Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1984 Jul, 98(7), 44 - 6 {Chromato-mass-spectral study of the secretion in the rabbit small intestine discharged in response to cholera and salmonella toxins}; Linberg LF et al.; A study was made of rabbit small intestine secretion induced by cholera and salmonellosis toxins . Application of electron impact mass-spectrometry and chemical ionization permitted identification of 9 and structure assignment for 14 out of 27 secretion components . The assay demonstrated the major part of the components to be the monosaccharides, glucose and galactose . Fatty acids, cholesterol and hydroxyacids were found to be present in negligible amounts . It was discovered that the action of the toxins primarily affected the metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids. Acta Paediatr Scand, 1984 Jul, 73(4), 477 - 81 Neonatal meningitis in Nigerian infants; Longe AC et al.; 53 Nigerian infants with neonatal meningitis were prospectively studied . The striking features were: (a) the higher predisposition (26.7-fold) of LBW infants to developing meningitis than has been previously reported in the literature; (b) the predominant role of E . coli and Staphylococcus aureus; and (c) the rarity of salmonella organisms and the conspicuous absence of group B streptococcus as aetiological pathogens . The outcome was related to the age of onset and type of micro-organism . The presence of neurological signs, particularly nuchal rigidity and bulging anterior fontanelle, carried a poor prognosis . The overall mortality was 37.7%. Xenobiotica, 1984 Jul, 14(7), 549 - 52 Specificity of four forms of cytochrome P-450 in the metabolic activation of several aromatic amines and benzo{a}pyrene; Yamazoe Y et al.; The involvement of four forms of cytochrome P-450 in the activation of the promutagens, 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido{4,3-b}indole (Trp-P-2), 2-amino-6-methyl-dipyrido{1,2-a:3',2'-d}imidazole (Glu-P-1), 2-amino-3-methylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoline (IQ), 2-aminofluorene and 4-aminobiphenyl has been investigated using a Salmonella test system . A high-spin form, P-448 II-a, catalysed the activation of IQ and Glu-P-1 28 and 12 times faster, respectively, than a low-spin form, P-448 II-d, whereas benzo{a}pyrene was metabolized to the phenols 60 times faster by P-448 II-d than P-448 II-a . Both P-448 II-a and P-448 II-d were highly active in the activation of Trp-P-2 and 2-aminofluorene . Treatment of CDF1 mice with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) increased the microsomal-activating ability for the promutagens in various degrees . More than a ten-fold increase was observed with Trp-P-2, while the increase was only two-fold with IQ . No sex-related difference was observed for the hepatic microsomal activating ability of male and female CDF1 mice for Trp-P-2, Glu-P-1 or IQ . These results indicate that more than two forms of cytochrome P-450, which are inducible by treatment with PCB or 3-methylcholanthrene, mediate the metabolic activation of heteroaromatic amines in rats and mice. J Vasc Surg, 1984 Jul, 1(4), 541 - 7 Bacteriologic and surgical determinants of survival in patients with mycotic aneurysms; Brown SL et al.; Mycotic aneurysms are a fulminant infectious process frequently resulting in rupture and death if not properly treated . A review of the University of California, Los Angeles, medical records identified 10 patients with extrathoracic, extracranial mycotic aneurysms . In addition, a search of the English literature revealed 178 patients with 243 mycotic aneurysms . These patients were reviewed to identify the aneurysm location, etiology, bacteriology, and modality of treatment in order to determine the relationship between these factors and the outcome . The femoral artery was the most common site (38%), followed by the abdominal aorta (31%) . Arterial trauma was the primary etiology in 42% of mycotic aneurysms . In 25% no clear source of infection could be identified . Staphylococcus aureus was cultured from 28% of mycotic aneurysms, and Salmonella from 15% . A trend toward the involvement of more gram-negative aerobes and anaerobes is noted . Aortic aneurysms were repaired with in situ Dacron in 61% of patients with a 32% mortality rate and 16% reinfection rate . Simple ligation of femoral artery mycotic aneurysms resulted in a 34% incidence of ischemia necessitating amputation . Methods of treatment of superior mesenteric, carotid, iliac, and peripheral arteries are also analyzed . On the basis of these data, specific surgical procedures are recommended for the treatment of mycotic aneurysms. J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1984 Jul-Aug, 67(4), 807 - 10 Recovery of Salmonella species from nonfat dry milk rehydrated under rapid and reduced pre-enrichment conditions: collaborative study; Poelma PL et al.; A collaborative study was conducted to compare the relative efficiency of the AOAC rapid rehydration method with the reduced rehydration soak method for the recovery of Salmonella species from nonfat dry milk (NFDM) . In the AOAC method, a 25 g sample of NFDM is rapidly rehydrated at a 1:9 sample/water ratio and mixed by swirling . After 60 min, the flask contents are adjusted to a pH of 6.8, and 0.45 mL of 1% aqueous brilliant green dye solution is added . The flasks are then incubated at 35 degrees C . In the soak method, a 25 g sample of NFDM is gently added to the sterile brilliant green (BG) water at a 1:9 sample/BG water ratio and allowed to soak undisturbed for 60 min at room temperature before incubation . Twelve collaborators analyzed 3 shipments of samples with the following results for the AOAC and soak methods: shipment 1-31 and 46 positive samples, respectively, with a 48% increase in detection by the soak method; shipment 3-45 and 66 positive samples, respectively, with a 47% increase in detection by the soak method; shipment 2--no significant difference in recovery of Salmonella species by the 2 methods . It is recommended that the official final action method for the detection of Salmonella species, 46.054-46.067, be revised to use the soak method for the analysis of nonfat dry milk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1984 Jul, 81(14), 4457 - 61 Spontaneous and mutagen-induced deletions: mechanistic studies in Salmonella tester strain TA102; Levin DE et al.; Salmonella tester strain TA102 carries the hisG428 ochre mutation on the multicopy plasmid pAQ1 . DNA sequence analysis of 45 spontaneous revertants of hisG428 on the chromosome in the presence of pKM101 (strain TA103) indicates that hisG428 revertants fall into three major categories: (i) small, in-frame deletions (3 or 6 base pairs) that remove part or all of the ochre triplet; (ii) base substitution mutations at the ochre site; (iii) extragenic ochre suppressors . Deletion revertants are identified in a simple phenotypic screen by their resistance to the inhibitory histidine analog thiazolealanine, which feedback inhibits the wild-type hisG enzyme but not the enzyme resulting from the deletions . The effect of various genetic backgrounds on the generation of spontaneous deletion revertants was examined . The error-prone repair system encoded in the pKM101 plasmid markedly increased the frequency of total spontaneous reversion events in all genetic backgrounds except recA but did not affect the frequency of spontaneous deletion revertants in any background except polA . The presence of a polA mutation increased the frequency of spontaneous deletion revertants by 2-fold in the absence of pKM101 and by 20-fold with pKM101 . The presence of a uvrB mutation or a recA mutation suppressed the generation of spontaneous deletion revertants to approximately 1/2.5 . When hisG428 was in multiple copies on pAQ1, the frequency of spontaneous deletion revertants increased by 40-fold, which is the approximate copy number of pAQ1 . Mutagenic agents that induce single-strand breaks in DNA (e.g., x-rays, bleomycin, and nalidixic acid) induced deletion revertants in TA102 . These agents induced deletion revertants only in hisG428 on pAQ1 and only in the presence of pKM101 . Deletion revertants were not induced by frameshift mutagens (i.e., ICR-191 and 9-aminoacridine) . These results indicate that different pathways exist for the generation of spontaneous and mutagen-induced deletion revertants of hisG428. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1984 Jul, 81(14), 4275 - 9 Detecting protein-DNA interactions in vivo: distribution of RNA polymerase on specific bacterial genes; Gilmour DS et al.; We present an approach for determining the in vivo distribution of a protein on specific segments of chromosomal DNA . First, proteins are joined covalently to DNA by irradiating intact cells with UV light . Second, these cells are disrupted in detergent, and a specific protein is immunoprecipitated from the lysate . Third, the DNA that is covalently attached to the protein in the precipitate is purified and assayed by hybridization . To test this approach, we examine the cross-linking in Escherichia coli of RNA polymerase to a constitutively expressed, lambda cI gene, and to the uninduced and isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG)-induced lac operon . As expected, the recovery of the constitutively expressed gene in the immunoprecipitate is dependent on the irradiation of cells and on the addition of RNA polymerase antiserum . The recovery of the lac operon DNA also requires transcriptional activation with IPTG prior to the cross-linking step . After these initial tests, we examine the distribution of RNA polymerase on the leucine operon of Salmonella in wild-type, attenuator mutant, and promoter mutant strains . Our in vivo data are in complete agreement with the predictions of the attenuation model of regulation . From these and other experiments, we discuss the resolution, sensitivity, and generality of these methods. Mutat Res, 1984 Jul, 134(1), 1 - 47 An evaluation of Salmonella (Ames) test data in the published literature: application of statistical procedures and analysis of mutagenic potency; McCann J et al.; We searched the published literature for Salmonella test data on some 450 chemicals . Only 137 of more than 400 articles containing original data satisfied minimum criteria for a quantitative analysis {1751 experiments, comprising data on 152 chemicals (Table 1)} . Many of these papers did not report basic information about the test protocol (Table 2) . We used previously described statistical procedures (Bernstein et al., 1982) to estimate the initial slopes of the dose-response curves and corresponding standard errors . We also applied tests for significance and linear goodness-of-fit . We then used the results of these analyses to examine several issues: (1) Linearity of the low dose region of the dose-response curve . We found that the overwhelming majority of curves were linear, though ability to detect non-linearity of dose-response curves in the standard plate test is only limited . 7% of all experiments to which the goodness-of-fit test was applied were curves of increasing slope, and with a few possible exceptions, these were not obviously associated with any particular mutagens, even those generally considered to produce non-linear effects such as MNNG and EMS (Table 3) . (2) Performance of the statistical test for significance . Results of the statistical test for significance of the dose-response were compared with author's opinions as to positivity . In almost all cases (94%) results of the statistical test and authors opinions were the same . In the examples of conflicting opinions, the reasons were: (a) the statistical test places more weight than do most authors on the presence of a linear dose-response; (b) most authors tend to require at least a 2-fold increase over the spontaneous background for 'significance', and (c) when the number of spontaneous revertants is small (e.g., TA1537), authors tend to require a larger increase in induced revertants than when the spontaneous background is large, whereas the statistical procedure makes no such distinction . These factors result in the statistical test tending to identify more experiments as positive than do authors, provided there is a linear dose-response, and authors tending to judge more experiments as positive when the dose-response is not linear . (3) Reproducibility . Among the 1751 experiments there were 122 data-sets (a total of 333 experiments) in which the same chemical was tested by two or more different laboratories under the same protocol . 21 of the 122 data-sets had some disagreement between experiments as to whether results were positive or negative (Table 4).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) J Clin Pathol, 1984 Jul, 37(7), 805 - 8 Comparison of the Vi indirect fluorescent antibody test with the Widal agglutination method in the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever; Doshi N et al.; The indirect fluorescent antibody test using a whole Salmonella typhi Vi suspension as the antigen has been evaluated for the diagnosis of typhoid fever . Results using sera from 140 patients with S typhi infections proved on culture show the test to have good sensitivity . The test appears to be highly specific, although it has not yet been investigated with respect to typhoid vaccination or in the context of infections due to salmonellas other than S typhi. J Bacteriol, 1984 Jul, 159(1), 71 - 9 Phase variation and the Hin protein: in vivo activity measurements, protein overproduction, and purification; Bruist MF et al.; The alternate expression of the Salmonella flagellin genes H1 and H2 is controlled by the orientation of a 995-base-pair invertible segment of DNA located at the 5' end of the H2 gene . The hin gene, which is encoded within the invertible region, is essential for the inversion of this DNA segment . We cloned the hin gene into Escherichia coli and placed it under the control of the PL promoter of bacteriophage lambda . These cells overproduced the Hin protein . In vivo inversion activity was measured by using a recombinant lambda phage which contains the H2 and lacZ genes under the control of the invertible region . Using this phage, we showed that the amount of inversion activity is proportional to the amount of Hin protein in the cell . An inactive form of the protein was purified by using the unusual solubility properties of the overproduced protein . The amino acid composition of the protein agreed with the DNA sequence of the hin gene . Antibodies were made to the isolated protein . These antibodies cross-reacted with two other unidentified E . coli proteins. J Bacteriol, 1984 Jul, 159(1), 300 - 5 Plasmid- and chromosome-coded aerobactin synthesis in enteric bacteria: insertion sequences flank operon in plasmid-mediated systems; McDougall S et al.; Large plasmids were detected in two aerobactin-producing enteric bacterial species (Aerobacter aerogenes 62-I, Salmonella arizona SA1, and S . arizona SL5301) and designated pSMN1, pSMN2, and pSMN3, respectively . Other Salmonella spp., namely, S . arizona SL5302, S . arizona SLS, Salmonella austin, and Salmonella memphis, formed aerobactin but contained no detectable large plasmids . S . arizona SL5283 made no aerobactin . A probe consisting of the aerobactin biosynthetic genes cloned on plasmid pABN5 hybridized to a HindIII digest of pSMN1 but not to digests of pSMN2 or pSMN3 . A larger probe, the insert of pABN1 containing the complete aerobactin operon, hybridized to four fragments in HindIII digests of the parent plasmid, pColV-K30 . A 2.0-kilobase PvuII fragment responsible for this multiple-hybridization pattern was cloned into vector pUC9 to form pSMN30 . The latter was mapped and shown to correspond to either IS1 or to a closely related insertion sequence. Carcinogenesis, 1984 Jul, 5(7), 925 - 30 Short-term bioassays of nitro derivatives of benzo{a}pyrene and perylene; Lofroth G et al.; Several nitroarenes derived from benzo{a}pyrene and perylene and the parent hydrocarbons have been assayed for mutagenicity in the Salmonella microsome test and for affinity for the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-receptor protein in rat liver cytosol . 1- and 3-nitrobenzo{a}pyrene are mutagenic in the absence of S9 and have a response pattern in several Salmonella strains resembling that shown by 1-nitropyrene . 6-Nitrobenzo{a}pyrene, 3-nitroperylene as well as the parent unsubstituted hydrocarbons require S9 for activation . The 3,6- and 3,7-dinitroperylenes and a mixture of 3,9-/3,10-dinitroperylene are all mutagenic in the absence of S9 . The response pattern of 3,9-/3,10-dinitroperylene resembles that shown by 1,6- and 1,8-dinitropyrenes . The nitro derivatives which are active in the absence of S9 are all inactivated by the addition of an incomplete S9 lacking NADP but activity is regained in the presence of the complete S9 for 1-and 3-nitrobenzo{a}pyrene and 3,6-dinitroperylene, showing that these compounds are also activated by S9 enzymes . Benzo{a}pyrene, 1- and 3-nitrobenzo{a}pyrene, 3-nitroperylene and the mixture of 3,9-/3,10-dinitroperylene have a high affinity for the TCDD-receptor protein whereas the affinity is low or below the detection level for the other compounds . These results are in good agreement with known structural requirements for receptor binding. Res Vet Sci, 1984 Jul, 37(1), 108 - 13 Adjuvant-free immunological manipulation of livestock; Morrison CA et al.; Mice and sheep were immunised to growth hormone release inhibiting hormone (GHRIH) using a number of systems which avoided conventional adjuvants . GHRIH was linked directly, or via a horse IgG carrier, to algin or purified protein derivative of tuberculin . A conjugate of GHRIH and flagella from Salmonella dublin was also prepared . Complexes were administered with or without lipopolysaccharide from S typhosa 0901 in a two-injection schedule . Animals receiving conjugates containing purified protein derivative or flagella were preimmunised with live Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) or live S dublin vaccines respectively . Antibody titres to GHRIH, horse IgG and flagella were determined by radioimmunoassay . The system based on tuberculin yielded anti-GHRIH titres in both species which were equivalent to those obtained using Freund's complete adjuvant, while the system based on S dublin produced similar results but only in mice . These data suggest that carrier proteins of bacterial origin may be useful in the development of adjuvant-free autoimmunisation schedules for the practical manipulation of endocrine systems. Experientia, 1984 Jun 15, 40(6), 554 - 7 Model systems demonstrating the volatile mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of sodium nitrite in rats; Macdonald IA et al.; Volatile mutagens derived from sodium nitrite buffered at various pH values or in the presence of human feces were detected using Ames Salmonella tester strain TA 1535 on petrie plates inverted over samples . Volatile mutagenicity increased as the pH decreased and was primarily a function of the nitrous acid produced from sodium nitrite and hydrogen ions . Sodium nitrite administered intracecally to 3 Wistar rats through surgically implanted cannula caused tumors (fibrosarcoma: 1/3 and squamous cell, 2/3) . The possible role of nitrite-derived mutagens in GI cancer is discussed. J Biol Chem, 1984 Jun 10, 259(11), 6720 - 9 The effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharides on the biosynthesis and release of proteoglycans from calf articular cartilage cultures; Morales TI et al.; Organ cultures of bovine articular cartilage from metacarpophalangeal joints of calf maintain steady state metabolism of cartilage proteoglycans over the course of several weeks . Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) depress biosynthesis of proteoglycans in such cultures to approximately 60% of control values after 1-2 days of treatment . A glycolipid from the Salmonella minnesota Re 595 mutant, which lacks the polysaccharide chains of LPS, also depresses proteoglycan synthesis . If LPS is removed from the medium as late as after 12 days of exposure, proteoglycan synthesis returns to control values . Proteoglycans synthesized during the first week of LPS treatment are indistinguishable from those synthesized by control cultures in terms of their hydrodynamic size and the relative amounts of disaccharides released by chondroitin lyase ABC digestion of their glycosaminoglycan chains . However, after 15-18 days of treatment, significant proportions of a smaller proteoglycan are synthesized . For cultures prelabeled with {35S}sulfate, the rate of release of 35S-labeled proteoglycans from the matrix is accelerated approximately 2-fold over control during the first week of LPS treatment . This effect is completely reversed upon removal of LPS from the medium . For cultures prelabeled with {35S}sulfate, approximately 40 and 90% of the 35S-labeled proteoglycans are lost from the matrix after 18 days in control and LPS-treated cultures, respectively . The labeled proteoglycans remaining in the matrix of the control after 18 days were indistinguishable from newly synthesized proteoglycans in terms of hydrodynamic size as were those in 7-day LPS-treated cultures when approximately 40% of the labeled proteoglycans had been lost . Even after 18 days of LPS treatment, more than 60% of the remaining labeled molecules were unchanged . LPS stimulates prostaglandin E2 synthesis in these cultures while indomethacin in the presence of LPS blocks synthesis . However, indomethacin did not alter the metabolism of proteoglycans in either control or LPS-treated cultures, indicating that prostaglandins are not directly involved in regulating proteoglycan metabolism in this system. FEBS Lett, 1984 Jun 4, 171(1), 145 - 8 Domain structure of flagellin; Fedorov OV et al.; The chemotaxis of bacteria such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli involves smooth swimming punctuated by periods of tumbling . In smooth swimming the flagellar filaments are left-handed, in tumbling they are right-handed with a different wavelength . The filaments are constructed from a globular protein, flagellin, by a process of self-assembly . The existing models assume that the flagellin molecule is bistable and longitudinal rows of subunits take one of the two possible conformations . Such a model explains the observed different morphology of the flagellum . We have studied Salmonella and E . coli flagellins in polymeric and monomeric forms by scanning microcalorimetry and circular dichroism . We have inferred that a flagellin molecule consists of several domains, two of which are structured at physiological temperatures and are in the monomeric form, while the others acquire a regular form only in the process of polymerization . This phenomenon may be the basis of a process during which the flagellin molecule, fitting into the flagellum, acquires a conformation analogous to that of the neighbouring molecule in the longitudinal row. Mutat Res, 1984 Jun-Jul, 140(2-3), 49 - 53 In vivo cytogenetic effects of the cooked-food-related mutagens Trp-P-2 and IQ in mouse bone marrow; Minkler JL et al.; Sister-chromatid exchange and chromosomal aberrations were measured in vivo in mouse bone marrow following intraperitoneal injection of the cooked food mutagens, Trp-P-2 and IQ . Trp-P-2 produced a significant positive dose response for both endpoints while IQ produced only a weak but significant sister-chromatid exchange response . The relative potency of these two chemicals is similar to that seen in mammalian cells in vitro but opposite to their potency in Salmonella. Mutat Res, 1984 Jun-Jul, 140(2-3), 155 - 7 Inability of the mutagen-blocking agent oleic acid to protect against colon carcinogenesis in the rat; Nelson RL et al.; Oleic acid has been found in cooked beef and human feces . It has also been found to protect against mutagenesis as measured by the Salmonella microsomal assay test . Addition of oleic acid to the diet of rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, a colon carcinogen, failed to protect the rats against the induction of colon cancer. J Appl Bacteriol, 1984 Jun, 56(3), 365 - 71 Comparative study on Salmonella isolation from sewage-contaminated natural waters; Alcaide E et al.; A comparative study of five factors influencing the isolation of salmonellas from sewage-contaminated natural waters was carried out . The effect of pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water was compared with single-step enrichment in NR10 broth incubated at 43 degrees C . A modification of NR10 has been compared with the original composition . Bismuth sulphite agar (BSA), Hektoen enteric agar (HE) and brilliant green agar (BGA) have been used as plating media . Other factors considered have been temperature of the water and sampling site . A total of 759 salmonella strains belonging to 36 different serotypes has been recovered in a two-year study . All five factors considered in the study have shown a significant effect on the recovery of salmonellas . The combination of direct enrichment in NR10, followed by BSA or HE as plating media was most effective for the isolation of Salmonella . The influence of water temperature and characteristics of the sampling sites have also been discussed. Am J Vet Res, 1984 Jun, 45(6), 1245 - 9 Antibiotic resistance of members of the genus Salmonella isolated from chickens, turkeys, cattle, and swine in the United States during October 1981 through September 1982; Blackburn BO et al.; Members of the genus Salmonella isolated from chickens, turkeys, cattle, and swine and submitted to the National Veterinary Services Laboratories for serotyping during October 1981 through September 1982 were tested for sensitivity to 12 antibacterial drugs . A total of 3,500 isolates was tested . A high rate of drug resistance was observed . Three cultures were resistant to each of the drugs and 30% were resistant to each drug except chloramphenicol, cephalothin, and gentamicin . Multiple resistance patterns were observed for 80% of the cultures with an even higher percentage in cultures from swine. Poult Sci, 1984 Jun, 63(6), 1144 - 8 The effect of feeding diets containing avoparcin and monensin on the occurrence of Salmonella in caecum and liver in experimentally infected chickens; Holmberg T et al.; In two experiments (Experiments A and B) chickens experimentally infected with S . infantis at 7 days of age and fed diets containing both avoparcin (10 ppm) and monensin (90 ppm) showed a higher frequency of Salmonella-positive livers and higher caecal counts of Salmonella 1 and 2 weeks after challenge than similarly infected chickens fed only avoparcin (10 ppm) . The results may indicate a synergistic action between the two drugs on the ability of chickens to withstand Salmonella infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1984 Jun, 81(11), 3491 - 5 Interaction between endotoxin and human monocytes: characteristics of the binding of 3H-labeled lipopolysaccharide and 51Cr-labeled lipid A before and after the induction of endotoxin tolerance; Larsen NE et al.; Salmonella typhi endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) was labeled with tritium and purified by gel filtration . Using this preparation, we found that binding of 3H-labeled LPS (3H-LPS) to isolated human monocytes consisted of a rapid (t1/2 less than 5 min), reversible, temperature-independent phase of surface adsorption that was followed by a slower (t1/2 greater than 20 min) period of binding that was irreversible and temperature-dependent . The interactions between 3H-LPS and monocytes that we measured were dependent both on the concentration of LPS and the cell number . We observed an apparent decrease in 3H-LPS surface binding after initial treatment of the cells with LPS, which was most likely due to an acquired reduction in the number of sites on the monocyte membrane available for the binding of LPS . Estimates of the parameters of the binding of 3H-LPS were calculated from a double-reciprocal plot (1/bound vs . 1/free) of the surface binding data and suggest that the relative binding affinity (Kd) for 3H-LPS was unchanged after pretreatment of the monocytes with LPS; however, the total number of LPS binding sites appeared to be reduced by this manipulation . The results of competition binding experiments also suggest that the binding affinity for 3H-LPS was the same before and after incubation of the cells with LPS . Lipid A, which we extracted from LPS and labeled with chromium-51, exhibited a binding affinity similar to that of 3H-LPS and, like 3H-LPS, could be displaced from the cells by competing concentrations of unfractionated LPS; however, the kinetics of binding of the two labeled ligands differed considerably . Our results suggest that exposure of monocytes to LPS may alter the ability of these cells to interact with, and consequently respond to, LPS. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1984 Jun, 13(6), 559 - 65 In-vitro susceptibility of salmonellae to antimicrobial agents; Goossens H et al.; The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of various antimicrobial drugs, for 667 strains of Salmonella, isolated in three different continents of the world, were determined: 17 antibiotics were tested against 506 randomly selected and 161 chloramphenicol-resistant strains . The activity of the monobactam aztreonam against these organisms was in general equal or superior to that observed with the third-generation cephalosporins, cefotaxime and ceftazidime . Furthermore aztreonam and cefotaxime exhibited uniform and high activity against all the salmonella strains tested, irrespective of their chloramphenicol resistance . Ceftazidime was found to have higher geometric mean MICs only for non-typhi salmonellae from Peru. Pathol Biol (Paris), 1984 Jun, 32(5 Pt 2), 573 - 5 {Treatment of typhoid fever with cefoperazone}; Raoult D et al.; Cefoperazone was given parenterally to 10 patients (9 woman and 1 man, aged 19 to 75 years) with positive blood cultures for Salmonella typhi (9 cases) or Salmonella paratyphi A (1 case) . Daily dosage was 0.5 g on the first day, 1 g on the second and 2 g on the third . Five patients had 4 g on the fourth day . Average time to defervescence was five days . There were no relapses . Cefoperazone is therefore satisfactory for treating typhoid fever, especially caused by ampicillin- or chloramphenicol-resistant bacteria. Carbohydr Res, 1984 Jun 1, 128(2), 269 - 82 A new type of carbohydrate-containing synthetic antigen: synthesis of carbohydrate-containing polyacrylamide copolymers having the specificity of O:3 and O:4 factors of Salmonella; Chernyak AYa et al.; The synthesis of a new type of synthetic antigen that contains no protein is described . Two linear polyacrylamide copolymers with carbohydrate branches were obtained via radical copolymerisation of the allyl glycosides of the oligosaccharide determinants O-beta-D-mannopyranosyl-(1----4)-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1----3 )-beta-D- galactopyranose and O-3,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl-(1----3)-alpha-D-mannopyranose with acrylamide . These copolymers, which contained 30% of carbohydrate and had molecular masses exceeding 100 kilodaltons, had the group specificity E and B of Salmonella. Carcinogenesis, 1984 Jun, 5(6), 715 - 8 Effect of norharman on DNA strand breaks and mutation of Chinese hamster V79 cells by chemical carcinogens; Mita S et al.; The effect of norharman, which shows a comutagenic activity in the Salmonella mutation assay, was examined on the action of mutagens towards Chinese hamster V79 cells . Norharman reduced the DNA strand breaks by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), but enhanced the 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline l-oxide ( 4HAQO )-induced DNA strand breaks . Norharman also reduced the cytotoxicity and the mutagenicity of MNNG but enhanced the cytotoxicity of 4HAQO to V79 cells . In the Salmonella mutation assay, norharman showed no effect on the mutagenic activity of MNNG but reduced the mutagenic activity of 4HAQO . The effect of norharman on the action of mutagens to V79 cells appeared dependent on mutagens and did not correlate with the effect observed in Salmonella mutation assay. Int J Zoonoses, 1984 Jun, 11(1), 95 - 104 Epidemiologic aspects of salmonellosis in reptiles, amphibians, mollusks and crustaceans--a review; Minette HP; Salmonellae have been found associated with all of the poikilothermic vertebrate species studied, as well as the mollusks and crustaceans . Some of these animals have been incriminated in the transmission of salmonellosis to other higher vertebrates or to man, but in many cases they remain as only potential sources of the disease because of inadequate epidemiologic study . It would appear that they are important unrecognized reservoirs of the Salmonella organism in nature . With the increasing worldwise emphasis on aquaculture as a source of food, the role these animals play in the maintenance or transmission of salmonellosis in the aquatic environment needs further study . The epidemiologic investigation of sporadic outbreaks of salmonellosis might well take into consideration some of the common household and backyard pests--flies, ants, cockroaches, lizards (geckos), toads, and snails. Int J Zoonoses, 1984 Jun, 11(1), 111 - 4 Public health importance of market meat exposed to refuse flies and air-borne microorganisms; Akinboade OA et al.; Abbatoir meats sold in the open at the Ibadan market stalls were swabbed to investigate the presence of any microorganism . Flies were caught on carcases being transported from the abbatoir in open vehicles to meat stalls and also at meat stalls and nearby refuse using fly catching nets . Major flies caught were Musca domestica; Culicoides species, Chrysomia and Fannia cannicularis . Stophylococcus aureus, Salmonella and Escherichia coli were the bacteria isolated from. Mutat Res, 1984 Jun-Jul, 140(2-3), 61 - 5 Activation of mutagens in cooked ground beef by human-liver microsomes; Felton JS et al.; The total organic base fraction purified from fried ground beef is metabolized by human-liver microsomes to form mutagens detectable by the Ames/Salmonella bacterial assay . The mutagens produced have an absolute requirement for metabolic activation; without it, no increase in the number of revertants over background is seen . Microsomes from human liver activate the mutagens significantly more than microsomes from uninduced mouse or rat liver; the microsomes from one individual were nearly as active as those of Aroclor-induced mice and rats . alpha-Naphthoflavone (ANF) inhibits activation of these mutagenic bases, implying that the metabolism is mediated by the inducible form(s) of cytochrome P-448 . Thus, the human liver has the potential to metabolize the cooked beef mutagen(s) to active intermediates, posing a possible mutagenic risk . However, unlike the animal metabolizing system, which needs to be artificially induced, the human system appears to be naturally induced through diet or environmental exposure. J Appl Toxicol, 1984 Jun, 4(3), 117 - 23 The distribution of dermal tumorigens in coal liquids: relationship of tumorigenicity and microbial mutagenicity; Holland JM et al.; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and/or their pyrolle derivatives were found to be the primary contributors to the skin tumorigenicity of the neutral fractions of two coal oils . Mutagenicity of the neutral fraction in Salmonella test strains was found to be due primarily to polycyclic aromatics containing polar substituents . Thus, the chemical classes responsible for skin tumorigenicity differ from those responsible for mutagenicity. Cancer Lett, 1984 Jun, 23(2), 235 - 40 Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of mono- and diacetyl hydrazine; Bhide SV et al.; Two hydrazine derivatives, monoacetyl hydrazine (MAH) and diacetyl hydrazine (DAH), have been tested for mutagenic response in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay and micronucleus test . MAH but not DAH, increased the revertant mutants in TA100 and TA1535 and also increased the frequency of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes . Gavage administration of MAH but not of DAH, resulted in increased incidence of lung tumors . These observations record for the first time the mutagenicity/carcinogenicity of MAH which is one of the metabolites of isoniazid in animals and humans. Toxicol Lett, 1984 Jun, 21(3), 255 - 62 Increase of 2,3-epoxybutane mutagenicity by glutathione-S-transferases; de Meester C; The mutagenicity of 2,3- epoxybutane (2,3-EB) towards Salmonella FFphimurium TA1530 is increased by rat liver S9 mix . This enhancement can be induced by Aroclor 1254 (ARO) or phenobarbitone (PB) pretreatment . Comparative assays with purified subcellular liver fractions demonstrated that cytosol is the most active in increasing the mutagenic effect of 2,3-EB . Addition of reduced glutathione (GSH) to metabolic activating mixtures containing S9 or cytosol, strengthened this effect . From these results it is suggested that 2,3-EB is stabilized through enzymic conjugation with GSH. J Infect Dis, 1984 Jun, 149(6), 878 - 83 Importance of host factors in human salmonellosis caused by multiresistant strains of Salmonella; Riley LW et al.; Antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolates from persons in randomly selected urban and rural counties in the United States were examined along with clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the host . Multiresistant strains, isolated from 66 (12.2%) of 542 persons evaluated, were associated with five of 20 variables in univariate analyses: serotype heidelberg, host of Hispanic origin, host exposure to penicillins within four weeks before stool culture, age greater than or equal to 60 years, and regular antacid use . By multiple linear regression, the first three variables were each significantly associated with infections due to multiresistant Salmonella . One or more of the last three variables, thought to be host factors that may promote disease, were present for persons yielding 38% of multiresistant strains but only 12% of sensitive strains (P less than .001) . The relatively large proportion of multiresistant Salmonella among isolates from persons with these risk factors suggests that to cause disease, resistant organisms are more dependent than are sensitive organisms on host characteristics. J Hyg (Lond), 1984 Jun, 92(3), 395 - 9 Salmonella serotypes isolated from man in Malaysia over the 10-year period 1973-1982; Jegathesan M; The results of serotyping of 10 953 salmonella isolates from humans over a 10-year period, 1973-82 at the Bacteriology Division, Institute for Medical Research, Malaysia are presented . A total of 104 serotypes from 22 'O' groups were encountered; 95 isolates were considered untypable . The three most predominant serotypes, namely Salmonella typhi, S . typhimurium and S . weltevreden together accounted for 54.1% of all isolates whilst the 25 most frequent serotypes accounted for 93.6% of the total . Whilst the commoner serotypes occurred regularly throughout the study period, the rarer ones tended to appear only in one year, when they might be associated with an outbreak, and never again . The pattern of serotypes, though quite similar to the one seen in neighbouring Singapore, is different from those experienced in other places such as Hong Kong, Jakarta, Bangladesh and Manchester. Mutat Res, 1984 Jun, 130(3), 141 - 51 Evaluation of the Escherichia coli K12 inductest for detection of potential chemical carcinogens; Mamber SW et al.; 46 chemicals of diverse classes and structures, including 30 known animal carcinogens, were evaluated for prophage-inducing ability using the Escherichia coli inductest with lysogenic strain GY5027 envA - uvrB- and indicator strain GY4015 ampR . The inductest detected 9 of 30 known carcinogens as genotoxic agents, including 3 polycyclic hydrocarbons, 2 aflatoxins, and 2 antitumor antimicrobials . Among the 21 carcinogens ineffective as prophage inducers were 3 aromatic amines (other than 2-aminoanthracene), 3 azo-aminoazo compounds, 2 methanesulfonates, and 2 nitro aromatics . In contrast, 18 and 17 of the 30 animal carcinogens were detected as genotoxic agents in the Salmonella/Ames test and E . coli WP2/ WP100 rec assay, respectively . The threshold sensitivity of the inductest was less than that of the Salmonella/Ames test for chemicals genotoxic in both tests . The ineffectiveness of the inductest as a routine test for detecting potential chemical carcinogens may be related to the nature of the DNA damage lesions formed by various genotoxic agents. Am J Dis Child, 1984 Jun, 138(6), 551 - 6 Bacteremia in hospitalized black South African children . A one-year study emphasizing nosocomial bacteremia and bacteremia in severely malnourished children; Berkowitz FE; During a one-year period, 315 of 5,397 children admitted to the general pediatric wards of a hospital had bacteremia . The commonest causative organisms were Streptococcus pneumoniae, Salmonella enteritidis, Hemophilus influenzae, and Escherichia coli . Most episodes of bacteremia were associated with gastroenteritis, pneumonia, or meningitis . Seventy-eight episodes occurred in children with severe protein-energy malnutrition, and 46 episodes were hospital acquired . The overall case fatality rate was 23.2%, being highest in children with severe malnutrition and in those with other underlying conditions . The high proportion of bacteremias due to S pneumoniae and S enteritidis possibly reflects infections occurring in a lower socioeconomic group living in a temperate climate in crowded conditions . The most appropriate antimicrobial therapy for children who have suspected bacteremia in association with gastroenteritis or severe malnutrition is a combination of ampicillin sodium and gentamicin sulfate. Mutat Res, 1984 Jun, 136(3), 173 - 83 Evaluation of diallate and triallate herbicides for genotoxic effects in a battery of in vitro and short-term in vivo tests; Sandhu SS et al.; Commercial-grade preparations of two thiocarbamate herbicides, diallate and triallate, were evaluated for their mutagenic potential in a battery of short-term bioassays . All in vitro bioassays were performed with and without mammalian metabolic activation, and all such tests were repeated after an interval of at least 1 week . Diallate and triallate were tested in the Salmonella/microsome assay over dose ranges of 0.59 to 118.0 micrograms/plate and 6.37 to 1273 micrograms/plate, respectively . Both diallate and triallate gave positive results in S . typhimurium strains TA1535, TA98, and TA100 only in the presence of a rat-liver metabolic activation system . In Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D7, diallate was tested at concentrations from 1.18 to 29.50 micrograms/ml, and triallate was tested at 0.955 to 9.548 micrograms/ml . Both diallate and triallate gave negative results for mitotic gene conversion, mitotic crossing-over, and reverse mutation . In the mouse lymphoma L5178Y TK+/- assay, diallate was tested at concentrations ranging from 1 to 72 micrograms/ml, and triallate was tested at 0.5 to 60 micrograms/ml . Both herbicides produced mutagenic responses in the mouse lymphoma assay in the presence of metabolic activation . In the Drosophila sex-linked recessive lethal test, flies were exposed to 0.0004% diallate and 0.001% triallate . In this assay, diallate was considered mutagenic, whereas triallate did not produce a detectable mutagenic response. J Med Microbiol, 1984 Jun, 17(3), 217 - 35 Comparative study of the nature and biological activities of bacterial enterotoxins; Gemmell CG; It is apparent that there are considerable similarities between many of the enterotoxins produced by enteric pathogens . Although the effect of most of these toxins is restricted to the intestine in vivo, many cells are also sensitive to intoxication in vitro . The resultant in-vitro biochemical changes may have no pathological significance but serve to underline the central role of cyclic nucleotides in cellular fluid regulation . The biological activity of these enterotoxins is the result of interaction with membrane-bound adenylate cyclase, leading to persistent elevation of intracellular levels of cAMP . Stimulation of adenylate cyclase occurs consistently after a characteristic lag phase which varies somewhat between toxins . The duration and degree of stimulation of adenylate cyclase by the various toxins may point to possible differences in affinity, dissociation and mechanism of activation of the cyclase molecule . Subtle events at, or within, the cell membrane must occur during intoxication and may include complex associations of toxin with membrane lipid and protein components . The heat-labile toxins of V . cholerae, E . coli, Salmonella spp., A . hydrophila and Y . enterocolitica have much in common in their structures, membrane receptors and biochemical modes of action . Similarly the heat-stable toxins of E . coli and Y . enterocolitica, match each other in their biological activities . Classified along with the enterotoxin of C . perfringens, the enterotoxin produced by Sh . dysenteriae (and possibly some strains of E . coli) appears to differ from the other enterotoxins by acting on protein biosynthesis primarily and not on the nucleotide cyclase activation systems . In another category must be placed the various enterotoxins produced by Staph . aureus until more is known . Surprisingly little research has been directed towards the elucidation of their mode of action, although much is known of their serological and structural differences . Evidence to date suggests that staphylococcal enterotoxins differ from the other diarrhoeagenic agents discussed in this review . The structural and immunological similarities between the various heat-labile enterotoxins suggest a common genetic origin with gene transfer between the different bacterial species being responsible for the spread of enterotoxigenicity . It is possible that many of the "newer" enterotoxins owe their origin to genetic recombination with the "older" enteropathogens like V . cholerae. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1984 Jun, 15(2), 161 - 6 Comparative study of three blood culture systems for isolation of enteric fever Salmonella; Escamilla J et al.; Eight hundred blood cultures were tested in parallel in three conventional systems: tryptic soy broth containing 0.05% sodium polyanethosulfonate (TSB-SPS), whole blood in bile (BILE-BLOOD), and blood clots in bile (BILE-CLOT) . Sixty-eight cultures were Salmonella typhi positive and 29 were positive for S . paratyphi A in at least one of the systems . Analysis of the isolation rates of the 97 Salmonella-positive specimens showed that BILE-BLOOD was significantly more sensitive (p less than 0.05) than either TSB-SPS or BILE-CLOTS, and that the latter two were not significantly different . The time required for positive results was shortest in BLOOD-BILE which was significantly quicker than BILE-CLOTs (p less than 0.05), but not TSB-SPS (p greater than 0.05) . Possible explanations for the observed, superior performance of the BILE-BLOOD system are discussed and recommendations for efficient recovery of enteric fever salmonellae from blood are presented. Experientia, 1984 May 15, 40(5), 452 - 3 Goitrin--a nitrosatable constitutent of plant foodstuffs; Luthy J et al.; N-nitrosamides are known as direct-acting carcinogens at the site of their formation; they do not need any metabolic activation in vivo . The conditions leading to their formation in the stomach, and also their genotoxicity, have been thoroughly studied with some model compounds . Several reports link this type of compound to the induction of gastric cancer in human . However, only limited data are presently available about possible precursors of N-nitrosamides in foods . In the present study we found that goitrin --a naturally occurring compound in cruciferous vegetables and rape--could be easily nitrosated by treatment with nitrite under stomach conditions, yielding with loss of sulfur the N-nitroso- oxazolidone 4 (fig.) . This product has a mutagenicity pattern and potency similar to that of N-nitroso-N-methyl-N'- nitroguanidine (MNNG) in the Ames Salmonella/mammalian microsome test. Minerva Med, 1984 May 12, 75(20), 1223 - 6 {Pleural empyema caused by Salmonella cholerae suis in a patient with breast cancer in the stage of metastatic dissemination}; Santus G et al.; A pleural localisation of Salmonella cholerae suis infection is described in a patient with breast carcinoma . The evolution of neoplastic disease seems to be more slow after salmonellosis . On the basis of this case the most important mechanisms between immunity and tumors are discussed. J Mol Biol, 1984 May 5, 175(1), 83 - 7 Multidomain of flagellin; Fedorov OV et al.; Scanning microcalorimetric and circular dichroism studies of the normal and mutant flagellins of Salmonella suggest that they have a multidomain structure in common . Flagellin polymers (flagella) are depolymerized irreversibly into monomers as the temperature is raised, and the monomers undergo denaturation reversibly when cooled and heated again . The calorimetric enthalpy of this reversible process is twice as large as the van't Hoff enthalpy, suggesting that flagellin monomers contain two co-operative regions that melt independently at the same temperature . In all flagellin specimens examined, the ellipticity at the same temperature . In all flagellin specimens examined, the ellipticity at 222 nm of polymers at room temperature is 1.6 times as large as that of monomers, and the dependence of ellipticity on temperature takes place in the same temperature intervals in which calorimetric effects take place . From these results, we propose that flagellin molecules consist of several domains, two of which are distinctly structured in monomers at room temperature, while the others acquire more regular structures during polymerization. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1984 May, (5), 62 - 7 {Pathology and physiology of microbes . IV . Economic and metabolic coefficients in assessing the functional states of Salmonella typhi}; Mel'nikova VA et al.; The study of economic and metabolic coefficients under different conditions of batch and continuous cultivation with the use of S . typhi, a facultative anaerobe, as a model has demonstrated that the functional state of the microbial population is determined by the phase of the development of the culture, the composition of the culture medium, the conditions of aeration and stirring, the concentration of the energy-providing substrate and the dilution rate in continuous cultivation . The economic coefficient with respect to the energy-providing substrate has been found to be the main characteristic of the functional state of the population: the high values of this characteristic correspond to the physiological state of the population . The decrease of the economic coefficient below a certain critical value is indicative of the pathological state of the population. Poult Sci, 1984 May, 63(5), 892 - 5 Studies on the incidence of Salmonella carriers in broiler flocks entering a poultry processing plant in Australia; Soerjadi-Liem AS et al.; To evaluate the practical utility of competitive exclusion as an aid in controlling Salmonella, a survey was conducted in New South Wales, Australia to determine the incidence of Salmonella in 20 broiler flocks at time of slaughter during a 12-month period . The Salmonella incidence was determined by culturing the ceca of 50 randomly selected chickens per flock . The results demonstrated a high level of carriers (more than 30%) in 6 flocks, a moderate level of carriers (11 to 30%) in 4 flocks, a low level of carriers (1 to 10%) in 2 flocks, and 8 flocks from which no Salmonella were isolated . Five Salmonella serotypes, S . eimsbeutel , S . havana, S . luanshya , S . singapore, and S . typhimurium were isolated with S . typhimurium being the most common . Salmonellae were much less frequently isolated from flocks reared on old litter than on new litter. Poult Sci, 1984 May, 63(5), 1069 - 72 Effects of the evisceration and cooling processes on the incidence of Salmonella in fresh dressed turkeys grown under Salmonella-controlled and uncontrolled environments; Campbell DF et al.; In July and December 1981, turkeys grown in a Salmonella-free environment were sampled at the end of the slaughter and evisceration processes to determine the effect of slaughter and evisceration on the incidence of Salmonella in raw, eviscerated turkeys . A total of 109 eviscerated turkeys from the Salmonella-free flocks and 79 control turkeys were sampled . A total of 75 environmental swab samples and 5 chiller water samples were collected . Less than 1% of the eviscerated Salmonella-free turkeys were Salmonella positive and 6.3% of the eviscerated control turkeys were Salmonella positive . The results of the swab samples indicated generally good processing equipment sanitation. Am J Epidemiol, 1984 May, 119(5), 806 - 12 Investigation of an outbreak of Salmonella oranienburg infections in Norway, caused by contaminated black pepper; Gustavsen S et al.; From November 1981 to August 31, 1982, 126 bacteriologically confirmed cases of Salmonella oranienburg infections were reported in Norway . This paper summarizes the development of the outbreak and describes the epidemiologic and microbiologic investigations leading to the discovery of contaminated black pepper as the source of the outbreak . In an investigation limited to 26 patients in the Trondelag region, the Trondheim Public Food Control Laboratory isolated S . oranienburg from six samples of black, ground pepper from the patients' households and from 15 samples of black, ground pepper from unopened, original packings having the trademark of the Norwegian Cooperative Association (Co-op). Mutat Res, 1984 May, 126(3), 259 - 64 Studies by means of the SCE assay in V79-E Chinese hamster cells on the mode of action of tri-substituted nitrosoureas; Thust R et al.; The genotoxic activity of 3,3-diethyl-1-methyl-1-nitrosourea ( DEMNU ), 1,3-dimethyl-3-phenyl-1-nitrosourea ( DMPNU ) and 1-chloroethyl-3-methyl-3-phenyl-1-nitrosourea ( CEMPNU ) was studied in the SCE assay in V79-E cells in vitro . These compounds are very stable in aqueous solutions, but are directly acting genotoxins . The SCE rates increase linearly with the length of the incubation period . This direct activity is presumably due to an intracellular catalytic decomposition . Whereas the SCE-inducing effect of DMPNU and CEMPNU is not influenced by addition of S9 mix, that of DEMNU is strongly potentiated by rat and Syrian hamster S9 mix . This DEMNU activation is an NADPH-dependent enzymatic reaction and is inducible by phenobarbital . The absence of a direct mutagenic effect of DEMNU in the Ames test, as reported by other authors, is probably caused by a striking insensitivity to tri-substituted nitrosoureas of the Salmonella assay . This assumption was substantiated by long-term application of very low DMPNU doses to V79-E . Long-term simultaneous treatment with DMPNU and bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) significantly diminished the rate of SCE induction. Mutat Res, 1984 May, 126(3), 227 - 38 Structural requirements for the mutagenicity of environmental nitroarenes; Klopman G et al.; The nitroarenes comprise a large group of widely distributed environmental agents some of which are extraordinarily mutagenic while others are devoid of such activity . A newly developed computer program has been used to determine which structural features of these molecules might account for this broad spectrum of activities . Using Salmonella mutagenicity data for 53 nitroarenes , 2 fragments associated with activity and 2 deactivating fragments have been identified . The coexistence of an active and a deactivating fragment on the same molecule results in a nitroarene possessing marginal or no mutagenicity . The activity of 47 of 53 nitroarenes was correctly predicted by this procedure . Most of the discrepancies involved hexa- and heptacyclic nitroarenes which were predicted to be active but reported to be inactive . The 'CASE' program can be used to predict the mutagenicity of the many untested nitroarenes identified in the ambient environment. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1984 May, 72(5), 1127 - 36 Life-span, tumor incidence, and natural killer cell activity in mice selected for high or low antibody responsiveness; Covelli V et al.; Biozzi mice selected for high (H) or low (L) antibody responsiveness to natural antigens have been followed for their entire life-span to examine their pathology at death . As previously found in selection I, shorter life-span and higher lymphoma incidence were observed in L responder mice than in H responder mice selected for antibody responsiveness to sheep red blood cells (selection II) . In mice selected for antibody responsiveness to Salmonella flagellar antigens (selection III), similar life-span and similar lymphoma incidence were found in H and L responder mice . Natural killer (NK) cell activity, as assessed in spleen cells from young mice, was lower in L than in H responder mice of selection I but higher in L than in H responder mice of both selections II and III . All these results indicate that longevity and lymphoma incidence at death are independent of NK cell activity in mice selected for H or L antibody responsiveness to natural antigens . Furthermore, genetic selection for antibody responsiveness does not always appear to influence life-span and lymphoma incidence. J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1984 May-Jun, 67(3), 613 - 5 Survey of fresh vegetables for nematodes, amoebae, and Salmonella; Rude RA et al.; Contamination by nematodes, amoebae, and bacteria of the genus Salmonella was estimated in a 2-year survey of salad vegetables obtained from wholesale and retail sources . The vegetables examined were cucumbers, cabbage, lettuce, celery, carrots, radishes, tomatoes, mushrooms, cauliflower, and spinach . Nematode eggs and larvae were recovered by the Nacconol-ether centrifugation method . Some nematode eggs were identified as parasitic Ascaris sp.; the majority of larval nematodes were thought to be soil-dwelling species . Amoebae were recovered by rinsing the vegetables with distilled water, centrifuging the rinse water, and transferring the sediment to agar plates on which a bacterial lawn had previously been grown; trophozoites identified as the potentially pathogenic species--Acanthamoeba polyphaga, A . rhysodes, and A . castellanii--were the most common amoebae recovered on the plates . Salmonella spp . were grown from 4 of 50 samples. Res Vet Sci, 1984 May, 36(3), 378 - 9 Experimental concurrent infection of cattle with Ostertagia ostertagi and Salmonella dublin; Aitken MM et al.; Six seven-month-old Friesian steers were given 8.1 X 10(9) Salmonella dublin orally . Four had been infected with third stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi on four occasions over the previous three months . All became pyrexic and excreted S dublin in the faeces for eight to 15 days . Intravenous injection of 8.7 X 10(8) S dublin six weeks later produced similarly mild effects in parasitised and control animals alike . Two parasitised animals stopped excreting S dublin after three and five weeks respectively; the other four were still excreting regularly when killed eight weeks after intravenous infection . S dublin was recovered from the carcases of all six . O ostertagi, unlike Fasciola hepatica, did not increase susceptibility to S dublin or predispose to prolonged infection. Toxicology, 1984 May 1, 31(1), 73 - 86 In vitro activation of the promutagens 2-acetamidofluorene, cyclophosphamide and 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene by constitutive ferret and rat hepatic S-9 fractions; Frederick KA et al.; The ability of the ferret to metabolically activate promutagenic compounds was compared with that of the rat, using the Salmonella/microsome assay . Three compounds which require biotransformation to mutagenic metabolites, 2-acetamidofluorene (2-AAF), cyclophosphamide (CPA), and 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA), were studied . Metabolic activation was provided by ferret or rat hepatic S-9 fractions at 5 levels for each chemical, and optimal S-9 levels as well as dose-response curves were obtained . Interspecies mutagenic activity was quantitated on the basis of mg liver, mg S-9 protein, and nmoles P-450 . The slopes of the dose-response curves and the lowest chemical dose required for a significant response were also compared . Although constitutive levels of rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 were shown to be higher than those of the ferret, in vitro mutagenic activation by ferret S-9, at S-9 levels which caused activation in both species, was greater than or equivalent to activation by rat S-9 for these chemicals, based on all parameters studied . The results showed that the equilibrium between activation and detoxification reactions is dependent upon the chemical dose and S-9 level present. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1984 May, 179(2), 170 - 8 A comparison of methods for the isolation of salmonellae from sewage sludge; Fricker CR; Methods for the isolation of salmonellae from sewage sludge were compared . Buffered peptone water and lactose broth were compared to determine their efficiencies as preenrichment media and temperature and duration of incubation were also investigated . In addition five enrichment and five plating media were compared together with the effects of multiple plating of enrichment broths . Buffered peptone water incubated at 43 degrees C for 24 h was shown to be the pre-enrichment method of choice with enrichment in the RB 10 form of Rappaport's broth incubated at 43 degrees C for 48 h and plating at 24 and 48 h onto brilliant green agar containing sulphamandelate supplement and Hynes' modification of desoxycholate citrate agar . Of the 100 samples used in the study . 96 were found to be positive for salmonella by at least one of the procedures used . A total of 15 Salmonella serotypes were isolated . Salmonella virchow being the most common. J Anim Sci, 1984 May, 58(5), 1245 - 54 Mutagenic responses of tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) plant, pyrrolizidine alkaloids and metabolites in goat milk with the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test; White RD et al.; Tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea ) was evaluated for animal and human health hazard using the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test . An acetone extract of tansy ragwort (TR) produced a negative mutagenic response for bacterial tester strains TA1535 and TA100 and a toxic response in tester strains TA1537 and TA98 . Assay of this extract in the presence of mammalian liver microsomes (S-9) resulted in positive mutagenic responses in tester strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100 . Species differences were evaluated by use of liver microsome preparations from induced rat and uninduced sheep, beef, hamster, trout and rat . Only a slight species difference was demonstrated . A mixture of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA), extracted from TR flowers, produced a negative response in tester strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100 . A negative response was also demonstrated when the TR flower PA mixture was assayed with the Salmonella tester strains and induced rat liver microsomes ( IRLM ) . A mixture of PA extracted from Senecio longilobus also produced a negative response . The major PA present in TR, jacobine , produced a negative response without and with IRLM exposure in tester strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100 . Another similar PA, monocrotaline, found in various Crotalaria species also gave a negative response . Milk from TR-fed goats was evaluated for mutagenic response . Milk from goats not receiving TR and from goats receiving TR at a level of 1% of their body weight/day via rumen cannula produced a negative response without liver microsomes present . Milk from TR-fed goats, however, yielded both negative and marginally positive responses for different combinations of tester strains and liver microsome preparations. Am J Physiol, 1984 May, 246(5 Pt 2), H658 - 63 Loss of hepatic venous responsiveness after endotoxin in anesthetized cats; Seaman KL et al.; Endotoxin (from Salmonella enteriditis ) was administered either as an intravenous bolus injection after administration of indomethacin to prevent the acute anaphylactoid response or as a slow intravenous infusion to cats anesthetized with pentobarbital . Within 30 min, hepatic blood volume measured by plethysmography increased by 30% . However, unlike the outflow block seen in dogs after endotoxin, this increase in blood volume was associated with a fall in portal and hepatic lobar venous pressures . Responses to hepatic nerve stimulation (1-8 Hz), to intravenous infusions of norepinephrine (0.2-1.0 microgram X kg-1 X min-1), and to infusions into the hepatic artery of norepinephrine (0.1-0.5 microgram X kg-1 X min-1) and angiotensin II (0.1-0.5 microgram X kg-1 X min-1) were compared before and 150 min after endotoxin administration . Both portal pressure and hepatic blood volume responses to these stimuli were markedly depressed by 150 min after endotoxin . We conclude that in cats endotoxin causes a markedly depressed responsiveness of hepatic venous smooth muscle to agonists and a modest pooling of blood in the liver probably due to impairment of preexisting sympathetic tone . Although these hepatic venous effects were observed at a time when cardiac output was not markedly depressed, it is suggested that they may play a significant role in the later development of reduced cardiac output and shock. Mutat Res, 1984 May, 136(2), 147 - 52 Induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary rat hepatocytes by benzidine-congener-derived azo dyes in the in vitro and in vivo/in vitro assays; Joachim F et al.; The genotoxicity of the benzidine-congener-derived azo dyes . Direct Blue 1 ( DB1 ), Direct Blue 14 ( DB14 ), Direct Brown 95 ( DB95 ), and Direct Red 46 ( DR46 ) was studied in the in vitro and in vivo/in vitro unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assays in primary rat hepatocytes to determine if in vivo metabolism of these compounds was required for induction of UDS . Hepatocytes were isolated, cultured, and treated with the azo dyes and {3H}thymidine (in vitro assay); alternatively, in the in vivo/in vitro assay, rats were intubated with the azo dyes, the hepatocytes isolated at 17 h after dosing and incubated in a medium containing {3H}thymidine . UDS was quantified by an autoradiographic method . None of the azo dyes induced UDS in the in vitro assay . However, DR46 did induce marginal, but significant UDS in 1 experiment (1.2 net grains at 500 micrograms/ml media) . No significant UDS was observed when DR46 was tested in a subsequent in vitro assay . In the in vivo/in vitro assay, DB95 (100 mg/kg), DB14 (125 mg/kg), and DR46 (100 mg/kg) induced significant UDS (12, 2.1, and 3.5 net grains, respectively) . None of the azo dyes tested was mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome assay in the presence and absence of rat liver enzymes . Therefore, in vivo reduction of azo dyes, presumably by the gut microflora, is a requirement for the genotoxicity of these azo dyes in the primary rat hepatocyte UDS assay. Immunology, 1984 May, 52(1), 67 - 78 Isolation and characterization of an outer membrane protein of Salmonella paratyphi B: a mitogen and polyclonal activator of human B lymphocytes; Sager S et al.; Salmonella paratyphi B (S . paratyphi B) has been previously characterized as a human T-independent polyclonal B cell activator . To define further the nature of the bacterial structure responsible for these properties, we studied the effects of autoclaving and enzyme treatment of S . paratyphi B on its stimulatory capacity . We found that both autoclaving and papain treatment decreased the ability of S . paratyphi B to induce B cell activation, while trypsin treatment did not affect this capacity . Neither type of treatment affected the binding of S . paratyphi B to lymphocytes, suggesting that binding and B cell stimulation are mediated by different structures . The observation that B cell stimulation was significantly reduced by papain treatment led us to attempt to purify membrane proteins so that we could investigate whether they shared the stimulating capacity of S . paratyphi B . A water-insoluble, 43-45,000 mol . wt . protein, rich in aspartic acid, glutamine, glycine, alanine and leucine, similar in mol . wt . and physicochemical chemical properties to the porins of other gram negative bacteria, was isolated and designated as outer membrane protein (OMP) . This protein was equally efficient to S . paratyphi B in inducing T-independent B cell activation . By performing time-course studies of {3H}-thymidine incorporation we observed a burst of mitogenic activity after stimulation of PBL or purified B cells with both S . paratyphi B and OMP peaking at 48-96 hr of culture (compared to 96-120 hr for the PWM proliferation peak), and with a magnitude of roughly 10% of that observed after PWM stimulation . Given the fact that the proportion of B lymphocytes in PBL is 4-12%, it appears likely that the proliferation burst seen with S . paratyphi B and OMP corresponds to a mitogenic effect mainly restricted to the B cell population. Clin Exp Immunol, 1984 May, 56(2), 371 - 6 Plasmodium falciparum products enhance human lymphocyte transformation by Epstein-Barr virus; Kataaha PK et al.; Supernatants obtained from the in vitro culture of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes induced prolonged lymphocyte survival in culture for more than 8 weeks in six cultures and permanent cell lines were established in four of these . The cells in the latter showed lymphoblastoid features similar to those seen in parallel cultures to which transforming Epstein-Barr (EB) virus instead of P . falciparum derived substances had been added . Cells from the same donors stimulated with other mitogens (pokeweed mitogen, Salmonella paratyphi culture supernatants) ceased to proliferate and died after 3-4 weeks . A 195 Kd polypeptide obtained from P . falciparum parasites also exhibited the potential to transform normal lymphocytes . Characterization of the cell lines indicated a B lymphocyte origin and the presence of EB virus in these lines suggests the possibility that P . falciparum products may activate latent EB virus genomes . These observations appear relevant to both the choice of P . falciparum derived antigens as vaccines, and to the interaction of EB virus and malaria in the aetiology of African Burkitt's lymphoma (BL). Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1984 May, (5), 77 - 9 {Metabolic transformation affected by specific Salmonella O antigen in the lymphocytes of salmonellosis patients}; Bunin KV et al.; Metabolic transformation in the lymphocytes of salmonellosis patients, manifested by changes in the proportion of nucleic acids due to the stimulating action of Salmonella specific O antigen, was studied by the method of microspectral luminescent analysis . The level of single-helix nucleic acids in lymphocytes was shown to increase 6-8 hours after the stimulating action of specific O antigen, which was manifested by the increase of the alpha parameter from 0.21 to 0.68 in salmonellosis patients . This made it possible to confirm the diagnosis of salmonellosis in 92-95% of cases even at the early period of the disease when serodiagnosis could not yet be made. J Clin Microbiol, 1984 May, 19(5), 576 - 8 Identification of Salmonella O antigens by coagglutination; Cohen JO et al.; This study concerns the preparation of reagents for identifying the somatic O antigens of Salmonella enteritidis . Coagglutination reagents (COAGs) with antibody fixed to killed and stabilized protein A-bearing staphylococci were prepared with antisera which were used for identifying the somatic O antigens of S . enteritidis by the slide agglutination test . The reactions of the COAGs were compared with those obtained with the grouping antisera in routine slide agglutination tests in which 41 or more serologically different Salmonella strains, representing most of the known groups, were used . One-third of the COAGs gave identical reactions to those of the slide agglutination antisera . The reactions of the other COAGs varied from the slide agglutination antisera results, some by many reactions and others by only a few . The coagglutination procedure was more reactive than the routine slide agglutination test and resulted in cross-reactions which were not observed in the original grouping antisera . More COAGs were specific when they were tested with alcohol-treated cultures than with live cultures . Coagglutination conserves antiserum, allowing about 12 times as many tests for a given volume of group-specific glycerolized antiserum as does the slide agglutination method. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1984 May-Jun, 135A(3), 389 - 98 Molecular relationships between virulence plasmids of Salmonella serotypes typhimurium and dublin and large plasmids of other Salmonella serotypes; Popoff MY et al.; All studied isolates of Salmonella serotypes abortusovis (16 strains), enteritidis (30 strains), paratyphi C (29 strains), and 2 out of 10 isolates of serotype newport harboured large 54-76-Kb plasmids . No such plasmids were found in the following serotypes: agona, bovismorbificans, heidelberg, infantis, panama, paratyphi A, paratyphi B, saintpaul, senftenberg and typhi . These plasmids and the virulence-associated plasmids of Salmonella serotypes typhimurium and dublin were compared at the molecular level . Plasmids from the same serotype usually showed similar HindIII endonuclease patterns . Plasmids from different serotypes displayed markedly different cleavage patterns . Using the 3H-labelled plasmid from serotype typhimurium strain C5 as a probe, nitrocellulose filter hybridization showed that all these plasmids shared homologous sequences distributed throughout the plasmid molecule . With the S1-nuclease method, all plasmids were 61 to 88% related to the virulence plasmid of serotype typhimurium strain C5 . The large plasmids in Salmonella serotypes abortusovis, enteritidis, paratyphi C, newport and the virulence-associated plasmids in serotypes typhimurium and dublin thus constitute a single group of homology and represent a family of related plasmids . We suggest that this plasmid group may contribute to the pathogenic potential of host serotypes. Virology, 1984 Apr 30, 134(2), 296 - 317 Involvement of the invertible G segment in bacteriophage mu tail fiber biosynthesis; Grundy FJ et al.; The orientation {G(+) or G(-)} of the invertible G segment of bacteriophage Mu DNA determines the host range specificity of the phage particles . In this study the hypothesis that the G segment genes are involved in synthesis of Mu tail fibers has been tested . Serum blocking power (SBP) assays demonstrated that among Mu late gene mutants only those defective in genes S or U encoded by the G segment were defective in G(+) SBP and that they lacked the same antigens . Electron microscopy of lysates produced by inversion-defective gin mutants (isolated by their inability to complement a hin inversion-defective mutant of the Salmonella phase variation segment) showed that G(+) phages with amber mutations in S or U made tail-fiberless particles with contracted tail sheaths . Inversion of G to the G(-) orientation or suppression of the amber mutations restored the normal phage particle morphology . These experiments demonstrate that genes S and U are required for Mu G(+) tail fiber biosynthesis and/or attachment. Virology, 1984 Apr 15, 134(1), 161 - 7 Lambda red-dependent growth and recombination of phage P22; Poteete AR et al.; Plasmids that express lambda recombination functions singly and in combinations, at controllable levels, have been constructed . These plasmids were placed in Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains, and their ability to complement lambda and P22 strains lacking recombination functions was examined . The combination of lambda bet and exo constitutes a minimal system that can substitute for the recombination system of P22 in allowing efficient growth and recombination in a recA- host. Eur J Biochem, 1984 Apr 2, 140(1), 55 - 61 Calmodulin content and activity of Ca2+-ATPase and phospholipase A2 in rat Kupffer cells; Birmelin M et al.; A protein resembling calmodulin was isolated from non-parenchymal and parenchymal cells of rat liver by affinity chromatography . The biological activity of the purified protein was assessed by the bovine brain cAMP phosphodiesterase assay . A highly sensitive radioimmunoassay as well as the cAMP phosphodiesterase method were employed to determine the calmodulin content of crude extracts from monolayer cultures of rat Kupffer cells and hepatocytes . An ATP-dependent, calmodulin-enhanced calcium transport was demonstrated in a membrane fraction of the non-parenchymal cells . Phospholipase A2 activity specific for 2-arachidonoyl phosphatide and with a pH optimum of 8.1 was measured in homogenized Kupffer cells; it was stimulated by agents previously shown to enhance prostaglandin synthesis in Kupffer cells, e.g . zymosan particles and lipopolysaccharide isolated from Salmonella minnesota . The increase in activity was completely prevented by pretreatment with or simultaneous addition of R 24571, a known calmodulin antagonist . However, if this inhibitor or calmodulin was added to the cell-free extract phospholipase A2 activity was not influenced . Phospholipase A1 activity could be detected at pH 5 only, showing a slight decrease in the homogenate of stimulated macrophages . Acyltransferase activity was high but independent of treatment of the Kupffer cells. Avian Dis, 1984 Apr-Jun, 28(2), 497 - 503 The susceptibility of chicks to Salmonella montevideo in artificially contaminated poultry feed; Schleifer JH et al.; Feed artificially contaminated with various levels of nalidixic-acid-resistant Salmonella montevideo was fed to newly hatched chicks for 7 days . Cloacal and cecal swabs were obtained from the chicks at 7, 14, and 21 days of age to monitor Salmonella colonization relative to the feed contamination level . In one of three trials, less than one Salmonella montevideo per gram of feed was sufficient to establish colonization in 1-to-7-day-old chicks. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1984 Apr, (4), 37 - 40 {Biological properties of the causative agents of salmonellosis in young children}; Iuditskaia NM et al.; The study of the biological properties of 161 Salmonella strains isolated from the feces and faucial mucus of 121 young children revealed that at the initial period of salmonellosis the occurrence of Salmonella strains in these materials was the same . Salmonella strains sensitive to antibiotics, as well as group C salmonellae, were shown to be capable of causing hospital infections . Statistically significant results revealed that Salmonella strains isolated from the nasopharynx were more virulent than those isolated simultaneously from the feces of the same children. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1984 Apr, 256(4), 548 - 52 A non-motile Salmonella mutant (6, 7:-:-) and two serological variants encountered in Saudi Arabia; Barbour EK et al.; A non-motile mutant of Salmonella group C1 and two serological variants were isolated during the performance of a national Salmonella surveillance program in Saudi Arabia . Most of the biochemical reactions of the strains conformed to those of the genus Salmonella except for some atypical reactions . The three strains exhibited different susceptibility patterns to 21 antimicrobial agents . The serological analysis revealed the following antigenic structures: 1, 4, 12, 27:b: - Salmonella sofia var . monophasic; 1, 42:z4, z23: - Salmonella gera var . monophasic and a Salmonella strain reported as a non-motile strain of group C1 by the World Health Organization International Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Salmonella. Vet Q, 1984 Apr, 6(2), 73 - 9 Protection of chicks against salmonella infection induced by spray application of intestinal microflora in the hatchery; Goren E et al.; The efficacy of spray application of intestinal microflora of the adult bird in protection of broilers against salmonella infections was studied in 3 experiments under laboratory and field conditions . In chicks treated soon after hatching (in the hatchers at approximately 30 per cent hatch or in the chick delivery boxes in the hatchery) with crop-caecum homogenate or a mixture of aerobically and strict anaerobically cultured intestinal flora, very good results were achieved . A very obvious protective effect against a high infection dose (3 X 10(6) c.f.u.S . infantis bacteria per chick) and complete protection against natural infection with different salmonella types was induced . A significant improvement of growth rate was observed in broilers treated by spray in the hatchery and reared for 7 weeks under field conditions in an environment heavily contaminated with different salmonella types. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1984 Apr, 25(4), 499 - 501 Stability of plasmid content in Salmonella wien in late phases of the epidemic history; Casalino M et al.; Prevalence, genetic characteristics, and EcoRI cleavage analysis of plasmids identified in clinical strains of Salmonella wien isolated in recent years showed that the plasmid content in this serotype has remained uniform and stable over more than a decade and also late in the epidemic history . No correlation between decrease in S . wien isolations and naturally occurring systematic changes in the DNA of its most common FIme plasmid was structurally detectable. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {C}, 1984 Apr, 92(2), 129 - 32 Secretion rates of immunoglobulins, albumin, haptoglobin and complement factors C3 and C4 in the perfused jejunum and ileum of human Salmonella carriers; Hoj L et al.; Secretion rates of immunoglobulins and other proteins were assessed by luminal perfusion of jejunum and distal ileum, and the jejunal histology was evaluated in eight Danish chronic Salmonella typhi and paratyphi carriers compared to nine healthy controls who previously had suffered from typhoid or paratyphoid fever not followed by a carrier state . The median secretion rates for each protein investigated in the distal ileum as well as in the jejunum revealed no significant differences between the two groups . The secretion rate of secretory IgA was raised in both groups compared to previously investigated normal persons . The histological examination revealed no signs of inflammation or presence of bacteria . It was concluded that no primary humoral immune defect was revealed in the carriers. Poult Sci, 1984 Apr, 63(4), 647 - 53 The efficacy of chlorine dioxide in controlling Salmonella contamination and its effect on product quality of chicken broiler carcasses; Thiessen GP et al.; A large spin-type chiller in an Ontario poultry processing plant was adapted so that the chill water could be treated with various levels of chlorine dioxide ( ClO2 ), increasing the concentration of ClO2 from 0 to 1.39 mg/liter resulting in reducing the bacteria count to the point where salmonellae could not be isolated from the chill water or the chilled broiler carcasses . In addition, coliform, psychrotroph , and aerobic plate counts were all greatly reduced (less than 1 log cycle) in chill water but were only slightly reduced (less than .5 log cycle) in macerated chicken broiler breast skin . Shelf-life was lengthened for broiler carcasses treated with 1.33 and 1.39 mg/liter ClO2 as compared to control carcasses . Sensory panelists reported no off flavors for any ClO2 concentration but rated broiler skin as being slightly lighter in color compared to control carcasses at all concentrations of ClO2 treatment. Postgrad Med J, 1984 Apr, 60(702), 284 - 6 Salmonella meningitis following treatment of enteritis with neomycin; Hardy C et al.; A case of salmonella meningitis with accompanying septicaemia and pericarditis is reported in an adult following an episode of enteritis. J Infect Dis, 1984 Apr, 149(4), 553 - 7 Typhoid fever in San Antonio, Texas: an outbreak traced to a continuing source; Taylor JP et al.; Eighty cases of typhoid fever occurred in San Antonio, Texas, with dates of onset from August 18, 1981, to October 26, 1981 . Preliminary epidemiological investigations of the first 24 cases suggested a Mexican food takeout restaurant as the common source . A case-control study confirmed this association (P less than or equal to .001) . Barbacoa , a mixture of muscle, lips, ears, tongue, and eyes from steamed bovine heads, was identified as the source of Salmonella typhi (P = .03) . S typhi was cultured from the stool of one of 31 restaurant employees . Closure of the restaurant resulted in termination of the outbreak within a single incubation period . The restaurant was allowed to reopen after the remaining employees had demonstrated lack of excretion of S typhi in stools . This outbreak represents the largest restaurant-associated typhoid fever outbreak reported in the United States in greater than 50 years. Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1984 Apr, 97(4), 473 - 5 {Morphological and ultrastructural changes in the lungs as affected by different shock-producing factors}; Boikova SP; Experiments on 234 guinea-pigs were made to study the effects of 3 shock-inducing agents (acute hemorrhage, graded chest injury, Salmonella endotoxin) . Application of histological methods, electron microscopy, electron histochemistry with the use of rutenium red and Pattle 's method for determining the stability of pulmonary vesicles disclosed that the typical reaction seen within the first 6 hours was the spasm of bronchioles and venules, followed by the development of bilateral small-focal contractile atelectases and microcirculatory disorders in the form of the sludge syndrome, leukostasis, accumulation of megakaryocytes, DVS , and dystrophy of the capillary endothelium . Following 12-24 hours structural changes in the surfactant system supervened: the loss of lamillar bodies by large alveolocytes, disorganization of the surfactant film, a critical fall of the Pattle stability . Intraalveolar edema was recorded at the ultrastructural level after 6-12 hours and at the histological level after 24 hours . The degree and time of the development of the changes depended on the type of a shock-inducing agent. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1984 Apr, 47(4), 831 - 4 Enteric bacteria in aerobically digested sludge; Farrah SR et al.; Indicator bacteria, Salmonella spp., and total aerobic bacteria were determined in samples of undigested sludge and sludge that had been treated by one or two stages of aerobic digestion . Aerobic sludge digestion reduced the level of indicator bacteria by 1 to 2 log10 per g . The level of Salmonella spp . was also reduced during aerobic treatment of sludge . In general, aerobic treatment of sludge reduced, but did not eliminate, indicator bacteria and Salmonella spp. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1984 Apr, 47(4), 658 - 62 Eradication of Salmonella and Arizona species from turtle hatchlings produced from eggs treated on commercial turtle farms; Siebeling RJ et al.; On commercial turtle farms more than 40% of the hatchlings excrete detectable levels of Salmonella and Arizona spp . when hatched from nonsanitized eggs incubated in sawdust or dirt-filled chambers . Over a 3-year period on 10 farms, more than 10(6) turtle eggs were treated in an attempt to hatch Salmonella-free turtles . Eggs were sanitized in disinfectant, treated by temperature- or pressure-differential dip methods in solutions containing 500 micrograms or more of gentamicin sulfate per ml, and hatched in sanitized plastic chambers free of bedding material . The Salmonella and Arizona spp . infection levels for turtles produced from treated eggs were 0 and 1.12% for years 1 and 2, respectively, whereas infection levels for hatchlings produced from nontreated eggs during these periods were 47 and 44%, respectively . During year 3, dip solutions were filtered daily, treated at 100 degrees C for 15 min on a weekly basis to free the solution of microbial contaminants and egg protein, charged with gentamicin after 10,000 to 20,000 eggs had been treated to maintain antimicrobial activity at 500 micrograms/ml or more, and maintained at pH 6.0 to preserve optimal antimicrobial activity . The implementation of these measures in year 3 resulted in an infection level of 0.15% when the tissues of 3 of 1,959 hatchlings tested were positive for Salmonella and Arizona spp., whereas the tissues of 66 (49.0%) of 135 hatchlings produced from nontreated eggs were positive. Environ Res, 1984 Apr, 33(2), 396 - 412 Toxicological and chemical characterization of the process stream materials and gas combustion products of an experimental low-btu coal gasifier; Benson JM et al.; The process gas stream of an experimental pressurized McDowell-Wellman stirred-bed low-Btu coal gasifier, and combustion products of the clean gas were characterized as to their mutagenic properties and chemical composition . Samples of aerosol droplets condensed from the gas were obtained at selected positions along the process stream using a condenser train . Mutagenicity was assessed using the Ames Salmonella mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay (TA98, with and without rat liver S9) . All materials required metabolic activation to be mutagenic . Droplets condensed from gas had a specific mutagenicity of 6.7 revertants/microgram (50,000 revertants/liter of raw gas) . Methylnaphthalene, phenanthrene, chrysene, and nitrogen-containing compounds were positively identified in a highly mutagenic fraction of raw gas condensate . While gas cleanup by the humidifier-tar trap system and Venturi scrubber led to only a small reduction in specific mutagenicity of the cooled process stream material (4.1 revertants/microgram), a significant overall reduction in mutagenicity was achieved (to 2200 revertants/liter) due to a substantial reduction in the concentration of material in the gas . By the end of gas cleanup, gas condensates had no detectable mutagenic activity . Condensates of combustion product gas, which contained several polycyclic aromatic compounds, had a specific mutagenicity of 1.1 revertants/microgram (4.0 revertants/liter) . Results indicate that the process stream material is potentially toxic and that care should be taken to limit exposure of workers to the condensed tars during gasifier maintenance and repair and to the aerosolized tars emitted in fugitive emissions . Health risks to the general population resulting from exposure to gas combustion products are expected to be minimal. Immun Infekt, 1984 Apr, 12(2), 101 - 4 {Aortic aneurysm with rupturing into the stomach following salmonella sepsis}; Strittmatter B et al.; This case report deals with an infected aortic aneurysm, caused by salmonella: a typical gastroenteritis with fever and diarrhoea led after a short remission period to septic reacerbation and rupture of infected aneurysm into the stomach . The patient died of an haemorrhagic shock . Nomenclature, pathogenesis and prognosis of infected aneurysms are discussed. Antibiotiki, 1984 Apr, 29(4), 249 - 53 {Conjugative R-plasmid resistance of Salmonella}; Gridnev VA; A total of 4801 Salmonella strains of 67 serovars isolated from various sources in 1968-1982 were studied for their sensitivity to 12 drugs . The Salmonella strains of groups A, B, C, D and E amounted to 0.8, 84.6, 6.4, 5.8 and 2.0 per cent, respectively . The Salmonella strains of the other groups amounted to 0.4 per cent . During the 5-year periods, the number of the antibiotic resistant Salmonella strains increased from 57.7 to 93.4 per cent . The conjugative drug resistance was detected in 16 out of the 67 serovars . The Salmonella strains usually resistant to 4-10 drugs were the donors of this conjugative drug resistance . The strains of S . typhimurium responsible for the hospital infections were characterized by the highest levels of the antibiotic polyresistance and the greatest variety of the conjugative R plasmids . The structure of the multiple and conjugative drug resistance of the organisms causing salmonellosis was more frequently defined by the conjugative plasmids of the antibiotic resistance of the S . typhimurium serovar . The Salmonella R plasmids determined various levels of the antibiotic resistance . The highest resistance levels were observed to benzylpenicillin, chloramphenicol and erythromycin and the lowest resistance levels to tetracycline. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1984 Apr, (4), 89 - 93 {Lymphoid tissue reaction in experimental salmonellosis}; Semashko MI et al.; Experimental Salmonella infection in rabbits was accompanied by immunomorphological transformation, starting in the ileum and the cervical lymph node on day 3, and in the popliteal lymph node on day 5 after inoculation . The intensity of immunomorphological reaction depended on the severity of the course of salmonellosis, and at the peak of the disease it depended on the degree of manifestation of intestinal pathology . The presence of salmonellae in the intestinal tissue, and particularly in the tissue of the ileum, facilitated the development of more pronounced and prolonged immunomorphological reaction in the mucous membrane of the ileum. J Infect Dis, 1984 Apr, 149(4), 598 - 604 Chlamydial pneumonitis and its serodiagnosis in infants; Puolakkainen M et al.; Sera from 30 infants with suspected chlamydial pneumonitis were studied by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with three antigens: reticulate bodies (RB), purified major outer membrane protein ( MOMP ) of Chlamydia trachomatis strain L2, and purified lipopolysaccharide from Re mutants of Salmonella (Re LPS), which shows complete cross-reaction with chlamydial glycolipid . The immunofluorescence test (I/RB IFAT), which detected IgM antibodies (titer of greater than or equal to 1:64) in 16 patients whose clinical picture was consistent with chlamydial pneumonitis, was the standard method . EIA measured IgM antibodies to the purified antigens but not to RB; 15 sera were positive with the MOMP antigen and two with the Re LPS antigen . High-titered IgG antibodies were detected by I/RB IFAT in 15 and by MOMP EIA in 13 of the 30 sera . By the RB EIA, 17 sera were positive . The MOMP EIA was thus as sensitive and specific as the I/RB IFAT . Because the EIA can be automated, it would make possible the screening of all children younger than six months of age with respiratory-tract symptoms and IgM antibodies to Chlamydia. Food Chem Toxicol, 1984 Apr, 22(4), 309 - 13 Mutagen content of table wines made from various grape species and hybrid cultivars; Subden RE et al.; The mutagen content of wines produced from the European Vitis vinifera grapes was compared with that of wines produced from hybrids of V . vinifera and species indigenous to North America . Mutagens were extracted on an XAD-2 Amberlite resin column and activated with S-9 and/or faecalase in the Salmonella/microsomal mutagen assay . All white wines had insignificant mutagen levels . The only red wine to produce statistically significant reversion frequencies was that made from the Concord grape . The mutagens were shown to be extracted from the grape skins during fermentation. Exp Eye Res, 1984 Apr, 38(4), 379 - 89 Ocular localization of circulating bacterial lipopolysaccharide; Howes EL Jr et al.; A bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from a rough strain of Salmonella minnesota ( Re595 ) containing primarily lipid A was used to study tissue distribution following its intravenous injection in rabbits . For this purpose, the Re595 was either labelled with 125iodine (125I) and localization quantitated by gamma radiation spectrometry and radioautography of different tissues or a fluorescein labelled antibody to Re595 was employed . Localization of {125I}- Re595 or LPS was looked for at 30 min and 2 hr after intravenous injection . {131I}-albumin was employed either to measure intravascular protein or total tissue protein and, in some studies, {131I}-albumin and {125I}-fibrinogen were used to measure protein after unlabelled Re595 . Both fractions of isotopes injected and estimates of tissue-bound Re595 were made in the whole eye, liver, spleen, kidney and lung and in isolated iris-ciliary processes, aqueous, lens, vitreous, and posterior segment (retina, choroid, and sclera) . Aqueous and iris-ciliary processes, but no other tissues, showed a marked extravazation of {131I}-albumin and {125I}-fibrinogen . {125I}- Re595 was found to localize primarily in liver and spleen . At 30 min, {125I}- Re595 was found in nanogram quantities within the eye and at 2 h greater amounts of LPS were found in iris-ciliary processes and aqueous than in the posterior segment . Neither radioautography nor fluorescein-labelled antibody to Re595 showed evidence of histologic localization of LPS in the iris-ciliary processes . These results indicate that although LPS does not localize preferentially in the eye, it does accumulate in quantities sufficient to have an effect locally. Toxicol Lett, 1984 Apr, 21(1), 119 - 25 Testing natural indigo for genotoxicity; Hesbert A et al.; The genotoxicity of indigo has been assessed by two short-term tests . The mutagenicity of natural indigo was compared with that of synthetic indigo . Both chemicals were tested using the standard procedure of the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test as described by Ames . The substance exhibits mutagenicity towards strains TA1538 and TA98 when S9 preparations of rat liver induced with Aroclor 1254 were present in the medium . The clastogenic potential was evaluated by the micronucleus test in the bone marrow of male mice . The test compound was administered twice with an interval of 24 h, the animals were killed 30 h and 54 h after the first treatment . When the test compound was given by oral gavage as two equal dosages of 0.1, 1 and 1.2 g/kg body weight, no statistically significant increase in the percentage of polychromatic erythrocytes with micronuclei was observed for any group treated with natural indigo. Mutat Res, 1984 Apr, 139(4), 161 - 5 Genotoxic activity of caramel on Salmonella and cultured mammalian cells; Yu YN et al.; The genetic activity of 2 commercial caramel preparations, manufactured either by heating the malt sugar solution directly (non-ammoniated caramel) or by heating it with ammonia (ammoniated caramel) was studied in the Salmonella mutagenicity test and UDS assay in cultured mammalian cells . The non-ammoniated caramel was found to be mutagenic to S . typhimurium TA100, while the ammoniated one was genetically active in all the tester strains used, namely TA100, TA97 and TA98 . It was also demonstrated that non-ammoniated caramel was capable of inducing UDS in cultured human amnion FL cells, but for the ammoniated one, no such activity was observed . Furthermore, based on the results obtained in the DNA synthesis inhibition assay, it was suggested that the DNA synthesis inhibition seen in our experiments with the ammoniated caramel was probably not of DNA damage in origin . These data indicate that the mutagenic fractions formed during ammoniated and non-ammoniated caramelization were quite different. Mutat Res, 1984 Apr, 136(1), 55 - 64 Aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons produce volatile Salmonella mutagens; Distlerath LM et al.; Production of volatile mutagenic metabolites from 5 halogenated promutagens was examined by a simple modification of the conventional Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay . This method incorporates the taping together of 2 agar plates face to face during the initial portion of their incubation at 37 degrees C . By varying the contents of the soft agar in each of the two plates with respect to promutagen, S9 and tester strain cells, mutagenesis due to volatile promutagens and their metabolites could be quantitated separately . Using the taped plate assay, volatile mutagenic metabolites were detected from the promutagens 3-(2-chloroethoxy)-1,2-dichloropropene, the herbicides diallate, triallate and sulfallate, and the flame-retardant tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (Tris-BP) . All compounds except Tris-BP were also found to be volatile promutagens . The mutagenic metabolites accounted for 50-80% of the activity of these compounds observed in the standard assay . Morever, our studies suggest that a small, but appreciable percentage of the mutagenic metabolites from all 5 compounds escaped detection in the conventional, untaped assay . Mutagenic activity of the volatile mutagenic metabolites from diallate was quenched by various Salmonella tester strains independent of their responsiveness to diallate mutagenesis . Detection of volatile mutagen formation from diallate was also prevented by cysteine and glutathione, but not by DNA or metyrapone . This taped plate method for the Salmonella assay should facilitate future investigations of the detection, isolation and identification of volatile mutagenic metabolites from other promutagenic compounds or mixtures. Mutat Res, 1984 Apr, 136(1), 33 - 47 Mutagenicity of benzidine and benzidine-congener dyes and selected monoazo dyes in a modified Salmonella assay; Prival MJ et al.; We have evaluated the mutagenic activity of a series of diazo compounds derived from benzidine and its congeners o-tolidine, o-dianisidine and 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine as well as several monoazo compounds . The test system used was a modification of the standard Ames Salmonella assay in which FMN, hamster liver S9 and a preincubation step are used to facilitate azo reduction and detection of the resulting mutagenic aromatic amines . All of the benzidine and o-tolidine dyes tested were clearly mutagenic . The o-dianisidine dyes except for Direct Blue 218 were also mutagenic . Direct Blue 218 is a copper complex of the mutagenic o-dianisidine dye Direct Blue 15 . Pigment Yellow 12, which is derived from 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine, could not be detected as mutagenic, presumably because of its lack of solubility in the test reaction mixture . Of the monoazo dyes tested, methyl orange was clearly mutagenic, while C.I . Acid Red 26 and Acid Dye (C.I . 16155; often referred to as Ponceau 3R) had marginal to weak mutagenic activity . Several commercial dye samples had greater mutagenic activity with the modified test protocol than did equimolar quantities of their mutagenic aromatic amine reduction products . Investigation of this phenomenon for Direct Black 38 and trypan blue showed that it was due to the presence of mutagenic impurities in these samples . The modified method used appears to be suitable for testing the mutagenicity of azo dyes, and it may also be useful for monitoring the presence of mutagenic or potentially carcinogenic impurities in otherwise nonmutagenic azo dyes. Mutat Res, 1984 Apr, 130(2), 79 - 86 Validation of the Salmonella (SV50)/arabinose-resistant forward mutation assay system with 26 compounds; Xu J et al.; Mutagenic sensitivity of the Salmonella/arabinose-resistant (Arar) assay system using the tester strain SV50 was evaluated with 26 compounds both by the preincubation and the standard plate incorporation tests . The mutagenic activity of all 26 compounds was also tested with TA98 and/or TA100 of the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay system . The results indicate that 13 and 10 of 26 compounds were mutagenic and nonmutagenic, respectively, in both assay systems . PR toxin and hydrogen peroxide were mutagenic only in the Arar assay, while 2-nitrofluorene was mutagenic only in the Ames assay . The results also show that the mutagenic response of SV50 to 13 of 15 mutagenic compounds was much higher (2.1-154-fold) if the compounds were tested with the preincubation rather than the plate incorporation test . The mutagenic activity of 4 compounds (diethyl sulfate, niridazole, PR toxin and hydrogen peroxide) in the Arar assay was detected only with the preincubation test . Since the Arar assay using tester strain SV50 has similar mutagenic sensitivity as the Ames assay to chemicals with different modes of action and since it requires only one tester strain, we find this assay system to be useful for screening environmental mutagens . Based on the effectiveness of the preincubation test in this study, it is recommended that the preincubation test instead of the plate incorporation test be used for the Arar assay system with tester strain SV50. Carcinogenesis, 1984 Apr, 5(4), 505 - 10 In vitro effects of N-acetylcysteine on the mutagenicity of direct-acting compounds and procarcinogens; De Flora S et al.; N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione were negative in the Ames test with 7 Salmonella strains, while L-cysteine was activated by rat liver S-9 fractions to metabolites mutagenic to strains TA102, TA97 and TA100 . The mutagenic response in S . typhimurium strains (TA1535, TA98, TA100, TA102) and the levels of enzyme activities, responsible for NADP+ or GSSG reduction and for the utilization of NADPH or GSH in rat liver S-9 fractions, were investigated following in vitro preincubation of NAC with four direct-acting mutagens and six procarcinogens . Treatment with this nucleophilic and reducing compound resulted in a dose-related decrease of the direct mutagenicity of epichlorohydrin, hydrogen peroxide and, sharply, of 4-nitroquinolino-N-oxide and sodium dichromate . The mutagenicity of these compounds, both in the absence and in the presence of NAC, was decreased by rat liver S-9 fractions and to some extent by lung S-9 fractions . A diphasic effect was observed in the case of procarcinogens (cyclophosphamide, 2-aminofluorene, cigarette smoke condensate, Trp-P-2, aflatoxin B1 and benzo{a}pyrene), i.e., an enhancement of S-9 requiring mutagenicity at intermediate NAC doses, which could be ascribed to metabolic factors acting in vitro, and a loss of mutagenicity at high NAC doses, which could be ascribed to trapping of electrophilic metabolites . Out of the five S-9 enzyme activities under study, i.e., glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, GSH peroxidase and GSSG reductase, only the last one showed significant changes following mutagen and/or NAC treatment. Sci Total Environ, 1984 Mar 15, 34(3), 203 - 22 A comparison between different high volume sampling systems for collecting ambient airborne particles for mutagenicity testing and for analysis of organic compounds; Alfheim I et al.; Samples of urban air were collected simultaneously using different sampling systems, including electrostatic precipitation (ESP) and high volume filtration (HVF) on various filters for particle sampling and absorption on activated carbon and organic polymers for sampling of volatiles . Acetone extracts of the samples were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and tested for mutagenicity with the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay . The results show that the concentrations of PAH found in the various particle-samples were in good agreement, whereas the mutagenic activity of these samples showed large variations . The highest mutagenic activity was found in the samples collected by ESP and on the teflon-coated glassfibre filters, whereas samples collected by high volume filtration with size-fractionation showed the lowest mutagenic activity . We do not know whether the higher activity in samples from the teflon-coated filters compared to those from ordinary glassfibre filters represent filter artifacts or if it represents a more pronounced degradation of mutagenic compounds on the non-coated glassfibre filters . Extracts from filter blanks seemed to interfere with the expression of the mutagenic activity of the positive controls, benzo{a}pyrene and nitropyrene . When sampling volatile compounds, two organic polymers, polyurethane (PUR) and XAD-2, were found suitable for collecting PAH, whereas no PAH could be detected in extracts from the activated carbon . The XAD-2 adsorbent was the most effective for sampling bicyclic PAH . None of the adsorbents yielded extracts well suited for mutagenicity testing, since blank extracts were toxic to the test bacteria . Some extracts of the PUR blanks were weakly mutagenic as well . More emphasis should be placed upon developing more efficient and unreactive adsorbents and on the adaptation of such adsorbents in samplers suited for routine use. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1984 Mar, (3), 78 - 82 {Immunological activity and toxicity of a peroral vaccine made from mutant Re Salmonella minnesota}; Apollonin AV et al.; The possibility of the oral use of heated corpuscular vaccine prepared from S . minnesota mutant R 595 (chemotype Re) for protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been studied . Oral immunization in 3 doses, each containing 10(9) cells of the vaccine strain, has been shown to protect mice from death after the intravenous injection of P . aeruginosa culture in a dose of 5 LD50 and induce a rise in the titers of antibodies to Re-glycolipid (Re-hemagglutinins) . After multiple oral administration Re-vaccine shows low acute and chronic toxicity and induces local and systemic immunological transformation. Tsitol Genet, 1984 Mar-Apr, 18(2), 123 - 8 {Mutagenic activity of the fungicide captan}; Pilinskaia MA et al.; A complex study of mutagenic activity of captan (a fungicide) in a series of standard test-systems has shown that the preparation induces gene mutatio