Am J Dis Child, 1981 Jul, 135(7), 625 - 7 Pasteurella multocida . Osteomyelitis following dog bites; Jarvis WR et al.; Two cases of Pasteurella multocida osteomyelitis occurred following dog bit injuries . Difficulties exist in diagnosis and treatment . The role of P Multocida and other dog mouth flora in the pathogenesis of infectious complications following dog bites is discussed . we urge a flexible antimicrobial approach based on culture results. Lab Anim, 1981 Jul, 15(3), 219 - 21 Secondary infection of rat lungs with Pasteurella pneumotropica after Kilham rat virus infection; Carthew P et al.; Lung congestion was observed after an outbreak of Kilham rat virus infection (KRV) in a rat colony, previously free of all rat viruses . A high proportion of congested lungs contained Pasteurella pneumotropica suggesting that KRV might have caused primary damage to the alveoli (hitherto not recorded) which allowed the secondary bacterial colonization . Experimental infection of rats with KRV caused acute damage to the lung alveoli . Since KRV infection is very common in animal facilities it could therefore be a significant agent in the development of respiratory disease. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1981 Jun, 89(3), 137 - 41 Characteristics of 20 human Pasteurella isolates from animal bite wounds; Dibb WL et al.; The bacteriological characteristics of 18 isolates of Pasteurella multocida and two isolates of Pasteurella pneumotropica from infected animal bite wounds have been studied . A high proportion (8/18) of the P . multocida isolates fermented lactose and five fermented maltose . Two failed to ferment sorbitol . Neither of the P . pneumotropica strains showed ornithine decarboxylase activity . Other biochemical characteristics were mainly in agreement with previous reports . The susceptibility of the isolates to 10 antibacterial agents has been determined by the disc diffusion method . Ampicillin, cephalothin and cotrimoxazole showed uniformly good activity whereas penicillin G and doxycycline were slightly less active . Apart from one horse bite, all bites were inflicted by cats and dogs . Two cases were serious . P . multocida seems to be a commoner occurrence in infected animal bite wounds than reports suggest . P . pneumotropica bite infections are seemingly uncommon. J Toxicol Environ Health, 1981 Jun, 7(6), 873 - 82 Effects of nitric oxide on resistance to bacterial infection in mice; Azoulay E et al.; Continuous exposure to 2 ppm nitric oxide (NO) for as long as 4 wk did not reduce the resistance of male mice to infection by aerosol inoculation with Pasteurella multocida . In contrast, mortality was slightly enhanced and survival shortened in NO-exposed compared to control female mice; however, the importance of these small differences is uncertain . These results suggest only that male and female mice did not react similarly to the infectious challenge after exposure to NO. J Clin Microbiol, 1981 Jun, 13(6), 1049 - 53 Isolation of Pasteurella ureae from reproductive tracts of congenic mice; Ackerman JI et al.; Infertility noted in two congenic strains of mice was associated with abortion, metritis, and stillbirths . Pasteurella pneumotropica was recovered from affected uterine tracts of ATL mice . Tetracycline treatment for 6 weeks was instituted in an attempt to minimize Pasteurella-associated infertility . Nine ATL mice and 12 ATH mice were examined 4 and 12 months after cessation of tetracycline therapy, respectively . Histopathologically, all animals appeared normal . P . pneumotropica was recovered from six of nine prepuces of both ATH and ATL mice; similarly, two of three vaginal culture of the ATL mice yielded this bacterium . Pasteurella ureae was isolated from three of eight reproductive tracts of the female ATH mice, Negative indole and ornithine decarboxylase reactions and positive acid production for mannitol differentiated P . ureae from P . pneumotropica . This report represents the first confirmed isolation of P . urea from animals . Biochemical profiles of atypical strains of P . pneumotropica isolated from animals are discussed and compared with those of P . ureae . The need for careful biochemical characterization of all Pasteurella isolated from rodents is emphasized. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1981 Jun, (6), 80 - 5 {Serum antibody and splenocyte immunoglobulin receptor affinity in multiply immunized mice}; Levi MI et al.; In the process of repeated immunization of CBA mice with soluble Pasteurella pestis capsular antigen the concentration of antibodies in the blood increased, but the dynamics of antibody affinity in the serum did not correlate with this process . For the first time the average splenocyte receptor affinity was measured, and this characteristics was found to exceed that of the corresponding serum antibodies . To explain the heterogeneity of antibodies, two hypotheses have been proposed . One hypothesis states that the heterogeneity of antibodies is determined by the cyclic character of antigen concentration at the site of injection, while according to the other hypothesis, it is determined by the interaction of immunoglobulins of different idiotypes with idiotypic antibodies. J S Afr Vet Assoc, 1981 Jun, 52(2), 99 - 104 A report on the occurrence of septicaemia caused by Pasteurella multocida type E in cattle from Southern Africa; Bastianello SS et al.; Haemorrhagic septicaemia caused by Pasteurella multocida type E was diagnosed at post-mortem examination in a bovine originating from South West Africa . This is the first report of this disease occurring in South West Africa . The history, clinical symptoms and gross and microscopic pathology of this case are described . The pathologic features included generalized congestion, subcutaneous oedema especially of the submandibular area, fibrinous arthritis, tendovaginitis and myositis with an accompanying lymphadenitis of the regional lymph nodes and a haemorrhagic pleuritis and pericarditis . The epizootiology of the disease in South West Africa as compared with that in Central African and Asia, where the disease is common, is discussed . A case of septicaemia caused by P . multocida type E in a calf from a group of calves originating from the Transvaal, is also reported . A post-mortem examination on this calf revealed moderate pulmonary oedema and generalized congestion of the organs and musculature . The latter lesions suggest a septicaemic condition . Other calves in this group revealed one or more of the following lesions: myositis, fibrinopurulent pneumonia or fibrinous peritonitis. Can J Neurol Sci, 1981 May, 8(2), 163 - 5 Pasteurella multocida subdural empyema: a case report; Khan MI et al.; The first case of Pasteurella Multocida subdural empyema is reported . This was secondary to hematogenous spread from the pharynx to a chronic subdural hematoma . Positive cultures were obtained from the primary source, the blood and the subdural space . The patient was discharged with no neurological deficit following surgical drainage and parenteral antibiotics . The incidence, predisposing factors, clinical features, bacteriology, diagnostic procedures, treatment and mortality of subdural empyema are briefly discussed. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1981 Apr, (4), 63 - 7 {Characteristics of Fc IgG receptors on the surface of formalinized sheep erythrocytes}; Levi MI; The binding of IgG molecules with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was evaluated by a decrease in the serological activity of hyperimmune horse serum towards Pasteurella pestis capsular antigen . As in serological tests based on passive hemagglutination, low concentrations of red blood cells are commonly used, there was no danger of obtaining distorted results due to the nonspecific adsorption of IgG on the surface of SRBC . But for the objective evaluation of the results obtained in the determination of antibody affinity by the suspension method the use of an adequate control was necessary . Fab-fragments, in contrast to IgG, could not be extracted by red blood cells from the solution . The average number of Fc IgG receptors on the surface of one formalinized SRBC was about 60,000, and the affinity of these receptors somewhat varied, the average association constant being KO=10(6), (03) L/M. Avian Dis, 1981 Apr-Jun, 25(2), 542 - 4 Intranasal caseous fibrinous plug causing upper respiratory distress in two African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus); Burr EW; Two cases of intranasal caseous fibrinous plugs causing upper respiratory distress in two African grey parrots are described . The causal bacterial agents in one case were Klebsiella spp., Bacillus mycoides, Staphylococcus epidermitis, and Pasteurella multocida . Both cases produced pressure necrosis and obstruction of the naris. Avian Dis, 1981 Apr-Jun, 25(2), 497 - 502 Serotypes of Pasteurella anatipestifer isolated from commercial White Pekin ducks in the United States; Sandhu T et al.; Pasteurella anatipestifer isolates from commercially raised, clinically diseased White Pekin ducks were serotyped by agglutination and agar-gel precipitin methods . Plate agglutination was found to be the most suitable test for preliminary classification . Based on National Animal Disease Center (Ames, Iowa) nomenclature, six serotypes were classified as types 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 8 . These were compared with strains held by Houghton Poultry Research Station (Houghton, Huntingdon, England), at present constituting 15 serotypes (A to O), isolated in England and other countries . Serotype 1 was found to be identical to serotype A, the strain most commonly associated with outbreaks of the disease in England . Serotype 3 was found to be identical to serotype L, which was isolated from an outbreak of the disease in swans in Tasmania . Types 5, 7, and 8 did not react with any of the typing sera available, but serotype 7 was found to be identical to a strain (type N) isolated subsequently in England . More than 95% of field isolations made from 1975 to 1979 belonged to serotypes 1, 2, and 5. Avian Dis, 1981 Apr-Jun, 25(2), 326 - 7 Studies of Pasteurella anatipestifer: an approach to its classification; Bangun A et al.; Moraxella spp., Pasteurella spp., and strains of P . anatipestifer were tested for biochemical reactions, growth temperature, viability, antibacterial sensitivity, and DNA base composition . P . anatipestifer was viable for shorter periods at 37 C, showed high resistance to polymyxin B and kanamycin, and had lower base composition than reported for Moraxella and Pasteurella spp . Because of these conditions, P . anatipestifer should be excluded from the genera Pasteurella and Moraxella. Avian Dis, 1981 Apr-Jun, 25(2), 423 - 30 Ophthalmia in turkeys infected with Pasteurella multocida; Olson LD; Blepharoconjunctivitis and hypopyon were observed in eyes of turkeys infected during 2 epornitics of fowl cholera . Blepharoconjunctivitis, hypopyon, anterior synechiae, and panophthalmitis were observed sporadically in turkeys experimentally exposed to Pasteurella multocida via drinking water . P . multocida was isolated from these lesions. Vet Rec, 1981 Mar 7, 108(10), 206 - 7 Investigation to determine whether healthy chickens and turkeys are oral carriers of Pasteurella multocida; Curtis PE et al.; To investigate to what extent healthy chickens and turkeys may be carriers of Pasteurella multocida, oral swabs were examined from birds in flocks with or without a history of avian pasteurellosis . In all 841 specimens were examined by cultural methods but 142 were also tested by mouse inoculation . P multocida was not found in specimens from normal healthy flocks but was recovered from some live chickens in known infected flocks and from dead turkeys on an infected farm . The implications of these findings are briefly discussed. J Clin Microbiol, 1981 Mar, 13(3), 566 - 71 Characteristics and biotypes of Pasteurella multocida isolated from humans; Oberhofer TR; Fifty-two isolates of Pasteurella (48 strains of Pasteurella multocida and 4 strains of atypical Pasteurella) were identified by conventional and commercial test systems . All strains fermented glucose, sucrose, and fructose in purple broth base (Difco Laboratories) with bromocresol purple as indicator, although the atypical Pasteurella produced fermentation reactions that were barely perceptible . Eleven different biotypes were identified by fermentation reactions in maltose, mannitol, xylose, sorbitol, and trehalose media . There was a correlation of biotypes to cat bites, with 61% of cat bite isolates falling into biotype A and B . A correlation of biotype and dog bite isolates was not seen . The choice of medium used for fermentation tests was critical as evidenced by the inability of the organisms to grow in a second commercially purchased preparation of purple broth base . The reliability of commercial test systems in identifying Pasteurella was 81% for Oxi/Ferm (Roche Diagnostics, Div . Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, N.J.), 68% for API (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.), and 11% for Minitek (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, MD.). J Clin Microbiol, 1981 Mar, 13(3), 433 - 7 Identification of Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica by API 20E, Minitek, and Oxi/Ferm systems; Collins MT et al.; Fifty serotyped isolates each of Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica were tested on the API 20E strip (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.), the Oxi/Ferm tube (Roche Diagnostics, Nutley, N.J.), and the Minitek system (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.) . None of the rapid test systems reliable identified these organisms . With the API system, discrepancies between expected and actual results for the oxidase test and nitrate test frequently resulted in misidentification or no identification . The Minitek system misidentified 68% of the P . haemolytica isolates . The Minitek identification of Pasteurella depends on 100% positive xylose reactions, whereas only 56% of the P . haemolytica strains were positive for xylose fermentation . The Oxy/Ferm system, instead of giving a definitive identification, in most instances merely placed Pasteurella in a category of similar organisms. J Med Microbiol, 1981 Feb, 14(1), 89 - 95 Ovine systemic pasteurellosis caused by Pasteurella haemolytica biotype T; Dyson DA et al.; A detailed study was made of lambs aged 5--7 months naturally infected with Pasteurella haemolytica biotype T . In addition to the well known features of such infections, previously unreported necrotic lesions of the tonsil, oesophagus, pharynx and adjacent areas were consistently seen . Large numbers of P . haemolytica were present in the tonsil, oesophageal lesions, lung, liver and spleen, but few or none in other tissues . The evidence indicated that the disease was not a true septicaemia . It is postulated that P . haemolytica biotype T already present in the tonsils multiplies and invades the adjacent tissues of the upper alimentary tract; groups of organisms from this site enter the blood stream as emboli, most of which lodge in the capillary beds of the lung and liver; rapid multiplication of organisms in these tissues leads to death from the effects of endotoxin. Lab Anim Sci, 1981 Feb, 31(1), 39 - 42 Selective media for Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica; Garlinghouse LE Jr et al.; Easily prepared and inexpensive culture medium for the isolation of Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica from the nares of laboratory rabbits was prepared by incorporating 2 micrograms/ml clindamycin into standard blood agar . Using this medium, the time and materials required to identify and isolate Pasteurella multocida was substantially reduced with only a slight loss in sensitivity . The combination of 2 micrograms/ml clindamycin and 4 micrograms/ml neomycin was effective in isolating Bordetella bronchiseptica from rabbits. Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1981 Feb, 248(4), 494 - 501 {Investigations on the phylogeny of Pasteurella multocida: DNA base sequence relatedness among strains representing Carter's serogroups A through E, and elimination of biovar 6 (so-called dog-type strains) (author's transl)}; Svoboda KH et al.; The phylogenetic relationships among strains of Pasteurella multocida representing Carter's serogroups A, B, (C), D and E, the type strain (which also represents serogroup A, and biovar 4), the indole-negative strain Schutze HS, and two "dog-type" strains (biovar 6) were investigated by DNA:DNA hybridization using the optical method . The genome DNAs of the "dog-type" strains were almost identical; they displayed, however, only 20% binding with the DNA of the type strain of P . multocida, and even lower or no measurable binding with the DNAs of the other strains tested . The taxon hitherto classified as biovar 6 of P . multocida is therefore considered as a distinct species; yet the data so far available do not rule out that it belongs to a genus other than Pasteurella sensu stricto . - The remaining strains exhibited high genome DNA relatedness, with between 64 and 98% DNA binding . The present data do not rule out the existence of molecular subspecies in P . multocida. S Afr Med J, 1981 Jan 10, 59(2), 53 - 4 Pasteurella ureae septicaemia . A case report; Maritz FJ et al.; A 19-year-old man was admitted with haematemesis and over the next 24 hours developed a bronchopneumonia and septicaemia . Three blood cultures yielded a growth of Pasteurella ureae . An autopsy revealed liver cirrhosis and bleeding oesophageal varices . Past . ureae has been isolated from cases of sinusitis and chronic lung disease but is an extremely rare cause of meningitis and septicaemia . This report describes the second documented case of Past . ureae septicaemia in an adult and the literature is briefly reviewed. Am J Med Sci, 1981 Jan-Feb, 281(1), 43 - 9 Pasteurella multocida empyema: case report and review of the literature; Nelson SC et al.; A case report and review of 13 cases of Pasteurella multocida empyema in the English literature demonstrate the apparent increased pathogenicity of this organism in patients with chronic lung disease . The infections were marked by their indolence, minimal febrility, blood-tinged pleural fluid, and predilection for the elderly . The was no characteristic roentgenographic pattern . Animal exposure commonly preceded the illnesses . It is postulated that the disease occurs in patients with impaired pulmonary defenses who acquire the organism via the inhalation of infectious droplets aerosolized from the oropharynx of animals where P multocida is part of the normal flora . Although most isolates were penicillin sensitive, there was significant mortality. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1981 Jan, 67(1), 49 - 53 Pasteurella multocida infection in the hand; Lucas GL et al.; We have discussed 13 patients with Pasteurella multocida infection of the hand, six of whom developed chronic hand impairment as a result of the infection . It is thus apparent that chronic morbidity following Pasteurella infection of the hand is nearly 50 percent . Despite a fairly wide antibiotic susceptibility pattern of this organism, the infection may have long-term consequences such as osteomyelitis, or small joint stiffness due to paraarticular infection . We wish to emphasize the rapid evolution of the clinical picture following inoculation and the need for vigorous antibiotic therapy supplemented by rest, elevation immobilization, and occasional surgical decompression or drainage . At this time, the preferred antibiotic for initial care would appear to be on of the cephalosporins changed to penicillin for the culture-proven infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 1981, 4(2), 223 - 8 Protective effects of inactivated Pasteurella vaccines in specific pathogen free rabbits; Okerman L et al.; Different inactivated P . multocida vaccines were investigated for their protective capacities against experimental infection with virulent P . multocida strains in SPF rabbits . It was found that bacterins without adjuvant and bacterins combined with the adjuvants tested provoked immunity against aerosol infection with homologous strains . However, most bacterins tested caused local tissue irritation . Further work was done with oil adjuvant vaccines because lesions were less severe with this type of vaccine . Some of the multicomponent vaccines tested gave good immunity against heterologous infection, while others did not. Vet Med Nauki, 1981, 18(8), 41 - 6 {Determination of the nucleotide composition of Pasteurella multocida strains}; Karaivanov L et al.; Studied was spectrophotometrically the nucleotide composition of DNA of Pasteurella multocida strains along with studies on the nucleotide base ratio, the molar relations between nucleotide bases, the guanine/cytosine ratio in percent, and the specificity index adenine-tinin/guanine cytosine . The strains used were isolated from birds with various forms of fowl cholera (acute, atypic, and swelling of the wattles), and from calves with bronchopneumonia . Used were also mutants that were streptomycin dependent, obtained through induction with nitrosoguanidine . Close values were established of the nucleotide bases both with the individual groups of Pasteurella strains and with the mutants and their initial strains . The molar relations showed values around a unit, the guanine/cytosine ratio in percent varied from 40.14 to 43,54 and the specificity index varied from 1.25 to 1.49 . Data showed that all studied strains and mutants belonged to one species - Pasteurella multocida, on the one hand, and their grouping could not be made on the basis of their nucleotide composition, on the other - contrary to some other indexes, such as biochemical activity, virulence, and behaviour to specific phages. Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1981, 21(9), 651 - 60 {Utilization of L-aspartate, L-malate and fumarate by Pasteurella multocida}; Hofer M et al.; Strains of Pasteurella multocida use L-aspartate, L-malate and furmarate, respectively, as substrates for production of succinic acid which accumulates in the medium . As was established by studies with 14C and 3H labelled substrates, the degradation of these substances proceeds analogous via the citric acid cycle. Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo), 1981 Fall, 21(3), 129 - 33 Fowl cholera found in imported myna birds (Eulabes intermedia); Takaya M et al.; Of 480 myna birds imported from Thailand in 1976, 54 birds died shortly after arrival in Japan . Bacteriological and pathological examination were carried out on seven of them . Pasteurella multocida was almost purely isolated from all the liver, heart, spleen and trachea examined . Somatic antigen of the isolants was O-5 of Namioka and Murata . Dissection revealed hyperemia of the trachea, edema of the lungs, increase of pleural fluid, and petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages in the liver, heart and duodenum . Minute necrotic foci in the liver and bacterial clumps in the foci, pulmonary exudate and septa were found under the microscope . Severe pathogenicity of one of the isolated strains was proved by inoculation of 50-day-old broiler chickens with 10(3)-10(5) viable cells and by death within 18 hours, following the inoculation. Vet Med Nauki, 1981, 18(6), 20 - 6 {Streptomycin-dependent mutants of a Pasteurella multocida strain isolated from poultry}; Karaivanov L et al.; A culture of strain Pasteurella multocida 115, isolated from a hen affected with fowl cholera, was treated with 50 mcg/cm3 streptomycin and subjected to selection at an additional treatment with 200 mcg/cm3 of the same antibiotic . A total of 16 streptomycin-resistant mutant strains were obtained . All of them were shown to be avirulent in testing their pathogenicity for mice, however, two of the mutants were of lowered virulence in tests with birds . Fourteen days post vaccination birds that survived were challenged with 1000 LD of the initial wild strain 115 . Two of the mutants only did not induce immunity . In cross immunologic testing of the birds with Pasteurella strains X73, 1059, 1662, and 3940 best immunologic properties showed mutants 115.2 and 115.3 . In agglutination of sera from the vaccinated birds with HCl--and formalin-treated antigen of strain 115 the titers were low, ranging from 1:10 to 1:40. Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1981, 21(7), 507 - 17 {Characterization of structural elements in lipopolysaccharides of Pasteurella multocida}; Erler W et al.; In the main fraction of oligosaccharides obtained after the acetic acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharides of the strain PM were identified: terminal bound glucose and L-glycero-D-manno-heptose, 1,2-,1,3,4-, and 1,3,4,6,-linked heptose . The oligosaccharide of the strain 1297 S contains terminal linked galactose, 1,4- or 1,6-linked glucose and 1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine additionally . The molar ratios of these elements show the heterogenicity of the preparations . The determined molecular weights underline the R-character of the LPS . In the by-fractions of the acetic acid hydrolysis the known mannan and another polysaccharide with galactose and glucosamine were identified. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1981, 35(3), 453 - 8 Pasteurella infections in respiratory diseases of young cattle; Ungureanu C et al.; Bacteriological examinations performed on 545 extracts of pneumonia-affected lungs and on nasal secretions collected from pneumopathy diseased young cattle led to the isolation of 176 (32.2%) Pasteurella (p.) multocida strains and of 125 (22.9%) P . haemolytica strains . P . multocida was isolated in 46.2% of the lung lesions and in 22.5% of the nasal secretions, P . haemolytica in 26.6% and 20.3%, respectively . Pathogenicity in mice was detected in 81.9% of the P . multocida strains and in 19% of the P . haemolytica strains . Pasteurella strains were very susceptible to chloramphenicol (82.3%), tetracycline (68%), penicillin (47%), and ampicillin and resistant to oxacillin, streptomycin and kanamycin . P . multocida and P . haemolytica strains in the respiratory tract and lung lesions of young cattle affected by pneumopathies represent the main ethiologic agent accounting for the clinical symptoms, anatomic lung lesions and finally for the death of the animal. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1981, 35(3), 447 - 52 {Identification of Pasteurella serotypes by indirect hemagglutination}; Jordache A et al.; The indirect haemagglutination test was used for serological type identification of Pasteurella strains . The Pasteurella multocida strains were tested by parallel application of antigen production methods (common method plus hyaluronidase treatment) . Thirty-nine (72.2 per cent) of 54 Pasteurella multocida strains, which had been obtained from cattle and swine, were serologically tested by the common technique of antigen production, their types being identified, while 42 (77.7 per cent) were tested and typed by means of hyaluronidase treatment . Depolimerisation of hyaluronic acid by means of hyaluronidase increased the agglutinability of eight strains (14.8 per cent) which could thus be identified by types . Serological identification of 47 (87.1 per cent) Pasteurella multocida strains was achieved by parallel use of the two antigen production methods . Identification was not possible of two strains . Cross-reaction was recorded from five strains . Most of the Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from cattle were A serotype (54 per cent), while those of swine were B strains (50 per cent) . Thirty-six of 40 serologically tested Pasteurella haemolytica strains were serotypes A1, A2, T3, T4, A5, and A6, and most of these were A5 and T4. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1981, 35(3), 443 - 6 Research on the bacteriocinogen properties of Pasteurella; Jordache A et al.; Research on the bacteriocinogen properties of 86 Pasteurella strains, 37 of which being Pasteurella (P.) multocida and 49 P . haemolytica, was performed . -Relations of iso- and heteroantagonism were detected and described in the P . multocida and P . haemolytica species . The presence of bacteriocins previously detected in P . multocida was confirmed and extended to P . haemolytica as well . -The bacteriocinosusceptible strains determined the separation of a number of bacteriocinotypes within each Pasteurella species . -Besides the antagonism relations a reciprocal growth stimulation phenomenon was noticed between the two Pasteurella species . In this respect, P . haemolytica displayed a wider activity towards P . multocida than towards itself. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1981, 35(3), 437 - 41 {Immunoprophylactic methods of prevention of pneumopathies in young cattle}; Ungureanu C et al.; The bivalent Pasteurella vaccine used to immunise young cattle is an anaculture adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide and consisting of Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica serotypes which could be isolated; most often from pneumonically changed lungs and nasal mucus . It was administered together with trivalent antiviral vaccine and reduced by 50 per cent the loss rate due to mortality and emergency slaughtering . Good protection was obtained from applying the first vaccination dose on the supplier's farm. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1981, 35(3), 433 - 6 {Isolation of a Pasteurella multocida bacteriophage}; Fierlinger U et al.; Lysogenesis testing of 84 Pasteurella multocida strains resulted in detection of one lysogenic strain from which phage B225 was isolated . B225 lysed only one Pasteurella multocida strain isolated from cattle . The Pasteurella phage, when examined by electron microscopy, showed a hexagonal head and a non-contractile, Flexible tail, It could be attached, consequently, to Group B according to Bradley (1967). J Immunol Methods, 1981, 43(1), 1 - 13 Immunoelectrophoresis employing avian antisera for the detection and quantitation of Pasteurella multocida antigens; McKinney KL et al.; Immunoelectrophoresis with various buffer systems at high and low pH was examined for suitability to detect and quantitate Pasteurella multocida antigens with turkey or chicken anti-P . multocida sera . Counterimmunoelectrophoresis was used to develop a buffer system for one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and rocket immunoelectrophoresis . The effects of pH, buffer, and molarity on resolution of immunoprecipitates were determined; 0.05 M sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer at pH 5.6 was the most suitable buffer . This buffer could be used in counterimmunoelectrophoresis with turkey or chicken sera to detect minute amounts of P . multocida protein antigens (4.3 ng/test) or lipopolysaccharide (3.12 micrograms/test) . One-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis with the acetate buffer system required treatment of the gels with a 17% NaCl solution to induce immunoprecipitation of P . multocida lipopolysaccharide . Other techniques using the acetate buffer system did not require the high salt treatment . In two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis, antisera migrated in the second dimension at pH 8.6, but did not migrate at pH 5.6 . Rocket immunoelectrophoresis with the acetate buffer system was effective for quantitating P . multocida antigens. Infect Immun, 1981 Jan, 31(1), 129 - 35 Intranasal immunization of mice against Pasteurella multocida; Smith RH et al.; A potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) extract of Pasteurella multocida serotype III:A was shown to protect mice from an intranasal challenge with up to 300 50% lethal doses of P . multocida . In addition to preventing death, bacteria were rapidly cleared from the lungs of immunized mice so that by 72 to 96 h postchallenge no bacteria were present in the lungs of immunized mice, whereas up to 10(9) bacteria were present in lungs of nonimmunized mice . Immunization by the intranasal route was slightly better than that by the intramuscular route . Protection was considered specific, since immunization with P . multocida protected only against P . multocida and not against Salmonella agona . Furthermore, a similar KSCN extract from P . haemolytica did not protect against P . multocida challenge . A comparison of the KSCN extract with a Formalin-killed bacterin suggested that the KSCN extract may be superior to the bacterin. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1981, 35(2), 245 - 58 {Problems in using radioactively labeled bacteria in animal experiments . 4 . Distribution of activities in the mouse following intratracheal administration of labeled Pasteurella multocida}; Flossmann KD et al.; Intratracheal administration of 3H-labelled, 14C-labelled, 59Fe-labelled or 125J-Labelled Pasteurella multicida germs to mice resulted in more or less differentiated, nuclide-dependent, distributions of radioactivity in blood, spleen, liver, lung, kidney, and gastro-intestinal tract . All distributions were comparable to those following subcutaneous application . Elimination of antigen from lungs and other organs could be characterised by an e-function, once a certain level of distribution had been reached . Some of the antigen was persistent in the lung not less than 14 days . Extremely high activity concentration and persistence was recordable, following the use of 59Fe complete antigen . Phagocytosis of Pasteurella multicida germs through alveolar macrophages of the lung was secured by autoradiography . Most of the antigen seemed to be discharged from the lungs through the digestive tract . Antigen distributions recorded from immunised and non-immunised mice seemed to suggest that the fate of antigen applied was affected by the kind of immunisation . No difference in antigen distribution between non-immunised and subcutaneously immunised animals were recordable, following intratracheal antigen application, but is was clearly recordable, following intratracheal immunisation . Elimination of antigen from the lungs of intratracheally immunised animals was found to occur faster than it did from non-immunised animals. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic, 1981 Jan, 48(1), 17 - 23 {Osteoarticular infections . Role of immune deficiences . Value of sero-immunology in the diagnosis}; Peltier A; Although bone and joint infections do not seem to be more frequent in patients with immune deficiences than in normal subjects, it seems paradoxically that an immune deficiency is relatively frequent during fully diagnosed bone and joint infections: the discrepancy between the two types of data is not easy to explain . Serology and immunology laboratories give little information in the etiological diagnosis of bone and joint infections, with the exception of perhaps gonococcal infections (search for anti-gonococcal antibodies by immunofluorescence), staphylococcal infections (pasteurella, yersinia, tularemia and brucella infections) . In most cases, although the abnormalities observed are due to infection of the organism by the germ, they have nothing characteristic of the bone and joint localisation itself. J Med, 1981, 12(4), 285 - 7 Use of penicillin and nafcillin discs as an aid to identification of Pasteurella multocida; Neter E et al.; Strains of Pasteurella multocida isolated from children and animal sources were studied by means of the Kirby-Bauer disc method and were found to be highly susceptible to penicillin G and resistant to nafcillin . It is suggested that these tests may be of aid in the preliminary identification of this pathogen. Can J Microbiol, 1980 Dec, 26(12), 1392 - 402 Antigenic analysis if Pasteurella multocida (serotype 1) by crossed immunoelectrophoresis: characterization of whole cell associated antigens; Bhasin JL et al.; Crossed immunoelectrophoresis and other related quantitative immunoelectrophoresis techniques have been used to elucidate the antigenic complexity of a reference preparation of capsular extract, potassium thiocyanate extract, lipopolysaccharide, heat-stable antigens, and free endotoxin from Pasteurella multocida serotype 1 . The reactions of these cellular fractions in crossed immunoelectrophoresis, with reference anti-whole cell immunoglobulins disclosed five antigens in the capsular extract, seven in the potassium thiocyanate extract, one to three in the lipopolysaccharide, three in the heat-stable antigens, and five in the free endotoxin . Comparison of these reference antigen-antibody systems, in crossed immunoelectrophoresis, with intermediate gel containing wither a reference anti-cell envelope or anticytoplasmic immunoglobulins not only revealed the presence of additional antigens but also gave insight into the probably cellular origins (i.e., cell surface, cell envelope, or cytoplasm) of various antigens unveiled by reference anti-whole cell immunoglobulins . Using the principle of tandem crossed immunoelectrophoresis and crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis the immunochemical relationships between the antigenic components of these reference antigen-antibody systems were established. Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 1980 Dec, 47(4), 213 - 9 Lack of cross-immunity among Pasteurella multocida type A strains; Cameron CM et al.; Active and passive protection studies in mice using sheep antisera revealed that the immunological relationship among Pasteurella multocida Type A strains could not be correlated with their serological relationship as determined by a haemagglutination or an agglutination test . Furthermore, strains possessing similar phenol extractable antigens or heat stable antigens did not provide complete cross-protection . The conclusion was reached that immunity to P . multocida Type A strains is induced by an antigen which is strain specific and not detectable by existing serological typing systems . The immunological relationship of strains can therefore not be predicted on the basis of their serological characteristics. Vet Rec, 1980 Nov 29, 107(22), 505 - 7 Serum antibody response of ewes and their lambs to Pasteurella haemolytica; Gilmour NJ et al.; Vaccination of pregnant ewes with a Pasteurella haemolytica adjuvanted vaccine which contained serotypes A1, A2 and A6 antigens caused significant increases in serum antibody titres to A1 and A6 measured by the indirect haemagglutination test (IHA) . The response to vaccination with the serotype A2 antigen contained in this vaccine cannot be measured by the IHA test . There were also increased antibody titres in the colostrum from the vaccinated ewes and in the serum of their lambs after sucking compared with the corresponding titres in unvaccinated ewes and their lambs . The inoculation of either 10 +/- 2- or 18 +/- 2-day-old lambs from both vaccinated or unvaccinated ewes with the same vaccine induced the active production of antibodies to serotypes A1 and A6 despite the presence of passively acquired antibodies . By four weeks after vaccination the group geometric mean serum antibody titres of lambs from both vaccinated and unvaccinated were similar whether the lambs were vaccinated at 10 or 18 days of age . Successful vaccination of young lambs with this type of vaccine is therefore possible . Optimum protection would be obtained by vaccinating ewes in late pregnancy and their lambs within the first two weeks of life. Infect Immun, 1980 Nov, 30(2), 615 - 6 Evidence of species specificity in the cytocidal effects of Pasteurella haemolytica; Kaehler KL et al.; Pasteurella haemolytica was found to have a cytotoxic effect on the peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes of cattle, sheep, and goats, but no effect on the mononuclear leukocytes of swine, horses, or humans . In contrast, Escherichia coli caused marked cell death among mononuclear leukocytes of all species tested. Am J Public Health, 1980 Nov, 70(11), 1170 - 3 A unique outbreak of Pasteurella multocida in a chronic disease hospital; Itoh M et al.; An outbreak of Pasteurella multocida infection, involving seven patients on two adjacent wards, has been observed . All seven patients were debilitated and had underlying chronic neuromuscular and/or pulmonary disease and had a tracheostomy tube in situ . The isolates of P . multocida were of the same biotype and serotype, and had an identical antibiogram . Epidemiological studies failed to determine the source of these infections. Am J Vet Res, 1980 Nov, 41(11), 1870 - 3 Evaluation of an induced Pasteurella multocida swine pneumonia model; Bentley OE et al.; A reproducible swine pneumonia model was developed, utilizing Pasteurella multocida (strain MSU 7) and a rapid endotracheal inoculating technique . The model provided a means of testing various factors, such as therapeutic agents that may influence the course of pulmonary pasteurellosis . In a series of experiments, 81 infected nonmedicated pigs had a morbidity of 96% and a mortality of 22% . Pasteurella multocida was isolated from 62% of the lungs at necropsy; 86% of the lungs had gross lesions characteristic for strain MSU 7 pneumonic pasteurellosis when the pigs were necropsied 7 days after inoculation. Am J Vet Res, 1980 Nov, 41(11), 1773 - 8 Response of calves to lung challenge exposure with Pasteurella haemolytica after parenteral or pulmonary immunization; Wilkie BN et al.; In 3 experiments, calves were vaccinated by intrabronchial or subcutaneous injection of formalinized Pasteurella haemolytica . Immunization was evaluated by assessing the clinical and pathologic responses to pulmonary challenge exposure with live homologous bacteria . Serum and bronchoalveolar washings were titrated for antibody by indirect (antiglobulin) bacterial agglutination . Response to challenge exposure was determined by increased rectal temperature and faster respiratory rate . In all experiments, the most obvious clinical change occurred in challenge-exposed calves which had been vaccinated by the subcutaneous injection of killed P haemolytica with added adjuvant . Also, macroscopic pulmonic lesions were recorded most frequently in calves vaccinated by this route . In all instances, immunization resulted in elevated anti-P haemolytica titers both in lung and serum. Mod Vet Pract, 1980 Nov, 61(11), 921 - 3 Shipping fever pasteurellosis and salmonellosis prophylaxis; Wohler WH et al.; A water-in-oil emulsion adjuvanted combination shipping fever bacterin containing Pasteurella multocida, P hemolytica, Salmonella typhimurium and certain other species was effective in field use as a prophylactic agent against shipping fever pasteurellosis and salmonellosis . In trials using ranch calves it produced a greater antibody response than a comparable aluminum hydroxide adjuvanted bacterin . In critical 30-hour postvaccination challenge mouse tests it was superior to the conventional type bacterin and induced rapid and remarkable protection. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1980 Oct 15, 105(20), 206 - 10 Preliminary clinical pharmacological investigations of tylosin and tiamulin in chickens; Ziv G; The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of tiamulin and tylosin for mycoplasma, Gram-positive, and Gram-negative micro-organisms isolated from chickens were determinated by the agar dilution method . Median MIC values for tiamulin against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (0.05 microgram/ml) and Mycoplasma synoviae (0.10 microgram/ml) were 2 to 4 times lower than the corresponding values for tylosin . Tiamulin was also slightly more effective in vitro in inhibiting Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, and beta-haemolytic streptococci than was tylosin . Groups of chicken were offered tiamulin medicated drinking water at rates of 125 and 250 mg/litre for 48 hours . Average serum tiamulin concentrations were 0.38 and 0.78 microgram/ml, respectively . When tylosin tartrate was added to the drinking water at 500 and 700 mg/litre, average serum drug levels were 0.12 and 0.17 microgram/ml, respectively . Tiamulin was 45% bound in chicken serum, as against 30% serum protein binding for tylosin . Correlations were made between free (non protein bound) serum drug levels and the MIC values of the two drugs . Such comparisons suggest that when tiamulin is given in the drinking water at rates of 125 to 250 mg/litre, better antimycoplasmal activity is to be expected in vivo than by giving tylosin tartrate in the drinking water at 500 to 700 mg/litre . Based on these data, no clinical efficacy of these dose rates can be expected in flocks infected by gram-negative micro-organisms such as E . coli or P . multocida . The tylosin tartrate rate of 500 to 700 mg/litre, may be clinical ineffective the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1980 Oct 15, 105(20), 191 - 8 Pasteurella haemolytica infections in sheep; Gilmour NJ; Pasteurella haemolytica causes two distinct disease syndromes in sheep . P . haemolytica biotype A causes septicaemia in young lambs and pneumonia in all ages of sheep . Biotype T produces an acute systemic disease affecting principally the upper alimentary tract and lungs in young sheep . The bacteriology, epidemiology and clinical and necropsy findings of the two diseases are described and the current situation regarding their experimental reproduction and immunology is reviewed. Vet Rec, 1980 Oct 4, 107(14), 326 - 7 Pasteurella multocida infection of poultry farm rats; Curtis PE et al.; Thirty-four rat carcases from 11 poultry farms were examined for the presence of Pasteurella multocida; 14 out of 34 (41 per cent) proved positive after mouse inoculation, compared with five out of 34 (14 per cent) using media alone . No salmonellae were recovered from 27 rat carcases using enrichment media . Poultry pasteurellosis was present on two farms with infected rats and the same serotype was present in rats and poultry in those cases. Lab Anim, 1980 Oct, 14(4), 353 - 6 A strain of Pasteurella multocida associated with infections in rabbit colonies; Mushin R et al.; Pasteurella multocida was isolated from 4 conventional rabbit colonies . Amongst 51 isolates, 48 (94%) belonged to a group of strains with similar morphological, cultural, biochemical and antigenic characteristics; they were named for convenience Lo strains and gave rise to local or ascending infections . All Lo strains were found to be a new serotype, but 8 of them had additional antigenic factors characteristic of known serotypes . The other 3 isolates (6%) were identified as serotype 3, known to have a wide host range: 2 strains were associated with septicaemia and haemotogenic spread, and 1 with snuffles . Diagnostic agglutinating antibodies were present in the sera of adult rabbits . Maternal antibodies were in the sera of adult rabbits . Maternal antibodies were in the sera of rabbits of 3 and 4 weeks old, but by the age of 8 weeks the titres had fallen to an undetectable level. South Med J, 1980 Oct, 73(10), 1349 - 52 Articular and skeletal infections caused by Pasteurella multocida; Ewing R et al.; Pasteurella multocida infections of joints and bones generally occur in individuals who have contact with cats or dogs . Osteomyelitis usually follows penetrating trauma such as an animal bite . Septic arthritis tends to occur in patients who have preexisting inflammatory joint disease, especially if a systemic condition which is known to predispose to infection is present . The principles of therapy for septic arthritis or osteomyelitis are no different from those which have been established for other infecting organisms . Although P multocida is susceptible in vitro to penicillin, treatment of septic arthritis with this drug is still associated with a slow therapeutic response. Ann Emerg Med, 1980 Oct, 9(10), 508 - 12 Dog bite wounds and infection: a prospective clinical study; Goldstein EJ et al.; We prospectively studied 26 patients with 27 dog bite wounds who sought medical attention in the emergency department . Two distinct populations were found (Fishers Exact Test, P less than or equal to 0.001): 1) those who presented 8 hr to 12 hr post-injury were concerned about rabies or tetanus or surgical wound repair; and 2) those who presented more than 12 hr post-injury were concerned with infection . There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the bacteriology of the two groups . Of all wounds, 74% had aerobic pathogens isolated, including Streptococcus viridans (12 strains), Staphylococcus aureus (five strains), and Pasteurella multocida (eight strains); 41% had anaerobic pathogens isolated, including Bacteriodes species (five strains) and Fusobacterium species (five strains) . Gram stains made from wound swabs were specific but insensitive predictor for bacterial growth . Empiric outpatient therapy with oral penicillin (17 patients) and/or dicloxacillin (four patients) was effective. J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Oct, 12(4), 579 - 82 Serological groups among untypable bovine isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica; Frank GH; Ten Pasteurella haemolytica isolates from the nasal passages of cattle, untypable by the indirect hemagglutination procedure, were grouped into three serotypes by the rapid plate agglutination procedure . Serological specificity and serum absorption results showed that the 10 indirect hemagglutination-negative isolates belonged to three distinct serotypes and were not members of established serotypes that lack the specific soluble antigen that forms the basis of serotyping by indirect hemagglutination . All isolates were biotype A. Avian Dis, 1980 Oct-Dec, 24(4), 844 - 67 Influence of Pasteurella multocida and high and low environmental temperatures on adrenals and bursa of Fabricius in turkeys; Simensen E et al.; The morphologic changes in the adrenals and bursa of Fabricius were evaluated from turkeys inoculated with Pasteurella multocida either in the palatine air spaces or via drinking water and maintained at high (33.4-37.4 C), low (2.6-5.3 C), and moderate (19.8-22.4 C) temperatures in temperature-controlled chambers . There was a slight hyperplasia of the adrenal cortical cells and a hypertrophy of the nuclei in the uninoculated turkeys maintained at both high and low temperatures, but these changes were more marked in turkeys maintained at low temperatures . Regardless of the temperature to which the turkeys were exposed, there was an increase in adrenal weight, hyperplasia of the cortical cells, hypertrophy of the nuclei of the cortical cells, and depletion of lipid in the cortical cells in the turkeys that became depressed after inoculation with P . multocida . In the uninoculated turkeys exposed to high temperatures there was a reduction in the weight of the bursa of Fabricius, atrophy of the follicles, and a reduction in the number of lymphocytes within the follicle, which did not occur in the bursae from uninoculated turkeys maintained at low temperatures . In the turkeys inoculated with P . multocida, there was a marked reduction in bursal weight, atrophy of the follicles, and reduction in the number of lymphocytes within the follicles. Avian Dis, 1980 Oct-Dec, 24(4), 833 - 43 Plasma corticosterone concentrations in turkeys inoculated with Pasteurella multocida and maintained at high and low environmental temperatures; Simensen E et al.; Radioimmunoassay was used to determine plasma corticosterone concentration (PCC) in turkeys inoculated with Pasteurella multocida via either the palatine air spaces or the drinking water and maintained at high (33.4-37.4 C), low (2.6-5.3 C) and moderate )19.8-22.4 C) temperatures in temperature-controlled chambers . In uninoculated turkeys maintained at high temperatures, the PCC was generally lower than in turkeys maintained at moderate temperatures, whereas the opposite occurred in turkeys maintained at low temperatures . After inoculation with P . multocida, all groups of inoculated turkeys showed an increase in the average PCC, which attained a level in some turkeys of over 40 ng/ml, in relation to the average in the uninoculated turkeys, which ranged from 1.8 to 27.3 ng/ml . This increase was proportional to the severity of the infection that developed . The PCC was found to be a sensitive indicator of an incubating infection of P . multocida, since it was markedly increased in turkeys that were bled one day before the onset of depression . In turkeys that were inoculated via the palatine air spaces and maintained at 20 C, the PCC on the day of inoculation was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in the turkeys that later died than in those that survived . Generally, the PCC was higher in the turkeys that either died between 5 and 10 days after inoculation or were depressed aa the end of the experiment on day 10, relative to the turkeys that were alert at the end of the experiment. Avian Dis, 1980 Oct-Dec, 24(4), 816 - 32 Effects of high and low environmental temperatures on clinical course of fowl cholera in turkeys; Simensen E et al.; Turkeys inoculated with Pasteurella multocida either in the palatine air spaces or via drinking water were maintained t high (33.4-37.4 C), low (2.6-5.3 C), and moderate (19.8-22.4 C) temperatures in temperature-controlled chambers to determine the influence environmental temperature had on the pathogenesis of fowl cholera . In inoculated turkeys maintained at high temperatures, there was a delay in the onset of depression and, in most instances, in mortality in relation to those at low or moderate temperatures . In turkeys inoculated via drinking water and maintained at low temperatures, there was a higher mortality than in those at high or moderate temperatures . In turkeys maintained at low temperatures during the preinoculation period, the onset of depression was accelerated more after inoculation than in those maintained at moderate temperatures before inoculation . The percentage of leukocytes in the hematocrit was higher in turkeys inoculated int he palatine air spaces and maintained at low temperatures than in turkeys similarly inoculated but maintained at high or moderate temperatures . Cloacal temperatures were higher in all inoculated turkeys maintained at high temperatures than in those at low or moderate temperatures, and decreased markedly when turkeys became moribund . In turkeys inoculated in the palatine air spaces, deaths from pneumonia occurred more frequently at low temperatures and torticollis occurred more frequently at high temperatures than at the other temperatures. Avian Dis, 1980 Oct-Dec, 24(4), 1007 - 10 Aerosol transmission of Pasteurella multocida in turkeys; Simensen E et al.; In three incidents, uninoculated turkeys separated from Pasteurella multocida-inoculated turkeys died of fowl cholera; it was inferred that the pathogen was transmitted by aerosol through the circulating air . Uninoculated and inoculated turkeys were separated by a solid partition and wire netting, and were handled separately . Turkeys were inoculated with a highly virulent strain of P . multocida, which induced the pulmonary form of fowl cholera . In four of the five uninoculated turkeys that died, pneumonia was the principal lesion . In two of these turkeys, which were bled one day before death while still alert, the plasma corticosterone concentration had increased markedly. Am J Vet Res, 1980 Oct, 41(10), 1690 - 3 Evidence of cytocidal effects of Pasteurella haemolytica on bovine peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes; Kaehler KL et al.; Pasteurella haemolytica had a pronounced cytocidal effect on bovine mononuclear leukocytes . Mononuclear leukocytes separated from venous blood on Ficoll-diatrizoate and incubated with either P haemolytica or Escherichia coli showed a significantly greater percentage cell death than did cells incubated with Staphylococcus epidermidis or controls . Neither heat-killed nor x-irradiated P haemolytica caused a significant percentage cell death . The cytotoxic potential of P haemolytica was dose related in that cell death among mononuclear leukocytes increased as the ratio of bacteria-to-cells increased . Enriched monocyte cultures showed a higher and less variable rate of cell death than either enriched lymphocyte or mixed leukocyte cultures. Lab Anim, 1980 Oct, 14(4), 323 - 4 Facultative Pasteurella ophthalmitis in Hooded Lister rats; Roberts SA et al.; Hooded Lister rats were found to exhibit symptoms of Mycoplasma pulmonis infection . During the course of this chronic respiratory disease they developed ophthalmia and conjunctivitis which proved to be an opportunist infection with Pasteurella multocida . The severity of disease varied in individual rats, newborn rats entirely escaping infection . All cases responded to treatment with appropriate topical antibiotic and no sequelae were observed. Can J Comp Med, 1980 Oct, 44(4), 418 - 22 Production and characterization of streptomycin dependent mutants of Pasteurella multocida from bovine haemorrhagic septicaemia; de Alwis MC et al.; A large number of streptomycin dependent mutants were produced from bovine haemorrhagic septicaemia strains of Pasteurella multocida . The mutants required a minimum concentration of 25-50 microgram/mL streptomycin for growth and tolerated a concentration of 200 mg/mL . These mutants were avirulent to mice, when inoculated alone, but some mutants killed mice when inoculated with streptomycin . Biochemically all mutants were uniform and similar to the wild type . Most mutants were stable, but a few produced streptomycin independent revertants . The rate of reversion varied with each mutant . Most revertants were highly virulent for mice, some totally avirulant and a few relatively avirulent. J Infect Dis, 1980 Oct, 142(4), 614 - 7 Pasteurella multocida: plasma lysozyme in bacteremic and lipopolysaccharide-exposed turkeys; Rimler RB et al.; Plasma lysozyme was measured in turkeys with experimental fowl cholera produced by either of two serotypes of Pasteurella multocida . Lysozyme was not detected in preexposure plasma, whereas plasma sampled when turkeys were terminally bacteremic contained 7.0-7.5 microgram of lysozyme/ml . Plasma lysozyme was measured in turkeys inoculated intravenously with P . multocida lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . Turkeys inoculated with 10 microgram of LPS produced plasma lysozyme detectable for 2 hr after inoculation; those inoculated with 500 microgram of LPS produced plasma lysozyme detectable for at least 6 hr after inoculation . Egg-white lysozyme, equivalent in concentration to the plasma lysozyme detected in bacteremic turkeys, was active upon young cultures of P . multocida and increased the degree of lysis of P . multocida cells treated with deoxycholate . Lysozyme, ethylenediaminetetraacetate, and deoxycholate in combination produced the highest degree of lysis of P . multocida cells. Vet Rec, 1980 Sep 27, 107(13), 304 - 7 The possible role of respiratory syncytial virus and Pasteurella spp in calf respiratory disease; Thomas LH et al.; In a natural outbreak of respiratory disease during 1976, 31 of 43 calves showed moderately severe clinical signs which included pyrexia (maximum 42 degrees C) and tachypnoea . During the outbreak infection by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was demonstrated by isolation from nasopharyngeal swabs or by serology . Pasteurella haemolytica or P multocida were isolated from the blood of four and five calves respectively . In the month before disease 65 per cent of the calves showed significant antibody responses to P haemolytica . However a similar serological response to P haemolytica was demonstrated during 1975 in a comparable group of calves in which no disease and no infection with RSV was detected . No serological response to P multocida was demonstrated in either year . The temporal correlation of RSV infection with respiratory disease in the group of 43 calves was striking but the evidence neither reinforced nor discounted the possibility of interaction between RSV and P haemolytica infection in the pathogenesis of disease. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1980 Sep 1, 105(17), 711 - 4 {Some aspects of the study of atrophic rhinitis in pigs (author's transl)}; de Jong MF; Atrophic rhinitis is the most dreaded nasal inflammatory lesion described in pigs . Experimental studies showed that this form of rhinitis may be induced by inoculation of the bacterial species Bordetella bronchiseptica (BB) and/or Pasteurella multocida (PM) . It is apparent from studies on AR in the Central Veterinary Institute during the past few years, that these species of bacterium may be classified into AR-pathogenic and AR-non-pathogenic micro-organisms . The significance of these findings in the prevention and control the disease is discussed . Investigations on the differences in pathogenicity between the strains of BB and PM isolate showed that 152 out of 157 BB isolates were AR-pathogenic (97%) . Of 776 PM isolates studied, 396 were found to be AR-pathogenic . Thirty-six isolates were classified as doubtful. J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Sep, 12(3), 351 - 4 Isolation of Actinobacillus lignieresii and Actinobacillus equuli from laboratory rodents; Lentsch RH et al.; Actinobacillus lignieresii and Actinobacillus equuli were cultured from a total of 36 guinea pigs, rats, and mice . The organisms were isolated from the oropharynx, the conjunctiva, and middle ear . Isolates were initially screened by eight biochemical tests to determine whether they were of the genus Actinobacillus . Actinobacillus spp . were then differentiated by fermentation reactions of nine carbohydrates . In the past, actinobacilli may have been mistakenly identified as Pasteurella spp., especially Pasteurella pneumotropica . The importance of realizing that Actinobacillus spp . are frequently isolated from laboratory rodents was stressed. Vet Rec, 1980 Aug 16, 107(7), 149 - 51 Orally administered tylosin for the control of pneumonia in neonatal calves; Matsuoka T et al.; The effectiveness of orally administered tylosin tartrate for the control of naturally occurring pneumonia was determined in 287 neonatal calves . Tylosin tartrate was mixed with reconstituted milk replacer at the time of feeding . Daily doses of 1.0 g (0.5 g BID), 2.0 g (1.0 g BID) and 4.0 g (2.0 g BID) were evaluated for periods ranging from seven to 28 days . Tylosin at the optimum dose of 2.0 g daily reduced mortality to 12 out of 95 (12.6 per cent) compared to 38 out of 89 (42.7 per cent) in the non-medicated control calves . The 1.0 g daily dose did not reduce mortality . The number of calves with moderate to severe lung lesions was also reduced by treatment at 2.0 g daily to 13 out of 95 (13.7 per cent) compared to 45 out of 89 (50.6 per cent) in the control group . All dose levels had a similar effect in reducing the severity of clinical signs indicative of respiratory disease . Tylosin treatment at all dose levels reduced the number of Pasteurella multocida isolations from lung tissue to 15/146 (10.3 per cent) compared to 61/141 (43.3 per cent) for the controls . However, there were no differences between treated and controls in the number of P haemolytica isolations . The frequency of mycoplasma isolations from lung tissue were reduced significantly by tylosin treatment at the 4.0 g and 2.0 g dose levels to 36/93 (38.7 per cent) compared to 61/86 (70.9 per cent) for the control calves. S Afr Med J, 1980 Aug 9, 58(6), 257 - 8 Pasteurella multocida septicaemia complicating Felty's syndrome: A case report; Omar MA et al.; A patient with Felty's syndrome complicated by septicaemia due to Pasteurella multocida is presented . Disease caused by this organism is unusual in humans and its occurrence in the absence of trauma, as was the case in our patient, even more so. Vet Rec, 1980 Aug 2, 107(5), 105 - 8 Virulence and morphology of Pasteurella multocida of avian origin; Curtis PE et al.; The virulence of 100, 54 and nine avian isolates of Pasteurella multocida for mice, chickens and turkey poults respectively was assessed and rated on a scale from 0 to 5 . Cellular and colonial morphology of the bacteria was examined after mouse passage . There was evidence of a considerable range in the virulence of the isolates for the test species, but no correlation between cellular or colonial morphology and virulence was detected . The results obtained are discussed in relation to general epidemiological considerations. Am J Vet Res, 1980 Aug, 41(8), 1285 - 7 Pasteurella multocida: antibody-mediated resistance to virulent challenge exposure in vaccinated turkeys; Nathanson RM et al.; Aspects of antibody-mediated resistance to Pasteurella multocida infection in vaccinated turkeys were investigated . Pasteurella immune serum obtained from vaccinated turkeys was shown to confer temporary protection to nonvaccinated turkey poults . Recipients given immune serum were free of clinical signs of disease for at least 8 days after IM challenge exposure with virulent P multocidae 1059 . All turkeys given normal serum died within 36 hours of challenge exposure . Vaccinated bursectomized turkeys were more susceptible to IM challenge exposure than were vaccinated nonbursectomized turkeys . In two of three trials, mortality also occurred earlier in the bursectomized groups when compared with mortality in the control groups . The presence of specific antibody may be an important determinant in resistance to Pasteurella infection. J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Aug, 12(2), 220 - 5 Evaluation of methods to detect oxidase activity in the genus Pasteurella; Gadberry JL et al.; Several oxidase reagents and commercial products were evaluated as to their efficacy in detecting oxidase activity in species of the genus Pasteurella . Recommendations are made concerning the reagent of choice for determining oxidase activity in the genus Pasteurella . Recommendations are made also concerning the use of commercial products and their efficacy in detecting oxidase activity in this genus. J Hyg (Lond), 1980 Aug, 85(1), 59 - 63 A study on bacteriocin typing of avian strains of Pasteurella multocida; Mushin R; In two groups, each containing 56 Pasteurella multocida strains of avian origin, the percentage of multicin-producing strains was 80.4 and 71.4 . In two groups containing 46 and 58 isolates tested for sensitivity to multicins, 82.6% and 62.1% respectively were listed as indicators . P . multocida strains producing bacteriocins were active on a range of 1-33 indicators . A preliminary multicin typing system was set up with the use of eight selected indicators; 52% of multicin-producing strains acted on one indicator only . P . multocida serotypes and serologically untypable strains were subdivided into multicin types. Aust N Z J Med, 1980 Aug, 10(4), 435 - 7 Isolation of group EF-4 bacteria in Australia; Peel MM et al.; A bacterial strain isolated from dog-bite wound was identified as belonging to a group which is so far unnamed but which has been tentatively designated Group EF-4 by workers at the Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, USA . Although this appears to be the first reported isolation in Australia of a strain belonging to this group, it is possible that strains of Group EF-4 are not infrequently recovered from dog-bite wounds but, when they are, they may either not be identified or be dismissed as skin contaminants . Characteristics are presented for differentiating Group EF-4 from Pasteurella multocida, the bacterium typically associated with animal bite wounds in humans. Ann Emerg Med, 1980 Aug, 9(8), 410 - 4 Prophylactic antibiotics in common dog bite wounds: a controlled study; Callaham M; A double-blind prospective study of 98 patients was carried out, but 57 (58%) returned for follow-up and form the basis of this report . Wound irrigation and debridement were found to be important in reducing infection . Hand wounds were most likely to become infected; face and scalp wounds were at low risk . Puncture wounds became infected more often than did lacerations . Suturing wounds did not increase the likelihood of infection except on the hand, where the data were equivocal . Prophylactic penicillin decreased the incidence of infection in high-risk wounds; there was no difference in low-risk wounds . Cultures of wounds showed many different organisms but were of no predictive value . Pasteurella multocida was found very rarely . Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 10% of all infections, a finding which makes use of a penicillinase-resistant penicillin logical. Avian Dis, 1980 Jul-Sep, 24(3), 641 - 7 Chemotaxis of fowl monocytes to Pasteurella multocida and associated antigens; McKinney KL et al.; The interaction of monocytes and serum from Pasteurella multocida-immunized and non-immunized turkeys and chickens was studied for their chemotactic activity to lipopolysaccharide, free endotoxin, and P . multocida whole cells . Chemotactic factors were released from the interaction between either normal sera or antisera and the bacterial antigens . Heating of the sera affected their ability to interact and release chemotaxins . Heated normal sera were ineffective and heated antisera were less effective than unheated sera . Monocytes collected from immunized and non-immunized fowls responded to the chemotactic factors . This occurrence of heat-labile and heat-stable chemotaxigens in the sera suggests that antibody and complement are involved in the stimulation of chemotaxis. Am J Vet Res, 1980 Jul, 41(7), 1008 - 14 Study of bovine pulmonary response to Pasteurella haemolytica: pulmonary macrophage response; Walker RD et al.; A resistance state was produced in the bovine lung by exposing calves to an aerosolized mist of Pasteurella haemolytica . Verification of the resistant state was determined by an increase in clearance of P haemolytica from lungs of exposed calves vs lungs from nonexposed calves over 24 hours . Bovine pulmonary macrophages isolated from lung washings of calves exposed to P haemolytica and from lungs of nonexposed calves failed to phagocytize P haemolytica in vitro . Whole serum, pulmonary immunoglobulin (Ig) A, and IgG from exposed and nonexposed calves did not enhance phagocytosis as measured by 14C uptake or fluorescent antibody staining. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1980 Jul 1, 105(13), 519 - 25 {Use of an oxytetracycline nasal spray in the treatment and prevention of atrophic rhinitis in piglets (author's transl)}; de Jong MF et al.; The piglets of two multiplier herds (M and B) showing clinically apparent atrophic rhinitis (AR) were treated by the nasal-spray method . A solution of oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC, 50 mg/ml.) was used as a spray fluid . The course of the disease in the herds was followed by studying the development of foreshortening of the upper jaws in the heads . Brachygnathia superior (BS), from the eighth to tenth week of life . Efforts were made to gain an impression of the effects of treatment on the frequency with which Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida were isolated by bacteriological examination of the nose . Treatment by the nasal-spray method up to an age of approximately five weeks, of seven weeks were treated at least once weekly . The proportion of animals in which the disease was clinically apparent decreased from 25 per cent to 0 per cent in herd M and from 41 per cent to 0 per cent in herd B . Treatment by the nasal-spray method up to an age approximately five weeks, in which feed medicated with OTC was also given up to the age of eight to ten weeks also had a satisfactory effect . The frequency with which Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida were isolated, was reduced by treatment, elimination of these agents was not. Am J Vet Res, 1980 Jul, 41(7), 1015 - 23 Study of bovine pulmonary response to Pasteurella haemolytica: specificity of immunoglobulins isolated from the bovine lung; Walker RD et al.; A procedure is described for the isolation and purification of the immunoglobulins (Ig)A and IgG from pulmonary lavage fluid from calves . These Ig were isolated from calves experimentally exposed to Pasteurella haemolytica via aerosolization and from nonexposed calves . The specificity of these fractions toward P haemolytica was examined, using an indirect fluorescent antibody test and agglutination reactions . Specific antibody activity was detected in the IgA and IgG fractions from calves exposed to P haemolytica and IgG fractions from nonexposed calves . None of the isolated Ig agglutinated P haemolytica. Avian Dis, 1980 Jul-Sep, 24(3), 743 - 50 The response of broiler breeder chickens to parenteral administration of avirulent Pasteurella multocida; Derieux WT et al.; Broiler breeder chickens were exposed to avirulent Pasteurella multocida at 14, 22, and 34 weeks of age either by stick wing 1 to 3 times or subcutaneously 3 times . Fowl pox vaccine was mixed with the first P . multocida exposure in some groups . Exposure did not impair egg production or hatch of fertile eggs . Challenge with pathogenic P . multocida serotype 1 at 68 weeks indicated that exposure to avirulent P . multocida 2 or 3 times provided better protection than 1 exposure . Mixing fowl pox vaccine with the avirulent P . multocida did not reduce immunity to fowl cholera or fowl pox. Lab Anim Sci, 1980 Jun, 30(3), 515 - 8 A streptomycin dependent live Pasteurella multocida vaccine for the prevention of rabbit pasteurellosis; Chengappa MM et al.; A culture of Pasteurella multocida was isolated from a rabbit exhibiting clinical signs of respiratory pasteurellosis . Organisms from this culture were incubated in the presence of the mutagen n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguandine in order to obtain a streptomycin dependent mutant . A live vaccine was prepared from this mutant, and healthy pasteurella-free rabbits were vaccinated either by intranasal or subcutaneous administration . Either method provided complete protection against homologous, wild-type challenge as evidenced by absence of clinical signs or gross pathology and failure to isolate the organism from mucous secretions of tissues from vaccinated individuals. Poult Sci, 1980 Jun, 59(6), 1345 - 9 Control of fowl cholera in Hungary; Weiner S; Experiences of the control of fowl cholera in large poultry farms in Hungary are reported . A vaccination method combined with sulfaquinoxaline treatment was developed against fowl cholera . Studies were carried out for the determination of the therapeutic and toxic doses of sulfaquinoxaline in fowls experimetnally infected with Pasteurella multocida . Field experiences with Sukvin, a sulfaquinoxaline containing vaccine, against this disease are reported . Sukvin was produced by Phylaxia Serum State Institute, Budapest, Hungary, and has been generally used in that country since 1967. Can J Microbiol, 1980 Jun, 26(6), 676 - 89 Antigenic analysis of Pasteurella multocida (serotype 1) by crossed immunoelectrophoresis: characterization of cytoplasmic and cell envelope associated antigens; Bhasin JL et al.; The application of crossed immunoelectrophoresis to the analysis of a reference cytoplasm and cell envelope preparation from Pasteurella multocida serotype 1 revealed antigenic complexity not previously found . At least 55 cytoplasmic and 19 cell envelope antigens were clearly distinguished . Variation of anticytoplasm immunoglobulin concentration was a major determining factor in resolving the maximum array of cytoplasmic antigens . The use of intermediate gel modification of crossed immunoelectrophoresis permitted the recognition of antibodies in the preimmune rabbit serum against a number of cytoplasmic antigens and a single cell envelope antigen . This technique also demonstrated that reference cytoplasm obtained by 105,000 x g centrifugation of sonically disrupted pasteurellae and repeatedly washed reference cell envelope preparation contained antigens of either origin in amounts sufficient to elicit antibody responses in the host . Antisera to whole cells in the intermediate gel indicated that formalin killed P . multocida were capable of eliciting immune responses to both reference systems. J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Jun, 11(6), 646 - 9 Physiological and serological characteristics of 48 Pasteurella multocida cultures from rabbits; Brogden KA; Forty-eight Pasteurella multocida cultures collected from rabbits over a 56-year period were examined to determine their physiological characteristics and to determine their serological types in the gel diffusion precipitin test . Generally, the physiological characteristics from 30 tests were typical for P . multocida . There were a few atypical variations in the fermentation of lactose and maltose and variations in trehalose, dulcitol, xylose, sorbitol, and glycerol . Seven cultures did not produce indole, and four cultures did not produce detectable amounts of hydrogaen sulfide . In obliquely transmitted light, 26 cultures formed large, slightly iridescent, mucoid colonies, 17 cultures had iridescent colonies, and 5 cultures had blue colonies . Heat-stable antigens from the 48 cultures reacted with antisera prepared from P . multocida type cultures presenting serotypes 1, 3, 4, 12, and 15 . Antigens from 15 cultures reacted slightly with antisera from more than one serotype . Overall, gel precipitin reactions involving serotype 3 (25%) and serotype 12 (66.7%) were the most prevalent. Vet Rec, 1980 May 24, 106(21), 435 - 7 Preliminary field trails with a streptomycin-dependent vaccine against haemorrhagic septicaemia; De Alwis MC et al.; In two trials, 68 cattle and buffalo calves, four to 10 months of age, were vaccinated with a vaccine containing a live streptomycin dependent mutant of Pasteurella multocida type B, isolated in Sri Lanka . Immunity was assessed using the passive protection test in mice with cattle and buffalo sera before and two or three weeks after vaccination . A single dose of vaccine conferred immunity in 66.6 to 83.3 per cent of cattle and 100 per cent of buffalo calves . A booster dose given three weeks later enhanced the immunity in cattle . There was no significant difference in the response, whether the vaccine was administered by the subcutaneous or intramuscular route . No adverse reactions were observed in any of the vaccinated animals. Poult Sci, 1980 May, 59(5), 1027 - 30 Effect of chemotherapeutic agents on Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in White Pekin ducklings; Sandhu TS et al.; In a series of experiments, various chemotherapeutic agents administered in feed were evaluated for their efficacy against experimental Pasteurella anatipestifer (PA) infection in White Pekin ducklings . The feeding of medicated diets was started 3 days prior to challenge and continued throughout each experiment . Novobiocin and lincomycin, when fed at adequate concentrations, were the most effective medicaments tested . Mortality in treated groups was 0-18% compared with 45-92% mortality in controls . Sulfadimethoxine-ormetoprim, sulfaquinoxaline, and lincomycin-spectinomycin were moderately effective . Drugs that were not effective included chlortetracycline, tylosin-sulfamethazine, fosfomycin, furazolidone, nihydrazone, penicillin, bacitracin, and erythromycin . Six antibiotics were tested parenterally against experimental PA infection in another series of experiments . A single dose of an antibiotic was injected subcutaneously 5 to 6 hr after infection except in one experiment in which treatment was delayed until 24 hr after infection . When given 5 to 6 hr after infection, lincomycin-spectinomycin, penicillin-streptomycin, penicillin, oxytetracycline, and spectinomycin significantly reduced mortality . Gentamicin tested under the same conditions was ineffective . Drugs injected 24 hr after infection were not effective. J Trauma, 1980 May, 20(5), 383 - 9 Wounds of the hand contaminated by human or animal saliva; Peeples E et al.; A prospective and retrospective evaluation of 75 patients with hand wounds contaminated by human saliva (35) or animal saliva (40) demonstrates that a program of outpatient management can be sufficient for optimal care in many patients . This series challenges the proposition that hospitalization, radiographs, and surgical debridement are necessary for most such wounds . Sixty-seven per cent did not have surgical intervention and no complications resulted . Ninety-two per cent received antibiotics . Radiographs were obtained only when bony injury or entry into a joint was suspected . Delay in seeking treatment until obvious signs of infection or pain are present is common . Literature review details the anatomic factors important in the natural history and control of these infections, and the changes with respect to modes of treatment for these potentially dangerous wounds . The injury is caused by bites with the hand extended or, in fight-bite wounds, with the metacarpal-phalangeal and interphalangeal joints flexed, allowing deeper penetration and then sealing of the wound when the first is opened . Staphylococcus and Streptococcus are the organisms most frequently found in human bites, and in animal bites; Pasteurella multocida should be considered in dog and cat bites. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1980 May-Jun, 131(3), 255 - 63 Haemagglutinating properties of Pasteurella multocida type A strains isolated from rabbits and poultry; Pestana de Castro AF et al.; Thirty-one type A strains of Pasteurella multocida isolated from rabbits and poultry were able to agglutinate red blood cells (RBC) from human group O donors . Except for human RBC from group B which were also agglutinated by 3 strains, neither group A nor RBC from sheep and rabbits were agglutinated . Haemagglutination was mannose-resistant, and the two techniques used detected unrelated activities . One as tested by a slide haemagglutination (MRSH) test was common to most (31 out of 34 strains) capsulated strains, though non-mucoid ones obtained by growth on hyaluronidase-containing medium showed also this property . This haemagglutination activity was destroyed at 100 degrees C for 15 min but not at 56 degrees C for 30 min, was dependent upon an optimal pH range (7.4-7.5) and did not seem to be influenced by different enriched media . The other activity was assayed by the microhaemagglutination (MRMH) test . Only part (19 out of 34 strains) of the strains presented this activity, which was also destroyed by boiling for 15 min and was dependent on the addition of 0.5 of polyvinilpirrolidone to phosphate buffered saline, used to suspend RBC . A correlation between haemagglutination activities of P . multocida type A and the possibility of this microorganism harbouring fimbriate organelles is discussed. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1980 Apr 15, 105(8), 327 - 9 {Pasteurella multocida infections in birds following cat bites (author's transl)}; Smit T et al.; Infection with Pasteurella multocida caused by bites has been known for several decades . Cats are an important factor in Pasteurella multocida infection . Considerable numbers of victims are 'rescued' from the mouths of cats and submitted to bird reception centres for treatment . A number of bird shelters sent birds in this condition to the present authors for closer examination . The majority of birds caught by cats die . The mortality rates in shelters were reported to be 30, 90, 99 and one hundred per cent . Of the birds rescued alive from the mouths of cats, approximately 40 per cent died from the direct effects of the bites, and approximately 60 per cent died from Pasteurella multocida infection. Avian Dis, 1980 Apr-Jun, 24(2), 481 - 5 Effect of various feed additives on immune response of turkeys vaccinated with live Pasteurella multocida in drinking water; Derieux WT; Various feed additives were included in diets of young turkeys being administered live Pasteurella multocida, Clemson University (CU) strain, in drinking water . Erythromycin, Neomycin, and Oleandomycin reduced immune response the most . Most medications that are not effective against P . multocida can be included in turkey feed during CU vaccination. Avian Dis, 1980 Apr-Jun, 24(2), 403 - 14 Pathology of experimental avian cholera in mallard ducks; Hunter B et al.; Mallard ducks (Anus platyrynchos) challenged with two isolates of Pasteurella multocida developed either acute or chronic lesions, depending on the isolate of P . multocida and the inoculation dose . Ducks that died acutely of avian cholera had lesions of a hemorrhagic septicemia with widespread vascular damage and focal necrosis in liver, spleen and other organs . Ducks that survived challenge developed chronic lesions in a variety of organs, including brain, lung, air sacs, joints, and eyes . Some surviving ducks sequestered bacteria within these loalized lesions and may be potential "carrier" birds . The possible pathogenesis of P . multocida infection in ducks is discussed. Avian Dis, 1980 Apr-Jun, 24(2), 302 - 8 Rofenaid in the control of Pasteurella anatipestifer and Escherichia coli infections in ducklings; Mitrovic M et al.; In a series of controlled battery trials, Rofenaid (at doses ranging from 0.02 to 0.12% active drug in feed) was administered to ducklings infected experimentally with Pasteurella anatipestifer and Escherichia coli strains . Against P . anatipestifer, Rofenaid at 0.02 to 0.12% levels in feed either prevented or reduced mortality, gross lesions, and bacterial isolations . Furthermore, the weight gain and feed conversion of infected Rofenaid-medicated ducklings were superior to those of uninfected unmedicated controls in two out of three trials . Against E . coli, Rofenaid at 0.02 to 0.08% levels in feed either prevented or reduced mortality, gross lesions, and bacterial isolations . Weight gain and feed conversion of infected Rofenaid-medicated ducklings were also superior to those of uninfected unmedicated controls in two out of three trials . It appears that Rofenaid, at a 0.02-0.08% level, controls infections in ducklings caused by P . anatipestifer and E . coli strains sensitive to this compound. Am J Vet Res, 1980 Mar, 41(3), 443 - 6 Influence of bronchoalveolar washing supernatants and stimulated lymphocyte supernatants on uptake of Pasteurella haemolytica by cultured bovine alveolar macrophages; Markham RJ et al.; Bovine alveolar macrophages cultured for 12 hours with normal bovine bronchoalveolar washing supernatants (BWS) showed impaired phagocytosis of Pasteurella haemolytica when compared with phagocytosis in control cultures . Such impairment was not observed when another gram-negative bacillus, Yersinia enterocolitica, was used . The BWS from calves inoculated subcutaneously or intrabronchially with P haemolytica inhibited uptake of P haemolytica when BWS were incubated with the bacteria prior to addition to macrophage cultures . However, serum from these calves had pronounced opsonizing activity . Supernatants from stimulated and nonstimulated bovine peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures also inhibited phagocytosis of P haemolytica. Ann Emerg Med, 1980 Feb, 9(2), 79 - 83 Mammalian bite wounds; Aghababian RV et al.; Clinical data were collected prospectively from a series of 160 patients presenting with mammalian bite wounds . Anaerobic and aerobic cultures were prepared from sterile swabs placed in 65 bite wounds prior to cleansing . Infection was noted in 11 of 22 cat bites, six of 37 human bites, three of 80 dog bites, and in none of the 21 bites caused by other mammals . Pasteurella multocida was recovered from six infected cat and dog bites, all of which developed infection within 24 hours of injury . Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus viridans were the principal pathogens isolated from the remaining infected cat, dog, and human bites . Infection most commonly followed puncture wounds caused by cats (10/19) and lacerations into subcutaneous tissue of the hand caused by humans (4/17) . None of the 10 sutured wounds became infected . All infected bite wounds responded to antibiotic therapy . No conclusions regarding the value of prophylactic antibiotics could be made. Am J Vet Res, 1980 Feb, 41(2), 166 - 9 Demonstration of an R plasmid in a strain of Pasteurella haemolytica isolated from feedlot cattle; Zimmerman ML et al.; A strain of Pasteurella haemolytica isolated from the lungs of feedlot cattle with pneumonia was shown to be resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and streptomycin . Two small, nontransmissible plasmids were shown to be responsible, for tetracycline resistance, a 5.7 X 10(6) dalton plasmid, and for streptomycin resistance, a 5.5 X 10(6) dalton plasmid . Ampicillin resistance passed by transformation to Escherichia coli could not be shown conclusively to be on a plasmid . Ampicillin resistance was shown to be mediated by means of a beta-lactamase with high activity against cephaloridine. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1980, 34(4), 555 - 64 {Problems relating to the use of radioactively labelled bacteria in animal experiments . 3 . Distribution of activities in mice, following parenteral administration of Pasteurella multocida labeled with various radionuclides}; Flossmann KD et al.; When radioactively labelled fully developed Pasteurella (P.) multocida antigens were parenterally applied to mouse, through intravenous, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous routes, activity distribution was found to depend both the technique of application and the radionuclide used . This has given rise to the conclusion that activity distribution could be equated with whole-germ distribution only under certain conditions . Experimental antigen distribution, accordingly, reflected a complex process in which transport, location, and metabolism of bacteria had to be considered as being in conflict with the given host organism . Iodine labelled 125 was split off bacteria at relatively high rate and accumulated in the thyroid gland . When 59Fe was used, interpretation of distribution was rendered more difficult by propagation of iron through the organs of the host . Relatively favourable data were obtainable from the use of 3H or 14C which could be used in the form of nucleic acid precursors (orotic acid) in labelling Pasteurella . Intraperitoneal and intravenous forms of administration were found to be the same for intra-organic activity distribution . Retention of activity in liver, spleen, and lung was recordable and established from all the reviewed techniques for the application of P . multocida complete antigen . While maximum concentrations were measured between the first and third days, activities still were detectable after 14 days (period under review) . Relatively high radioactivity was recordable from the digestive tract, within short time from the use of the parenteral procedures tested . This seemed to suggest passage of complete or incomplete P . multocida antigen through the mucous membranes of the gastro-intestinal tract. Vet Med Nauki, 1980, 17(1), 47 - 51 {Amino acid metabolism in Pasteurella multocida studied using thin-layer chromatography}; Bonovska M et al.; Amino asid metabolism was studied by thin layer chromatography in 25 Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from various manifestations of the disease chicken septicemia . Six amino acids were used: DL-ornithin, L-cystein, L-asparagin, DL-serin, L-arginin and Acidum glutaminicum . The Pasteurella strains studied include in their metabolism the amino acid asparagin, but serin and cystein are excluded . The strains isolated from birds suffering from acute and atypical septicemia do not metabolize ornithin, while these isolated from birds having wattles oedema or from calves suffering from arthritis metabolize it . The reaction of Pasteurellae to arginin and glutamic acid varies and no regularity in this respect is observed . Strains isolated from calves suffering from bronchopneumonia do not include in their metabolism any one of the named amino acids . As a result of the test applied a correlation between the Pasteurella multocida biotypes assessed by the authors and the amino acid metabolism was established . This is one proof more that the isolated pasteurellae can be groupped in two big biotypes by the tests for virulence in birds and including in their metabolism the amino acid ornithin. Scand J Infect Dis, 1980, 12(2), 153 - 4 Late postoperative infection caused by Pasteurella multocida; Blomgren G et al.; Pasteurella multocida is often found in local infections after animal bites . Septic conditions however are rare . A case of late infection by P . multocida at the site of the osteosynthesis 1 year after a primarily healed pertrochanteric fracture is described . The patient had a cat . After extraction of the plate and screws and treatment with penicillin the infection healed uneventfully. J Wildl Dis, 1980 Jan, 16(1), 3 - 5 An outbreak of pasteurellosis in Kano Zoo; Okoh AE; An outbreak of pasteurellosis caused by Pasteurella multocida is reported in which six elands (Taurotragus oryx), a gnu (Connochaetes taurinus albojubatus), a zebra (Equus bruchelli), five kangaroos (Macropus rufus), an ostrich (Struthio camelus camelus) and a bateleur eagle (Terathopius ecaudatus) died in Kano Zoological Gardens toward the end of the rainy season of 1978 . Confirmation was based on cultural isolation of P . multocida . Analysis of likely factors that could have contributed to the outbreak indicated that it may have been precipitated initially by climatic stress associated with changes in rainfall, relative humidity and temperature. Brain Res Bull, 1980 Jan-Feb, 5(1), 69 - 73 Antipyresis: its effect on mortality rate of bacterially infected rabbits; Vaughn LK et al.; The effect of an antipyretic drug administered directly into the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus was measured in order to investigate the role of fever on mortality of bacterially infected mammals . New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were injected intravenously with Pasteurella multocida and either sodium salicylate or a control solution was infused directly into the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus . Both groups developed fevers, but the fever of the rabbits infused with the antipyretic was reduced by 50% during the initial stage of infection . Hypothalamic sodium salicylate infusions produced a lower average fever than control infusions over an initial 5 hour period of infection, reducing average 5 hour fevers from 1.56 degrees C to 0.72 degrees C . All of the infected rabbits infused with sodium salicylate died whereas only 29% of the infected control rabbits died . Rabbits receiving sodium salicylate alone did not die . The increased mortality could possibly be the result of a fulminating infection caused by rapidly multiplying bacteria during the initial, attenuated phase of the febrile course in the salicylate-treated rabbits. Am J Vet Res, 1980 Jan, 41(1), 18 - 22 Interaction between Pasteurella haemolytica and bovine alveolar macrophages: cytotoxic effect on macrophages and impaired phagocytosis; Markham RJ et al.; Cultured bovine alveolar macrophages phagocytosed formalized 125I-labeled Pasteurella haemolytica organisms poorly when compared with uptake of an identical number of radiolabeled Yersinia enterocolitica organisms . The presence of immune serum enhanced uptake of P haemolytica, yet at high bacteria-to-macrophage ratios, a significant positive correlation existed between uptake and loss of cells from coverslips . This phenomenon was not observed with Y enterocolitica . While culture supernatant from P haemolytica either impaired phagocytosis or were cytotoxic to cultured macrophages, supernatant from Y enterocolitica did not show this effect . The observation of an apparent deterimental effect on bovine alveolar macrophages after uptake of P haemolytica may be used to explain events occurring in pneumonic pasteurellosis in cattle and may help in the development of immunizaiton techniques. Prog Clin Biol Res, 1980, 47, 125 - 32 A vaccine strain of Pasteurella multocida obtained by mutagenesis; Hertman I et al.; A virulent avian septicemia strain of Pasteurella multocida (P . multocida) serotype 1 was mutagenized with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso guanidine . A selection procedure was devised to isolate mutants with changed growth properties . Mutants were isolated that had either prolonged doubling time or temperature sensitivity for growth at 41 degrees C . A correlation was observed between growth properties in vitro and multiplication in vivo . Mutants defective in growth were avirulent . A positive correlation was observed between the rates of multiplication of mutant strains in vitro and their ability to protect against heterologous challenge. Lab Anim, 1980 Jan, 14(1), 15 - 6 Two Actinobacillus species isolated from laboratory rodents; Simpson W et al.; A study was made of the cultural and biochemical characteristics of 17 strains of Actinobacillus isolated from laboratory rats and hamsters . 2 types were recognized which differed in their urease reaction and colony colour on blood agar . The results obtained suggest that one was Actinobacillus equuli but the other could not be identified as belonging to a described species . The characteristics of both organisms are such that they could be confused with Pasteurella pneumotropica . One of the types was isolated from tapwater. Vet Med Nauki, 1980, 17(6-7), 27 - 30 {Drug-resistance markers from Salmonellae in Pasteurella multocida}; Karaivanov L et al.; A transfer of resistance was effected of S . haidelberge strain, having 7 medicinal resistance markers, onto 2 Pasteurella multocida strains No . 10 and Vladislavovo . In strain No . 10 were found 20% of recombinations, whereas in Vladislavovo their number was 10%, hence the different pasteurella strains can be recipients at a higher or lower degree . The recombinations obtained are not stable and during their short conservation in bouillon they spontaneously get rid of the markers of resistance acquired. Cornell Vet, 1980 Jan, 70(1), 27 - 36 Serological relationship between strains of Pasteurella multocida; Shigidi MT et al.; The serological inter-relationships of twenty four strains of Pasteurella multocida represented by 11 reference strains, each representing a different serogroup, and 13 strains from cattle with hemorrhagic septicemia were determined by agglutination and gel diffusion tests . There was agreement between the results of the two procedures indicating that both tests were probably employing the same antigen . Although all strains had strong serogroup-specific agglutinating and precipitating properties, they exhibited varying degrees of cross-reactivity . Strains M4, V A3 and Kobe 6 and strains R473 and 147 showed a close relationship with each other and might be regarded as having the same somatic antigen . Field isolates showed a distribution of reactions about the homologous titers of somatic groups 6, 7 and 8. J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Jan, 11(1), 94 - 6 Hyaluronidase production by type B Pasteurella multocida from cases of hemorrhagic septicemia; Carter GR et al.; Seventy-four cultures of Pasteurella multocida representing all four capsular types, A, B, D, and C, from various animal species and diseases were examined for the production of hyaluronidase by two procedures . In one, hyaluronidase production was determined by the depolymerization of streptococcal capsular hyaluronic acid, and in the other, production was determined by degradation of sodium hyaluronidate in a solid culture medium . Hyaluronidase production was only demonstrated in the 13 type B cultures that had been recovered from cases of hemorrhagic septicemia. Am J Vet Res, 1979 Dec, 40(12), 1690 - 3 Sequential titration of bovine lung and serum antibodies after parenteral or pulmonary inoculation with Pasteurella haemolytica; Wilkie BN et al.; Calves were vaccinated by intrabronchial or subcutaneous injection of formalinized Pasteurella haemolytica . Antibody in serum, nasal washings, and bronchoalveolar washings was titrated sequentially before and after calves were vaccinated and then challenge exposed with live homologous bacteria . Bronchoalveolar washings were collected by fiberoptics bronchoscopy, and antibody was titrated by indirect (antiglobulin) bacterial agglutination . Responsiveness to vaccination was related in initial serum antibody concentrations . Calves with serum antibody titers of 1:20 or more were nonresponsive, whereas with few exceptions, calves having titers of less than 1:20 responded to vaccination . Results indicated that serum and lung antibody were induced by subcutaneous or by intrabronchial inoculation of formalinized P haemolytica . By either route of immunization, serum antibody was more persistent than was lung antibody, and pulmonary challenge exposure with live P haemolytica did not alter existing titers. Res Vet Sci, 1979 Nov, 27(3), 329 - 33 Laboratory and field trials on a formalin inactivated vaccine for the control of Pasteurella anatipestifer septicaemia in ducks; Harry EG et al.; A series of laboratory trials on a number of different types of inactivated Pasteurella anatipestifer vaccines suggested that a formolised vaccine would be the most suitable for protection . A satisfactory dose of vaccine was found to be approximately 3 x 109 cells administered intramuscularly . The efficacy of this vaccine was confirmed by a field trial on a farm where anatipestifer septicaemia was endemic, ducks being vaccinated at three weeks of age before their transfer to pasture from indoor rearing units. Am J Vet Res, 1979 Nov, 40(11), 1640 - 1 Lancefield group R streptococci associated with pneumonia in swine; Koehne G et al.; During a 12-month survey of streptococcal infections in swine, 14 of 98 isolates were found to belong to Lancefield group R . Most of these isolates were from pigs with pneumonia . Approximately half the group R isolates were associated with concurrent Pasteurella pneumonia. Res Vet Sci, 1979 Nov, 27(3), 297 - 301 Non-specific resistance of mice to Pasteurella haemolytica; Evans HB et al.; A technique for challenge infection of mice with Pasteurella haemolytica is described . Mice were challenged intraperitoneally with P haemolytica in gastric mucin, and viable counts were performed 6 h later on liver suspensions . Viable counts of P haemolytica in the livers of unvaccinated control mice had increased 6 h after infection . Mice were injected subcutaneously with a commercial pasteurella vaccine at various time intervals before challenge . In those given vaccine two weeks, one week, 48 h and 1 h before challenge, viable counts of P haemolytica in the liver increased as for control mice . However, if the time interval between administration of vaccine and challenge was 12 or 24h, viable counts of P haemolytica in the liver decreased after challenge . Subcutaneous inoculation with the nonbacterial components of the vaccine 24 h before challenge did not cause such an effect . Inobulation with the vaccine 24h before challenge with Escherichia coli resulted in an increase in the LD50 for that organism, indicating that the effect is probably non-specific. JAMA, 1979 Oct 12, 242(15), 1647 - 8 Human pulmonary pasteurellosis; Beyt BE Jr et al.; Pasteurella multocida causes hemorrhagic septicemia in many domestic and wild animals . The most common human infection with P multocida is a local cellulitis following animal-inflicted wounds, preponderantly cat bites and scractches . The typical clinical manifestations and complications have been well described previously . We present three cases of pulmonary pasteurellosis that were recently evaluated by the infectious diseases service at Barnes Hospital . In three additional cases, the technologists in the microbiology laboratory isolated P multocida from respiratory tract secretions. Avian Dis, 1979 Oct-Dec, 23(4), 989 - 98 Modulation of cross-protection factor(s) of avian Pasteurella multocida; Rimler RB et al.; Cross-protection factor(s) (CPF) of Pasteurella multocida were maintained in vitro through at least 9 serial passages . Different growth media and temperatures enhanced or repressed the ability of P . multocida to produce CPF . Certain amino acids were innoculous to expression of CPF . B-vitamins enhanced CPF, whereas certain inorganic salts repressed CPF . The plasma of normal tuekeys contained a compound or compounds that were responsible for expression and maintenance of CPF. Avian Dis, 1979 Oct-Dec, 23(4), 966 - 78 The 1978 epornitic of avian cholera on the Chesapeake Bay; Montgomery RD et al.; In an outbreak of avian cholera (Pasteurella multocida infection) in wildfowl on and around Chesapeake Bay during March and April of 1978, 31,295 carcasses were retrieved from Maryland and Virginia . Although other birds were involved, mortality was heavy among diving ducks (90% of the total), especially oldsquaw ducks (80% of the total) . This is the second outbreak involving primarily diving ducks to be reported from this area of the Atlantic Flyway . It mimics in many respects the epornitic that occurred in 1970 . Although mortality was heavy then, this occurrence appears much more severe and could be the largest recorded outbreak of avian cholera in North America. Avian Dis, 1979 Oct-Dec, 23(4), 878 - 85 Attenutated live fowl cholera vaccine . III . Laboratory and field vaccination trials in turkeys and chickens; Michael A et al.; Administered via the drinking water, M-3-G, an attenuated strain of Pasteurella multocida of serotype 1, was found to immunize turkeys and chickens against fowl cholera . Immunity was tested by challenging birds intramuscularly, by palatine cleft swab, or orally after 3 vaccinations . No reactions to vaccination were noted in 390 turkeys in 12 laboratory trials, nor in 20,245 vaccinated in field trials . Chickens showed no vaccination reactions, and immunity was elicited by challenge in a laboratory trial and in face of natural outbreaks in the field, where 11,600 chickens were vaccinated . No vaccination reactions were noted, although most birds involved in the trials were carrying Mycoplasma spp . Immunity was found to last about 10 weeks after the last vaccination . The immunizing properties of M-3-G are compared with the CU strain. Avian Dis, 1979 Oct-Dec, 23(4), 863 - 9 Attenuated live fowl cholera vaccine . I . Development of vaccine strain M3G of Pasteurella multocida; Hertman I et al.; A live cholera vaccine was developed from a virulent avian septicemia strain of Pasteurella multocida serotype 1 . The virulent parental strain was mutagenized with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso guanidine . Mutants were selected that had either smaller colonies at 37 C or temperature sensitivity for growth at 41 C . Four small-colony mutants and 2 temperature-sensitive mutants were studied . All the mutants were avirulent for turkeys . Sixteen days after turkeys were vaccinated with each mutant, both the vaccinates and unvaccinated controls were challenge-exposed to virulent P . multocida of the homologous serotype and the heterologous serotype 3 . Two of the small-colony mutant strains protected against both homologous and heterologous challenge . Suggested for a live cholera vaccine is P . multocida M3G, a small-colony-forming mutant, innocuous for both mice and turkeys and stable against reversion. Avian Dis, 1979 Oct-Dec, 23(4), 1066 - 71 A microtiter agglutination test for anti-Pasteurella multocida antibodies in turkeys; Schlink GT et al.; A microtiter agglutination test (MTA) was developed for assaying anti-Pasteurella multocida antibodies in turkeys vaccinated with live avirulent Clemson University (CU) strain . Safranine-O was incorporated with the decapsulated P . multocida antigen and greaterly enhanced the visibility of the sedimented free antigen, which formed a compact red button on the bottom of the well . The advantages of the MTA test over the tube agglutination test were that: 1) less antigen and serum were required; 2) delineation of the end point was improved by staining the antigen with safranine-O; and 3) less labor was required. J Physiol, 1979 Oct, 295, 419 - 30 Protein deprivation: its effects on fever and plasma iron during bacterial infection in rabbits; Hoffman-Goetz L et al.; 1 . The effects of chronic dietary protein deprivation on fever and host plasma iron reduction in bacterially infected rabbits (Oryctolagus