J Med Microbiol, 1986 Mar, 21(2), 179 - 86 Polyagglutinating and non-typable strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis; Pitt TL et al.; Serologically polyagglutinating (PA) and non-typable (NT) strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are frequently isolated from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, but are uncommon in other patients . From serologically typical parent strains, we isolated two variants (one PA, the other NT) which differed from the parent in bacteriophage susceptibility or in sensitivity to the bactericidal action of normal human serum . The PA and NT variants (strains 7/1 and 18S respectively) reacted with antiserum to the parent strains 7 and 18R but did not absorb homologous specific O antibody from antiserum to the parent strains . In contrast the parent strains absorbed anti-PA and anti-NT antibodies from antisera to the variant strains . The yield of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from acetone-dried cells of the parent strain 7 was similar to that of the PA derivative; but the NT strain 18S yielded only half the LPS of its parent strain . LPS of the variant 7/1 gave a banding profile by SDS-PAGE similar to that of the parent LPS 7, but lacked high-molecular-weight components . LPS of the variant 18S appeared to be grossly different in profile from LPS 18R . Of 533 isolates of P . aeruginosa that were tested with O antisera and with antisera to the two variants, 15% were O-typable and 22% were O-non-typable; 26% reacted with anti-PA serum alone, 10% with anti-NT serum alone, and 27% were agglutinated by both sera . There was a statistically significant correlation between serum sensitivity of CF isolates and their reaction with the PA or NT antisera. Biochemistry, 1986 Feb 25, 25(4), 787 - 90 Variations in the oxidation-reduction behavior of liganded species of Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase; Carson SD et al.; In an effort to determine the steady-state redox properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome cd1, changes in absorption spectra after the addition of excess reductant (ascorbate, ferrous ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) were monitored for degassed unliganded enzyme and samples in the presence of CO and CN- at pH 6.0, 8.0, or 10.0 . Plots of {c2+}/{c3+} vs . {d2+}/{d3+} indicate that a "pseudoequilibrium" was reached for all samples at pH 8.0 . Calculated values of delta Ed-c, the difference in reduction potential between the heme c and heme d moieties, at pH 8.0 were -25 +/- 5 (unliganded), -10 +/- 5 (enzyme-CO), and -25 +/- 5 mV (enzyme-CN) . Relative rates of heme c and heme d reduction were found to be dependent upon type of ligand, reductant, and pH . Evidence for a cooperative heme c-heme d interaction is discussed. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1986 Feb, 39(2), 242 - 50 Semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotics . II . Effect on antibacterial activity of ureido N-substituents in the 6-{(R)-2-{3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-1- ureido}-2-phenylacetamido}penicillanic acids; Ohi N et al.; The synthesis and the relationship between in vitro and in vivo activities of 6-{(R)-2-{3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-3-R1-1-ureido}-2- phenylacetamido}penicillanic acids having C2 approximately 8 alkyl or substituted alkyl groups as the substituents (R1) are described . In this series, 6-{(R)-2-{3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-3-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1-ureido} -2-phenylacetamido}penicillanic acid (1b, AO-1100) showed the most potent protective effect on mice in experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, although it did not have the strongest in vitro activity among the penicillins we synthesized. Laryngoscope, 1986 Feb, 96(2), 146 - 51 Medical management of chronic suppurative otitis media without cholesteatoma in children; Kenna MA et al.; Tympanomastoid surgery is considered standard management for chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) without cholesteatoma, which is unresponsive to ototopical/oral antimicrobial therapy . The following makes this sequence of management less attractive today: 1 . potential ototoxicity of ototopical agents; 2 . lack of oral antimicrobial agents effective against most common pathogens (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa); 3 . frequent occurrence in children who have tympanostomy tubes; and 4 . failure of tympanomastoid surgery to eradicate the disease in all cases . We conducted a study in 36 pediatric patients with chronic suppurative otitis media, in which all received parenteral antimicrobial therapy and daily aural toilet (mean duration of treatment = 9.7 days) . Thirty-two patients (89%) had resolution of their infection with medical therapy alone; four children required tympanomastoidectomy . Further investigation is needed to understand the etiology, pathogenesis, and most effective methods of management/prevention of CSOM in children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1986 Feb, 29(2), 281 - 3 Penetration of aztreonam into cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bacterial meningitis; Modai J et al.; The penetration of aztreonam into the cerebrospinal fluid was determined in 16 patients with bacterial meningitis undergoing treatment with other antibiotics . Three aztreonam doses of 30 mg/kg were infused intravenously over 30 to 45 min at 8-h intervals, first between days 2 and 4 and again between days 11 and 20 after onset of the disease . Concentrations of aztreonam in serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples obtained at 60, 90, 120, and 240 min after the third aztreonam dose were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography . The concentrations of aztreonam in cerebrospinal fluid ranged from 3.5 to 62 micrograms/ml, depending on the sampling time and the time elapsed since the onset of the disease . These concentrations were equal to or higher than the MICs for most of the gram-negative bacilli (including Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Arch Ophthalmol, 1986 Feb, 104(2), 266 - 8 Subconjunctival administration of ceftazidime in pigmented rabbit eyes; Shockley RK et al.; The ocular kinetics of ceftazidime, a third-generation cephalosporin, were examined in phakic and aphakic pigmented eyes of rabbits following subconjunctival injection (100 mg) . Peak ceftazidime concentrations (mean +/- SE, n = three to five rabbits per determination) were as follows: phakic eyes, 40.2 +/- 7.3 mg/L in aqueous humor and 11.2 +/- 0.6 mg/L in vitreous humor at one hour; aphakic eyes, 30.5 +/- 4.8 mg/L in aqueous humor and 15.8 +/- 2.4 mg/L in vitreous humor at one hour . The ability of ceftazidime to eliminate an incipient bacterial infection was also studied . Ten aphakic rabbits received intravitreal injections of 50 colony-forming units (cfu) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Six of the ten immediately received a subconjunctival injection of ceftazidime (100 mg) . At 48 hours following injections, four of four control eyes yielded bacterial counts greater than 6.2 X 10(6) cfu/mL . Of the six that received ceftazidime, five were sterile and one yielded 10 cfu/mL. Arch Ophthalmol, 1986 Feb, 104(2), 263 - 5 Antibacterial effect of donor corneas stored in gentamicin-enriched McCarey-Kaufman medium; Yau CW et al.; Penetrating keratoplasty was performed on five pairs of rabbit eyes; one eye of each animal received a donor cornea stored in McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) medium containing gentamicin, and the contralateral eye received a donor cornea stored in M-K medium without gentamicin . At the end of surgery, dilutions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were introduced into the anterior chamber of both eyes . The eyes receiving gentamicin-enriched corneas showed mild to moderate infection; the contralateral eyes showed significantly more severe infection . The results indicated that donor corneas stored in gentamicin-enriched M-K medium inhibit the growth of bacteria acquired at the time of surgery and thus may improve the safety of such transplantation procedures. J Infect Dis, 1986 Feb, 153(2), 202 - 8 Impairment of antibacterial defense mechanisms of the lung by extrapulmonary infection; White JC et al.; To determine whether extrapulmonary infection alters antibacterial defenses of the lung, we challenged mice with peritonitis due to Escherichia coli by aerosol inhalation with either Staphylococus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa . In animals without peritonitis, 14% +/- 5% and 11% +/- 1% of the initially deposited viable S . aureus and P . aeruginosa, respectively, remained in the lungs at 4 hr . In contrast, in mice with peritonitis, at 4 hr 45% +/- 9% of the staphylococci were recoved, and the P . aeruginosa had increased to 948% +/- 354% of the initial inoculum . Proliferation of P . aeruginosa in mice with peritonitis was associated with impaired recruitment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) into the lungs . In contrast, a noninfectious stimulus induced more PMNs into the peritoneal cavity than did intraabdominal sepsis but only minimally impaired PMN recruitment into the lungs after aerosol challenge with P . aeruginosa . Sterile intraperitoneal stimulation did not significantly impair intrapulmonary killing of P . aeruginosa . Levels of antigenic C3 and functionally active C5 were significantly depleted in mice with peritonitis due to E . coli . We conclude that the systemic effects of sepsis, including complement depletion, contribute to the decreased pulmonary PMN recruitment and to impaired intrapulmonary bacterial killing of animals with peritonitis due to E . coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1986 Feb, 29(2), 346 - 9 Comparative in vitro antimicrobial activity of carumonam, a new monocyclic beta-lactam; Smith BR et al.; The antimicrobial activity of carumonam (formerly RO-17-2301), a monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic, was compared with those of aztreonam, cefotaxime, cefoperazone, ceftazidime, piperacillin, and gentamicin against 455 bacterial isolates . Carumonam did not possess activity against gram-positive cocci and was generally comparable to aztreonam and ceftazidime for most gram-negative bacilli . However, carumonam was the most active beta-lactam against gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains (90% MIC, 8 micrograms/ml). Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1986 Feb, 29(2), 230 - 4 Bactericidal activity and killing rate of serum from volunteers receiving pefloxacin alone or in combination with amikacin; Van der Auwera P et al.; Serum bactericidal activities (SBAs) were studied after intravenous administration of pefloxacin (8 mg/kg) and amikacin (7.5 mg/kg) alone or in combination to 15 human volunteers . About 10 strains each of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were tested . The serum levels of pefloxacin were measured microbiologically by using E . coli KP 1976-712 as the test organism at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 720 min after infusion; at 0, 30, 60, and 720 min these levels were 7 +/- 1.4, 5 +/- 0.8, 4.5 +/- 0.7, and 2.1 +/- 0.6 mg/liter (mean +/- standard deviation), respectively, with a terminal half-life of 10 h . The serum levels of pefloxacin in the presence of amikacin were measured similarly; 1% sodium polyanethol sulfonate was added to the agar to inactivate amikacin . Treatment with pefloxacin alone resulted in high SBAs against E . coli, K . pneumoniae strains susceptible to cephalothin, and Staphylococcus aureus at the peak concentration; 81 to 100% of the sera had SBAs of greater than or equal to 1:8 . However, treatment with pefloxacin alone resulted in low SBAs against K . pneumoniae strains resistant to cephalothin and P . aeruginosa; only 34% of the sera had SBAs of greater than or equal to 1:8 . At trough concentrations the percentages of sera with SBAs greater than or equal to 1:8 were 75 to 83% (E . coli), 9 to 27% (K . pneumoniae), 0% (P . aeruginosa), and 10% (S . aureus) . The combination of pefloxacin plus amikacin was most often additive; the peak activity was due to amikacin, and the trough activity was due to pefloxacin . Occasionally antagonism occurred with P . aeruginosa, K . pneumoniae, and S . aureus strains . These observations were confirmed by the killing curves in pooled serum obtained at peak and trough levels . Regrowth was observed for seven strains of P . aeruginosa treated with pefloxacin alone; amikacin seemed to prevent this phenomenon. Biochem J, 1986 Feb 1, 233(3), 737 - 42 Resolution of branched-chain oxo acid dehydrogenase complex of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO; McCully V et al.; Branched-chain oxo acid dehydrogenase was purified from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO with the objective of resolving the complex into its subunits . The purified complex consisted of four proteins, of Mr 36,000, 42,000, 49,000 and 50,000 . The complex was resolved by heat treatment into the 49,000 and 50,000-Mr proteins, which were separated by chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose . The 49,000-Mr protein was identified as the E2 subunit by its ability to catalyse transacylation with a variety of substrates, with dihydrolipoamide as the acceptor . P . aeruginosa, like P . putida, produces two lipoamide dehydrogenases . One, the 50,000-Mr protein, was identified as the specific E3 subunit of branched-chain oxo acid dehydrogenase and had many properties in common with the lipoamide dehydrogenase LPD-val of P . putida . The second lipoamide dehydrogenase had Mr 54,000 and corresponded to the lipoamide dehydrogenase LPD-glc of P . putida . Fragments of C-terminal CNBr peptides of LPD-val from P . putida and P . aeruginosa corresponded closely, with only two amino acid differences over 31 amino acids . A corresponding fragment at the C-terminal end of lipoamide dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli also showed extensive homology . All three peptides had a common segment of eight amino acids, with the sequence TIHAHPTL . This homology was not evident in any other flavoproteins in the Dayhoff data base which suggests that this sequence might be characteristic of lipoamide dehydrogenase. J Clin Microbiol, 1986 Feb, 23(2), 322 - 8 Microbiological assessment of 24- and 48-h changes and management of semiclosed circuits from ventilators in a neonatal intensive care unit; Malecka-Griggs B; The contamination of semiclosed disposable circuits of Healthdyne and Bourns ventilators was studied in a newborn intensive care unit over a 2-year period . A total of 379 fluid samples was obtained from inspiratory and expiratory tubing condensates and traps and from thermal humidifier columns fed with prefilled containers of sterile water . In addition, 100 tryptic soy agar plates were exposed to the exhalation mist of the circuits sampled . With 24-h changes of circuits a 2.5% contamination rate was observed (phase I) . In an effort to contain costs, circuits were changed every 48 h (phase II); the concentration of potential pathogens increased to greater than 10(5) CFU/ml with this extension of changing time . Two long-term (15- and 9-month) infants were colonized and intermittently infected, one with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus and the other with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . When the protocol was readjusted from 48- to 24-h circuit changes (phase II), the contamination rate decreased; for the two colonized infants (35 circuits, 123 samples) the contamination rate decreased from 19 to 6% (P less than 0.01; chi-square test), and for seven noncolonized infants (59 circuits, 217 samples) the contamination rate decreased from 5 to 0.5% P less than 0.001; (chi-square test) . These data suggest that frequent changing of the circuits reduces colonization and cross-infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1986 Feb, 5(1), 98 - 102 Effect of increasing doses of amikacin with or without piperacillin in the serum bactericidal test; Lagast H et al.; To determine whether high doses of amikacin would prevent the development of resistance in clinical isolates, the serum bactericidal activity and killing rate of conventional and high doses of amikacin and piperacillin alone and in combination were measured in volunteer sera against a series of ten strains each of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Amikacin serum levels were 24.9 +/- 6.0 mg/l 1 h after infusion of the 7.5 mg/kg dose and 44.8 +/- 5.0 mg/l after the two-fold dose . Median serum bactericidal titers for low dose piperacillin + amikacin were 1:8-1:64 and for high-dose piperacillin + amikacin 1:16-1:128 . Both were satisfactory, except against piperacillin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (median bactericidal titers less than or equal to 1:2), and both combinations had equivalent killing rates. Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1986 Feb, 5(1), 88 - 92 Correlation of predicted serum bactericidal activities and values measured in volunteers; Drusano G et al.; A method was devised for predicting the serum bactericidal activity of new drugs . Six healthy volunteers received 2 g moxalactam, cefoperazone and cefotaxime, respectively, as 30-min infusions in a crossover manner at one-week intervals . The pharmacokinetics of each drug was characterized and the bactericidal activity of the serum 1 h after infusion was measured against panels of six strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, six strains of Escherichia coli, six strains of Staphylococcus aureus, and four strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae . The minimum bactericidal concentration of each antibiotic was determined for each organism by the standard NCCLS reference method and the method of Stratton and Reller . On the basis of these values and a serum concentration-time curve constructed from individual patient pharmacokinetic parameters, the bactericidal activity of the serum 1 h after infusion was predicted . These predictions showed a 90% agreement with measured values calculated according to the method of Stratton and Reller, whereas an agreement of 74% was obtained with the reference method . This difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1986 Feb, 5(1), 71 - 8 Serum bactericidal test in volunteers--a review; Schimpff SC et al.; A review is given of work utilizing the serum bactericidal test for preclinical evaluation of agents considered for treatment of gram-negative sepsis among neutropenic cancer patients . Following a description of the methodology of the two major groups, the results of the various antibiotic trials are summarized . First the extended-spectrum cephalosporins (cefotaxime, cefoperazone, and moxalactam) were tested and found to be, at best, of limited value as single agents for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common pathogen of neutropenic cancer patients . When the extended-spectrum penicillins became available, the serum bactericidal levels in volunteers of mezlocillin and piperacillin were compared alone or in combination with an aminoglycoside to ticarcillin with or without aminoglycoside against the same organisms . Piperacillin proved to be most effective followed by mezlocillin and then ticarcillin; in each case the addition of the aminoglycoside improved serum bactericidal activity . Recent studies suggest that imipenem alone is as active as the combination of a broad-spectrum penicillin plus an aminoglycoside and is worthy of a carefully controlled clinical trial . These types of volunteer-based evaluations of the serum bactericidal activity of new compounds may help predict useful clinical approaches for the future. Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1986 Feb, 5(1), 119 - 23 Evaluation of novel antipseudomonal drugs using the serum bactericidal activity test; Braveny I et al.; Serum bactericidal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined in six volunteers 1 and 4 h after administration of 2 g ceftazidime, 4 g piperacillin, 500 mg imipenem, 80 mg tobramycin and four combinations of these agents . Ceftazidime produced the highest serum bactericidal titers, killing 100% and 86% of the 50 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains tested after 1 and 4 h respectively at a serum dilution of 1:8 . Imipenem had lower serum bactericidal titers than ceftazidime, killing 88% of the isolates after 1 h at a serum dilution of 1:8 . The combination showed only slightly higher titers . Killing curves were determined for nine strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using undiluted volunteer serum drawn 1 h after administration of the antibiotics . The combinations ceftazidime/tobramycin and piperacillin/tobramycin exhibited higher killing activity than the single drugs . As the activity of the aminoglycosides could be underestimated on the basis of their low serum bactericidal titers, it is concluded that determination of these titers is inappropriate for evaluating the efficacy of the aminoglycosides. Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1986 Feb, 5(1), 110 - 4 Serum bactericidal activity of mezlocillin, ceftazidime, mezlocillin/ceftazidime and mezlocillin/amikacin against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Van Laethem Y et al.; Sera of volunteers receiving 1 g mezlocillin, 5 g mezlocillin, 1 g ceftazidime, 3 g ceftazidime, 1 g mezlocillin plus 1 g ceftazidime, and 1 g mezlocillin plus 500 mg amikacin, respectively, were evaluated for bactericidal activity against clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The titers of bactericidal activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae in serum from subjects receiving ceftazidime were higher than with other regimens both one and six hours after administration . Peak titers of bactericidal activity greater than or equal to 1:8 were also achieved more often against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sera from subjects receiving ceftazidime than with other regimens . Killing studies confirmed these results . Although the checkerboard technique indicated synergism with the combination mezlocillin plus amikacin in vitro, this was not confirmed in vivo . Single drug therapy with ceftazidime was superior to the tested combinations. Can J Microbiol, 1986 Feb, 32(2), 160 - 6 The binding of Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane ghosts to human buccal epithelial cells; Doig P et al.; The binding of outer membrane (OM) ghosts derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 492c to human buccal epithelial cells (BECs) was examined . Electron microscopic examination of the binding of OM ghosts to BECs revealed direct OM ghost-BEC interaction . Equilibrium analysis of the binding of OM ghosts to trypsinized BECs employing the Langmuir adsorption isotherm indicated the number of binding sites (N) to be 1.3 X 10(-4) micrograms protein per BEC with an apparent association constant (Ka) of 3.4 X 10(-2) mL/microgram protein . The Langmuir analysis of binding of OM ghosts to untrypsinized BECs was complex, suggesting two possible classes of receptors, a high affinity-low copy number class (Ka, 7.8 X 10(-2)mL/microgram protein; N, 8.6 X 10(-5) microgram protein per BEC) and a low affinity-high copy number class (Ka, 3.7 X 10(-3)mL/microgram protein; N, 9.2 X 10(-4)microgram protein per BEC) . Sugar inhibition studies incorporating D-galactose enhanced binding to each BEC type . N-Acetylneuraminic acid and N-acetylglucosamine both enhanced binding of OM ghosts to untrypsinized BECs, while inhibiting binding to trypsinized BECs . D-Arabinose inhibited binding to both BEC types . Binding of OM ghosts to both BEC types was greatly inhibited by D-fucose, while L-fucose only greatly inhibited binding to untrypsinized BECs . These sugar inhibition data demonstrated a difference in the binding of OM ghosts to trypsinized and untrypsinized BECs and possibly reveal the nature of the receptor(s), free of possible bacterial metabolic effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1986 Feb, (2), 14 - 9 {Safety and sensitizing properties of a polyvalent corpuscular Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine and its effect on hematological indices}; Kharitonova AM et al.; The acute and chronic toxicity, influence on hematological characteristics and sensitizing properties of P . aeruginosa polyvalent corpuscular vaccine have been studied in experiments on 3 species of animals . The acute experiment has shown that the LD50 of the preparation contains not less than 7800 million cells, which is almost 160 times higher than the recommended immunizing dose (500 million cells) . The safety of the preparation is confirmed by the data obtained in the histological and histochemical investigations of the tissues and organs of animals subjected to multiple immunizations with the vaccine . These investigations have revealed no pathological changes in the animals . During the study of the chronic toxicity of the preparation the hematological characteristics of the animals have been found to remain within normal limits . The vaccine has been shown to possess low sensitizing activity, which is manifested by the absence of severe reactions to allergic skin tests with different bacterial allergens (specific allergens obtained from P . aeruginosa and allergens obtained from other bacterial species), made on completion of the course of immunization with the vaccine. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1986 Feb, 39(2), 230 - 41 Semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotics . I . Synthesis and antibacterial activity of new ureidopenicillin derivatives having catechol moieties; Ohi N et al.; The synthesis and antibacterial activity of new ureidopenicillin derivatives having catechol moieties in the 6-acyl side chain are described . These compounds showed remarkably strong activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Especially, 6-{(R)-2-{3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-3-methyl-1-ureido}-2- phenylacetamido}penicillanic acid (7a) had the most potent activity in vitro against Gram-negative bacteria, its activity being 30 approximately 60-fold greater than that of piperacillin against most strains of P . aeruginosa. J Med Microbiol, 1986 Feb, 21(1), 87 - 90 Characterisation of mouse monoclonal antibodies produced by immunisation with a single serotype component of a polyvalent Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine; Barclay GR et al.; Mouse monoclonal antibodies raised by immunisation with a protective antigen extract from Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype 1 varied in immunoglobulin isotype, in passive protective properties against infection by homologous P . aeruginosa serotype 1, and in cross-reactions in ELISA against antigen preparations from 15 other P . aeruginosa serotypes . All monoclonal antibodies with specificity in ELISA for the immunising antigen gave some degree of protection to mice against lethal infection by the homologous P . aeruginosa serotype . The IgG antibodies were more protective than the IgM antibodies. J Clin Pathol, 1986 Feb, 39(2), 220 - 2 Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from cystic fibrosis by selective media; Fonseca K et al.; Pseudomonas Isolation Agar (selective agent, Irgasan, 25 mg/1) and Pseudomonas Selective Agar (selective agents, cetrimide 200mg/1 and nalidixic acid 15 mg/1) inhibited some strains of P aeruginosa from cystic fibrosis sputum but did not inhibit isolates from other sources . Of 200 cystic fibrosis isolates, 22 were inhibited by 16 mg/1 Irgasan, 45 by 8 mg/1 nalidixic acid, and 15 by 128 mg/1 cetrimide . We recommend that cystic fibrosis sputum should be cultured on selective and non-selective media to maximise the isolation of P aeruginosa. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1986 Feb, 133(2), 255 - 60 Influence of sputum IgA and elastase on tracheal cell bacterial adherence; Niederman MS et al.; Bacterial adherence is an important pathogenetic mechanism for airway colonization, but the influence of airway proteins on this phenomenon is largely unknown . We measured tracheal cell bacterial binding in 13 subjects with chronic tracheostomy and related these results to measurements of sputum IgA, elastase activity, and total protein from the same subjects . Tracheal cell adherence was related directly to sputum elastase activity (r = 0.61, p = 0.02); and elastase activity, primarily a serine protease, was higher in subjects colonized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa than in those without this finding (p = 0.02) . Sputum levels of IgA/mg protein were related inversely to tracheal cell adherence (r = 0.64, p = 0.02) . Sputum IgA concentrations, in turn, were affected by host nutritional status and airway elastase activity . Evidence that elastase can degrade sputum IgA was provided by an inverse relationship observed between these 2 proteins (r = 0.56, p = 0.04) and by in vitro mixing experiments showing fragmentation of IgA by purified neutrophil elastase . In addition, sucrose density gradient separation indicated IgA fragmentation to have occurred in vivo . These data suggest that, once adherence leads to airway colonization, the resulting inflammatory response may foster microbial growth by an elastase-dependent IgA cleavage and hence enhanced tracheal cell adherence. J Surg Res, 1986 Feb, 40(2), 138 - 44 Active and passive immunization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa ribosomal vaccines and antisera in the burned rat model; Lieberman MM et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ribosomal vaccines were tested for their ability to protect rats subjected to a 20% total body surface burn against the lethal effects of infection with homologous organisms . When administered prior to burning, the vaccines provided 100% protection . When administered postburning, the vaccine from one strain also provided 100% protection when the time interval between vaccination and infection was 3 days . When this time interval was reduced to 1 or 2 days, approximately 50% protection was obtained with the same vaccine . The vaccine from a second strain tested provided about 50% protection with a 3-day time interval . In addition, passive immunization using antiserum to a ribosomal vaccine was also demonstrated to be effective in protecting burned and infected rats, especially when multiple doses of antiserum were used . In this case, 80% protection was obtained (with no protection observed using multiple doses of normal serum) . Finally, a comparison of ribosomal and lipopolysaccharide vaccines and antisera was also performed. J Clin Invest, 1986 Feb, 77(2), 491 - 5 Structural analysis and immunogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 2 high molecular weight polysaccharide; Pier GB et al.; We analyzed high molecular weight polysaccharide (PS) from the Fisher immunotype 2 (IT-2) strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for molecular composition and structure, then determined its immunogenicity in healthy adults . The PS was composed of 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxygalactose (N-acetyl fucosamine) and glucose in a molar ratio of 2:1 . Structural analysis by carbon-13 and proton nuclear magnetic resonance confirmed that the high molecular weight PS was structurally identical to that of the O-specific side chain of the lipopolysaccharide . PS differed from this material in molecular size . Immunization of 19 adult volunteers with doses of 50-100 micrograms of PS resulted in significant rises (P less than 0.04-P less than 0.0001) in binding antibody levels and killing antibody titers 2 and 4 wk postimmunization . The only reaction to the vaccine was localized tenderness at the immunization site . Analysis of the immunoglobulin isotype response to the vaccine showed a rise in specific serum IgG and IgA antibodies . Heterologous responses to other P . aeruginosa PS antigens were not seen . The antibody levels attained by vaccination were comparable with those in acute-phase serum samples of patients who survived sepsis with IT-2 P . aeruginosa and were significantly higher (P less than 0.03) than specific antibody levels in bacteremic patients who died . These results confirm that PS is a high molecular weight, immunogenic form of the P . aeruginosa IT-2 serotype antigen, eliciting levels of type-specific antibody comparable with those seen among patients surviving an episode of P . aeruginosa sepsis. J Bacteriol, 1986 Feb, 165(2), 510 - 6 Gene amplification induces mucoid phenotype in rec-2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa exposed to kanamycin; Deretic V et al.; Gene amplification in the chromosome of rec-2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO2003 upon growth on kanamycin-supplemented media led to a stable mucoid phenotype . The chromosomal region controlling alginate biosynthesis was shown to be amplified four to six times as a direct tandem repeat of at least 16.8 kilobase pairs . This amplification was deduced from Southern DNA-DNA hybridization patterns of the chromosomal DNA digested with restriction endonucleases BglII and EcoRI and probed with a cloned DNA segment complementing the alg-22 mutation . The part of the amplified unit carrying the novel DNA joint was cloned . The EcoRI junction fragment was further subcloned and used to probe chromosomes of parental strain PAO2003 and mucoid variant VD2003M . As predicted, the EcoRI junction fragment hybridized to the two chromosomal fragments required to produce the novel junction . Though the mucoid phenotype caused by gene amplification was stable, nonmucoid revertants were obtained at a low frequency on tetracycline-containing media . Southern hybridization of chromosomal DNA from a nonmucoid revertant revealed a reduction in the copy number of amplified DNA . These results suggest a direct relationship between amplification of this chromosomal segment and the induction of mucoidy. J Bacteriol, 1986 Feb, 165(2), 448 - 52 Specialized transduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO by bacteriophage D3; Cavenagh MM et al.; D3, a temperate bacteriophage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO, was found to specifically transduce the alleles met-49 and met-117 . Induction of established lysogens with UV light was necessary for the production of transducing lysates . Transduced cells were immune to superinfection by phage D3 and could give rise to high-frequency transducing lysates . Cotransduction of these two alleles could not be demonstrated . met-117 was mapped to 26 min on the PAO genetic map . Complementation studies using the generalized transducing phage F116L indicated that met-49 is an allele of met-9011 which maps at 55 min . The integrated D3 prophage was shown to be coinherited with met-117 and with met-49. Infect Immun, 1986 Feb, 51(2), 687 - 9 In vivo identification of sialic acid as the ocular receptor for Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Hazlett LD et al.; In vivo bacterial adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the immature ocular epithelium was mediated by a sialic (N-acetylneuraminic) acid (NANA) receptor . Saturation of binding sites on the bacterial surface by NANA prevented attachment of the organism to the epithelial cell membrane receptor . Additionally, a significant number of animals receiving NANA-treated organisms were protected from septicemia and death . In vivo protection studies showed excellent correlation with scanning electron microscopy, in that the number of adherent organisms at the corneal surface decreased dramatically in the presence of NANA . These studies exhibit a strong correlation with clinical cases of human infant ocular infection. Infect Immun, 1986 Feb, 51(2), 675 - 86 Immunochemical and biochemical analysis of the polyvalent Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine PEV; MacIntyre S et al.; The Pseudomonas aeruginosa polyvalent vaccine PEV and its 16 constituent monovalent extracts from International Antigenic Typing System serotypes 1 through 13 and 15 through 17 (J . J . Miler, J . F . Spilsbury, R . J . Jones, E . A . Roe, and E . J . L . Lowbury, J . Med . Microbiol . 10:19-27, 1977) were subjected to biochemical analysis and to detailed immunochemical analysis with rabbit anti-PEV immunoglobulins . The results of chemical analysis, of analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis performed in conjunction with silver staining, and of analysis by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel-crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and Western blotting showed clearly that lipopolysaccharide was a major constituent of each monovalent extract and that it was probably the dominant antigen present in at least 15 of the 16 monovalent extracts . A 16.2-kilodalton protein, which was pronase resistant and nonsedimentable at 105,000 X g and which appeared to be biochemically and antigenically unrelated to pili, was a common although minor antigen for all extracts . Several other proteins, some of outer membrane origin, were also detected in unformalinized extracts, but these were also minor antigenic constituents of the vaccine . Neither pilin nor flagellin appeared to be major protein constituents of tested monovalent extracts, although anti-flagella antibodies could be demonstrated in rabbit anti-PEV by Western blotting . Preliminary analysis by crossed immunoelectrophoresis of serum raised in volunteers to PEV also indicated the presence therein of antibodies to lipopolysaccharide antigens. Biochem J, 1986 Feb 1, 233(3), 893 - 8 An investigation of the ligand-binding properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa nitrite reductase; Sutherland J et al.; The low-temperature e.p.r . and m.c.d . (magnetic-circular-dichroism) spectra of Pseudomonas aeruginosa nitrite reductase, together with those of its partially and fully cyanide-bound derivatives, were investigated . The m.c.d . spectra in the range 600-2000 nm indicate that the native axial ligands to haem c are histidine and methionine, and furthermore that it is the methionine ligand that must be displaced before cyanide binding at this haem . The m.c.d . spectra in the range 1000-2000 nm contain no charge-transfer bands arising from low-spin ferric haem d1, a chlorin . New optical transitions in the region 700-850 nm were found for the cyanide adduct of haem d1 . The g-values of haem d1 in the native enzyme are 2.51, 2.43 and 1.71, suggesting co-ordination by two histidine ligands in the oxidized state . There is clear evidence in the e.p.r . data of an interaction between the c and d1 haem groups . This is not apparent in the optical spectra . The results are interpreted in terms of haem groups that are remote from each other, their interaction being mediated through protein conformational changes . The possible implications of this in relation to reduction processes catalysed by the enzyme are considered. Genetika, 1986 Feb, 22(2), 209 - 18 {Two loci in the genome of the transposable phage B39 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa affecting the process of integration . I . Study of the properties of phages with the Pde- phenotype and mapping of the rms site}; Krylov VN et al.; Mutants and recombinants of transposable Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage B39 with a specific phenotype Pde- (pleiotropic developmental effect) were studied . Pde- phages produce clear minute plaques on lawns of P . aeruginosa PAO1 and fail to grow in cells of PAO1 harbouring Rms 163 (Inc P5) plasmid . Pde+ character is under control of the two loci in phage genome which were designated pdeX and pdeY . In hybrid phages the pdeX and pdeY loci originating from different transposable phages (pdeX from B39 and pdeY from PH132) do not accomplish their function and, as a result, the hybrid phages have the Pde- phenotype . The frequency of integration (f.o.i.) of Pde- phages into bacterial chromosome is lower than f.o.i . for Pde+ phages, as well as the frequency of stable lysogenization of infected bacteria; lytic development of the Pde- phages is also limited . The great difference among the transposable phages in their reaction to the presence of Rms163 plasmid is caused by some differences in the specific rms site in the phage genome . The site is located inside the interval 1.1-3.9 kb of the physical genome map, being closely linked to cI gene of phage B39 . The growth of Pde- phages in cells with Rms163 can be restored, due to additional mutations in phage genes affecting lysogenization. J Bacteriol, 1986 Feb, 165(2), 523 - 6 Lipopolysaccharide-free Escherichia coli OmpF and Pseudomonas aeruginosa protein P porins are functionally active in lipid bilayer membranes; Parr TR Jr et al.; Escherichia coli porin OmpF and Pseudomonas aeruginosa porin protein P were eluted from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels . The resultant porin preparations were found to be devoid of detectable lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining for LPS, direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with LPS-specific monoclonal antibodies, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid assays . The average conductances, ionic selectivities and incorporation rates of the electroeluted porins were identical to those of their conventionally purified counterparts . These data suggest that LPS is not required per se for porin function. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1986 Feb, (2), 59 - 63 {Characteristics of the sources and routes of spread of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a trauma department}; Zueva LP et al.; In the study of the epidemic process of P . aeruginosa infection in a traumatological hospital the leading role of patients with hospital septic infections as the sources of infection has been epidemiologically proved . Contamination has been shown to occur mostly in the pus dressing room. J Bacteriol, 1986 Feb, 165(2), 625 - 30 Expression of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAK pilin gene in Escherichia coli; Finlay BB et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a piliated opportunistic pathogen . We have recently reported the cloning of the structural gene for the pilus protein, pilin, from P . aeruginosa PAK (B . L . Pasloske, B . B . Finlay, and W . Paranchych, FEBS Lett . 183:408-412, 1985), and in this paper we present evidence that this chimera (pBP001) expresses P . aeruginosa PAK pilin in Escherichia coli independent of a vector promoter . The strength of the promoter for the PAK pilin gene was assayed, and the cellular location of the pilin protein within E . coli was examined . This protein was present mainly in the inner membrane fraction both with and without its six-amino-acid leader sequence, but it was not assembled into pili. J Bacteriol, 1986 Feb, 165(2), 367 - 72 Cloning and expression of the pilin gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAK in Escherichia coli; Strom MS et al.; Many strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa possess pili which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the organism . This report presents the cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene encoding the structural subunit of the pili of P . aeruginosa PAK . Total DNA from this strain was partially digested with Sau3A and inserted into the cloning vector pUC18 . Recombinant E . coli clones were screened with oligonucleotide probes prepared from the constant region of the previously published amino acid sequence of the mature pilin subunit . Several positive clones were identified, and restriction maps were generated . Each clone contained an identical 1.1-kilobase HindIII fragment which hybridized to the oligonucleotide probes . Western blot analysis showed that all of the clones expressed small amounts of the P . aeruginosa pilin subunit, which has a molecular mass of ca . 18,000 . This expression occurred independently of the orientation of the inserted DNA fragments in the cloning vector, indicating that synthesis was directed from an internal promoter . However, subclones containing the 1.1-kilobase HindIII fragment in a specific orientation produced an order of magnitude more of the pilin subunit . While the expressed pilin antigen was located in both the cytoplasmic and outer membrane fractions of E . coli, none appeared to be polymerized into a pilus structure. J Trauma, 1986 Feb, 26(2), 118 - 22 Experimental studies of the pathogenesis of infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa: immunization using divalent flagella preparations; Holder IA et al.; Flagella preparations of the two antigenic types that make up all the flagella antigens in Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used, individually, to immunize mice . Mice thus immunized were protected when burned and infected with P . aeruginosa . Protection was specific for the flagella antigen of the challenge strain but independent of its somatic antigen . When both antigens were used, together, for immunization, protection was independent of both the flagella and somatic antigen of the challenge strain . These results suggest that a divalent P . aeruginosa 'vaccine' would be of considerable value for immunoprophylaxis in burn patients. FEBS Lett, 1986 Jan 20, 195(1-2), 187 - 93 Genomic organization of rDNA in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Hartmann RK et al.; We have examined the number and organization of rRNA genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by hybridization of restriction nuclease digests of genomic DNA to 3'-32P-labelled 23 S, 16 S and 5 S rRNAs and corresponding labelled DNA from the rrnB operon of Escherichia coli . The immediate conclusion from these hybridization data is that there are 4 transcriptional units coding for rDNA in P . aeruginosa . We report here a putative model of the genomic organization of all 4 rDNA operons. Eur J Biochem, 1986 Jan 15, 154(2), 437 - 43 X-ray crystallographic and biochemical characterization of single crystals formed by proteolytically modified human fibrinogen; Gollwitzer R et al.; Large single crystals (0.7 mm X 0.4 mm X 0.3 mm) of human fibrinogen, modified with a crude exoprotease from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, have been obtained . The crystals are orthorhombic, space group P212121, with a = 9.5 +/- 0.1 nm, b = 11.1 +/- 0.1 nm, c = 44.0 +/- 0.4 nm . Their X-ray diffraction patterns extend to beyond 1.0 nm resolution . The asymmetric unit contains one fragment of 245 kDa molecular mass made up of an intact gamma chain, a slightly shortened beta chain and an N-terminal part (about one-third) of the alpha chain . In electron micrographs of rotary-shadowed samples the crystallized particles are very similar in size and shape to the well-known trinodular form of native fibrinogen . From the unit-cell dimensions and the intensity pattern a model is proposed in which the molecules consist of two halves related by a local twofold rotation axis, and are aligned with a displacement of multiples of 1/4 of their length giving a pseudohexagonal packing scheme. Am J Ophthalmol, 1986 Jan 15, 101(1), 44 - 8 Ocular concentration of gentamicin after penetrating keratoplasty; Yau CW et al.; To determine if the storage of corneal tissue in a preserving medium containing gentamicin results in therapeutically effective concentrations of antibiotics in the ocular tissues after penetrating keratoplasty, we stored rabbit donor corneas in McCarey-Kaufman medium containing 100 micrograms of gentamicin per milliliter for three days before surgery . Gentamicin concentrations were determined by agar-diffusion bioassay in ocular tissues one, two, three, four, and six hours after surgery . On the average, the concentration of antibiotic one hour after surgery was 8.8 micrograms of gentamicin per gram of donor cornea, 6.25 micrograms of gentamicin per milliliter of iris, and 2.8 micrograms of gentamicin per milliliter of aqueous humor . The minimal inhibitory concentration for sensitive strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is 1.6 micrograms of gentamicin per milliliter of medium . Thus, gentamicin levels sufficient to inhibit the growth of sensitive bacteria were still present in the donor cornea three hours and in the iris two hours after penetrating keratoplasty . By six hours, only trace amounts of gentamicin were found in the donor cornea and aqueous humor . The presence of gentamicin in ocular tissues after penetrating keratoplasty appears to prolong the antibacterial effect of the preserving medium, and to provide tissue concentrations of antibiotic effective against intraoperative contamination. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1986 Jan 14, 134(1), 106 - 12 The outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a barrier against the penetration of disaccharides; Yoneyama H et al.; The outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa acted as a barrier against the penetration of di- (Mr, 342), tri- (Mr, 504) and tetrasaccharides (Mr, 666), whereas the membrane allowed the penetration of pentose (Mr, 150) and methylhexoses (Mr, 194) into the periplasm . When the intact cells of P . aeruginosa were treated with 600 mosM saccharides of various sizes and observed under an electron microscope, saccharides of Mr larger than 342 caused the extensive shrinking of the outer membrane . Whereas the cells treated with the saccharides of Mr less than 194 or with sucrose in the presence of EDTA showed plasmolysis . Determination of the extent of saccharide penetration into the periplasm of the cells treated with 600 mosM sodium chloride or with 600 mosM saccharides of various sizes showed that only pentose and hexoses, so far examined, were penetrable but di-, tri- and tetrasaccharides were impenetrable. Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg), 1986 Jan, 65(1), 26 - 8 {Hyperbaric oxygenation--a sensible adjunctive therapy in malignant external otitis}; Pilgramm M et al.; This study shows the effect of hyperbaric oxygenation as an adjunctive therapy in malignant external otitis on the basis of three cases: one stage I, one stage II, two stages III (according to Ganz) . Due to the successes achieved, and basing on a comparative study of the literature, we can conclude, even without a control group, that hyperbaric oxygenation exercises a positive influence on the reduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the external auditory canal, and on the symptoms of pain and regeneration of cerebral nerves injured with a broad-spectrum allergy to antibiotics, even the exclusive application of the hyperbaric oxygenation proved successful. Pediatr Infect Dis, 1986 Jan-Feb, 5(1), 54 - 8 Home cleaning-disinfection procedure for tracheal suction catheters; Shabino CL et al.; The cost effectiveness of home care for pediatric tracheostomy patients has become a concern . One major cost component of this care is the tracheal suction catheter . This study was designed to assess the microbiologic effectiveness of a practical cleaning-disinfection procedure, consisting of hydrogen peroxide, 100 degrees C soapy water and 100 degrees C rinse water, which might permit reuse of tracheal suction catheters in the home setting . The procedure was found to be highly effective, completely eliminating bacterial growth from more than 90% of catheters seeded with Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the laboratory . Further, studies with catheters used for suctioning patients in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit confirmed the eradication of all bacterial organisms. Arkh Patol, 1986, 48(8), 57 - 63 {Ultrastructural analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa invasion into the blood capillaries of the subcutaneous fat}; Vtiurin BV et al.; Wound wall soft tissues from 14 male rats were studied electron-microscopically 5 hours after subcutaneous implantation of a gauze piece with 3 X 10(10) organisms of Ps . aeruginosa on it . In a special series of experiments done on 75 rats, 78% of the animals have demonstrated a generalized pseudomonal infection, i . e . sepsis . The bacterial invasion into the blood stream occurred on the microcirculatory level due to inadequacy of the phagocytic barrier caused by bacterial damage of micro and macrophages . Vascular wall component destruction and capillary haemostasis (stasis, thrombosis) appeared to predispose the microbial invasion into the vascular lumen . The bacteria entered the circulation by the microembolic mechanism. Int Orthop, 1986, 10(3), 209 - 11 Septic separation of the symphysis pubis; Persson BM et al.; Symphysial osteomyelitis has been distinguished from osteitis pubis because of the more serious nature of the disease . We report a case in which there was a pelvic separation similar to that seen after trauma or pregnancy . The previously undescribed complications of bladder perforation and pelvic instability are also noted . There was no predisposing cause in this case, in contrast to the 40 previously reported . The causative organism was staphylococcus aureus, but pseudomonas aeruginosa and escherichia coli have also been found in other cases. Infection, 1986, 14 Suppl 2, S154 - 9 {Efficacy and tolerance of imipenem/cilastatin in the treatment of surgical infections with and without bone involvement}; Voeckl J et al.; Imipenem/cilastatin in a doses of 1.5/day was used to treat 31 moderate to severe infections, predominantly soft tissue infections with bone involvement, in 30 surgical patients . A clinical success was achieved in 93% of the patients . In one patient with diabetic gangrene of the foot, imipenem/cilastatin treatment performed as a last resort was not able to prevent amputation . One patient died from his underlying disease while on therapy . All isolates except one Pseudomonas diminuta strain regarded as contaminant were initially sensitive to imipenem . Two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains developed resistance by the end of therapy . Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most common aetiologic agents . Only few clinical and biochemical side-effects were observed: in two cases an allergic rash appeared following several days' treatment . Four patients developed thrombocytopenia, which, however, was completely reversible after the end of therapy. Circ Shock, 1986, 19(4), 357 - 70 Comparative effect of circulating bacterial or nonbacterial particulates on plasma fibronectin: relationship to lung deposition of blood-borne foreign particles; Kiener JL et al.; Reticuloendothelial (RE) phagocytic function and plasma fibronectin are altered early after trauma and during septic shock . Since fibronectin-coated particles will tend to aggregate if not efficiently phagocytized, we hypothesized that elevated fibronectin levels during hepatic and/or splenic RE depression could potentiate the lung deposition of blood-borne foreign microparticles . To evaluate this concept, we measured plasma fibronectin, hepatic RE function, and tissue deposition of blood-borne colloids in rats after they were injected with nonbacterial and bacterial particulates . Rats were injected intravenously with gelatin-coated colloids (50 mg/100 gm) to simulate blood-borne collagenous tissue debris after trauma, or with live Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1 X 10(9)/rat) to simulate bacterial entrance into the blood with sepsis, or with both to simulate sepsis after trauma . Phagocytic function was evaluated by liver and spleen uptake of gelatinized 125I RE test emulsion . Fibronectin was quantified by electroimmunoassay . There was an acute 60-80% decrease in plasma fibronectin 2 hr following either colloid or colloid coupled with bacterial infusion . Bacterial infusion alone elicited only a mild 20% decrease in fibronectin by 2 hr . By 24 hr, restoration of fibronectin levels was observed in all groups with hyperfibronectinemia observed in animals challenged with Pseudomonas . Following colloid alone, liver uptake of the RE test particle was acutely depressed at 2 hr in association with an acute depletion of fibronectin, but at 24 hr the RE depression persisted even with normalization of fibronectin . In contrast, with only bacteremia, the rebound elevation of fibronectin was associated with increased hepatic RE function . In rats given both colloid and Pseudomonas, the hyperfibronectinemia (60-100% above controls) at 24 hr coexisted with inadequate liver phagocytic uptake ability . This resulted in a significant 20-fold (P less than 0.05) increment in lung localization of the blood-borne test microparticles . Thus, hyperfibronectinemia without a parallel increase in liver phagocytic ingestive ability may actually enhance lung localization of blood-borne microparticles, which have a high affinity for fibronectin. Drugs Exp Clin Res, 1986, 12(4), 303 - 6 Experimental efficacy of apalcillin and cefpiramide compared with that of six other antipseudomonal agents in Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn infections; Fu KP et al.; The therapeutic efficacy of cefpiramide and apalcillin was evaluated and compared with that of six other antipseudomonal beta-lactam antibiotics in an experimental mouse burn infection due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Both cefpiramide and apalcillin were as potent as cefsulodin and more potent than carbenicillin, cefotaxime, cefoperazone, piperacillin and gentamicin in protecting the infected mice from fatal bacteraemia and in eradicating Ps . aeruginosa from the infected site. Chemotherapy, 1986, 32(2), 166 - 72 Therapeutic efficacy of cefpiramide and cefoperazone alone and in combination with gentamicin against pseudomonal infections in neutropenic mice; Fu KP et al.; Cefpiramide and cefoperazone alone and in combination with gentamicin were compared for therapeutic efficacy against pseudomonal infections in normal mice and in mice made neutropenic by administration of cyclophosphamide . Neutropenic mice were more susceptible to infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa than normal mice . At all challenge doses, combination therapy with either cefpiramide-gentamicin or cefoperazone-gentamicin was more effective than that with a single agent . Therapy with the cefpiramide-gentamicin combination was significantly more active than that with the cefoperazone-gentamicin combination in protecting mice from fatal bacteremia . Pharmacokinetic studies in mice showed that cefpiramide attained a peak serum concentration of 12 micrograms/ml and a serum half-life of 40 min, which are higher than attained by cefoperazone with values of 4 micrograms/ml and 18 min . These factors may have caused the combined cefpiramide-gentamicin therapy to result in significantly improved survival rates in mice as well as in higher bactericidal titers than the cefoperazone-gentamicin combination . The results show that cefpiramide when combined with gentamicin is effective in treating serious infections with P . aeruginosa in neutropenic mice. Yale J Biol Med, 1986 Jan-Feb, 59(1), 11 - 6 Synergism of azlocillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin in combination with tobramycin against Klebsiella and Pseudomonas; Downs JT et al.; Fifty-three clinical isolates of Klebsiella and fifty-one clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, twenty-six of which were carbenicillin-(CARB) resistant, were tested for susceptibility to mezlocillin (MEZ), azlocillin (AZL), and piperacillin (PIP), both alone and in combination with tobramycin (TOB) using the microtiter broth diluent method and an inoculum density of 10(6) CFU/ml . The Klebsiella were highly resistant to TOB, MEZ, and PIP (MIC90: 8, greater than 256, greater than 128 micrograms/ml, respectively) . Synergy was demonstrated in 53 percent (PIP/TOB) and 51 percent (MEZ/TOB) . An indifferent response was observed in 47 percent (PIP/TOB) and 49 percent MEZ/TOB of the Klebsiella . PIP, MEZ, and AZL in combination with TOB showed synergism against CARB-resistant Pseudomonas in less than 10 percent of the strains tested . Synergy could be demonstrated against CARB-susceptible Pseudomonas with the combinations PIP/TOB, AZL/TOB, and MEZ/TOB in 12 percent, 12 percent, and 24 percent, respectively, of the twenty-five strains tested . Indifferent effects were observed in 84 percent, 88 percent, and 76 percent, respectively, of these same CARB-susceptible strains . These data suggest that there is no significant difference in the incidence of synergy with these new penicillins and tobramycin against either Pseudomonas or Klebsiella. Scand J Infect Dis, 1986, 18(5), 425 - 9 Ceftazidime in the treatment of serious Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis; Bragman S et al.; 28 patients with serious Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis were enrolled into a prospective open study using ceftazidime (CAZ) . 10 patients had rapidly fatal underlying pathology, including 5 neutropenic (neutrophils less than 1.0 X 10(9)/l) patients with malignancy . 9 patients including all those with neutropenia also received concomitant therapy with other active antipseudomonal antibiotics (mainly aminoglycosides) . All isolates were initially sensitive to CAZ . A favourable response was seen in 18/27 (67%) evaluable cases . Genitourinary infection and osteomyelitis responded well with 100% and 83% favourable responses respectively . Soft tissue and respiratory tract infection responded less well . Results with biliary sepsis were disappointing (all 3 failed therapy) . Of the 9 patients failing treatment 5 responded to alternative antibiotics (usually combination therapy of ureidopenicillin plus aminoglycoside) . 2 died primarily from underlying pathology and 2 as a direct result of Ps . aeruginosa sepsis . Toxicity was minimal . In the few cases observed other agents and underlying pathology possibly contributed . The most disturbing feature of the study was the emergence of multiple beta-lactam resistance in organisms whilst treated with CAZ . 5 cases occurred, 4 in the infected strain and 1 in a superinfecting strain, occurring in 4 patients within 10 days of starting therapy . 2 cases occurred in patients receiving concomitant aminoglycosides. Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 1986, 243(3), 167 - 9 Efficacy of perioperative ceftazidime in the surgical treatment of chronic otitis media due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Preliminary report of a prospective, controlled study; Lildholdt T et al.; A prospective open and controlled study of perioperative antibiotics was conducted in patients with chronic otitis media (COM) . Drug efficacy was found in a subgroup of 26 patients, who were characterized by preoperative aural drainage culturing Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Fourteen of these patients were randomized to receive ceftazidime (cephalosporin) for 5 days at the operation, while 12 had no antibiotic treatment . The occurrence of subsequent aural drainage was compared with the actual clinical and microbiological conditions of the ears 2 months after the operation; statistically significant differences were found in favor of the group treated with ceftazidime . Further studies must define the role of ceftazidime and other antibiotics in the management of patients with COM. Scand J Infect Dis, 1986, 18(2), 133 - 7 Immediate and prolonged clinical efficacy of ceftazidime versus ceftazidime plus tobramycin in chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis; Stenvang Pedersen S et al.; 20 patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic bronchopulmonary infection due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa entered a randomized cross-over study comparing ceftazidime (150 mg/kg body weight/24 h) plus tobramycin (10 mg/kg body weight/24 h) to ceftazidime alone (150 mg/kg body weight/24 h), both given intravenously for 2 weeks . 17 patients completed the study; both treatment regimens improved lung function and decreased the WBC count . No difference in clinical efficacy was found between the treatments . Pulmonary function returned to pre-treatment levels 3 months later with no difference between the treatments . No changes were seen in minimal inhibitory concentrations during treatment . None of the patients developed hypersensitivity or experienced serious adverse reactions to the drugs. Microbiologica, 1986 Jan, 9(1), 71 - 9 More experience on the microagglutination test in the diagnosis of Legionella pneumophila infection; Temperanza AM et al.; The sensitivity of the indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) test in Legionella pneumophila infection is said to be maximal when a plyimmunoglobulin conjugate is used . However commercially available non-class-specific fluorescent antisera are not always sensitive enough to detect IgM antibodies as class-specific conjugates do . IFA test's drawback is its inability to detect early stages of infection . We routinely performed the microagglutination (MA) test in order to check the reliability of this test alone in screening diagnostic work for L . pneumophila group 1 infections . The 252 sera tested were from suspected or confirmed legionellosis cases . Five-hundred and thirty sera from healthy-people, 49 sera from patients with serologically confirmed chlamydia, coxiella and mycoplasma pneumonia, and ten sera from patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection were used as controls . There was a good agreement between IFA and MA tests, the MA proving almost as specific as, and in some cases more sensitive than the IFA test . This was particularly evident in early stages of infection . For these reasons, together with its low cost and the ease to perform, it appears that the MA test can be a useful screening test for presumptive cases of legionellosis even on a single serum specimen. Clin Pharm, 1986 Jan, 5(1), 24 - 33 Therapeutic considerations in using combinations of newer beta-lactam antibiotics; Barriere SL; The in vitro activity, pharmacokinetic interactions, and clinical efficacy of newer beta-lactam antibiotic combinations are reviewed . Combinations of beta-lactam antibiotics offer an antimicrobial spectrum similar to that of aminoglycoside-beta-lactam combinations without the renal or eighth cranial nerve toxicity of aminoglycosides . Synergistic activity with beta-lactam combinations is demonstrable in vitro against a wide variety of aerobic gram-negative bacilli, but the frequency, with which it is found is substantially less than for aminoglycoside-beta-lactam combinations . Also, in vitro antagonism can be demonstrated, particularly with combinations containing an agent capable of inducing beta lactamase . Substantial alterations in the pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime have been demonstrated by the concomitant administration of mezlocillin or azlocillin . In addition, the clearance of moxalactam has been shown to be reduced by concomitant administration of piperacillin, and the clearance of oxacillin is reduced by concomitant mezlocillin therapy . Dosage reductions of these drugs may be appropriate in certain situations . Several clinical trials comparing therapy with beta-lactam combinations versus aminoglycoside-containing regimens in neutropenic patients have shown no difference in overall efficacy between the two regimens, with the possible exception of infections in persistently granulocytopenic patients and perhaps in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections . beta-lactam combinations are generally less nephrotoxic, but potentially more costly when newer compounds are included, than amino-glycoside-containing regimens . These beta-lactam combinations should be reserved for use in patients at high risk for aminoglycoside toxicity. J Infect Dis, 1986 Jan, 153(1), 90 - 7 Antibiotic therapy of infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in normal and granulocytopenic mice: comparison of murine and human pharmacokinetics; Gerber AU et al.; An effort was made to elucidate the limits of drug-activity tests in small animals . Human plasma kinetics of gentamicin, netilmicin, ticarcillin, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone were approximated in normal and in granulocytopenic mice infected with various strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the thigh muscle or intraperitoneally . The effect of such dosing on bacterial time-kill curves and on survival was compared with the effect of identical amounts of drug given as a single-bolus injection . With beta-lactams, a highly significant superiority of fractionated dosing (simulated human kinetics) over bolus injections (murine plasma kinetics) was demonstrated, whereas with aminoglycosides it was a single-bolus injection that tended to be more active . Thus, when tested in conventional small-animal models, aminoglycoside activity may be overestimated, whereas beta-lactam activity may be underestimated in respect to humans . These differences found in vivo most probably reflect the different pharmacodynamics between aminoglycosides and beta-lactam drugs (time-kill curves, dose-response curves, and postantibiotic effect) similar to those previously observed in vitro. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K, 1986, 105 ( Pt 6), 650 - 2 Penetration of ciprofloxacin into aqueous humor; Fern AI et al.; Ciprofloxacin is a potentially useful antibiotic in eye infection . A pilot study was performed on 25 patients undergoing routine cataract surgery to assess the penetration of the drug into aqueous humor after oral administration . The mean peak level of 0.56 mg/l achieved in aqueous is above the MIC for most gram negative organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infection, 1986, 14 Suppl 1, S87 - 8 {Ofloxacin in the conservative therapy of acute and chronic otitis media--a preliminary clinical report of experiences}; Lenarz T; After ascertaining the bacterial spectrum in 105 patients with Otitis media acutissima, Otitis media chronica mesotympanalis and Otitis media chronica epitympanalis, the efficacy of oral therapy with ofloxacin in five patients from each of these groups was assessed . The results are comparable with those following conventional local and intravenous antibiotic therapy . On the basis of these preliminary results, ofloxacin can be considered as a highly efficient oral substance which is effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two important pathogens in inflammatory ear infections. G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1986 Jan-Jun, 79(1-6), 25 - 36 {Pseudomonas aeruginosa: immunotypes and drug resistance}; Benedettini G et al.; Serotyping of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Fisher's schema has been used to study the prevalence of particular immunotypes among strains of P . aeruginosa obtained from clinical specimens . About 78% of the isolates were serotypable and about 22% were not . Immunotypes 2 and 6 turned out to be the most prevalent, whereas immunotypes 5 and 7 were the least frequent . Immunotypes 2, 5, 6 and 7 did not vary significantly as far as frequency in the various sources is concerned, with the exception of immunotype 2, which was significantly less frequent in isolates from the expectorated sputum . In such isolates immunotype 3 was significantly more frequent than in other sources, whereas immunotype 4 was significantly more frequent in isolates from the feces . It was next investigated whether a correlation exists between antibiotic susceptibility and particular immunotypes . A high percentage of the non-typable strains and of those belonging to immunotypes 2 and 6 proved to be resistant to the antimicrobial agents tested. Postgrad Med J, 1986, 62 Suppl 2, 75 - 7 Imipenem: the first thienamycin antibiotic; Williams RJ; Imipenem is a new beta-lactam which differs chemically from penicillins and cephalosporins but has a similar mode of action . It is a potent antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of activity encompassing both aerobes and anaerobes . However, in vitro, it does not appear to offer a great improvement over other available agents for the treatment of infections caused by problem organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci . The results of clinical trials suggest that imipenem is efficacious and toxic side effects do not appear to be a problem. Acta Microbiol Hung, 1986, 33(4), 345 - 9 Serotyping of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated in Bulgaria using the Lányi-Bergan combined scheme; Pencheva P; Two hundred Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated in hospitals in Bulgaria were serotyped according to the combined scheme of Lanyi and Bergan, supplemented by Akatova and Smirnova and Homma, using agglutinating O-antisera prepared in the National Institute of Hygiene, Budapest . The most frequently encountered serogroup is O2 (29%) followed by O11 (28.5%), O6, O3, O10 etc . The results were compared with those obtained by using Difco antisera prepared according to Liu et al., and showed 96.5% coincidence . The strains were phage typed according to the scheme of Meitert and tested for antibiotic resistance to aminoglycosides (gentamicin, carbenicillin, tobramycin and amikacin) . Phage groups 3 (3a and 3(3)) and 1 (1a) predominated . The strains exhibited sensitivity to amikacin (99%) and frequent resistance to gentamicin (45.8%, carbenicillin (40%) and tobramycin (28%) . Subdivision of the serogroups into phage and resisto-types contributes to analysis of nosocomial infections. Acta Microbiol Hung, 1986, 33(3), 245 - 55 Immunochemical and immunological study of cell-wall proteins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Stanislavsky ES et al.; Crude aqueous extract was obtained from acetone-dried cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 868 (serogroup O2, Lanyi and Bergan's schema) and subjected to ultracentrifugation (105,000 g, 3 h); the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-containing precipitate was discarded and the supernatant containing water-soluble cell proteins was subjected to further fractionation . From a partially purified aqueous extract two fractions were obtained by step-wise precipitation with ammonium sulphate, namely, F1 (by 50% saturation), and F2 (by 80% saturation) . By gel and ion-exchange chromatography from both fractions 9 subfractions were isolated differing in molecular weight, protein content, and LPS contamination . Subfractions 4 and 7 were practically free from LPS, and gave one precipitation line with antisera for strain 868 . By immunoelectrophoresis subfraction 4 contained 2 cathodic and 1 anodic, whereas subfraction 7 mainly 1 anodic component . These subfractions were antigenically identical . With ELISA these subfractions were less active as compared to other subfractions, in particular to those of high molecular weight . The anti-subfraction 4 and anti-subfraction 7 sera were found to protect passively mice against intraperitoneal challenge by P . aeruginosa strain 8 (serogroup O2) . These data support the authors' opinion that subfraction SF-4 and SF-7 are protective protein antigens (mol wt about 40,000 and 30,000, respectively), that are localized in the outer membrane of P . aeruginosa cell envelope. Braz J Med Biol Res, 1986, 19(2), 159 - 65 The use of monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of partially treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa meningitis: patient report; Bermudez LE; The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of mouse anti-pseudomonas monoclonal antibodies to detect small numbers of pathogenic pseudomonas in the spinal fluid of a patient who had been treated with antibiotics for meningitis . Anti-605 monoclonal antibody against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAC 605, a rough mutant, showed sensitivity similar to that of anti-Fisher 1 monoclonal antibody in detecting P . aeruginosa Fisher 1 antigens in boiled spinal fluid drawn from a patient with a P . aeruginosa perispinal abscess and partially treated meningitis. Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1986, 65(5), 374 - 9 {Bactericidal activity of beta-lactams and aminoglucosides: comparative evaluations}; Dos Santos C et al.; In this study we have evaluated the bactericidal activity kinetics of some cephalosporins, ureidopenicillins and aminoglycosides against 41 gram negative clinical isolates . Aminoglycosides, particularly gentamicin, showed the better bactericidal activity which appeared already at the second-third hour after the addition of the antibiotic . The bactericidal activity of cefotaxime, ceftazidime and cefotetan was remarkable but it appeared only at the sixth-eight hour . This difference was statistically significant . Carbenicillin and piperacillin showed a low bactericidal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . We noted a wide variability of the antibiotic bactericidal activity against the isolates of the same bacterial species . Therefore we can argue that in serious infections the determination of the antibiotic and serum bactericidal activity is necessary. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1986, 49, 31 - 7 In vivo significance of bacteriocins and bacteriocin receptors; Govan JR; Bacteriocins are protein or protein-complex antibiotics produced by a wide variety of bacterial species . By conventional definition, bacteriocins differ from most other antibiotics in that the producer strain is immune to the action of its own bacteriocin and the inhibitory activity of individual bacteriocins is directed only to bacteria which are closely related to the strains which produce them . Bacteriocin production is regulated by plasmid or chromosomal elements and bacteriocin activity is initiated by adsorption of bacteriocin to specific outer membrane receptors on susceptible cells . In Darwinian terms, production of bacteriocin by a bacterial strain, within a particular ecological niche, could be considered advantageous by ensuring elimination of other closely related, and thus competitive, bacteria . In contrast, conservation of bacteriocin receptors appears suicidal if their only function is to initiate cell death . The paper will illustrate the ubiquity of bacteriocins and discuss evidence for their in vivo function in terms of bacterial survival . Evidence will also be presented to indicate that bacteriocin receptors in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have important alternative physiological functions in outer-membrane mediated nutrient uptake, particularly with respect to bacterial iron metabolism. Infection, 1986, 14 Suppl 4, S245 - 7 Investigations on ofloxacin: antibacterial activity and influence on the immune system; Pulverer G et al.; The in vitro activity of ofloxacin was tested against freshly isolated strains, from clinical material, of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and coagulase-negative staphylococci, including strains that were resistant to methicillin and/or novobiocin . 97% of the Pseudomonas strains were inhibited by ofloxacin concentrations in the range of 0.78 to 6.25 mg/l, with 55% of the strains being inhibited by concentrations up to 1.56 mg/l . All of the staphylococci strains, including those resistant to novobiocin and/or methicillin, were sensitive to ofloxacin in the range 0.19 to 1.56 mg/l . The influence of ofloxacin on cellular and humoral host immunity was evaluated both in vivo and in vitro . The influence of the compound on phagocytic activity of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes was evaluated by luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence . Ofloxacin did not influence cell-mediated immunity . It had no effect on chemotaxis . The use of sub-inhibitory concentrations of ofloxacin enhanced the phagocytic kill rate. Drugs Exp Clin Res, 1986, 12(11), 871 - 83 Study of in vitro selected resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to cefoperazone, ceftazidime, azthreonam and imipenem; Van der Auwera P et al.; Ten strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were plated on agar containing cefoperazone, ceftazidime, azthreonam or imipenem alone and in combination with ampicillin or cefoxitin as inducers, and/or amikacin (MIC/4), according to Szybalsky . Regrowing colonies were randomly selected for MIC and MBC determinations . The numbers of regrowing colonies were occasionally increased by a beta-lactamase inducer, although amikacin significantly reduced it . Some 243 colonies were further studied . The most frequent phenotypes of resistance (195 mutants) were: resistance to cefoperazone, ceftazidime, azthreonam (99 regrowing colonies); resistance to cefoperazone, azthreonam (36); resistance to cefoperazone (17); resistance to cefoperazone, ceftazidime, azthreonam, imipenem (17) . A total of 28/31 R mutants retained their phenotype after 15 subcultures in antibiotic-free medium . The mutants R cefoperazone, ceftazidime, azthreonam were studied by quantitative beta-lactamase evaluation in agar with substrate and non-substrate antibiotics, substrate profile study spectrophotometrically, crypticity study by comparing beta-lactamase activity of intact and sonicated cells spectrophotometrically, isoelectric focusing of sonicate extracts and dialysis experiments for trapping evaluation . These mutants were characterized by a 240-fold increase in beta-lactamase production (Pi = 8.7) and unchanged permeability . beta-lactamase trapping was demonstrated but could not explain alone the phenotype of resistance . These studies suggest that mutants constitutive for beta-lactamase production were easily selected in vitro . Amikacin was able significantly to prevent their emergence. Czech Med, 1986, 9(4), 206 - 9 In vivo effect of aminoglycoside on Pseudomonas aeruginosa in experiment; Uxova M et al.; In artificial pseudomonas infections undertaken on white mice the effectiveness of the aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin, amikacin) was compared . The most effective drugs on highly susceptible Ps . aeruginosa were amikacin and netilmicin . Moreover amikacin is probably capable of inhibiting pseudomonas toxin production . Therefore this preparation should be left in reserve for the treatment of serious pseudomonas processes. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1986, 52(6), 483 - 90 Reversible inhibition of flagella formation after specific inhibition of spermidine synthesis by dicyclohexylamine in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Paulin L et al.; Dicyclohexylamine, which is an inhibitor of bacterial and mammalian spermidine synthase, greatly inhibited the synthesis of spermidine in Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The depletion of spermidine caused by dicyclohexylamine was accompanied by an inhibition of growth of bacteria . This inhibition was reversed by addition of 50 microM spermidine (but not putrescine or spermine) to growth medium . When its growth was inhibited Ps . aeruginosa also lost its motility . Electron microscopy showed a loss of flagella in spermidine-deficient bacteria: after 24 h 70% 85% of bacteria grown in the presence of dicyclohexylamine did not have flagella, whereas bacteria grown in the presence of dicyclohexylamine and spermidine had flagella . The loss of flagella was reversible, since after the inhibition of spermidine synthesis for 24 h, addition of 50 microM spermidine (but not putrescine or spermine) to the growth medium was able to restore the bacterial motility almost completely after a further 12 h growth period. Acta Microbiol Hung, 1986, 33(2), 147 - 56 Serologic and protective cross-reactivity of antisera to Pseudomonas aeruginosa extracellular slime glycolipoprotein; Yushkova NA et al.; Antisera to extracellular slime glycolipoprotein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa of different O serogroups (immunotypes) show cross reactivity in passive haemagglutination (PHA) and agar gel immunoprecipitation test; cross reactivity is more distinct in PHA . Antisera to glycolipoprotein also have marked cross activity in mouse passive protection test against intraperitoneal challenge with 24 P . aeruginosa strains of different O groups including the toxigenic strain PA-103 . On the basis of the results, glycolipoprotein producer P . aeruginosa strains may be selected in order to make a preparation for active and passive immunization against pseudomonas infection. Vet Med Nauki, 1986, 23(8), 51 - 4 {Sensitivity of Ps . aeruginosa to disinfectant agents}; Korudzhiiski N et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, isolated from semen of bulls as well as from the surrounding milieu at Artificial Insemination Stations, were tested for susceptibility to disinfection agents, such as fesiasept, concentrate C4, and chloramine with 25% active chlorine and sodium hydroxide . The investigation was carried out in vitro under practical conditions too . The analysis of results led to the conclusion that in the case of environmental contamination with Ps . aeruginosa along with semen contamination most effective proved concentrate C4 in the form of 2.5 per cent water solution . The disinfection of lab glassware and equipment, instruments, towels, kerchiefs, cloths, and white overalls and aprons is to be carried out with 1.5 per cent water solution of chloramine. Lasers Surg Med, 1986, 6(5), 445 - 8 Bactericidal effects of the neodymium:YAG laser: in vitro study; Schultz RJ et al.; The effects of laser energy on three bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied utilizing the neodymium:YAG laser . Cell suspensions of each strain were divided into four groups . In group I, suspensions from each strain were exposed to laser energy densities of 555-3,333 J/cm2 . In groups II and III, two artificial dyes, congo red or methylene blue, were added to the suspensions prior to lasing . In group IVa, no laser energy was used, and group IVb was used to measure the bactericidal thermal effects of the laser . It was concluded that: Low dosages of laser energy exceeding 1,667 J/cm2 resulted in a 2 to 8 log decline in the number of viable bacterial colonies in vitro . Compared to the other two bacterial strains, P aeruginosa was the most sensitive to YAG laser irradiation . Addition of methylene blue, a dark-colored dye, enhanced the bactericidal effects of the YAG laser as indicated by the significantly reduced viability of P aeruginosa after irradiation with 2,222 J/cm2. Zentralbl Mikrobiol, 1986, 141(6), 453 - 60 Immunomodifying activity of some amphiphilic compounds from pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains; Gil I et al.; Molecules of polysaccharide, lipopolysaccharide, and peptidoglycane from Pseudomonas aeruginosa were assayed as immunogens and immunomodifiers . The kinetics of humoral responses, phagocytic activity, splenic index variations, and immunomodulating ability of these molecules were studied . Their protective and immunomodifying effects were compared to those similarly produced by heat-killed bacteria suspensions . The influence of the nature and doses of these molecules as well as the intervals between their administration and the SRBC immunization were also studied . Results showed that higher IgM and IgG levels were produced by lower doses of lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycane, respectively . Using these amphiphilic molecules at doses of 160 micrograms/mouse, a variable immunodepressive activity was observed . This dose-dependent effect which particularly altered the IgM synthesis, was also observed in phagocytic responses . The exopolysaccharide showed to be the most immunodepressive molecule, and this activity appeared to be dependent of dose and time of administration. Vopr Onkol, 1986, 32(12), 33 - 7 {Role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the etiology of infectious complications in cancer patients}; Smolianskaia AZ et al.; The occurrence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in various pathologic materials and feces from patients with different cancer was compared . The rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-associated postoperative complications versus the frequency of intraoperative detection of the organism was studied . The sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antibacterial drugs was assessed . Serotypes of 480 strains isolated from patients and environment were identified . It was inferred that exogenous contamination from the external environment accounts for the majority of cases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-associated complications. Microbios, 1986, 48(196-197), 159 - 63 Resistance to metals by Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates; Cervantes-Vega C et al.; The susceptibility of 326 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to four metals was determined by agar dilution tests . Metal resistance was shown by 36% of the total isolates . The frequencies of resistance to individual ions were: mercuric, 31%; tellurite, 12%; arsenate, 10%; and chromate, 3% . The most frequent pattern was that of resistance to mercuric ions alone followed by mercury resistance associated with either tellurite, arsenate, or both . Resistance to more than one metal was found in 44% of metal-resistant isolates . The resistance to antibiotics was more frequent among metal-resistant isolates that in metal-sensitive isolates. Clin Ther, 1986, 8(6), 655 - 7 In vitro activity of piperacillin, ticarcillin, mezlocillin, ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, aztreonam, ceftazidime, azlocillin, cefoperazone, and thienamycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Greenberg RN et al.; The in vitro susceptibility of 103 well-characterized strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to nine antimicrobial agents was assessed by means of the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay and the microtiter minimal inhibitory concentration assay . The antimicrobials, from the most to the least active against P aeruginosa, were thienamycin greater than ceftazidime greater than piperacillin greater than azlocillin greater than cefoperazone greater than aztreonam greater than ticarcillin greater than ticarcillin-clavulanic acid greater than mezlocillin . The resistance patterns of the antimicrobial agents suggest that P aeruginosa resistant to a penicillin, cephalosporin, or aztreonam may be susceptible to thienamycin. Microbios, 1986, 47(192-193), 177 - 88 Microcalorimetric studies on the effects of media and environmental conditions on the growth of bacteria; Bunker JC et al.; A study has been made of the effects of media and oxygen tension on the power-time (p-t) traces exhibited by cells of Klebsiella aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The p-t traces were more complex in shape when the cells were grown in rich nutrient medium than when grown in chemically-defined glucose-limited medium . There was less waste heat and more biomass was produced during growth in nutrient broth . The oxygen tension had a profound effect on the shape of the p-t traces, and two strains of S . aureus, which differed in antibiotic susceptibility, exhibited different traces at the same oxygen tension . The thermal yield of the resistant strain was less than that of the sensitive strain . The choice of medium and the level of aeration, rather than the organism, determined the shape of the p-t trace . This has serious consequences for the proposed use of microcalorimetry as a rapid method for bacterial identification. Eur J Nucl Med, 1986, 12(5-6), 277 - 9 In-111 Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a simple method of labeling live bacteria with a gamma-emitting radioisotope; Bettin K et al.; We describe a simple and reliable technique for labeling Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a readily available commercial preparation of indium-111 (111In) oxine . Labeling of a heavy bacterial suspension with 500 mu Ci of commercially prepared 111In-oxine resulted in a yield of 0.0004 mu Ci of cell-associated 111In per 10(6) colony-forming units (CFU) . The label was 88% bacterially associated and did not effect viability of the organism . Radiolabeling a gram-negative organism with 111In-oxine provides a non-toxic, stable gamma-emitting bacterial tracer. Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1986, 65(3), 237 - 41 {The cytopathic effect induced by strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing hemolysin, leukocidin and proteases in Hep-2 cells}; Zanetti S et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading causes of infection in compromised hosts, including patients with burns, cancer and natural and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . Several exotoxins produced by P . aeruginosa, have been shown to contribute to the pathogenicity of the organism . Although their mode of action is known, little information is available about the interaction of these toxins with eukaryotic cells and the sequence of the pathological events . For these reasons, the early cytopathic effect (CPE) induced on Hep-2 cells infected by several P . aeruginosa strains was analyzed . Early cytotoxicity, (one h after infection) manifested by morphological evidence of cells death, followed exposure only to strains that produced one or more toxins such as leukocidin, haemolysins and proteases, and seems to be a multifactorial effect . In fact, each one of these virulence factors may induce CPE in late but not early stage. Microbiol Immunol, 1986, 30(7), 621 - 8 Transformation by extracellular DNA produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Muto Y et al.; Most Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains are capable of producing extracellular DNA . Very closely linked chromosomal markers (leu+ and trp+) were co-transferred to P . aeruginosa PAO1819 (leu9001, trp9008) by the extracellular DNA produced by P . aeruginosa strains IFO3445 and PAO1 at a frequency of 10(-7) to 10(-8) . Treatment of the extracellular DNA with DNase, heating at 95 C or sonication completely destroyed its transforming ability . The R plasmid in the extracellular DNA produced by P . aeruginosa IFO3445 (RP4) or PAO2142 (RLb679) could be transferred to Escherichia coli ML4901 or P . aeruginosa PAO1819 . The resultant transformants showed identical resistance patterns in the respective donors, and the sizes of the DNAs of RLb679 and RP4 isolated from the transformants were the same as those in the respective donors . These results demonstrate that the extracellular DNA contains both chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA, and that it exhibits transforming ability . This implies that transformation by the extracellular DNA produced by P . aeruginosa may occur in nature and this seems to be of clinical importance in view of the spread of R plasmids among pathogens. Folia Histochem Cytobiol, 1986, 24(2), 169 - 72 Detection of inhibitory inactive fraction of alpha-1-antitrypsin in human serum; Pajdak W et al.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase is not inhibited by human serum alpha-1-antitrypsin, it damages inhibitory activity of alpha-1-antitrypsin activity instead . A simple method, based on electrophoresis in urea containing polyacrylamide gel, is described for the separation of active part of the inhibitor from that inactivated by the bacterial enzyme. Czech Med, 1986, 9(3), 170 - 6 Ceftriaxon in the treatment of severe bacterial infections; Stafova J et al.; The efficacy of ceftriaxon (Rocephin Roche) therapy has been studied by our team in two groups of patients . The first one consisted of 10 children suffering from a diffuse purulent appendical peritonitis brought about by a mixed aerobe and anaerobe microbial flora, the second one comprising 7 patients with severe infections caused by problematic aerobe pathogens . The clinical effect of the treatment was good in 16 out of the 17 cases, in one patient it could not be evaluated . Even though a high degree of sensitivity to Rocephin could be demonstrated bacteriologically by the disc method in all the aerobe germs present, the results of titration of the bactericide capacity of the sera during treatment indicate the need for laboratory monitoring of the course of therapy of severe infections due to pseudomonas aeruginosa . Parenteral administration of Rocephin was well tolerated and the laboratory alterations seemin the course of therapy of severe infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Parenteral administration of Recephin was well tolerated and the laboratory alterations seen in the postoperative ileus due to strangulation and adhesions--cannot be recommended. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 1986, 9(1), 89 - 93 Occurrence and aeruginocine typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in buffaloes and their environment; Kapur MP et al.; The occurrence and distribution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in buffaloes and their environment was studied . Environmental sources included milkers, milking utensils, watering troughs, animal shed floor, barn-yard soil and drains . Of the different body sites examined, the organism could only be isolated from 15% of the muzzle and 5% of the belly samples . The organism was widely prevalent in the animal environment and could be isolated from milking utensils (56.67%), watering troughs (44.00%), drains (36.37%), shed floor (4.00%), barnyard soil (3.33%), and milkers' throats (50.00%) and hands before and after milking (7.14 and 10.71%, respectively) . Aeruginocine typing revealed that of the 68 strains of P . aeruginosa, 65 (95.59%) were typable . Amongst the typable strains, 21 (32.30%) were classifiable and 44 (67.69%) unclassifiable . Unclassifiable pattern 23478- was most predominant and common to animals and environmental sources . Different aeruginocine types encountered were: A(2), B(4), F(1), L(1), P(4), 1(1), 8(1), 9(1), 11(3), 12(1), 14(1) and 17(1) . This is of significance as most of the types encountered have been reported from clinical specimens of animal and human origin. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1986, 52(4), 319 - 24 Antibiotic susceptibility of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Cervantes-Vega C et al.; Three hundred and twenty two clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa collected in Morelia, Mexico, were analyzed for in vitro susceptibility to five antibiotics by agar dilution tests . Antibiotic resistance was shown by 50% of total isolates . Frequencies of resistance were: streptomycin, 47%; gentamicin, 13%; tobramycin, 8%; and carbenicillin, 7%; no amikacin resistance was found . The more common resistance patterns were streptomycin, gentamicin-streptomycin, and tobramycin-gentamicin-streptomycin . Resistance to either tobramycin, gentamicin or carbenicillin was found mainly in pyocin type 10 isolates . The proportion of antibiotic resistant isolates ranged from 37 to 75% in four hospitals, and amounted 24% in three clinical laboratories. Zentralbl Mikrobiol, 1986, 141(3), 225 - 32 Antibacterial effect and toxicity of synthesized salicylanilide derivatives; Ghazi IM et al.; 5 nitro- and chloro-salicylanilide derivatives were synthesized by a simple condensation reaction between phenylsalicylate and the required nitroaniline derivative . The compounds were subjected to direct chlorination in CCl4 without any catalyst and were identified by microanalysis, m . p . and spectral studies . The antibacterial activity was investigated against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus . The prepared derivatives were evaluated for their acute toxicity on Swiss albino mice . The compounds 5,2'-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide and salicyl-3'-nitroanilide were the most active against the test organisms, but they showed fluctuating toxicity effect at the dose of 500 mg/kg . The structure-activity relationship and the toxicity tests verified the compound salicyl-4'-nitroanilide as a reasonable antibacterial agent against the four test organisms without any sign of toxicity symptoms up to the dose of 1000 mg/kg. Acta Microbiol Hung, 1986, 33(1), 55 - 67 Immunological study of glycolipoprotein isolated from extracellular slime of different Pseudomonas aeruginosa serogroups; Stanislavsky ES et al.; Glycolipoprotein (GLP) was isolated by water-phenol extraction and ultracentrifugation from crude extracellular slime (C-ES) of 14 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The yields of GLP obtained between different methods were 65.6 +/- 8.4% and 46.4 +/- 11.2% of the dry weight of all C-ES fractions . GLP stimulated active immunity in mice against challenge with different immunotypes (or serogroups) of P . aeruginosa . Phenol fractions (PFr) of different P . aeruginosa strains behaved similarly . As compared to the corresponding C-ES in active mouse protection test, the GLP of several strains was less active, whereas that of some other strains was more protective. Gene, 1986, 42(3), 293 - 302 Nucleotide sequence analysis of the phosphomannose isomerase gene (pmi) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and comparison with the corresponding Escherichia coli gene manA; Darzins A et al.; Phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) has been proposed to catalyze the first step of the alginic acid biosynthetic pathway in Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The nucleotide sequence of the P . aeruginosa pmi gene contained on a 2.0-kb BamHI-SstI DNA fragment has been determined . The gene was defined by the start and stop codons and by in vitro disruption of an open reading frame of 1440 bp corresponding to a polypeptide product with a predicted Mr of 52 860 . This polypeptide displayed an apparent Mr of approx . 56 000 upon electrophoresis of a maxicell extract on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels . The codon utilization of the pmi gene was distinct in the wobble base preference and influenced by the high G + C content (66 mol%) of the P . aeruginosa DNA . Computer assisted matching analysis failed to demonstrate any significant homology at the nucleotide level between the P . aeruginosa pmi and Escherichia coli manA (pmi) genes . However, sequences homologous to the P . aeruginosa pmi gene were found in other Pseudomonas species, such as P . putida and P . mendocina, and in Azotobacter vinelandii, all capable of producing alginic acid. Clin Invest Med, 1986, 9(2), 108 - 12 Role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa extracellular enzymes in lung disease; Woods DE et al.; A variety of approaches have been employed in an attempt to assess the role of P . aeruginosa extracellular factors in lung infections due to this organism . Isogenic mutants, deficient in single virulence determinants, have been compared to parental strains in a variety of experimental animal models . Purified virulence factors have been instilled into the lungs of experimental animals in order to demonstrate comparable histopathological changes to those which occur during human infections . Serum antibody levels to various extracellular virulence factors have been measured in different patient populations, and inactivated virulence determinants have been tested for their ability to act as protective immunogens in animal model infections . The results from these studies suggest that P . aeruginosa extracellular factors including exotoxin A, proteases, hemolysins and exoenzyme S may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of P . aeruginosa lung infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1986 Jan, 29(1), 99 - 103 Characterization of NPS-1, a novel plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase, from two Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates; Livermore DM et al.; A novel beta-lactamase, which had a pI of 6.5 and a molecular weight of 25,000, was observed in two Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates . The enzyme, designated NPS-1, was encoded by a plasmid of molecular weight 41 X 10(6) which also encoded resistance to streptomycin and sulfonamide . This plasmid, designated pMLH50, was freely transmissible to other P . aeruginosa strains, but not to Escherichia coli K-12 . The enzyme was purified partially and shown to have activity against both penicillins and cephalosporins . Vmax rates for oxacillin and carbenicillin were less than 50% of the Vmax for benzylpenicillin, and the Vmax for cephaloridine was only 3% of the Vmax for benzylpenicillin . Imipenem, aztreonam, and several antipseudomonal cephalosporins were stable to the enzyme . Hydrolysis of most substrates obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, but cefsulodin induced a reversible reduction in the activity of the enzyme . Transconjugants of the beta-lactamase-producing isolates in P . aeruginosa PU21 acquired beta-lactam resistances which mirrored the hydrolytic activity of the enzyme. Zentralbl Mikrobiol, 1986, 141(2), 121 - 8 {Comparative study of the detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in water}; Ziegert E et al.; In this report we examined quantitatively (MPN-procedure) various methods of isolating Ps . aeruginosa from surface waters . When comparing different media (malachitgreen broth, Preuss-broth, selenite broth, asparagine broth, malachitgreen/acetamide broth) the enrichments in malachitgreen and asparagine showed the highest isolation frequencies after an 48 h incubation time . In heavily polluted river water the results can be improved by a second enrichment step in acetamide broth . Dependent on the river water pollution 0...11,000 Ps . aeruginosa/l were detected . In waste water up to 2.4 X 10(6) Ps . aeruginosa/l were isolated . The results emphasize the significance of water as a reservoir and a source of distribution of Ps . aeruginosa in the environment. Microbios, 1986, 45(183), 93 - 104 The role of lipopolysaccharide as a receptor for some bacteriophages of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Temple GS et al.; Typing phages of the Colindale typing set for Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been tested for the use of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a receptor . Studies using the reference strains of the International Antigenic Typing Scheme for O-serotypes of P . aeruginosa supported earlier indications that none of the phages were O-specific . Studies of the adsorption of phages to LPS showed that typing phages 16, 44, F8, 68, 109, 352, and 1214 (as well as other phages 2 and H22) were LPS-specific, but were not consistently adsorbed by isolated LPS from all sensitive strains . Water-soluble fractions from LPS did not adsorb phages and did not inhibit their neutralization by whole LPS . No endoglycosidase activity against LPS was detected for any phage . The significance of these results for the roles of LPS in the adsorption process and phage sensitivity are discussed. Microbios, 1986, 45(183), 81 - 91 Isolation and characterization of a lipopolysaccharide-specific bacteriophage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Temple GS et al.; Phage H22 was isolated from sewage using Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 8505 (serotype 0:3) as the host . Although not O-specific, this phage was found to have lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a receptor . The broad host-range and lack of O-specificity of the phage suggested that its receptor site was in the core region of the LPS . Phage H22 had a Bradley type A structure . It was unaffected by chloroform and diethyl ether, and was stable between pH 5 and 8 and in the temperature range 0 to 60 degrees C . The adsorption rate constant was 14.6 X 10(-9) ml min-1 . The phage had a latent period of 43 min, with a rise time of 18 min and a burst size of 6 . The adsorption of phage to whole cells and LPS occurred over a broad pH range . Maximum adsorption occurred at 50 degrees C and pH 7.5 in the presence of 0.001 M Ca2+. J Gen Microbiol, 1986 Jan, 132 ( Pt 1), 27 - 33 The permeability parameter of the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa varies with the concentration of a test substrate, cephalosporin C; Hewinson RG et al.; The permeability parameter (C) for the movement of cephalosporin C across the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was measured using the widely accepted method of Zimmermann & Rosselet . In one experiment, the value of C varied continuously from 4.2 to 10.8 cm3 min-1 (mg dry wt cells)-1 over a range of concentrations of the test substrate, cephalosporin C, from 50 to 5 microM . Dependence of C on the concentration of test substrate was still observed when the effect of a possible electric potential difference across the outer membrane was corrected for . In quantitative studies of beta-lactam permeation the dependence of C on the concentration of beta-lactam should be taken into account. Chemotherapy, 1986, 32(3), 255 - 9 Efficacy of apalcillin alone and in combination with four aminoglycoside antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Hoffler U; The in vitro activity of apalcillin against 258 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains was compared with that of 3 penicillins and 5 aminoglycosides using agar dilution tests . Apalcillin showed the highest activity of all the penicillins investigated, and of the aminoglycosides tested tobramycin and amikacin were most active . On testing the combined efficacy of apalcillin with aminoglycosides by the checkerboard technique, combinations with tobramycin or amikacin were less synergistic than combinations with gentamicin or netilmicin . Antagonistic or even only additive effects were found with none of the P . aeruginosa strains. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1986 Jan, (1), 65 - 9 {Effect of a corpuscular polyvalent Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine on the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and erythropoiesis}; Khorobrykh VV et al.; P . aeruginosa corpuscular polyvalent vaccine stimulates hematopoiesis in sublethally stimulated mice . The stimulating effect is dose-dependent . The most effective method of immunization is the intravenous injection of the vaccine . The degree to which the stimulation of hematopoiesis is manifested varies in different strains of mice . The stimulation of hematopoiesis is not linked with an increase in the content of erythropoietin . P . aeruginosa polyvalent corpuscular vaccine and monovaccine, prepared from P . aeruginosa strain 1313 and incorporated into the polyvalent vaccine, protect lethally irradiated mice in the postradiation survival test. Mikrobiologiia, 1986 Jan-Feb, 55(1), 135 - 7 {Distribution of microorganisms lysing Pseudomonas aeruginosa in reservoirs and soil}; Lambina VA et al.; Various natural habitats were found to contain microorganisms producing lytic spots around their own colonies when grown on a lawn of viable Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells at 29 and 45 degrees C . The incidence of such microorganisms in water and soil was studied in quantitative terms . Contaminated waters with predominating Gram-negative heterotrophs and a high number of pseudomonades were shown to be an optimal source for the isolation of microorganisms causing the lysis of P . aeruginosa growing at 29 degrees C . Microorganisms responsible for the lysis of P . aeruginosa at 45 degrees C are abundant in the soil of mixed and foliage forests. Jpn J Antibiot, 1986 Jan, 39(1), 247 - 9 {Antibacterial activity of (+)-negamycin prepared by a new method}; Kono M et al.; Antibacterial activity of (+)-negamycin (NGM) prepared by a new method was investigated for some bacteria . The results demonstrated that this antibacterial activity of synthesized NGM was almost the same as compared to that of naturally obtained NGM, and was also effective to Pseudomonas aeruginosa harboring multiple drug resistant plasmid kR102. J Clin Microbiol, 1986 Jan, 23(1), 53 - 5 New method of preparing elastase toxoid from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Morihara K et al.; A new method for the preparation of elastase toxoid of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was developed . A chloroacetyl peptide derivative (CICH2CO-HOLeu-Ala-Gly-NH2; HOLeu, N-hydroxy-L-leucine), an active-site-directed irreversible inhibitor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase, was used to prepare elastase toxoid with or without pretreatment with Formalin and L-lysine . Elastase toxoid thus obtained appeared to be ideal, possessing negligible enzyme activity while retaining full antigenicity and immunogenicity. J Basic Microbiol, 1986, 26(1), 55 - 63 Transductional analysis of the cysII region of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Schelenz HJ et al.; The close linkage between hisI and mutations of the cysII group in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was confirmed by mapping experiments with new mutants . All mutants of the cysII group were blocked in the cysteine biosynthesis before sulfite (this include the mutant cys-5605 which had previously been mapped by Mee and Lee, 1969) . Most of the sulfite requiring cys mutants belonged to this group . The farthest distance between two mutations of the cysII group was calculated by the Wu formula to be approximately 2.5 kbp . We, therefore, suggest that more than one gene of the cysteine pathway may be located within this region. Acta Paediatr Scand, 1986 Jan, 75(1), 128 - 38 Antimicrobial therapy of Pseudomonas pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis . A prospective evaluation of netilmicin plus azlocillin versus netilmicin plus ticarcillin; Schaad UB et al.; High-dose anti-Pseudomonas chemotherapy is mandatory in the treatment of acute pulmonary exacerbations in patients with advanced cystic fibrosis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from their sputum . However, neither the regimen itself nor its objective evaluation have been optimized yet . In a prospective controlled evaluation 42 such exacerbations were treated for two weeks wi