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, are operating at the same time . After making several minor modifications in the assay mixture, it was found that another endonuclease, micrococcal nuclease, can also stimulate the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity of HeLa nuclei . A comparison of the two stimulatory effects indicated that the two endonucleases activated to the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity of HeLa nuclei in the same way . Overall this evidence suggests that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase may have a functional role in the process of DNA repair. J Biol Chem, 1975 Jun 10, 250(11), 4060 - 66 A deoxyribonuclease of Diplococcus pneumoniae specific for methylated DNA; Lacks S et al.; A deoxyribonuclease specific for methylated DNA was isolated from Diplococcus pneumoniae . The enzyme, an endonuclease, degrades DNA for Escherichia coli to fragments of average molecular weight about half a million; it forms discrete fragments from phage lambda DNA . Methyl-deficient E . coli DNA is not attacked, neither is DNA from Micrococcus radiodurans, which contains no methylated adenine or cytosine . Nor is DNA from D . pneumoniae or phage T7 attacked . However, DNA from M . radiodurans, D . pneumoniae, and T7 is attacked after methylation with and E . coli extract . Methylated T7 DNA is degraded to discrete fragments . Although the genetic transforming activity of normal DNA from D . pneumoniae is not affected by the enzyme, transforming activity of methylated DNA is destroyed . The enzyme is designated endonuclease R Dpn I . Under certain conditions another enzyme of complementary specificity can be isolated . This enzyme, designated endonuclease R Dpn II, produces a similar pattern of fragments from the DNA of T7 without prior methylation of the DNA . It also degrades normal DNA for D . pneumoniae . It is suggested that this pair of enzymes plays a role in some unknown control process, which would involve a large fraction of the specific base sequences that are methylated in E . coli DNA and are present but not methylated in DNA from other sources. Invest Ophthalmol, 1975 Jun, 14(6), 479 - 84 A spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination of lysozyme in human tears: description and evaluation of the method and screening of 60 healthy subjects; Ronen D et al.; A spectrophotometric micromethod for lysozyme determination in tears is described, which enables the estimation of very low concentrations of lysozyme in individual tear samples, and which can be performed rapidly . The method is based on collecting the tears by a microcapillary tube and diluting them in a special manner which increases the volume of the tear sample, thus making possible analysis of other tear constituents in addition to lysozyme . Lysozyme activity in tears is determined by reduction of optical density (OD) of Micrococcus lysodeikticus suspension . The sensitivity of the method was determined on the basis of repetitive readings . The level of lysozyme in tears of 60 healthy people was determined by this method and found to be 6.1 mg . per milliliter hen egg lysozyme (HEL) with standard deviation of 1.57 mg . per milliliter HEL or 1.5 mg . per milliliter human tear lysozyme (HTL) with standard deviation of 0.39 HTL . Lysozyme level in tears of both eyes of each individual is equal, and any difference observed between the two eyes is due to the variability of the method. Eur J Biochem, 1975 Jun, 54(2), 367 - 72 The mitochondrial genome of Euglena gracilis; Fonty G et al.; Mitochondrial DNA from Euglena gracilis has been investigated in its chemical and physical properties . Its G + C content is equal to 25%; its buoyant density in a CsCl density gradient (1.690 g/cm3) is higher, by 5 mg/cm3, than expected for a bacterial DNA having the same base composition . The buoyant densities of denatured and renatured DNA are higher than that of native DNA by 10-12 mg/cm3 and 6 mg/cm3, respectively . The melting temperature, Tm, is 77 degrees C in standard saline citrate; the first derivative of the melting curve shows a striking multimodality . Degradation of the DNA by micrococcal nuclease indicates that about 40% of the DNA is formed by stretches lower than 10% in G + C . In all its properties the mitochondrial DNA from Euglena gracilis is strikingly similar to that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 May 15, 387(2), 228 - 33 Micrococcus lysodeikticus ATPase . Purification by preparative gel electrophoresis and subunit structure studied by urea and sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis; Andreu JM et al.; Micrococcus lysodeikticus ATPase was purified by preparative gel electrophoresis after its "shodk wash" release from the membrane . The method afforded the highest yield of pure protein in the minimum time as compared with former purification procedures . The pure protein had a specific activity of 7 mumol Pi-min- minus 1-mg- minus 1 with incubation times not longer than 3 min, 345 000 mol . wt and was not stimulated by trypsin . By gel electrophoresis at alkaline pH (8.5) in 8 M urea or in sokium dodecylsulfate, the ATPase revealed a complex pattern with two major subunits (alpha and beta) and two minor ones (gamma and delta) . The non-identity between the major subunits was demonstrated. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1975 May-Jun, 11(3), 350 - 5 {Regulation of lysine biosynthesis in the leucine-dependent mutant of Micrococcus glutamicus}; Zaitseva ZM et al.; The role of leucine in metabolism of Micrococcus glutamicus was examined in relation to the lysis synthesis by the homoserine- and leucine-dependent strains of M . glutamicus 106 and the homoserine-dependent strain of M . glutamicus 95 . In addition to the growth function, leucine produced a controlling effect on the yield of the end product . In the presence of leucine the inhibitory effect of isoleucine on the lysine yield was reduced or reversed . The end effect depended on the leucine: isoleucine ratio . The mechanism of interaction of amino acid metabolites with respect to the lysine biosynthesis in both strains is discussed. Can J Biochem, 1975 May, 53(5), 615 - 22 Membrane protein synthesis in Micrococcus lysodeikticus and selective effect of chloramphenicol; Mendoza CG et al.; Micrococcus lysodeikticus cytoplasmic membranes labeled with }-14C}arginine plus {-14C}-threonine were prepared and subjected to mild washing treatments to fractionate membrane proteins . Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of total membranes, in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, results in the separation of 28-30 bands of labeled protein . Three peaks of protein show higher specific radioactivity than the others . Chloramphenicol at 100 mug/ml inhibits the incorporation of labeled precursors into membrane proteins by 45-70 percent, some of them being more affected by the antibiotic . From all available results, we suggest that the partial inhibitory effect shown by this antibiotic could be due to the existence of specific biosynthetic sites for some membrane proteins, which are differently affected by chloramphenicol. Can J Microbiol, 1975 May, 21(5), 619 - 28 Basis for the susceptibility of several algae to microbial decomposition; Gunnison D et al.; Partially purified cellulase and a cellulase-containing polygalacturonase but notlysozyme extensively degraded the walls of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Ulothrix fimbrata and converted intact cells of the algae to spheroplasts . A streptomycete cellulase cochromatographed with the enzyme system releasing glucose from walls of these organisms, and this preparation also converted the algal cells to spheroplasts . The dominant constituent in the walls was carbohydrate, and glucose and small quantities of galacturonic acid but no amino sugars were present in acid hydrolysates of the walls . Glucose accounted for essentially all of the material solobilized by the cellulase preparation . Lysozyme acted on Cylindrospermum sp . walls, and it, but not the otherenzymes, converted some of the Cylindrospermum sp . cells to spheroplasts . Streptomycete enzymes lysing Micrococcus lysodeikticus cochromatographed with the proteins releasing reducing sugars from Cylindrospermum sp . walls, and components in the active fraction converted cells of this alga into spheroplasts . X-ray diffraction revealed that the walls of C . reinhardtii and U . fimbrata but not those of Cylindrospermum sp . contained cellulose . The data suggest that the susceptibility of the first twospecies to microbial degradation in natural ecosystems results from an attack on the cellulose in their walls, and the susceptibility of the third is linked with the microbial production of a lysozyme. Appl Microbiol, 1975 May, 29(5), 669 - 79 Effects of lead on the lipid composition of Micrococcus luteus cells; Peterson SL et al.; Micrococcus luteus cells cultivated in medium containing lead salts exhibited a sequence of changes in the quantity of total cellular lipids with essentially no changes from normal cellular yields . The lipid composition of cells cultivated one to four times was moderately decreased (phase I) whereas that of cells cultivated five to six times was reduced by as much as 50% (phase II) . Cells cultivated more than six times in lead-containing media had progressively greater quantities of lipid (phase III) approaching that found in control cells . These cells with reestablished lipid contents showed no further effects from more prolonged exposure to lead salts . Chromatographic studies of total lipids of cells of each lipid phase revealed relatively complete lipid compositions . These results indicated that lead is apparently affecting a common biochemical parameter in the biosynthesis of lipids of lipid phase II cells . Changes in the relative quantities of individual components were observed in both the nonpolar and polar lipids in each lipid phase . The most notable changes were the decrease in aliphatic hydrocarbons with concomitant increases in the diglycerides and components identified as a complex family of ketones . Microscopy examinations of control and lead-treated cells revealed electron dense inclusion bodies in membrane fragments in only lead-treated cells. Science, 1975 Apr 11, 188(4184), 165 - 6 Yeast chromatin subunit structure; Lohr D et al.; Micrococcal nuclease digestion of in situ (intranuclear) and in vitro yeast chromatin produces distributions of DNA molecules of discrete sizes . In both cases, these molecules appear to be integral multiples of the smallest size on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . This result implies a widespread generic occurrence of the periodic organization of chromatin seen in mammalian systems. Biochemistry, 1975 Apr 8, 14(7), 1412 - 25 Comparative ability of RNA and DNA to prime DNA synthesis in vitro: role of sequence, sugar, and structure of template-primer; Tamblyn TM et al.; The priming efficiency of oligo(RNA) vs . oligo(DNA) in a homopolymer template-homooligomer primer system was compared using four DNA polymerases . The templates included (dT)n, (dA)n, (dC)n, and (dI)n . Primers were the oligomers of the complementary DNA OR RNA with chain lengths of 6 to 23 . The DNA polymerases used were from Micrococcus luteus, avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV), and Escherichia coli (polymerase I and polymerase III) . The polymerases demonstrated a preference for the DNA primers with (dC)n, (dA)n, and (dI)n templates . However, when (dT)n was the template, all but the AMV polymerase preferred (rA)11 more than 200-fold better than (dA)12 . This preference was due to the physical structure of the initiation complex . The structures of the oligo-polymer complexes were characterized by mixing curves, melting curves, and analytical bouyant density analyses . (rA)11 + (dT)n formed predominatly a duplex structure, whereas (dA)12 + (dT)n formed the three- stranded structure, (dA12-2(dT)n . The Km of the duplex with E . coli Pol III was 2.9 mugM (rA)11 . The Ki of the triplex was 2.2 mugM (dA)12, indicating that Pol III could bind to the triplex but would not elongate the (dA)12 primer . The influence of structure on priming also was demonstrated with longer oligomers, (dA)23 and (rA)23, where the (dA)23 formed more duplex-like structures and primed more than the (dA)12.(dT)10 + (dA)n complexes also were shown to form triplex structures that inhibited priming . These results show that template-primer structure has more influence on priming than the sugar moiety or the sequence of the nucleic acid. Mutat Res, 1975 Apr, 28(1), 9 - 14 Induction of mutation to streptomycin resistance in Micrococcus radiodurans; Kerszman G; No detectable induction of mutation to streptomycin resistance could be used in wild-type Micrococcus radiodurans and its radiation-sensitive and super-resistant mutants by ionizing or UV-radiation . N-methyl-N'-nito-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) was mutagenically active . The results suggest that repair of radiation-damaged DNA in Micrococcus radiodurans is mutation-proof. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem, 1975 Apr, 356(4), 449 - 58 Synthesis of a chemically reactive analog of the initiation codon: its reaction with ribosomes of Escherichia coli; Pongs O et al.; Nitrophenylated 5'-adenylic acid could be employed as primer in a polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase (Micrococcus luteus) reaction to yield 5'-nitrophenylated pA-U-G . After reduction and subsequent bromoacetylation, an A-U-G analog was obtained, which could be used as an affinity label for the ribosomal A-U-G-binding site(s) . After incubating the A-U-G affinity label with 70S ribosomes, 30S subunits programmed for initiation-factor-dependent fMet-tRNAMetf binding were obtained . Hence, the A-U-G analog had irreversibly reacted at the ribosomal decoding site . Initiation complexes which were formed with the labeled 30S subunits were puromycin-resistant . Furthermore, GTP hydrolysis, necessary for proper accommodation of initiator tRNA at the ribosomal donorsite, did not function in these complexes . These data indicate that immobilization of A-U-G at the decoding site of the ribosome allows factor-dependent initiator tRNA binding, but impairs accommodation at the donor site . The ribosomal protein(s) to which A-U-G was covalently bound at the decoding site were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of urea or sarkosyl . The predominant affinity-labeled protein was found to be protein S18 . Variation of the incubation conditions of the affinity-labeling reaction leads to attachment of A-U-G label to another ribosomal protein, S4, the ram gene product. Vet Med (Praha), 1975 Apr, 20(4), 185 - 92 {Tests on the bactericidal effectiveness of iodophor A in the halls of a pig-fattening station}; Kubicek K; In the halls of the pig fattening house the bactericidal effectiveness of cold water solutions of Czechoslovakia-made Jodofor A and the product of the Ciba-Geigy company Iosan was tested and compared with the effectiveness of Chloramin B used in a water solution at the temperature of 50 to 60 degrees C . The solutions were applied by fine spraying at the rate of 0.5 lt . per 1 m2 of area . After one hour the spray was applied again at the same rate . One hour after the last Jodofor spray and two hours after the last Chloramin B spray, smears were collected from the disinfected surfaces . The examination included the detection of coliform germs, germs of the Micrococcaceae family, and the determination of the total number of germs . On the whole, 384 smears were examined in four separate trials . The application of Jodofor A in 2% concentrations, after mechanical average-quality purification, did not give acceptable results, in comparison with the solution of Cloramin B . Only when solutions of Jodofor A and Iosan were used in 3% concentration after perfect mechanical purification, satisfactory results were obtained (with the exception of plaster and painted wood), in comparison with the Chloramin B solution . Better disinfectibility was found in aluminium sheet, terracotta, concrete, and metal, as distinct from plaster and painted wood . The comparison of Jodofor A with abroad-male Iosan indicates that Jodofor has the same or a better bactericidal effect than Iosan in all indices . Due to its bactericidal effect, Jodofor A is a suitable disinfectant for preventive disinfection of farm animal houses . In order to achieve results corresponding to those provided by 2% solutions of Chloramin B it is necessary to use at least 3% concentration of Jodofor A . Good mechanical purification is a basic prerequisite for its effectiveness. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1975 Mar-Apr, 11(2), 210 - 3 {Lipid synthesis by Micrococcus freudenreichii in media containing unsaturated hydrocarbon's}; Masumyan VY et al.; The growth and synthesis of lipids by thermotolerant bacteria Micrococcus freudenreichii K-219 were investigated in the mineral medium containing a mixture of unsaturated (I-) and saturated hydrocarbons . The bacteria utilized primarily I-alkenes . In lipids the predominant fractions were phospholipids (57%) and free fatty acids (20%) . The content of waxes which were in significant quantities in n-alkane containing media (9%) was not higher than 0.3% dry matter upon utilization of I-alkenes . There was a certain correlation between carbon atoms of synthesized fatty acids and unsaturated hydrocarbons used . Bacteria utilizing I-alkenes showed no elevated unsaturation of cell lipids as compared to those assimilating n-alkanes . These data give evidence for different pathways of oxidation of alkenes and alkanes by the above microbial strain. Can J Biochem, 1975 Mar, 53(3), 344 - 53 Purification and some properties of the soluble and membrane-bound adenosine deaminases of Micrococcus sodonensis ATCC 11880 and their distribution within the family Micrococcacea; Pickard MA; In Micrococcus sodonensis and some other Micrococcus species, adenosien deaminase is present both as a membran-bound and a soluble enzyme; The membran-bound adenosine deaminase can be extracted with n-butanol, and may account for up to 5% of the total cellular adenosine deaminase activity . In a number oc comparative tests, no differences between the two enzyme forms could be found, thus they are believed to be similar molecular species; The purified membran-bound or soluble enzyme had a molecular weight, obtained by gel-filtration, of 130 000 and was inactive toward adenine and adenine mononucleotides . It appears, therefore, to be more closely related to the calf-intestine enzyme than the Aspergillus oryzae form in respect to size and substrate specificity; Attempts to correlate membrane-bound adenosine deaminase activity with adenosine transport in isolated membrane vesicles of M . sodonensis indicated no obvious relationship between the two activities. Ital J Biochem, 1975 Mar-Apr, 24(2), 102 - 18 Incorporation of 14C-thymidine in human platelets: possible relation with a diffuse infection of micrococci in the L form; Tedeschi GG et al.; Following the results of previous researches suggesting that platelets might carry microbial forms, the incorporation of 14C-thymidine in suspensions of platelets from 500 normal human subjects has been taken under examination . The results have always yielded positive data even though with marked differences of a quantitative order from a case to another . The hypothesis that such an activity might be the consequence of a synthesis of DNA in the mitochondria had to be excluded . The peculiar relations linking the incorporation rate to the number of platelets and to the presence of plasma or serum in given amounts and the strong inhibition exerted by oxytetracyclines suggest that the detected metabolic activity may be attributed to the presence of bacterial L-forms carried by platelets . The results of cultural, optical and electron microscopical investigations, which will be published elsewere, confirmed such interpretation. Genetics, 1975 Mar, 79(3), 361 - 76 A genetic and biochemical study of histidine biosynthesis in Micrococcus luteus; Kane-Falce C et al.; Histidine auxotrophs of Micrococcus luteus strain ATCC 27141 were induced by treatment of the parent strain with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine . Auxotrophs were biochemically characterized by examining culture accumulations of histidine intermediates, using paper chromatography and the Bratton-Marshall test, and growth responses to L-histidinol . his(IG) mutants failed to accumulate Pauly-positive imidazoles; his(EAHF) mutants accumulated 5-amino-1-ribosyn-4-imidazole carboxamide; hisB mutants accumulated imidazoleglycerol; hisC mutants accumulated imidazoleacetol; hisD mutants, but did stimulate all other histidine mutants, blocked at earlier steps in the biosynthetic pathway . In addition, imidazoleglycerol phosphate dehydrase activity was assayed in representative mutants of each class . hisB mutants lacked activity for this enzyme.--Two -point, three-point, and cotransformation analyses resolved linkage relationships of histidine genes and in two gene clusters aided in determining their sequences . Histidine biosynthetic genes exist in at least four separate, unlinked regions of the chromosome . One histidine gene cluster linked to a tryptophan gene cluster and appears to be contiguous in the sequence his(IG) -his(EAHF)-trpE-trpC-trpA . A second and unlinked histidine cluster has the tentative gene sequence his(EAHF)-hisB-hisC-his(EAHF) . The hisD gene and an unclassified mutant site his-94 are not linked to any of the other histidine genes examined in this study or to each other. Cancer Res, 1975 Mar, 35(3), 754 - 60 A comparison of the effects of daunomycin and adriamycin on various DNA polymerases; Zunino F et al.; The effects of the anthracycline antiboties, daunomycin and adriamycin, on the DNA-directed activities of DNA polymerases from murine sarcoma virus, rat liver (high-molecular-weight species), Escherichia coli, and Micrococcus luteus were determined . Under all conditions tested, these compounds had greater inhibitory effect against the viral polymerase than against cellular polymerase . The inhibition of murine sarcoma virus DNA polymerase by daunomycin was competitive with respect to DNA . For viral DNA polymerase it was concluded that the inhibition was predominatly caused by the interaction of duanomycin with the primer-template DNA . Also, an appreciable reversal of the daunomycin-induced inhibition of this polymerase by an increase in Mg-2+ concentration is consistent with the conclusion derived by competition experiments . In contrast, the inhibition of both rat liver and M . luteus DNA polymerases was essentially noncompetitive with DNA . Also, bacterial enzymes wer e less sensitive to inhibition by these drugs than the virion polymerase . The strong and preferential inhibiton of viral DNA polymerase is discussed in relation to a differential sensitivity of normal as compared to tumor cells observed in some cell lines. J Biol Chem, 1975 Feb 25, 250(4), 1548 - 55 Study of the loosely bound non-histone chromatin proteins . Stimulation of deoxyribonucleic acid-templated ribonucleic acid synthesis by a specific deoxyribonucleic acid-binding phosphoprotein fraction; Kostraba NC et al.; The loosely bound chromatin proteins of Ehrlich ascites hyperdiploid cells have been prepared by extraction of chromatin with 0.35 M NaCl . Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of the 0.35 M NaCl-soluble chromatin proteins reveals high heterogeneity with a molecular weight range of 10,000 to 170,000 . The 0.35 M NaCl-soluble chromatin proteins contain many components similar to the more tightly bound non-histone chromatin proteins complex with the loosely bound chromatin proteins by gradient dialysis, the inhibitory effect of histones on transcription of DNA in vitro was reduced . The reconstituted complex manifested a level of template activity similar to that of native chromatin as measured in an Ehrlich ascites tumor RNA polymerase reaction . The loosely bound chromatin proteins contain RNA as well as phosphoproteins . Phenol extraction or DNA affinity chromatography of these proteins yielded fractions enhanced 25- to 30-fold in phosphorus which were capable of stimulating DNA-templated RNA synthesis in vitro . The stimulation of transcription from DNA was template-specific, effective only with a DNA template prepared from Ehrlich ascites tumor, but not from rat liver, calf thymus, or chicken erythrocytes . In addition, the stimulatory effect of the specific DNA-binding proteins appears to be RNA polymerase-specific, the stimulation being manifested with Ehrlich ascites tumor nucleoplasmic RNA polymerase and not with Micrococcus luteus RNA polymerase . Thus, the loosely bound chromosomal proteins from Ehrlich ascites tumor contain a fraction that specifically binds to Ehrlich ascites tumor DNA and exhibits a template- and RNA polymerase-specific stimulatory effect on transcription from DNA. J Biol Chem, 1975 Feb 25, 250(4), 1319 - 27 The characterization of mannan of Micrococcus lysodeikticus as an acidic lipopolysaccharide; Pless DD et al.; Ghosts of Micrococcus lysodeikticus contain a mannan that is not removed by intensive washing procedures . Purified mannan, isolated by extraction of whole cells with hot, aqueous phenol, binds to membranes in vitro . Mannan also binds to DEAE-cellulose and migrates toward the anode in neutral and sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis . In aqueous solution mannan has an apparent molecular weight of 10-6, but in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate its apparent molecular weight is 50,000 to 100,000; removal of the detergent results in reaggregation . Purified mannan contains mannose, succinate, fatty acid, and glycerol in a ratio of 50:4.9:2.1:1.0 . Treatment of mannan with mild base produces a neutral, hydrophilic polysaccharide of relatively low molecular weight that has no affinity for membranes . At least 90% of the reducing termini are blocked in a base-stable linkage . Based on these results a tentative structure is proposed for the mannan. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 Feb 24, 383(1), 16 - 22 Postreplication DNA repair in ultraviolet-irradiated Micrococcus luteus; Zherebtsov SV et al.; Postreplication DNA repair was studies in three strains of Micrococcus luteus having different sensitivity to ultraviolet light: a wild type ATCC 5698, a ultraviolet-sensitive mutant G7, deficient in the incision step of repair and in ultraviolet-resistant transformant obtained from G7 by treatment with DNA of wild type cells, Trf(G7) . It is shown that the G7 mutant has a low capacity for repair of postreplication DNA gaps compared with the wild type or Trf(G7) . It seems to be that postreplication repari capacity contributes significantly to the ultraviolet resistance of M . luteus in addition to the excision repair . In contrast with G7 the size of the DNA fragments synthesized immediately after ultraviolet irradiation in the wild type (and Trf(G7)) seems to be much higher than that expected if each dimer produces one DNA gap in the daughter strand . Since this cannot only be explained by the excision of dimers from parental DNA we have suggested that a rapid repair of postreplication DNA gap occurs in M . luteus. Nucleic Acids Res, 1975 Feb, 2(2), 149 - 64 Further characterization of the polynucleotide phosphorylase of Micrococcus luteus; Letendre CH et al.; The purification of polynucleotide phosphorylase from Micrococcus luteus by chromatography on phosphocellulose colums is described . This procedure offers several advantages over previous procedures . Previously determined molecular weights for Form-I enzyme and Form-T enzyme derived from Form-I by limited tryptic hydrolysis were confirmed as 2.7 and 2.3 times 10-5, respectively . Form-I appears homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge, but multiple active protein species are separable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . The multiple species are probably the result of proteolysis . On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, Form-T yielded a single size of subunit of 71,000 daltons, and Form-I yielded several bands of different molecular sizes . These results differ from earlier determinations . The amino acid compositions of Form-I and Form-T are reported . Form-I contains only between 8 and 10 cysteine residues per molecule and Form-T half that many. J Gen Microbiol, 1975 Feb, 86(2), 343 - 57 Involvement of a recombination repair function in disciplined cell division of Micrococcus radiodurans; Moseley BE et al.; When a culture of the temperature-sensitive DNA mutant Micrococcus radiodurans tsI is irradiated with a sublethal dose of ultraviolet or ionizing radiation and is plated immediately, all the bacteria give rise, after 36 h incubation, to colonies identical to those derived from unirradiated bacteria . However, when the irradiated population is held at its restrictive temperature (39 degrees C) (restrictive temperature holding) for 3 h before being plated, less than 0-1% of the surviving bacteria give rise to normal colonies, the rest producing, after incubation for 96 h, small malformed colonies . Qualitatively, the same effect is observed when u.v.-irradiated wild-type M . radiodurans is incubated at 39 degrees C in the presence of nalidixic acid before plating . Compared with the loss of viability, the loss of normal colony development as a function of the radiation dose is sensitive, having I/e values of 210 ergs/mm2 for u.v . radiation and of 4 to 5 krad for 60Co gamma-radiation . These are identical to the radiation dose-response values of a recombination-deficient mutant of M . radiodurans . At first the abnormal colonies consist entirely of giant bacteria but eventually a few bacteria with normal morphology appear and because of their much faster generation time a highly sectored colony results . These colonies can be "rescued" by plating the irradiated bacteria held at 39 degrees C on agar containing pantoyl lactone, their growth being identical to that of unirradiated bacteria . Abnormal colony development is not a general phenomenon in temperature-sensitive mutants of M . radiodurans but occurs in those mutants which are sensitized to radiation when held at 39 degrees C . It is concluded that these abnormal colonies are produced as a result of a defect in a recombination function and that this function is also involved in the regulation of normal cell division. J Bacteriol, 1975 Feb, 121(2), 422 - 8 Isolation and properties of a recombination-deficient mutant of Micrococcus radiodurans; Moseley BE et al.; A mutant of micrococcus radiodurans which is deficient in recombination has been isolated after treatment of the wild type with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine . We have called this mutant Micrococcus radiodurans rec30 . The efficiency of recombination in this mutant, as measured by transformation, is less than 0.01% that of the wild type . It is 15 times more sensitive to the lethal action of ultraviolet radiation, 120 times more sensitive to ionizing radiation, and 300 times more sensitive to mitomycin C (MMC) than the wild type . It is probably inactivated by a single MMC-induced deoxyribonucleic acid cross-link per genome . The excision of ultraviolet-induced pyrimidine dimers is normal . There is no radiation-induced degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid . All spontaneous revertants selected for resistance to low levels of MMC had wild-type resistance to radiation and MMC, and the same efficiency of recombination as the wild type, suggesting that the recombination deficiency of the strain is due to a single mutation . Deoxyribonucleic acid from this mutant can transform M . radiodurans UV17 presumed deficient in an exr type gene to wild type. Mutat Res, 1975 Feb, 27(2), 147 - 56 Ultraviolet reactivation and ultraviolet mutagenesis of infectious lambda DNA: strong inhibition by treatment of DNA in vitro with UV-endonuclease from Micrococcus luteus; Tomilin NV et al.; UV-endonuclease from Microcossuc luteus induces single-stranded breaks in UV-irradiated DNA of phage lambda and the average length of the fragments produced (after UV-doses to DNA of 135 and 675 erg/mm2) is equal to the average spacing between pyrimidine dimers . The plaque-forming ability of UV-irradiated lambda DNA used to infect Ca++-treated uvr A6, uvrB5 or uvrC34 recipient Escherichia coli cells (but not uve+ cells) may be significantly enhanced by treatment of lambda DNA with UV-endonuclease . This enzyme strongly decreases the reactivation of UV-irradiated lambda DNA caused by UV-irradiation of uvr+ or uvrA6 Ca++-treated cells and eliminates most clear-mutations especially if mutations are analysed using Ca++-treated uvr A6 recipient cells . It is concluded that UV-endonuclease switches a significant part of potentially mutagenic pyrimidine dimers from the UV-induced "error-prone" repair pathway to "error-free" excision repair pathway. Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med, 1975 Feb, 27(2), 157 - 69 {Role of DNA-membrane attachment in repair of radiation damage in Micrococcus radiodurans}; Dardalhon-Samsonoff M et al.; The unirradiated bacterial DNA assciated with the membrane is liberated into the cytoplasm after breakage of either a single or a double strand, resulting from X-ray action . During the reincubation period in growth-medium, the DNA is reassociated with the membrane . This phenomenon is very rapid and occurs without increasing the molecular weight of DNA . The study of DNA-membrane complexes shows that the size of the DNA-associated membranous fragment differs according to the lysing technique employed, appearing as a change in the density of the complex . Chloramphenicol decreases reassociation, and iodoacetamide, a radiosensititzing agent, inhibits it completely. Cancer Res, 1975 Feb, 35(2), 382 - 9 In vitro metabolic conversion of aflatoxins and benzo(alpha)pyrene to nucleic acid-binding metabolites; Gurtoo HL et al.; An aflatoxin B1 metabolite was found to become covalently bound to rat liver RNA and calf thymus DNA in vitro, and it formed complexes with increased spectral absorbance in the 360 nm region . The formation of such complexes was reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and microsome dependent, was inhibited by theta-diethylaminoethyl diphenylpropylacetate-HC1, and by CO and N2, when the latter were used to replace the gas phase of the incubations . The formation of the complexes was enhanced about 2-fold with cicrosomes from phenobarbital-treated rats but not from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats . More binding was observed with DNA than RNA . Dentured DNA was about 70% as effective as native DNA . Nucleic acids from various sources showed the following order of binding potency: DNA from Micrococcus luteus greater than DNA from calf thymus equal to DNA from rat liver greater than RNA from rat liver greater than transfer RNA from rat liver . In the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats, aflatoxin G1 was also converted into metabolite(s) that became covalently bound to nucleic acids and formed complexes with increased spectral absorbances in the 360 nm region: this reaction was also inhibited by theta-diethylaminoethyl diphenylpropylacetate-HC1 . Under the same conditions, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G2, aflatoxin B2a, and "Compound 11," which lack a C2-C3 double bond, did not show any noticeable binding to either DNA or RNA . These data strongly support the concept that the microsomal mixed-funciton oxygenase-catalyzed oxidation of the C2-C3 double bond of aflatoxins is a prerequisite for the formation of nucleic acid-binding metabolites . Microsomes from untreated, phenobarbital-treated, and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats were compared in vitro for their ability to catalyze the formation of DNA-binding metabolites from aflatozin B1 and benzo(a)pyrene . In assays involving benzo(a)pyrene, microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats were 12- and 5-fold more active than microsomes from untreated and phenobar-bital-treated rats, respectively . This is in contrast to the results obtained with aflatoxin B1 and suggests that different enzymes in the hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxygenase complex are involved in the generation of reactive metabolites from various polycyclic hydrocarbons. J Biol Chem, 1975 Jan 25, 250(2), 508 - 14 Kinetic studies on the phosphorolysis of polynucleotides by polynucleotide phosphorylase; Chou JY et al.; The kinetics of the phosphorolysis of polynucleotide (as differentiated from oligonucleotide) by polynucleotide phosphorylase of Micrococcus luteus has been investigated . Double reciprocal plots of initial velocity against either inorganic phosphate or polynucleotide concentration are linear, and furthermore, the affinity of the enzyme for either substrate is unaffected by the presence of the other . dADP, an analogue of ADP product, is a competitive inhibitor with respect to Pi and polynucleotidy . (Ap)tA-cyclic-p is a competitive inhibitor with respect to Pi . The results are almost identical with both primer-independent (Form-I) and primer-dependent (Form-T) enzymes, although the various kinetic constants differ . On the vasis of these data a rapid equilibrium random Bi Bi mechanism is proposed . The demonstration of two different inhibitor constants for dADP and the difference between the Michaelis and the inhibitor constant for polyadenylic acid in polynucleotide phosphorolysis indicate at least two binding sites for polyadenylic acid and dADP on M . luteus polynucleotide phosphorylase . Its is suggested that in the phosphorolysis of long chain polymers the second binding site permits the polynucleotide to snap right back into position after removal of I mononucleotide unit and thus leads to the observed processive degradation . A general discussion of oligonucleotide and polynucleotide phosphorolysis and the differences between Form-I and Form-T enzymes in de novo synthesis and degradation of polynucleotides is presented. J Biol Chem, 1975 Jan 25, 250(2), 470 - 8 Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase III of Escherichia coli . Characterization of associated exonuclease activities; Livingston DM et al.; Purified DNA polymerase III has two distinct exonuclease activities: one initiates hydrolsis at the 3 termini, and the other at the 5 termini of single-stranded DNA . Both exonucleases have the same relative mobility on polyacrylamide gels as the polymerase activity . Molecular identity of the three activities is further indicated by their comparative rates of thermal inactivation and their sensitivity to ionic strength . The 3-5 exonuclease activity hydrolyzes only single-standed DNA . The rate of hydrolysis is twice the optimal rate of polymerization . The products are 5-mononucleotides, but the 3-5 activity is unable to cleave free dinucleotides or the 5-terminal dinucleotide of a polydeoxynucleotide chain . The 3-5 activity will not degrade 3-phosphoryl-terminated oligonucleotides such as d(pTpTpTp) . The 5-3 activity catalyzes the hydrolysis of single-stranded DNA at 1/15 the rate of the 3-5 exonuclease . The 5-3 exonuclease requires the presence of a 5 single-stranded terminus in order to initiate hydrolysis, but will thereafter proceed into a double-stranded region . Although the limit products found during hydrolysis of substrates designed to assay specifically the 5-3 activity are predominantly mono- and dinucleotides, these products probably arise from the subsequent hydrolysis of oligonucleotides by the 3-5 hydrolytic activity . This interpretation is supported by (a) the relatively greater activity of the 3-5 exonuclease, (b) the inability of the enzyme to degrade d(pTpTpTp), and (c) the release of the 5 terminus of a single-stranded DNA molecule as an oligonucleotide . The 5-3 exonuclease attacks ultraviolet-irradiated duplex DNA which has first been incised by the Micrococcus luteus endonuclease specific for thymine dimers in DNA. Basic Life Sci, 1975, 5B, 677 - 83 The repair of DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian cells and the organization of the DNA in their chromosomes; Lange CS; The molecular weight of native DNA has been accurately determined by the use of a semiautomated sucrose gradient system . A mondisperse size distribution (speed dependence free) of eighth-of-a-chromatid pieces {1.7 S 10(10) daltons, with 95% confidence (fiducial) limits of +/- 48%} was found . This size has been confirmed by viscoelastometry . Ionizing radiation rapidly breaks each of these pieces into about 21 subunits (again monodisperse) of 8 X 10(8) daltons each . With increaseing dose (greater than 2 krad) the subunits are themselves randomly broken down into even smaller pieces . Postirradiation incubation at 37 degrees C permits the cells to repair both DNA double-strand breaks and intersubunit linkages at the same dose-independent rate (T37) of about 55 min, the same rate as found in Micrococcus radiodurans . The repair data are compatible with a first-order-kinetics repair system, analogous to the post-UV excision-repair system, which becomes saturated at high doses (greater than 60 krad) . Specially constructed "enzyme" gradients show that the linkages contain at least two protein molecules each covalently bound to the end of a subunit and linking the subunits together by a disulfide bond(s) . Correlation of cell survival and DNA break kinetics yields two possible models . These are that the two-thirds of the lethal events which are due to improperly or unrepaired double-strand breaks result from either (1) a misrepair frequency of 3.5 X 10(-3) (rather high for a mutation frequency) or (2) the induction of a double-strand break in a single eighth-of-a-chromatid unit which is essential for survival but which cannot be repaired, possibly because the unit contains the double-strand break repair system gene(s). Basic Life Sci, 1975, 5A, 205 - 8 Substrate specificity of Micrococcus luteus UV endonuclease and its overlap with DNA photolyase activity; Patrick MH; The action of an endonuclease from Micrococcus luteus that operates on UV damage in DNA overlaps with that of DNA photolyase from yeast: homo- and heterocyclobutane dipyrimidines in DNA are substrates for both enzymes, but pyrimidine adducts or the "spore photoproduct" in DNA are not . As expected from this overlap, the action of the two enzymes is mutually interfering: single-strand nicks introduced by the endonuclease effectively preclude photoreactivation; conversely, formation of a photolyase-cyclobutane dipyrimidine complex can prevent nicking by the endonuclease. Prep Biochem, 1975, 5(4), 349 - 57 Affinity chromatography of succinate dehydrogenase from the membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus; Linder R et al.; Isolated plasma membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus were subjected to extraction with n-butanol in a two-phase system . Succinate dehydrogenase obtained in the soluble aqueous phase after high-speed centrifugation was resolved by separation on calcium phosphate gel and affinity chromatography . The affinity ligand used was oxaloacetate and elution from the column was achieved with 0.5 M succinate . In the final product there was an eleven-fold reduction in the 32P-lipid to protein ratio and a fourteen-fold increase in specific activity relative to the high speed supernatant fraction following n-butanol extraction. Orig Life, 1975 Jan-Apr, 6(1-2), 229 - 37 Physical foundations of the probability of biogenesis; Bogdanski CA; For bigenesis-a particular kind of systmogenesis-to occur, certain physical and informative requirements were indispensable, especially: (1) the selforganization of new kind of negative feed-backs supported by the trans-substantial channels of information . These were certainly at first organized only on the submolecular level, each of them consisting of many charge-transfer connections . The accomplishment of requirement (1) depends on (2) and (3): (2) the organization of a sufficiently complex structure inside the agglomerated system . We should mention here the desagglomerated inorganic systems according to the archaic models: 'A' (Atoms) and P (astro-Planetary systems) . In these prebiotic models the selfregulation background consists of the kind of negative opposing forces) . (3) the availability of molecules in which the structure complexity is sufficiently high to be able to contribute to the organization of the trans-substantial channels . Biogenesis of spontaneous trans-substantialization of information channels in feed-backs . The trans-substantial channels are spontaneously organized in the biotic model, but they are also present in many technical electronic models of systems constructed by man . Therefore, it is no wonder that biogenesis probably occurred at the 10--6 m size level (compare the diameter of the microspheres of Fox and the concept of Ponnamperuma who mentions the size of the contemporary Micrococcus) . Such a system position - inside the biotic unicellular sub-band (extended actually from 10--6 to 10--1 m) is faviourable for the organization of the high complexity of the structurogenic processes trajectories . It is at the nearest possible level to this region on the dimensional scale where a maximal plurality of the different joining forces exists... Mol Biol, 1975 Jan, 8(4), 444 - 53 The presence of an endonuclease acting on UV-irradiated and depurinized DNA in cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus; Tomilin NV; Enzymatic activity, hydrolyzing DNA treated with beta-isopropyl-bis-beta-chloroethylamine (HN2-DNA), HN2-DNA exposed at 50 degrees for 1 h, and DNA treated with acid, to acid-soluble fragments was found in extracts from cells of M . lysodeikticus . The endonucleolytic component ofthe indicated activity manifests chromatographic properties on DEAE- and CM-cellulose, close to those for UV-endonuclease . Activity is manifested by UV-irradiated DNA, proflavin, and cyanide . Two electrophoretically homogeneous fractions of UV-endonuclease (after chromatography on DEAE- and CM-cellulose), with molecular weights about 13,000 and 15,000 daltons, exhibit endonucleolytic activity with respect to HN2-DNA, exposed at 50 degrees for 1 h, and with respect to "acid" DNA, treated for 6 min at 70 degrees in citrate buffer, pH 3.5 . The activity with respect to the latter substrate is competitively suppressed by UV-irradiated DNA . The most probable substrate of UV-endonuclease, in addition to cyclobutane dimers, is the depurinized region of DNA. Basic Life Sci, 1975, 5B, 507 - 12 Repair of double-strand breaks in Micrococcus radiodurans; Burrell AD et al.; Micrococcus radiodurans has been shown to sustain double-strand breaks in its DNA after exposure to X-radiation . Following sublethal doses of X-rays (200 krad in oxygen or less), the cells were able to repair these breaks, and an intermediate fast-sedimenting DNA component seemed to be involved in the repair process. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1975, 20(3), 236 - 45 Phyllosphere microflora of some Egyptian plants; Wahab AM; The fungal and bacterial flora of the leaf surfaces of five plants growing in Egypt were studied . The fungal flora showed seasonal fluctuations with at least one peak . Twenty three genera with fifty three species were found, Aspergillus and Penicillium being most common . Other fungi showed variable percentages of the total count . Nitrogen-fixing bacteria were not isolated from the phyllosphere of the five plant species . Micrococci were most predominant among the epiphytic bacteria . Spore-forming bacteria and actinomycetes were less frequent on the leaf surfaces of the associalte plants. Biokhimiia, 1975 Jan-Feb, 40(1), 71 - 7 {Some properties of beta-aspartate kinase from Micrococcus glutamicus-95 bacteria}; Zaitseva ZM et al.; Kinetic and allosteric properties of beta-asparatatekinase from Micrococcus glutamicus-95 were studied . Coarse protein fraction, sedimented at 0.8 from saturated (NH4)2SO4, was used as an enzyme preparation . Curves of the dependency of the enzymatic reaction rate on substrate (L-aspartic acid and ATP) concentration were not found to be S-like . However, double reciprocal plotting of the data obtained revealed their deviation from the hyperbolic curve . The effect of amino acids (lysine, threonine, isoleucine, valine) on the activity of beta-aspartatekinase is studied . Lysine was shown to inhibit slightly beta-aspartatekinase, while threonine slightly activated it . Combined addition of both amino acids at a concentration of 1 mM resulted in the 50% inhibition . Isoleucine and valine activated beta-aspartatekinase and eliminated multivalent inhibitory effect of lysine and threonine . Interaction of isoleucine and lysine+threonine with beta-aspartatekinase was competitive with respect to L-aspartic acid and non-competitive in relation to ATP. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1975, 20(1), 38 - 45 Induction of nutritional mutants of Micrococcus glutamicus and their amino acid accumulation; Banik AK et al.; Micrococcus glutamicus ATCC 13032, a glutamic acid-producing organism, was treated with 0.2M ethylmethane sulfonate, the auxotrophs isolated showing varied patterns of extracellular amino acids . Eighty auxotrophic strains were obtained, out of which 31 excreted 1.0-4.0 mg threonine per ml and all the auxotrophs required biotin for growth and production of the amino acid . Eleven auxotrophs produced 1.5 to 3.0 mg alanine per ml and these auxotrophs required amino acids for their growth . Other auxotrophs lost their excretion capacity in subsequent fermentation trials . Further mutation of the biotin-requiring auxotroph Micrococcus glutamicus EM with gamma rays resulted in the isolation of 89 auxotrophic strains, out of which 28 excreted threonine (up to 5.0 mg per ml) higher than the parent auxotroph . Exposure to X-rays yielded 97 auxotrophs, out of these 35 producing 1.0-3.0 mg methionine per ml and requiring biotin for growth and production of the amino acid . Other auxotrophs produced alanine (0.5 to 2.0 mg per ml) and threonine (2.0 to 3.3 mg per ml) . Irradiation with gamma rays favoured the development of threonine producing auxotrophs while X-rays favoured methionine-producing auxotrophs.
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