Cancer Res, 1979 Sep, 39(9), 3454 - 7 Enhancement of the thermal response of animal tumors by Corynebacterium parvum; Urano M et al.; The effect of Corynecbacterium parvum treatment on the thermal response of animal tumors was studied . Tumors were methylcholanthrene-induced (FSa-II) and spontaneous (FSa-I) fibrosarcomas in C3Hf/Sed mice . C . parvum was given i.v . and was followed by local hyperthermia at 43.5 degrees 3 days later . Cell survival determined by lung colony assays showed that preadministration of C . parvum insignificantly enhanced the thermal response of both tumors . Studies of delay of tumor growth for FSa-II demonstrated that the enhancement ratio decreased with increasing time of treatment and reached a minimum of approximately equal to 1.7 . The enhancement ratio for the time at hyperthermia which achieved tumor control in one-half of the treated tumors was 1.7 . Together with our previous results on normal tissue responses, the therapeutic gain factor for obtaining 50% tumor control was found to be 1.1 (1.7/1.55) for the weekly immunogenic FSa-II tumor, while it was 2.3 for moderately immunogenic FSa-I as reported previously. South Med J, 1979 Sep, 72(9), 1223 - 4 Subcutaneous inflammation (infection?) after synovial rupture: a complication of a complication; Good AE et al.; Six weeks after presumptive acute synovial rupture at the knee, a patient was admitted with cutaneous induration over the medial calf . Roentgenograms showed gas shadows within the involved area . A fluctuant area at the center of the indurated mass yielded a Corynebacterium species. Rev Cubana Med Trop, 1979 Sep-Dec, 31(3), 199 - 204 {Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of indol alkaloids}; Rojas Hernandez NM; In pursuing the study of the antimicrobial properties of alkaloids prepared from Cuban plants the activity of 10 indol alkaloids and 4 semisynthetic variables obtained from three plants--Catharanthus roseus G . Don., Vallesia antillana Wood and Ervatamia coronaria Staph, of the family Apocynaceae--growing in Cuba was assessed in vitro . The alkaloids and the variables used were catharantine, vindoline, vindolinine, perivine, reserpine, tabernaemontanine, tetrahydroalstonine, aparicine, vindolinic acid, reserpic acid and vindolininol . These were faced to 40 bacterial strains from the genera Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium as well as to fungi and yeasts from the genera Aspergillus, kCunnighamella, kCandida and Saccharomyces . The method involving cylindric sections in a double agar layer was applied and lectures were obtained at 24-48 hours of incubation at 25 degrees C for fungi and yeasts and 37 degrees C for bacteria . Inhibition zones are reported in millimeters. Mikrobiologiia, 1979 Sep-Oct, 48(5), 863 - 7 {Morphogenetic features of Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans}; Golovacheva RS; The morphogenesis of Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans BKM B-1269 was studied by electron microscopy at the vegetative stage of growth on a medium with pyrite as the source of energy . Young growing cultures of this organism were found to be very polymorphous: along with rod-like cells of various dimensions (0.6--0.8x1.0--3.0 mcm) which were predominant, coccoid, pyriform, clavate and dumbbell-like cells were also encountered . Certain cells have a tendency for branching . The cells can divide by sudden breaking of the parent cell along a partition being formed . These breaks are often incomplete, thus giving rise to cellular aggregates in the shape of palisades, bent chains, rings and Y-formations . The above characteristics of S . thermosulfidooxidans morphogenesis suggest that the genus Sulfobacillus is related to Corynebacterium-like organisms and actinomycetes . However, this genus differs in its morphology from bacilli though both (as well as actinomycetes) are capable of spore formation. Cancer, 1979 Sep, 44(3), 899 - 905 Cyclophosphamide plus 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC) with or without Corynebacterium parvum in metastatic malignant melanoma; Presant CA et al.; One hundred twenty patients with metastatic malignant melanoma were randomized to receive either cyclophosphamide, 600 mg/m2 IV, on day 1 plus DTIC 200 mg/m2 IV days 1 through 5, or the same chemotherapy plus C . parvum 5 mg/m2 IV on day 8 and day 15 . Therapy was repeated every 21 days . Although responses were observed in 13.8% of patients on cyclophosphamide plus DTIC versus 25.5% of patients on cyclophosphamide plus DTIC plus C . parvum, the median duration of remission was 15.6 weeks on chemotherapy and 13.0 weeks on chemotherapy plus C . parvum . Furthermore, survival was similar on both regimens (6.1 months versus 5.7 months, respectively) . Favorable prognostic factors included metastatic disease confined to skin or lymph nodes (33% responses), performance status greater than 70% (24% response rate), and administration of three or more courses of chemotherapy (31% response rate) . The dose limiting toxicity was myelosuppression, which was equal on both regimens . Chills and fever were common in response to C . parvum, and, rarely hypotension, cyanosis, or immune nephritis was observed . The addition of C . parvum to chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide plus DTIC is not recommended. Infect Immun, 1979 Sep, 25(3), 1081 - 3 Isolation of a cured strain from Corynebacterium diphtheriae PW8; Ishii-Kanei C et al.; A nonlysogenic, non-toxinogenic strain was isolated from the PW8 strain of C . diphtheriae by two-step ultraviolet induction . This strain was lysed by phages derived from the PW8 strain but not by beta phages from the C7(beta) strain . When this cured strain was lysogenized with phages from the PW8 strain, toxin production by the resulting lysogens was about a half or a quarter of that of the parent strain PW8. Am J Vet Res, 1979 Aug, 40(8), 1110 - 4 Visceral caseous lymphadenitis in thin ewe syndrome: isolation of Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, and Moraxella spp from internal abscesses in emaciated ewes; Renshaw HW et al.; The relationship between the visceral form of caseous lymphadenitis and a chronic debilitating condition of mature sheep designated as the thin ewe syndrome was investigated . Internal abscesses were found during necropsy in 81% of animals with thin ewe syndrome and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C ovis) was recovered from 86% of the animals with internal abscesses . Other pyogenic bacteria, including C pyogenes, C equi, Staphylococcus epidermis, S aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were often recovered in association with C pseudotuberculosis . Moraxella sp was recovered in 41% of the animals with internal abscesses . In some abscesses, Moraxella sp was the dominant microorganism isolated and in others, they were outnumbered only by C pseudotuberculosis . Species isolated included M bovis, M osloensis, and M nonliquefaciens . The potential importance of Moraxella sp to the cause and pathogenesis of the thin ewe syndrome is not known . The results of the present study indicate that visceral caseous lymphadenitis is either an important contributing factor to the development of thin ewe syndrome or that the presence of thin ewe syndrome may predispose affected sheep to the development of visceral caseous lymphadenitis . A skin test reagent prepared by sonicating C pseudotuberculosis was of limited value in detecting animals with visceral caseous lymphadenitis . Only 56% of the animals with abscesses caused by C pseudotuberculosis gave positive delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test responses. Cancer, 1979 Aug, 44(2), 488 - 91 Inhibition of spontaneous AKR leukemia by multiple inoculations of Corynebacterium parvum; Check JH et al.; In previous studies we have shown that AKR mice could be protected from spontaneous leukemia by specific immunotherapy in combination with splenectomy . In this experiment we investigated the effects of nonspecific immunotherapy with C . parvum in a similar regimen . It was found that bi-weekly, ip inoculations of 0.7 mg of C . parvum could significantly protect AKR mice from spontaneous tumors, and that splenectomy could not modify this effect . Thus, the spleen does not appear to play a determinant role in mediating the protective effects of C . parvum, as had been suggested in other systems. Am J Med, 1979 Aug, 67(2), 228 - 31 Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis . A new cause of infectious and eosinophilic pneumonia; Keslin MH et al.; A 28 year old veterinary medical student experienced spiking fever, cough, peripheral blood eosinophilia and an eosinophilic pulmonary infiltrate . Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was isolated from a transtracheal aspirate and bronchoscopy washings . C . pseudotuberculosis, a pathogen responsible for lymphadenitis in livestock, has never been reported to cause pneumonia in man . In the four cases of C . pseudotuberculosis previously reported, lymphadenitis was the chief clinical presentation . In our patient specific antibodies against the isolated C . pseudotuberculosis developed but not against the other corynebacteria . With erythromycin therapy, the peripheral blood eosinophilia and IgE anti-C . pseudotuberculosis titer decreased whereas the IgG titer continued to increase. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1979 Aug, 149(2), 168 - 72 Effect of Corynebacterium parvum in prevention and reversal of atrophy of the liver following portacaval shunt; Fisher B et al.; Since it has been demonstrated that the administration of Corynebacterium parvum is associated with increased hepatocyte proliferation in both normal and regenerating livers, it seemed appropriate to determine whether the use of this agent would affect the hepatic atrophy which occurs following end-to-side portacaval shunts . When administered at shunting, liver weight and liver deoxyribonucleic acid failed to decrease to the same extent as that occurring in untreated, shunted rats . An increase in liver deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis was observed following portacaval shunt only in treated rats . Corynebacterium parvum administration to portacaval shunt rats with livers demonstrating marked atrophy 15 to 18 days following shunting resulted in the reversal of such atrophy . There was an increase in liver weight and deoxyribonuclei acid to the extent that those values were equal to, or greater than, those of livers from nonshunted rats . By increasing the number of cells within liver, Corynebacterium parvum administration prevents or reverses the decrease in liver size, that is, atrophy, which occurs after portacaval shunts were performed. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1979 Aug, 87C(4), 293 - 300 Direct effects of Corynebacterium parvum and BCG on human monocyte-mediated tumour cell cytostasis in vitro; Hammerstrom J; Four strains of Corynebacterium parvum (Cp) and BCG induced low levels of cytostatic ability to a human tumour cell line in human monocytes when added directly to conventional monocyte cultures . The cytostatic ability induced by mediators from autologous lymphocytes stimulated with the same agents was greater than that produced by direct addition to monocytes . BCG was more efficient in stimulating lymphocyte DNA-synthesis and lymphokine release than any of the Cp strains tested . In order to test the influence of contaminating adherent lymphocytes on the direct induction of cytostasis, monocyte cultures of greater than 99.9% purity were prepared by adherence purification . Cp induced low levels of cytostatic ability in such highly purified monocytes when added directly to the monocytes . Addition of BCG and Candida albicans had an adverse effect on the cytostatic ability of purified monocytes . A morphological study of Cp interaction with purified monocytes was performed . Cp, but not BCG, would seem to be able to induce low levels of cytostatic ability in human monocytes without lympohcyte cooperation . Human monocyte activation by the more effective lymphokine pathway is more efficiently triggered in vitro by BCG than by Cp. Br J Urol, 1979 Aug, 51(4), 278 - 82 Subcutaneous Corynebacterium parvum in bladder cancer: a controlled study of its immunological effects; Purves EC et al.; Fourteen out of 26 patients with invasive bladder cancer were randomly assigned to receive weekly subcutaneous injections of Corynebacterium parvum (CP) in addition to standard treatment . Peripheral blood T lymphocyte percentage, K cell activity, mitogen responsiveness, and monocyte and polymorph leucotaxis were measured at intervals over a period of 1 to 2 years . The only consistent difference between the CP-treatment patients and the controls was a slightly higher level of K cell activity in the former, who, however, fared rather worse than the controls in terms of survival. Ann Intern Med, 1979 Aug, 91(2), 167 - 73 Infection due to Corynebacterium species in marrow transplant patients; Stamm WE et al.; A Corynebacterium species consistently resistant to all antibiotic therapy except vancomycin caused bacteremia in 32 of 284 (11%) marrow transplant patients . Twenty-one patients had colonization or infection before bacteremia . Twenty-six of the 32 patients were males, and males older than 16 years were infected significantly more often than females over 16, or than all patient under 16 . A case-control study showed that infected patients had greater exposure to antibiotics; more often had failure of engraftment and persistent granulocytopenia; were in laminar air-flow rooms less often; and had greater inhospital mortality . Cultural surveillance showed that 17 of 42 marrow transplant patients were colonized with Corynebacterium species . Likelihood of colonization appeared related to age, sex, and duration of hospitalization . Prevalence of colonization in other populations was 1% in nonhospitalized healthy adults and 13% in adults in a general hospital . Corynebacterium species infections occur primarily in adult males with granulocytopenia, mucocutaneous defects, and receiving intensive antibiotic therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1979 Aug, 63(2), 423 - 6 Effect of adriamycin and Corynebacterium parvum in tumor-bearing mice: modulation of response to sheep red blood cells; Dimitrov NV et al.; Administration of adriamycin and Corynebacterium parvum alone in C57BL/6J mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma stimulated the direct (19S) and indirect (7S) plaque-forming cell (PFC) response specific for sheep red blood cells . Thus adriamycin appears to possess some immunostimulatory effect on tumor-bearing mice with much less effect than C . parvum alone . Simultaneous administration of adriamycin and C . parvum decreased the PFC response compared to that for C . parvum alone . This decrease may indicate that drug-vaccine interaction could produce some inhibition of the strong immunostimulatory effect of C . parvum as measured by the PFC response in tumor-bearing mice . The immunostimulatory effect of adriamycin and C . parvum administered as a single agent or in combination was associated with significant splenomegaly . The results of this study could be helpful in clinical situations when these agents are used alone or combined. J Periodontol, 1979 Aug, 50(8), 416 - 8 Experimental gingivitis in ODU plaque-susceptible rats . III . Toxic activity of the rat dental plaque; Azuma Y et al.; The toxicity tests of the dental plaque from ODU plaque-susceptible rats showed strong lethal effect on mice, and abscess forming effect on guinea-pigs . Bacterial cells isolated from the rat dental plaque also showed strong toxicity on both animals and capillary permeable activity on rabbits . Among these bacterial cells, Corynebacterium showed the strongest toxic effects on these animals . These facts suggested an important role of the dental plaque on initiation and development of gingivitis and that especially Corynebacterium may play an important role on gingivitis in ODU plaque-susceptible rats. Lab Anim Sci, 1979 Aug, 29(4), 519 - 20 Corynebacterium equi in the cottontop marmoset (Saguinus oedipus): a case report; Stein FJ et al.; A wild-caught cottontop marmoset died after a short illness characterized by loss of appetite, loss of weight and general unthriftiness . Necropsy revealed a large thoracic abscess from which Corynebacterium equi was recovered. Immunobiology, 1979 Aug, 156(1-2), 65 - 75 Studies of the producer cell of interferon in human lymphocyte cultures; Kirchner H et al.; The producer cells of interferon were studied in human leucocyte cultures stimulated by a variety of stimulants, including phytohemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), Corynebacterium parvum (CP) and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) . When the cells were fractionated by the use of neuraminidase-treated sheep red blood cells (SRBC), the T cell population responded with interferon production to PHA and PWM but not to CP or HSV . However, the non-T population showed a vigorous response to the latter two stimuli . In contrast, nylon column eluate cells enriched for T cells responded well to CP and HSV with production of interferon . To resolve these contradictory data, we have used combinations of techniques . Nylon column eluate cells were further separated by SRBC and it was found that the nylon non-adherent rosetting cell did not produce interferon in response to HSV or CP whereas the nylon-nonadherent non-rosetting cell did . In additional experiments more elaborate techniques were used . Leucocytes were treated by plastic adherence and iron filings, passed over a nylon column and subsequently over an Ig-anti-Ig column, and then rosetted with SRBC . Again only the non-rosetting population produced interferon . In parallel experiments the capacity of the different cell populations to lyse three types of target cells in a chromium release assay as a test for "natural killer" (NK) cell activity was investigated . There was some correlation between interferon production and NK cell activity . Thus, our data indicate that interferon is produced by non-T, non-B cells, possibly by cells related to NK cells. Experientia, 1979 Jul 15, 35(7), 908 - 9 {Effect of Corynebacterium parvum on serum lysozyme (muramidase) levels (author's transl)}; Eliopoulos G et al.; An i.v . injection of 548 microgram of killed Corynebacterium parvum into C57B1 mice leads to significant changes in serum lysozyme (muramidase) levels . After an initial fall at 24 h, the activity of the enzyme increased progressively, reached a peak on the 9th day and returned to control range after the 15th day. Ann Immunol (Paris), 1979 Jul-Aug, 130C(4), 581 - 6 {Role of macrophages in interferon production in mice (author's transl)}; Forestier F et al.; By stimulating or depressing the macrophage system with Corynebacterium parvum or anti-macrophage serum, we were able to establish that macrophages play a role in Poly-I:C-induced interferon production . On the other hand macrophages do not seem to be the cells which produce endotoxin- or NDV-induced interferon, although a slight participation of these cells in the production of NDV-induced interferon cannot be excluded. Clin Exp Immunol, 1979 Jul, 37(1), 169 - 73 The reversal of surgically induced reticuloendothelial depression; Everson NW et al.; The function of the reticuloendothelial (RE) system may be depressed by surgical operation . As this system is an important defence mechanism against tumour growth and metastasis, it would be an advantage if this depression could be prevented by the administration of a suitable agent . The agents studied in this case were levamisole, Corynebacterium parvum (C . parvum) and glucan . As a measure of RE function a carbon clearance test was performed in rats, 1 hr after partial colectomy, animals having received pre-operative treatment with one of these substances . The results show that operation produced a significant fall in clearance (P less than 0.001) . Both C . parvum and glucan were very effective in preventing any fall of clearance following operation (P less than 0.01) . Both of these produced marked RE stimulation and values in animals given these agents remained above control values even after surgery . Levamisole had some effect in preventing the RE depression (P less than 0.02), but was not as effective as either C . parvum or glucan. Cancer Res, 1979 Jul, 39(7 Pt 1), 2807 - 10 Immunotherapeutic response of concanavalin A-bound L1210 vaccine enhanced by a streptococcal immunopotentiator, OK-432; Kataoka T et al.; Immunotherapeutic response to concanavalin A (Con A)-bound L1210 murine leukemic vaccine and immunopotentiators was examined in histocompatible animals bearing a small burden L1210 leukemic cells . When combined with Con A-bound vaccine, a streptococcal immunopotentiator, OK-432 (NSC B116209), prepared from Streptococcus pyogenes, was potent in antitumor therapy and resulted in a number of cured animals . Administration of either Con-A-bound vaccine or OK-432 alone did not produce any beneficial effect on leukemic animals . The enhanced therapeutic response was dependent on the effectiveness of the dose and timing of the administration of OK-432 when given after vaccination . Combined modality of Con A-bound L1210 vaccine and OK-432 was not effective in animals bearing P388 murine leukemic cells, which indicates specificity of therapeutic response . In enhancing the therapeutic potency of Con A-bound leukemia vaccine, pyran copolymer (NSC 46015) was as effective as OK-432, whereas Bacillus Calmette-Guerin and Corynebacterium parvum were far less effective . When combined with OK-432, therapeutic response to Con A-bound L1210 vaccine was much greater than response to glutaraldehyde-, mitomycin C-, or Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase-treated L1210 vaccine. Sex Transm Dis, 1979 Jul-Sep, 6(3), 199 - 202 Inhibition of Haemophilus vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale) by metronidazole, tetracycline, and ampicillin; Ralph ED et al.; The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ampicillin, tetracycline, and metronidazole for 71 strains of Haemophilus vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale) were compared by use of an agar-dilution method and an inoculum of 10(6) organisms/ml . All strains were sensitive to 1 microgram of ampicillin/ml, 70% to 4 micrograms of tetracycline/ml, and only 13% of the strains to 8 micrograms of metronidazole/ml . Under anaerobic conditions the susceptibility to metronidazole increased markedly, and 48% of the strains were inhibited by 8 micrograms/ml . In determinations of MICs in broth cultures, reduction of the inoculum size to 10(4) organisms/ml increased susceptibilities to metronidazole and tetracycline, whereas incubation of 48 hr instead of 24 hr decreased susceptibilities to these two drugs . Minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were generally two- to fourfold greater than the MICs for the three drugs . The results demonstrate that anaerobic conditions, inoculum size, and duration of incubation influence the susceptibility of H . vaginalis to antibiotics in vitro. J Cell Physiol, 1979 Jul, 100(1), 55 - 62 Tuftsin-macrophage interaction: specific binding and augmentation of phagocytosis; Bar-Shavit Z et al.; The binding of {3H}tuftsin to normal and in vivo stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophage populations was studied at 22 degrees C . The {3H}tuftsin binding to thioglycollate-stimulated macrophages was shown to be rapid and saturable, with an equilibrium dissociation constant (K(D)) (calculated from a Scatchard plot) of 5.3 X 10(-8) M . The calculated number of binding sites per macrophage amounts to approximately 72,000 . Binding competition studies with unlabelled tuftsin yielded a K(D) of 5.0 X 10(-8) M . {3H} {N-Acetyl-Thr1}tuftsin, an inactive analog of tuftsin, failed to bind specifically to thioglycollate-stimulated macrophages . {N-Acetyl-Thr1}tuftsin and the tripeptide {Des-Arg4}tuftsin failed to compete for tuftsin binding sites, while {D-Arg4}tuftsin, an analog with small tuftsin-like activity, exhibited a low degree of inhibition of {3H}tuftsin binding . Thus a rather high degree of specificity is involved in the binding of the tetrapeptide . Normal as well as six different macrophage populations induced by stimulation with thioglycollate, concanavalin-A, starch, mineral oil, glucan and Bacillus Calmette Guerrin (BCG), exhibited a similar degree of binding of {3H}tuftsin . Corynebacterium parvum (CP)-stimulated macrophages, on the other hand, showed a 6- to 10-fold-lower capacity for tuftsin binding . Under similar experimental conditions, mouse fibroblast and lymphocyte preparations revealed no detectable specific binding . Tuftsin augmented the phagocytic response of normal and stimulated macrophages assessed both for phagocytosis mediated via the Fc-receptor and via non-specific receptors . CP-stimulated macrophages did not exhibit an increased phagocytic response upon treatment with tuftsin. Cancer, 1979 Jul, 44(1), 117 - 23 Immunologic evaluation of patients with advanced head and neck cancer receiving weekly chemoimmunotherapy; Zighelboim J et al.; Patients with advanced head and neck cancer have significant reduction in their circulating lymphocyte mass which is reflected in decreased numbers of T cells, Fc receptor cells, and in derangements of T lymphocyte functions, i.e., decreased responsiveness to several dilutions of phytohemagglutinin and lack of development of delayed hypersensitivity to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (70% of patients were DNCB (-)) . A population of phagocytic cells capable of decreasing lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens were demonstrated . Removal of these cells resulted in an increment in lymphocyte responsiveness . Immunological impairment seemed to correlate with patients' ability to become sensitized to DNCB . Those patients who were DNCB (+) had less derangement in their immunological parameters . Weekly administration of Corynebacterium parvum in conjunction with chemotherapy did not have a discernible effect on patient's immune reactivity. Biokhimiia, 1979 Jul, 44(7), 1321 - 8 {Possible role of high molecular weight polyphosphates in ATP synthesis from exogenous adenine by the culture of Corynebacterium sp., strain VSTI-301}; Butukhanov VD et al.; An addition of exogenous adenine to an autolysing 72-hour culture of Corynebacterium sp., strain BSTI-301 results in accumulation of as much as 0,6--1,0 mp of ATP per 1 ml of medium . Extracellular ATP accumulation under such conditions is coupled with a considerable decrease of the intracellular content of 5'-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate, orthophosphate, pyrophosphate and two fractions of high-polymeric polyphosphates PPh3 and PPh4, as compared to the control . The activity of pyrophosphate phosphohydrolase (EC 3.6.1.1) and polyphosphate phosphohydrolase (EC 3.6.1.11) is thereby considerably decreased in the cells growing on exogenous adenine, while the activity of ADP-phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.4.1) is increased 2-fold . It was found that in experiments with 14C-adenine the intracellular content of both ATP and ADP remains unchanged despite a considerable accumulation of extracellular ATP in Corynebacterium sp., strain BSTI-301 cells. Pathology, 1979 Jul, 11(3), 533 - 5 Non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae causing subacute bacterial endocarditis: case report; Guard RW; This is the case report of a 13-yr-old European child from a boarding school at Herberton, on the Atherton Tableland, who developed subacute bacterial endocarditis, with 6 blood cultures at different times growing a non-toxigenic strain of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Infect Immun, 1979 Jul, 25(1), 237 - 48 Immunization against Schistosoma mansoni in rhesus monkeys and the requirement of activation of both cell-mediated and humoral mechanisms; Maddison SE et al.; When groups of rhesus monkeys were pretreated with BCG plus hyperimmune serum from monkeys with chronic schistosomiasis or with dialyzable transfer factor from uninfected monkeys plus hyperimmune serum and were challenged with 1,500 cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni, the mean worm burdens were significantly lower than that of untreated controls . Pretreatment with neither BCG alone nor Corynebacterium parvum plus a membrane antigen of adult worms of S . mansoni affected susceptibility . Neither lymphocyte proliferation in the presence of mitogens or schistosome antigen nor serological responsiveness (as measured by gel diffusion, Cercarienhullenreaktion, circumoval precipitation, or enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay) correlated with the degree of resistance of the animals to S . mansoni . The pretreatment procedures used did not cause any abnormal histopathological responses and did not alter the characteristic host response to schistosome eggs in the lungs, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes, and colon. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Jul, (7), 48 - 51 {Interrelationship of toxin formation with proteolytic enzyme synthesis in the process of cultivating diptheria microorganisms}; Savranskaia SIa et al.; For the first time the synthesis of proteolytic enzymes by Corynebacterium diphtheriae has been shown to precede the process of toxin formation . The process of controlling the proteolytic activity of enzymes seems to be a suitable basis for the evaluation of toxin formation in mathematically planned experiments with strictly controlled tasks. Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1979 Jun 2, 109(22), 860 - 1 {Postoperative prevention of recurrence with intrapleural Corynebacterium parvum in patients with stage I and II bronchial carcinomas . Ludwig lung cancer study I}; Effects of repeated Corynebacterium parvum and BCG therapy on immune parameters: a weekly study of melanoma patients II . Changes in serum immunoglobulins and lymphoid cell subpopulations; Two groups, each of eight patients, with metastatic melanoma were immunized with either C . parvum or BCG at 3-weekly intervals . The serum IgG, IgA, IgM levels, E-rosettes, EA-rosetts, sIg-bearing cells, 'null cells' and lymphocyte blastogenesis at four PHA concentrations were assayed, before immunization and weekly thereafter for 8 weeks . The pre-immunization E-rosette values were significantly reduced, with a significant increase in 'null cell' values and EA-rosette percentages, when compared with healthy controls . Following C . parvum immunization, significant increases occurred in E-rosette percentages with decreases in EA-rosette and 'null cell' counts . A significant reduction in 'null cell' values also occurred with BCG . Other parameters including PHA blastogenesis did not exhibit statistically significant changes . Different methods of expressing the results (particularly of blastogenesis data) were compared, as were the similarities between the present investigation and a study of the effects of a single immunization . The relationship between the subpopulation changes and lymphocyte cytotoxicity described in an earlier article (Thatcher, Swindell & Crowther, 1979a) is discussed. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1979 Jun, 87C(3), 167 - 75 Activation of human monocytes by mediators from lymphocytes stimulated with Corynebacterium parvum; Hammerstrom J et al.; Human monocytes activated in vitro by lymphokine-containing supernatants of autologous or allogeneic lymphocytes stimulated in vitro by Corynebacterium parvum (CP) expressed increased ability to suppress DNA-synthesis in a human tumour cell line . Monocyte activation was not dependent on in vitro differentiation of monocytes, enhanced cytostatic ability being observed at all stages of in vitro differentiation . The lymphokine-induced cytostatic ability was not affected by intensive washing and trypsin treatment of the activated monocytes, but disappeared during 48 hours of in vitro culture of the activated cells . The increased cytostatic ability of lymphokine-activated monocytes did not seem to be due to stable supernatant factors released from monocytes . CP stimulated DNA-synthesis in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 28 normal donors, thus confirming the mitogenic effect of CP on human lymphocytes . Lymphokine production in response to CP correlated with the magnitude of DNA-synthesis, but appeared before DNA-synthesis could be detected in the lymphocytes. Br J Exp Pathol, 1979 Jun, 60(3), 259 - 68 An ultrastructural study of peritoneal mononuclear phagocytes from Corynebacterium parvum-injected mice; Pugh-Humphreys RG et al.; Peritoneal mononuclear phagocytes harvested from mice 24 h after i.p . injection of C . parvum displayed hypertrophy of the Golgi and smooth endoplasmic reticulum complex with attendant increase in lysosome production . The ingested bacilli were identified within phagolysosomes, within which large myelin figures accumulated . In addition to heterophagic vacuoles, autophagosomes and lipid droplets were observed . These latter two inclusions may reflect a direct or indirect cytopathic effect of C . parvum on the phagocytes. Br J Cancer, 1979 Jun, 39(6), 613 - 20 Microenvironmental arginine depletion by macrophages in vivo; Currie GA et al.; Since the tumour-selective cytotoxic activity of activated macrophages in vitro can be attributed to depletion of the culture medium of L-arginine by macrophage arginase, a series of experiments was designed to determine whether such a mechanism could operate in vivo . Extracellular fluid obtained from Gullino chambers within established tumours contained high levels of arginase, no detectable arginine and high levels of ornithine . When tumours were disaggregated into single-cell suspensions, arginase was readily detected within tumour macrophages but not within malignant cells . Inflammatory ascites induced in mice by Corynebacterium parvum was rich in arginase, depleted of L-arginine and cytotoxic in vitro to L5178Y and V79 cells . High levels of arginase in the ascites fluid were associated with resistance to challenge with syngeneic L5178Y cells . Lymph collected from the cisterna chyli in rats bearing a macrophage-rich sarcoma on the small bowel contained elevated levels of arginase, was depleted of arginine and contained increased concentrations of ornithine . We conclude that in sites of macrophage infiltration there is microenvironmental arginine depletion due to the action of arginase, and that arginase release could represent an important macrophage effector mechanism against a variety of targets, including malignant cells, virus-infected cells, fungi and parasites. J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Jun, 9(6), 693 - 8 Characterization of a screening test for diphtherial toxin antigen produced by individual plaques of corynebacteriophages; Welkos SL et al.; A passive immune hemolysis assay has been developed to detect diphtherial toxin produced in individual plaques of tox+ corynebacteriophages . This assay permits rapid screening of large numbers of corynebacteriophages for their ability to code for diphtherial toxin or related antigens . The specificity of the assay and its potential usefulness for genetic studies of toxinogenesis have been demonstrated with well-characterized tox+ and tox- laboratory strains of corynebacteriophages. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Jun, (6), 58 - 61 {Heteromorphism of the corynebacteria . III . D- (dark) and C- (clear) cell types and multiseptate specimens}; Vysotskii VV; A population of Corynebacterium diphtheriae may consist of cells with accented (osmiophilic) cytoplasm (cells of the "dark" type, or D type) and cells with cytoplasm having no pronounced osmiophilic properties (cells of the "clear" type, or C type) . The divergence of the population into cells of the D and C types occurs at the stage of cell division, the original mother cell being able to divide into 2 or more individual cells belonging to different types (elongated multiseptate cells) . At the same time no morphological disturbances in septation may be observed . The ability of each type of cells for division into the corresponding individual daughter cells indicates their being biologically valid . The mixed (D--C) population of Corynebacterium diphtheriae is considered to be a sign of the dissociation of bacterial culture. Br J Cancer, 1979 May, 39(5), 558 - 65 Monocytes and macrophages in malignant melanoma IV . Effects of C . parvum on monocyte function; Hedley DW et al.; Assays for the capacity of peripheral-blood monocytes (a) to mature in vitro into macrophages, (b) to reduce nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT) and (c) to lyse antibody-coated human Group A red cells, were applied to a group of 82 patients with histologically proven malignant melanoma . In patients with micrometastatic disease there was an enhancement of red-cell lysis and NBT reduction, suggesting that their monocytes are in some way "activated", whereas NBT reduction was suppressed in those with overt dissemination . Monocyte maturation in vitro was impaired in all patient groups to an extent which correlated with overall tumour burden . Corynebacterium parvum was administered i.v . to 12 patients with disseminated disease and by the intradermal route to 24 patients with micrometastatic disease . The 3 monocyte functions were significantly enhanced by C . parvum. Arch Androl, 1979 May, 2(3), 263 - 8 Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora in semen from fertile and infertile groups of men; Rehewy MS et al.; Semen samples were collected by masturbation under asceptic conditions from men who had sired children within the past 6 mo (group A) and asymptomatic men attending an infertility clinic who had not sired children and whose wives were asymptomatic for infertility (group B) . These 109 semen samples were analyzed and cultured for isolation of aerobic and anerobic organisms . Overall, 68% of the specimens had positive bacterial cultures: 54% of the samples from group A were positive and 73% from group B were positive . Mixed bacterial flora were isolated from both groups but in group B they were more varied and present in a higher colony count than in group A . Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staph . aureus, Corynebacterium species, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum were isolated from group A . Group B revealed these organisma plus Streptococcus pneumoniae type III, Strep . pyogenes group A, Strep . feacalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Bacteroides species, Peptostreptococcus species, and Eubacterium species . Semen samples from group A were of better quality than those from group B . In addition, the antibacterial effect of seminal plasma from group A was greater than that from group B. Ann Immunol (Paris), 1979 May-Jun, 130C(3), 445 - 59 {Equal sensitivity of normal or tumoral fibroblasts to cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of normal or "Corynebacterium parvum" activated peritoneal exudate cells (author's transl)}; Fray A et al.; Cytotoxic and cytostatic properties of peritoneal exudate cells from BALB/c mice either normal or pretreated with Corynebacterium parvum normal were studied using as target cells two lines of BALB/c fibroblasts one normal (BALB) and one transformed by Kirsten virus (K.BALB). . C . parvum activated cells displayed higher cytotoxic as measured by 51Cr or 3H-thymidine release and cytostatic, as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, activities against these lines of syngeneic cells . Cytotoxic effect of normal peritoneal cells was evident when 51Cr or 3H-thymidine release was used whereas no such effect was found when cytolytic plaque formation test was used . Sensitivity of both BALB and K.BALB target cell lines was found to be equal to cytotoxic and cytostatic activities of C . parvum activated or normal syngeneic peritoneal cells. J Immunol, 1979 May, 122(5), 1655 - 7 In vitro killing of schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni by BCG and C . parvum-activated macrophages; Mahmoud AA et al.; Resistance to Schistosoma mansoni infection in the mouse has been induced either specifically by a primary infection with this parasite or nonspecifically by a variety of immunostimulants such as BCG . In the present study we developed an in vitro system to examine the effector mechanism of nonspecifically induced resistance . Activated macrophage monolayers obtained from BCG- or Corynebacterium parvum treated mice killed a respective mean 32 +/- 6% and 48 +/- 5% of schistosomula after 24 hr incubation . The killing of the parasites was verified by their inability to mature to adult worms upon injection into normal mice . The activated macrophage-mediated killing was related to cell:parasite ratio, and was partially lost if the macrophage monolayers were kept in cultures for 24 hr before incubation with the organism . Supernatants of macrophages cultured in the presence of schistosomula killed a mean of 51 +/- 3% of the organisms whereas those from cells cultured alone resulted in a mean killing of 25 +/- 3% . Furthermore, toxic supernatants could be generated equally well on incubation with S . mansoni schistosomula or Trichinella spiralis larvae . Our data show that activated macrophage monolayers through soluble mediators destroy a significant proportion of the multicellular parasite S . mansoni schistosomula in vitro. Cancer, 1979 May, 43(5), 1619 - 23 Active specific immunotherapy with tumor cells and Corynebacterium parvum: a phase I study; McCune CS et al.; Autologous, irradiated (10,000 rads) tumor cells mixed with C . parvum were given as weekly intracutaneous injections to fifteen patients with residual malignant disease . The toxicity was minimal and distinctly less than has been seen with tumor cell-BCG immunotherapy . A goal of 4 injections of 10(7) cells each was possible in only 4 patients because of limitations in methods of disaggregation and quantity of tumor available . The feasibility aspects are discussed and a case report of a prolonged regression is presented. Clin Exp Immunol, 1979 May, 36(2), 227 - 36 Effects of repeated Corynebacterium parvum and BCG therapy on immune parameters: a weekly sequential study of melanoma patients . I . Changes in non-specific (NK, K and T cell) lymphocytotoxicity, peripheral blood counts and delayed hypersensitivity reactions; Thatcher N et al.; Increased lymphocyte cytotoxicity, particularly of 'killer' K cell type was recorded with repeated immunizations of either C . parvum or BCG . A 3 week interval between immunizations was capable of maintaining the increase in cytotoxicity . No marked alterations of 'recall' skin hypersensitivity reactions nor of peripheral blood counts were noted . Expression of cytotoxicity results as percentage 51Cr release, lytic units/ml and cytotoxic capacity (after logit transformation of the cytotoxicity-lymphocyte curves) are described . A 3 week immunization schedule is suggested where BCG and C . parvum are used as immunotherapeutic agents, in the doses quoted. Dis Colon Rectum, 1979 May-Jun, 22(4), 223 - 7 A trial of 5-fluorouracil and Corynebacterium parvum in advanced colorectal carcinoma; Gough IR et al.; This study has confirmed that patients who have advanced colorectal carcinoma have impaired responsiveness to delayed-hypersensitivity skin testing, and also have elevated levels of serum IgM . Serial observations of delayed-hypersensitivity skin tests, total lymphocyte counts, T-lymphocyte counts, B-lymphocyte counts, and serum immunoglobulin levels failed to reveal any consistent pattern of responses in patients treated with either chemotherapy alone or chemoimmunotherapy . In 33 patients chosen at random to receive either 5-FU alone or 5-FU in combination with intramuscularly administered C . parvum, there was no evidence of objective response or influence on survival . Intramuscularly administered C . parvum, in the dose and schedule used, produced no evident immunologic or therapeutic effect. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1979 May, 28(3), 548 - 58 Epidemiologic studies among Amerindian populations of Amazônia . I . Pyoderma: prevalence and associated pathogens; Lawrence DN et al.; Pyoderma was studied among a representative sample of the residents of four remote Amerindian villages, Amazonas State, Brazil, during July-August 1976 . The overall prevalence among the 775 inhabitants examined was 11%, with little intervillage variation . When the attack rates for the entire sample population were calculated by 5-year age intervals, the 0- to 4-year-olds had the highest rate, 31% . The highest prevalence, 38%, was found among 3-year-olds . Attack rates were not apparently related to sex . Cultures which were taken from representative pyoderma lesions from people in the four survey villages and from three additional villages were studied by a modified delayed culture technique for recovery of gram-positive pathogens from silica-gel desiccated swabs . Group A and group G B-hemolytic streptococci, coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus, and Corynebacterium diphtheriae were isolated . Group A S . pyogenes was most commonly found, occasionally as the sole pathogenic species . No nephritogenic M-types were found, although most isolates were not M-typable . The T-types found corresponded to those previously reported as being pyoderma-associated . Most pyoderma-associated C . diphtheriae isolates were non-toxigenic . Biotypes gravis and mitis were equally represented. Res Vet Sci, 1979 May, 26(3), 333 - 8 Conditions for in vitro haemolytic activity by Corynebacterium ovis exotoxin; Burrell DH; A substance, concluded to be Corynebacterium ovis exotoxin on the basis of properties shared, was found to have haemolytic activity below pH 6 and red cell adhesion activity at neutral or slightly alkaline pH . An acidified, solid blood agar medium was used to demonstrate the extent of haemolysis that could be obtained at optimal pH and its inhibition by immune serum . Culture in a liquid medium giving rise to a suitably acidic pH allowed titration for haemolytic activity by the exotoxin and use of supernatant in a haemolysis-inhibition test to detect antitoxin. Blut, 1979 Apr 20, 38(4), 331 - 6 No effects of levamisole on cytotoxic drug-induced changes of human granulopoiesis; Schreml W et al.; The effect of Levamisole on the human granulopoiesis was studied in patients randomized to receive, in addition to adjuvant chemotherapy for primary breast cancer, either no other treatment or additional unspecific immune therapy with Levamisole . The reaction of granulopoiesis to the cytostatic drugs, as characterized by changes of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), functional bone marrow granulocyte reserve, serial bone marrow cytology, and granulopoietic stem cells (CFU-C) in marrow and blood, was not affected by administration of Levamisole . The data support the concept that Levamisole has no direct effect on human bone marrow granulopoiesis, but that an allergic mechanism is involved in the pathogenesis of Levamisole-induced agranulocytosis . The expectation that Levamisole exerts a beneficial effect by stimulation of the granulopoiesis, as previously suggested for BCG and Corynebacterium parvum, could not be substantiated in our studies. Cancer, 1979 Apr, 43(4), 1328 - 30 Metabolic changes following the intravenous infusion of Corynebacterium parvum in man; Royle G et al.; The acute changes in concentrations of key blood metabolites and liver function tests were measured following intravenous infusion of Corynebacterium parvum in 9 healthy patients who had recently undergone resection of a colorectal cancer . The following results were obtained: 1) Blood glucose, lactate and ketone body concentrations significantly increased over a 5 hour study period; 2) blood alanine fell during the same period; 3) plasma bilirubin, GOT and urea were significantly elevated 24 hours after C . parvum 4) plasma albumin and cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower 24 hours after C . parvum . These changes are similar to the alterations in hepatic metabolism previously described in clinical bacterial infections, and indicate parenchymal cell damage and reduced synthetic activity . They are potentially important in relation to the treatment of cancer with combined modalities where drug metabolism or excretion may be affected. Br J Cancer, 1979 Apr, 39(4), 441 - 4 Lack of effect of immunotherapy with BCG and Corynebacterium parvum on hepatic drug hydroxylation in man; Wan HH et al.; Serial serum diphenylhydantoin and urinary 5-(p-hydroxphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin concentrations were determined in 8 patients with malignant disease and 4 healthy volunteers on 2 separate occasions after an oral dose of diphenylhydantoin (500 mg) . No significant difference was observed between metabolism before and 10 days after immunization with BCG or Corynebacterium parvum . Volunteers without intervening immunization similarly showed no difference. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Apr, (4), 75 - 8 {Heteromorphism of corynebacteria . II . Microcells}; Vysotskii VV; The formation of microcells is one of the manifestations of the heteromorphism of Corynebacterium . It can occur in 6 ways, of these, 3 are possible during septation (chaotic septation of gigantic macroforms, irregular multiseptation of elongated organisms, and microcells appearing as inserts at the sites of the septum formation), and 3 in undividing cells (microcells at the edge segments of the protoplast, exogemmation, endogemmation) . The analysis of the ultrastructure of microcells indicated the possibility of their independent existence for a certain period of time. South Med J, 1979 Apr, 72(4), 475 - 6 "Diphtheroid" pneumonia; Jacobs NF Jr et al.; We have described a case of pneumonia caused by Corynebacterium CDC Group D2 which was diagnosed by Gram stain of a specimen obtained by transtracheal aspiration and recovery of the organisms from the aspirate specimen in pure culture . Treatment with penicillin was successful. J Invest Dermatol, 1979 Apr, 72(4), 187 - 90 Laboratory induction and clinical occurrence of combined clindamycin and erythromycin resistance in Corynebacterium acnes; Crawford WW et al.; Corynebacterium acnes strains cross-resistant to clindamycin and erythromycin were observed following long-term selection or mutagenic treatment in the laboratory . Similar strains were found among clinical isolates from patients using clindamycin or erythromycin topically in the treatment of acne vulgaris . Clindamycin resistance was never observed in the absence of resistance to macrolides or other lincosaminides . It is suggested that this resistance may result from an alteration of the 50S ribosomal subunit. J Immunol, 1979 Apr, 122(4), 1587 - 91 Defective tumoricidal capacity of macrophages from A/J mice . I . Characterization of the macrophage cytotoxic defect after in vivo and in vitro activation stimuli; Boraschi D et al.; Macrophages from A/J mice fail to develop tumoricidal activity after any of several in vivo or in vitro treatments that activate cells from C3H/HeN mice . Peritoneal macrophages from A/J mice treated i.p . with viable Mycobacterium bovis, strain BCG, killed Corynebacterium parvum, or pyran copolymer fail to develop in vitro tumoricidal activity; varying the numbers of macrophages from treated mice added to target cells, or the dose and time of treatment, or the treatment schedule of these in vivo activation stimuli did not evoke cytotoxic activity . Moreover, cytotoxic activity by macrophages from A/J mice was not observed with any of four target cell lines derived from three different mouse strains . In vitro treatment of peritoneal exudate macrophages from A/J mice with lymphokine-rich supernatants, bacterial endotoxins, or T cell mitogens was also ineffective; varying the numbers of treated macrophages added to target cells, the dose of in vitro activation stimuli, or the time of treatment did not evoke cytotoxic activity . Thus, A/J mice exhibit a profound defect in macrophage tumoricidal capacity to both in vivo and in vitro activation stimuli over a wide range of experimental conditions. Jikken Dobutsu, 1979 Apr, 28(2), 297 - 306 {Seromonitoring of laboratory mouse and rat colonies for common murine pathogens (author's transl)}; Fujiwara K et al.; During a period from 1973 to 1978, 392 and 225 lots including 12,232 mouse and 8,044 rat individual sera, respectively, were examined for antibodies to murine hepatitis virus, Sendai virus, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Mycoplasma pulmonis, Tyzzer agents, Salmonella typhimurium and Corynebacterium kutscheri . Of mouse lots 94.5% and 39.3% from breeder and user colonies, respectively, were negative for all antibodies examined as well as 31.6% and 17.2% of rat breeder and user colonies, respectively . Among positive lots from mouse users, high positivity rates were seen with Senai virus (47.6%), M . pulmonis (19.0%), and murine hepatitis virus (JHM : 18.2%, MHV : 31.0%), while the rates were high in rat user lots with Sendai virus (24.4%), B . bronchiseptica (39.3%) M . pulmonis (12.5%), murine coronaviruses (JHM : 19.0%, MHV-2 : 28.0%) and tyzzer agents (MSK : 19.6%, RT : 17.9%) . These pathogenes with high positivities should be monitored indispensably as a quality control of laboratory mice and rats. J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Apr, 9(4), 517 - 9 Nuclease enhancement of specific cell agglutination in a serodiagnostic test for Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Arko RJ et al.; Antiserum to a purified type R lipopolysaccharide antigen isolated from Neisseria gonorrhoeae was used in a slide agglutination test and compared with conventional carbohydrate utilization and fluorescent antibody tests to confirm the identity of laboratory cultures classified as typical or "atypical" N . gonorrhoeae . Cultures of Corynebacterium vaginalis, N . meningitidis, N . catarrhalis, N . sicca, and N . lactamicus were also tested in the slide agglutination procedure . The addition of both deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease (1 mg/ml) to the cell suspension medium of phosphate-buffered saline improved the sensitivity and specificity of the agglutination reaction for N . gonorrhoeae . Problems relating to the agglutination test as an aid in identification of N . gonorrhoeae are discussed. Prax Klin Pneumol, 1979 Apr, 33 Suppl 1, 350 - 7 {Immunotherapy of malignant growths (author's transl)}; Gericke D; Our knowledge of antigens which are associated with different types of malignant tumours is steadily increasing . These antigens exist in considerable numbers, but, so far with few exceptions, only their presence can be demonstrated by certain methods; to isolate and identify them has not yet been possible . These antigens are, therefore, suitable not so much for the primary diagnosis, but rather, like the carcinoembryonic antigen, the tissue-polypeptide antigen or the alpha-feto-protein, for assessing the success of treatment . Active immunization has recently received a fresh impulse by the use of the enzyme neuraminidase, derived from Vibrio cholerae, in the treatment of tumour cells . There is no passive specific immunotherapy in human cancer . As to specific active immunotherapy BCG, Corynebacterium parvum and preparations of these and other micro-organisms together with polynucleotides, levamisol, statolon, tilorone have been employed . Although the results are not uniform they are promising . Attempts at cellular transfer of immunity are not very encouraging . It should be emphasized that the findings apply to human cancer . Experimental studies have produced very interesting results. J Clin Pathol, 1979 Apr, 32(4), 391 - 5 Detection of bacterial phosphatase activity by means of an original and simple test; Satta G et al.; A new test for the detection of bacterial phosphatase activity has been devised . The test is performed using agar media containing both methyl green (MG) and phenolphthalein diphosphate (PDP); in these media phosphatase-producing strains grow deep-green-stained colonies whereas non-producing strains do not . A total of 739 different strains were tested, including 593 staphylococci, 95 micrococci, 11 streptococci, 10 corynebacteria, 14 enterobacteria, and 16 candidae . All strains found phosphatase-positive according to the conventional phosphatase test displayed deep-green-stained colonies on MG-PDP media, whereas all phosphatase-negative strains showed unstained colonies on the same media . The main advantages of the present phosphatase test as compared with other conventional ones are that it is more simple to perform, it can reveal the phosphatase activity of colonies grown in deep agar, and can be incorporated into commercial multitest kits. Vet Rec, 1979 Mar 24, 104(12), 253 - 5 A comparison of the antibacterial properties of some udder creams and ointments; Alexander F et al.; The antibacterial activity of three udder creams and two ointments was assayed using three different methods . Seven different bacterial genera were used as test organisms providing a total of 17 strains . Only a single strain of corynebacterium was inhibited by all the preparations . Certain strains of staphylococci and streptococci were inhibited by four of the preparations . The gram-negative organisms showed greatest resistance to the antibacterial agents tested . The in vitro assays showed only one of the five preparations to have even slight bactericidal activity . These preparations when tested on the teats of dry and lactating cows showed similar results to the in vitro experiments. Experientia, 1979 Mar 15, 35(3), 330 - 2 Penetration and interaction with haemoglobin of corynebacteria-like microorganisms into erythrocytes in vitro; Tedeschi GG et al.; Following 24 h incubation of normal blood in the presence of the microorganism, the evolution of cell wall deficient forms within the erythrocytes and a process of oxidation of the haemoglobin may be observed. Am J Vet Res, 1979 Mar, 40(3), 400 - 2 Serum proteins of normal goats and goats with caseous lymphadenitis; Desiderio JV et al.; Values for total serum proteins and relative percentages of albumin, alpha 1-globulin, alpha 2-globulin, beta-globulin, and gamma-globulin were determined for the goat . These normal values were compared with those obtained for goats infected with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis . Goats chronically infected with C pseudotuberculosis show significantly higher total serum protein values than normal goats, apparently due to increased gamma-globulins . This higher protein value is also associated with a decrease in serum alpha 2- and beta-globulins. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1979 Mar 1, 174(5), 516 - 7 Feline pyothorax caused by a Borrelia-like organism and Corynebacterium pyogenes; Dickie CW; A 2-year-old, neutered, male cat was euthanatized because of difficult repiration and inability to rise . Necropsy revealed pyothorax . Corynebacterium pyogenes was grown from the purulent thoracic exudate . A Borrelia-like microorganism was demonstrated in the exudate, using phase-contrast microscopy. Cancer Res, 1979 Mar, 39(3), 987 - 92 Conditions for effective Bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy of postsurgical metastases of 13762A rat mammary adenocarcinoma; Kreider JW et al.; We evaluated critical variables in Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy of residual 13762A rat mammary adenocarcinoma . BCG was given intratumorally on Day 7 of tumor growth and followed by primary tumor excisions on Day 20 . Untreated animals died on about Day 40 with axillary nodal and pulmonary parenchymal metastases . BCG-treated animals experienced prolonged survival, and some were cured . The highest dose (5.0 X 10(7) colony-forming units) of BCG was more effective than the lowest (0.5 X 10(7) colony-forming units), but 1,500 micrograms Corynebacterium parvum were more effective than even the highest BCG dose . Previous sensitization to BCG did not improve the effects of BCG treatment . BCG treatment was effective when given on Day 7 and sometimes as late as Day 12 or 17, but C . parvum was ineffective if given after Day 7 . Repeated injections of BCG or C . parvum were not more effective than single injections were . Rats cured of residual 13762A tumor by BCG treatment were strongly and specifically immune to rechallenge . We concluded that a high dose (5.0 X 10(7) colony-forming units) of BCG given early (7 days) was the most effective presurgical treatment of 13762A metastases . Repeated injections or host presensitization to BCG did not improve the benefits. Arch Ophthalmol, 1979 Mar, 97(3), 500 - 2 Corynebacterium endophthalmitis . Laboratory studies and report of a case treated by vitrectomy; Hanscom T et al.; A Corynebacterium sp was isolated from the vitreous humor under aseptic conditions on two separate occasions from a patient with endophthalmitis resulting from a penetrating injury by a metallic foreign body . The metallic foreign body was removed during a pars plana lensectomy and anterior vitrectomy procedure; intravitreously injected methicillin sodium, gentamicin sulfate, and dexamethasone sodium phosphate gave a functional visual result . Intravitreous inoculation of rabbits with the Corynebacterium isolate produced an endophthalmitis similar to that produced in the patient, and subsequent cultures from the vitreous of the inoculated rabbits grew the same Corynebacterium sp . To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of endophthalmitis in which a Corynebacterium sp was documented by intraocular culture. J Cutan Pathol, 1979 Feb, 6(1), 18 - 30 Pitted keratolysis (keratolysis plantare sulcatum) . Ultrastructural study; Tilgen W; Biopsies from typical lesions of pitted keratolysis from five patients have been investigated by electron microscopy to provide information on colonization and morphology of the microorganisms involved in this disease . A part of the biopsies was inoculated in culture media, and Corynebacteria were selected for further examination . Electron microscopy revealed a great variability in the morphologic feature of bacteria concerning size, shape, capsule, cell wall, cross wall formation, plasma membrane, nucleoplasm, cytoplasmic organelles and constituents including mesosomes, ribosomes, volutin granules, and glycogen particles . The pleomorphism is thought to be due in part to the diversity of preparation techniques used in this study and in part to different growth conditions in vivo and in vitro . As a consequence the present findings are only partly comparable with previously published data on bacteria involved in skin diseases . Evidence is presented that bacteria inducing pitted keratolysis may be able to destroy keratin by means of hydrolytic enzymatic activity. J Bacteriol, 1979 Feb, 137(2), 795 - 801 Analysis of corynomycolic acids and other fatty acids produced by Corynebacterium lepus grown on kerosene; Cooper DG et al.; The saponifiable carboxylic acids of the extracellular product of Corynebacterium lepus grown on kerosene have been isolated and characterized . About 25% of these acids were a mixture of simple, saturated fatty acids ranging from C13 to C24 and including both even and odd homologues . The distribution of these acids was bimodal, with maxima at C15 and C21 . The other 75% of the acids was a mixture of corynomycolic acids {R1--CH(OH)--CH(R2)--COOH} ranging from C28 to C43 . The R1 alkyl fragments varied from C16 to C25, and R2 fragments varied from C6 to C14 . Both even and odd corynomycolic acid homologues were observed, and the distribution had a single pronounced maximum at C32 and C33 . Bacterial utilization of the carboxylic oxidation products of the kerosene substrate is suggested to account for the wide distribution in chain length of these saturated fatty acids and for the observation of both even and odd homologues. Clin Exp Immunol, 1979 Feb, 35(2), 171 - 9 Effects of Corynebacterium parvum and BCG therapy on immune parameters in patients with disseminated melanoma . A sequential study over 28 days . II . Changes in non-specific (NK, K and T cell) lymphocytoxicity and delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions; Thatcher N et al.; C . parvum and BCG produced significant changes in NK, K and T cell lymphocytotoxicity using a Chang liver target cell . A consistent temporal pattern over 28 days of early depression, recovery, overshoot and then decline was described . This was particularly marked for C . parvum and 'K' cell activity . Skin test reactivity to recall antigens at 28 days was not appreciably different from the pre-immunization reactivity . The importance of using lymphocyte concentration-cytotoxicity titration curves and the linearization of such curves is discussed . An immunotherapy schedule with 3 weekly immunization intervals is proposed as the optimum schedule in patients receiving C . parvum at a dose of 2.0 mg/m2 i.v. Parasitology, 1979 Feb, 78(1), 77 - 87 Corynebacterium parvum as an adjuvant for Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote vaccines: a comparison with saponin and Bordetella pertussis; Bomford R et al.; The effect was compared in CBA mice of adding Corynebacterium parvum, saponin, and Bordetella pertussis to living or killed Trypanosoma cruzi (Y strain) epimastigote vaccines on the induction of protective immunity against subcutaneous (s.c.) challenge with blood trypomastigotes . The addition of C . parvum to a low dose of T . cruzi vaccine, which alone was non-protective, generated a greater degree of protection than did saponin or B . pertussis . C . parvum alone increased resistance to infection to a variable and usually weak extent . The addition of C . parvum to larger doses of T . cruzi vaccine, which were themselves sufficient to elicit some degree of protection, improved resistance when the challenge was given 1 or 12 weeks after immunization, but lowered it at 3 weeks . It is concluded that the comparative efficacy of adjuvants for T . cruzi vaccines needs to be assessed on 3 parameters: (1) the dose of antigen, (2) the dose of adjuvant and (3) the time interval between immunization and challenge. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Feb, (2), 91 - 6 {Use of microbial cells of Corynebacterium diphtheriae for preparing a nutrient medium}; Savranskaia SIa et al.; Nutrient media prepared on the basis of microbial cells (Corynebacteria diphtheriae) proved to be no less nutrient in comparison with conventional media prepared on the full-value food products . Use of diphtheria bacilli (by-products of diphtheria toxoid production) as the basis for nutrient media permitted to use up to 30% less food products for this purpose. Int J Cancer, 1979 Jan 15, 23(1), 114 - 8 Effect of Corynebacterium parvum on hemopoietic stem-cell kinetics; Eliopoulos G et al.; The intravenous administration of 548 microgram of killed Corynebacterium parvum (C . parvum) into C57BL mice leads to a significant decrease in the number of bone-marrow colony-forming-units in spleen (CFUs) as early as 12 h after the injection of the bacterium . This decrease persisted in varying degrees for 3 weeks . After an initial fall at 24 h, the splenic CFUs exhibited a rapid expansion and reached values 10 times higher than the control range on the ninth day . A significant rise in the number of circulating CFUs, reaching a first peak at 2 h and a second one on the fifth day, was also observed . The proliferative status of femoral CFUs was increased at 48 and 72 h, while that of splenic CFUs presented a significant increase only 48 h after the injection of C . parvum . The sequence of events which were observed in these experiments indicates that an accelerated migration of hemopoietic stem cells from bone marrow to spleen via the blood circulation has to take place. J Bacteriol, 1979 Jan, 137(1), 243 - 7 Tripeptide hydroxamate from Corynebacterium kutscheri; McCullough WG et al.; A tripeptide hydroxamate was isolated from cultures of Corynebacterium kutscheri grown on an iron-limiting medium . The metabolite was characterized by spectral measurements and by chemical degradation as L-alpha-aspartyl-L-alpha-N-hydroxy-aspartyl-D-cycloserine. Cancer Res, 1979 Jan, 39(1), 1 - 5 Effects of dose and schedule of immune stimulant on efficacy of combination Corynebacterium parvum-cyclophosphamide treatment for a murine mammary adenocarcinoma; Purnell DM et al.; Certain variables which might influence the outcome of combining cytotoxic drug and immune stimulant therapy were studied to optimize the effectiveness of Corynebacterium parvum combined with cyclophosphamide (CY) as treatment for a murine mammary adenocarcinoma (CaD2) . Optimal effects of combined C . parvum-CY treatment in the CaD2 system were obtained when 443 to 1400 microgram of this immune stimulant per mouse were injected 2 to 3 days after CY chemotherapy and when combination treatment was continued on a weekly basis . The most critical factors contributing to the effectiveness of combination treatment in this system were the dose of C . parvum and the treatment frequency . The interval between chemotherapy and immune stimulant therapy was less critical to the outcome of combination treatment . Combination treatment given once or weekly significantly decreased tumor size in comparison to single or weekly CY treatment . A single treatment with CY and C . parvum significantly improved the survival over mice given a single CY treatment, but weekly CY and C . parvum treatment did not increase the survival over mice, given weekly chemotherapy. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Jan, 37(1), 4 - 10 Production of surface-active lipids by Corynebacterium lepus; Cooper DG et al.; Corynebacterium lepus was grown in 20-liter batch fermentations with kerosene as the sole carbon source . Critical micelle concentration measurements indicated the production of appreciable quantities of biosurfactants . This surface activity of the culture medium was due to lipids, which were extracted and identified . Samples of C . lepus whole broth were taken during a fermentation and monitored for surface tension, amount of surfactant present, and lipid content . The changes in the surfactant measured correlated with concentration changes of several surface-active lipids . An early dramatic increase in surfactant concentration was attributed to the production of a mixture of corynomycolic acids (beta-hydroxy alpha-branched fatty acids) . Surface activity at the end of the fermentation was due to a lipopeptide containing corynomycolic acids plus small amounts of several phospholipids and neutral lipids which were identified by thin-layer chromatography. G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1979 Jan-Jun, 72(1-6), 10 - 20 Studies on the inhibitory effects of zinc heptanoate on microorganisms; Basit N et al.; Inhibitory effect of zinc heptanoate was observed on different cultures of bacteria and fungi . Growth of all the bacteria was inhibited by the compound . Greatest inhibition was seen in the case of Staphylococcus albus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhi, S . paratyphi A, S . paratyphi B, Vibrio cholerae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and E . coli whereas least inhibition was found in the case of Staphylococcus aureus . In triethanolamine: water (1:1) solution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was least for Klebsiella pneumoniae (800 p.p.m.) while in the case of Staph . aureus and Bacillus subtilis it was 200 p.p.m . Among yeasts and fungi greatest inhibition was found with Trichophyton schoenleini, T . rubrum, T . gourvili, Microsporum adouini, M . vanbreuseghemi and least in the case of Candida albicans . In triethanolamine: water (1:1) solution the MIC for T . schoenleini and T . gourvili and T . violaceum was as low as 900 p.p.m . whereas in the case of Aspergillus oryzae it was highest--3500 p.p.m . The effect of the compound on glucose consumption of Aspergillus niger and Bacillus subtilis was also seen. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1979, 45(1), 81 - 94 Comparison of surfactant production from kerosene by four species of Corynebacterium; Gerson DF et al.; Four species of Corynebacterium-C . fasciens, C . hydrocarboclastus, C . lepus and C . xerosis, were compared for growth and surfactant production from kerosene . Nitrate as sole nitrogen source resulted in a sharp peak in surfactant concentration during mid-exponential growth phase . Ammonium plus nitrate resulted in growth-associated surfactant production . Surfactant was produced at a concentration of 50-80 times the critical micelle concentration by these species; greatest concentrations were produced by C . lepus . All species were pleomorphic, with greatest cell length occurring in early exponential phase . C . hydrocarboclastus had distinctly longer cells (5 mu) than the other species (3 mu) when grown in shake-flask culture . Ammonium sulfate at concentrations greater than 0.1% (w/v) increased cell length in stationary phase. Adv Exp Med Biol, 1979, 121(A), 333 - 41 Activation of pleural macrophages by intrapleural application of Corynebacterium parvum; Basic I et al.; A single ipl injection of 0.25 mg CP into CBA mice led to accumulation of macrophages in the pleural cavity, but it did not influence RES as an injection given iv ipl CP caused a three-to-five-fold increase in the number of nucleated cells in the pleural cavity which persisted at least 14 days . Of these cells 86% were macrophages as shown by their esterase activity . Less than 30% of cells from the pleural cavity of normal mice were esterase positive . Macrophages from the pleural cavity of CP-treated mice were capable of destroying in vitro cultures of a syngeneic mammary carcinoma, while normal pleural macrophages exerted no effect; the former were not cytotoxic for either syngeneic or allogeneic embryo fibroblasts . Ipl CP protected mice against iv injected mammary carcinoma cells; given to mice 7 days after iv inoculation of tumor cells it significantly reduced the number of tumor nodules in their lungs. Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo), 1979 Fall, 19(3), 91 - 103 Pathological and microbiological studies on calf pneumonia occurring in mass rearing facilities; Ishino S et al.; Pathological and microbiological studies were conducted on lesions in the lungs of 194 calves from mass rearing facilities . Macroscopically, the lesions were classified into six forms: nonlesion, atelectasis, mild pneumonia, moderate pneumonia, advanced pneumonia, and advanced pneumonia accompanied with abscess . Histopathological examination revealed bronchopneumonia in most of the calves . Lesions more advanced than moderate pneumonia were complicated with desquamation, severe exudation, and necrosis . Bacteriologically, Pasteurella sp . was isolated often in combination with Staphylococcus sp . from about a half of the atelectatic cases . With the development of pneumonic lesions, Pasteurella sp . was isolated at a high frequency in combination with Haemophilus sp., Streptococcus sp., and Corynebacterium sp . Prominent necrosis was more often seen in cases with Pasteurella haemolytica isolated than in cases with only Pasteurella multocida isolated . Mycoplasma sp . and Ureaplasma sp . were isolated from distinctly pneumonic lesions . Advanced pneumonic lesions were observed in many calves over 30 days of age . The importance of environmental and managerial improvement was also emphasized, since calf pneumonia tended to break out in facilities under unsatisfactory conditions in the present work. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1979, 24(2), 176 - 81 Formation of DL-alanine by Corynebacterium sp . 9366-EMS/270; Plachy J; After a 4-d cultivation in a medium containing 7.5% glucose, 0.6% ammonium nitrate and 0.5% peptone, the leaky mutant Corynebacterium sp . 9366-EMS/270 stimulated in its growth by arginine, was found to accumulate 12.2 g DL-alanine per litre medium. Cornell Vet, 1979 Jan, 69(1), 33 - 44 Ulcerative posthitis in bulls in Uruguay; Riet Correa F et al.; Ulcerative posthitis in bulls in Uruguay is described; 1096 bulls in 17 different establishments were examined . The incidence of bulls grazing on improved pasture was 32.9% in those under one year and 80.8% in animals of 18 to 36 months of age . Bulls grazing on natural pasture showed an incidence of 63.5% in adult animals irrespective of age . Histologic characteristics of the preputial lesions were acanthosis, parakeratosis and hyperkeratosis followed by invasion of leukocytes in the epithelium and ulceration . Corynebacterium renale was isolated from 59 of 204 prepuces . Based on the isolation of C . renale, histological lesions and the greater incidence in animals on high planes of nutrition, it is postulated that the lesion is due primarily to production of ammonia following the hydrolization of urea by the organism. Exp Cell Biol, 1979, 47(1), 53 - 60 Effects of murine tumor necrosis factor on heterotransplanted human tumors; Helson L et al.; A partially purified glycoprotein fraction (the G-200 II fraction) obtained from sera of CD-1 mice sensitized with Corynebacterium parvum and treated with endotoxin was designated as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) . Human melanoma cells exposed to this factor in vitro had decreased tumorigenicity when injected into nude mice . Human melanoma, embryonal adenocarcinoma of the testis and colon carcinoma heterotransplanted in nude mice exhibited regressions in size following intraperitoneal injections of TNF . The responses were related to dose and duration of exposure. Invest Urol, 1979 Jan, 16(4), 292 - 5 Corynebacterium pseudogenitalium sp . nov . Commensals of the human male and female urogenital tracts; Furness G et al.; Antisera to Corynebacterium genitalium Types C-1 to C-6 were prepared in rabbits and the titers of complement fixing antibodies to the homologous strains, to the heterologous strains, to C . genitalium Types I to V, and to the reference species Corynebacterium xerosis and Corynebacterium minutissimum ascertained . Five Types stimulated low levels of cross-reacting antibodies to all corynebacteria tested including Type C-3 . In contrast the antiserum to Type C-3 had antibodies to only two heterologous strains suggesting that these corynebacteria usually shared more than one minor cell wall antigen . The biologic reactions and serotypes of C . genitalium Types C-1 to C-6 have been compared with those of Types I to V . It is considered that C . genitalium should be retained for corynebacteria having the properties of Types I to V whereas corynebacteria having the characteristics of Types C-1 to C-6 that are commensals of the male and female urogenital tracts should be incorporated in a new species Corynebacteria pseudogenitalium sp . nov . The differences in the biologic characteristics of the two species have been discussed and summarized. Clin Exp Immunol, 1979 Jan, 35(1), 36 - 44 Effects of Corynebacterium parvum and BCG therapy on immune parameters in patients with disseminated melanoma a sequential study over 28 days . I . Changes in blood counts, serum immunoglobulins and lymphoid cell populations; Thatcher N et al.; The effects of a single immunization of melanoma patients with BCG or C . parvum on the blood counts, serum immunoglobulin levels and lymphoid subpopulations were followed by multiple assays over 28 days . C . parvum produced a decrease in the white cell count, lymphocyte count and lymphoid T and sIg+ cell numbers, which recovered within 1 week; BCG did not produce such a marked depression . Both agents were associated with increases in T cell numbers and lymphocyte PHA blastogenesis after the first week; these declined to pre-immunization values by 3-4 weeks . The sIg-bearing cell subpopulation also increased after BCG . Different methods of expression the results were compared and the difficulties of immunological monitoring are discussed. Biochem J, 1979 Jan 1, 177(1), 181 - 6 Purification and partial characterization of the exotoxin of Corynebacterium ovis; Onon EO; 1 . The toxin from Corynebacterium ovis, a phospholipase D (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase D) that acts on 2-lysophosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelins, was purified by about 400-fold to homogeneity as judged by several criteria . {The EC number of the toxin (EC 3.1.4.41) has been allotted by the Nomenclature Committee of IUB, but has not yet been published.} 2 . A new assay method performed in vitro, based on inhibition by the toxin of erythrocyte lysis by staphylococcal beta-haemolysin, was developed to facilitate the purification . 3 . The toxin was found to be a basic (pI9.1) glycoprotein of mol.wt . 14,500 +/- 1,000 . 4 . The amino acid composition of the toxin was highly reminiscent of that of collagen, since it contained hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine and a high proportion of glycine, but preliminary tests showed no other similarities to collagen or proteins with similar compositions. Scand J Infect Dis, 1979, 11(1), 89 - 92 Acute Corynebacterium endocarditis causing aortic valve destruction . Successful treatment with antibiotics and valve replacement; Rasmussen V et al.; A case of acute infective endocarditis caused by diphtheroids in a healthy young male is described . The pathogenic role of the diphtheroids was verified by recognition of the same bacterium in 6 consecutive blood cultures and simultaneous rise of specific antibody titers . The infection was effectively controlled by antibiotic treatment, but destruction of the aortic valve led to progressive heart failure irresponsive to medical treatment . The affected valve was successfully replaced by a prosthetic valve, and the patient made a complete recovery . Neither congenital or acquired cardiac defects, nor signs of immunological deficiency could be detected. Exp Hematol, 1979, 7 Suppl 5, 228 - 45 Myelopoietic enhancement by immunoadjuvants: in vitro studies for their rational use in neutropenic patients; Verma DS et al.; Following marrow transplantation, the clinical course of the patients is invariably complicated by severe infections due to neutropenia and immuno-incompetence . With a view to explore means of alleviating these complications, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), methanol extraction residue of BCG (MER), Corynebacterium parvum (C . parvum) and Pyran were examined for their myelopoietic activity on human marrow . Light density (less than or equal to 1.077 g/ml) unfractionated (UF) cells (2 X 10(6)/ml and 2ml/dish), and adherent (Ad) and non-adherent (N-Ad) cells alone (derived from 4 X 10(6) UF cells per dish) were incubated with and without the above agents . The conditioned media (CM) were harvested at 24, 72, 96, and 168 hours and colony stimulating activity (CSA) assayed against light density non-adherent human marrow cells using double layer agar-culture system . CSA was maximum at 72 and 96 hours followed by an invariable decline at 168 hours' incubation . The optimal concentrations releasing maximum CSA varied for each agent . CM prepared with higher concentrations were less active . CM prepared in the presence of Pyran had no CSA . Comparisons of the maximally released CSA by the optimal concentrations of these agents revealed BCG and MER to be the most active . The CSA elaborated by UF cells was more than the total combined activity from separately incubated Ad and N-Ad cells . Re-addition studies revealed that almost full CSA could be recovered when Ad and N-Ad cells were incubated together at a ratio of 1:3 . Different immunoadjuvants have a differing capacity to elaborate CSA from human marrow cells and each has an optimal concentration for maximum CSA release . This may require a cell-cell and/or humoral interaction(s) between Ad and N-Ad cells. Parasite Immunol, 1979 Winter, 1(4), 309 - 16 Phagosome/lysosome fusion: a possible prerequisite for the enhancement of antibody responses in vitro by BCG, Mycobacterium leprae and Corynebacterium parvum; Brown CA et al.; Primary in vitro antibody responses to SRBC were suppressed in cultures prepared from the spleens of CBA mice injected i.v . 20 days previously with 10(8) liver BCG . In contrast, cultures prepared from mice injected with dead BCG showed enhanced responses . In vitro spleen cell responses of the mice had returned to normal levels 4--6 weeks after their injection, but if dead BCG, M . leprae or C . parvum was added to the cultures, responses were enhanced . The enhancing effect of the added bacteria could be removed by adding also suramin, a drug known to inhibit in vitro fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes . It is suggested that the different in vivo effects of live and dead BCG may relate to differences in their handling by macrophages and more especially that the enhanced antibody forming cell response seen in the restimulated cultures of spleen cells from BCG primed mice, depends upon efficient intracellular fusion of lysosomes with the phagosomes containing the added dead bacteria. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1979, 33(5), 783 - 9 {Immunofluorescence tests for the detection of antibodies against Corynebacterium pyogenes and streptococci in blood serum and vaginal mucus of cattle}; Schulz J et al.; Bacteriological tests were applied to cattle with endometritis and vaginitis . Included were cervical mucus samples and immunofluorescence tests to detect in that mucus as well as in blood serum antibody to Corynebacterium pyogenes and Streptococcus haemolyticus . The results pointed at intensive contact of the animals with the above pathogens and to their frequent occurrence in cervical mucus of cattle afflicted with endometritis and vaginitis . They also supported the assumption of localised antibody formation in the sexual organs or female cattle. Scand J Immunol, 1979, 10(6), 575 - 84 Human monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity to K-562 cells: activation by lymphokines; Hammerstrom J; Human monocytes purified by adherence and prolonged in vitro monolayer culture were activated by supernatants of autologous lymphocytes stimulated with live bacillus Calmette-Guerin or killed Corynebacterium parvum . Activated monocytes expressed increased ability to lyse K-562 cells prelabelled with methyl-3H-thymidine in a 48 h assay . Activation could be detected at a 1:64 dilution of lymphokine supernatants . Target cell killing by activated monocytes was strongly influenced by the density of the monocyte monolayer . Monocytes at an intermediate stage of in vitro differentiation seemed to be most response to lymphokine activation . Morphological studies indicated that a considerable number of K-562 cells attach firmly to monocytes . The monocyte-mediated lysis of K-562 seems to be extracellular, as phagocytosis was not observed . Freshly isolated adherent blood mononuclear cells (greater than 90% monocytes) were strongly cytostatic to K-562 cells, as determined by inhibition of methyl-3H-thymidine uptake . Considerable cytolytic activity was also found with freshly isolated adherent cells, strong enhancement being produced by performing the assay in the presence of newborn calf serum, as opposed to human AB serum. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1979 Jan, 28(1), 4 - 11 Host defenses in murine malaria: successful vaccination of mice against Plasmodium berghei by using formolized blood parasites; Murphy JR et al.; Infections of normal ICR mice with the NYU-2 strain of Plasmodium berghei (Pb) are uniformly fatal . However, a proportion of mice that have been vaccinated with a formalin-killed antigen prepared from the blood stages of Pb survive an otherwise lethal challenge . Such immunity is not induced by immunization with normal mouse erythrocytes . The level of acquired anti-malarial immunity is related to the size and number of doses of antigen, and intravenous injection is superior to the subcutaneous route of vaccination . The addition of the adjuvants BCG and Corynebacterium parvum to the immunizing regimen improved the level of protection to a variable extent, depending on the batch of plasmodial antigen with which they were used . The adjuvants were most efficacious when used with batches of antigen which were poorly protective when used alone . These adjuvants were found never to protect ICR mice against Pb unless used in combination with specific antigen. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1979, 58(1), 110 - 8 Effect of the MER tubercle bacillus fraction on the responsiveness of mice to T-independent antigens; Ben-Efraim S et al.; The effect of treatment with the methanol extraction residue (MER) mycobacterial fraction on the immunological responsiveness of BALB/c mice to the T-independent antigens pneumococcal polysaccharide type III (SIIII) and trinitrophenyl-lipopolysaccharide conjugate (TNP-LPS) was ascertained . Pretreatment with MER prevented the establishment of immunological paralysis by threshold doses (10 or 15 microgram) of SIII and by a paralyzing dose of 100 microgram TNP-LPS . The induction of immunological paralysis by SIII was unaffected by treatment with the bacterial adjuvant Corynebacterium parvum and with the B cell mitogens PPD, LPS (Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide), and dextran sulfate. Probl Med Wieku Rozwoj, 1979, 8, 56 - 62 {Levamisole as an immunostimulating factor}; Smogorzewska E; Levamisole--(L)--1-2, 3, 5, 6--tetrahydro-6- phenylimidazo (2, 1-b)-- thiazol monohydrochloride, a simple chemical, first introduced as a broad spectrum antihelmintic , has been recently on the list of the nonspecific active immunostimulants together with BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, polyribonucleosides and transfer factor (TF) . This, however, is oversimplification and may cause some confusion because levamisole, in contrast to the so-called immunostimulants, does not stimulate immunity above the normal level in man or prevent the primary growth of most experimental tumors in immunologically normal animals . Levamisole acts as an antianergic chemotherapeutic agent as it restores cell-mediated immunity in immunodepressed patients and prolongs the remission period . It even increases the number of long-term survivors when used as an adjunct to cytoreductive therapy in several animal cancer models . Levamisole is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and from injection site and is very well distributed in all tissues . Levamisole increases phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear cells or macrophages when added to these cells or given to donor animals and humans . The effect was pronounced on hypofunctional cells from patients and it was weak or absent on cells from normal donors . Chemotactic responsiveness of polymorphonuclear cells and monocytes from patients with defective leucocyte motility could be enhanced by levamisole added in vitro or given in vivo . The leucocyte migration inhibition in response to antigenic stimulation could be restored when levamisole was administered to anergic patients or added to their cells in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Cancer Biochem Biophys, 1979, 3(3), 143 - 50 Response of lympho-hemopoietic tissue to Corynebacterium parvum by study of DNA enzymes and H3-TdR metabolism; Maruyama Y et al.; The effects of Corynebacterium parvum on the lymphohemopoietic tissues of mice was investigated by H3-TdR metabolism, organ weights, DNA-polymerase-alpha activity and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) activity . Marked increase in spleen size occurred . The increase in size was accompanied by increases in DNA-P-alpha activity and H3TdR uptake . This indicated that the spleen was a major site of cell proliferation and of increase in population size after C . parvum stimulation . Thymus and bone marrow changes are also described . The thymus showed a marked decrease in size which was maximal in 10 days and showed recovery thereafter . Thymus TdT activity fell immediately and may reflect either a release or lysis of thymocytes which contain TdT activity . However, no change in TdT activity was measurable in the bone marrow or spleen . The principal cell population increase had phagocytic activity and was presumably monocytes-macrophages, and an increase in such cells was found in the spleen. Acta Med Austriaca Suppl, 1979, 6, 325 - 6 {Initial experiences with a nation-wide Austrian study of adjuvant chemo- and immunotherapy of colorectal cancer following radical surgery}; Karrer K et al.; The outline of a cooperative study for adjuvant Chemo-Immunotherapy on radically operated Colon-Rectum-Carcinoma, is presented . One group of patients receiving Placebo, has to be randomized against another group who postoperatively received Chemo-Immunotherapy consisting of 5-Fluorouracil and CCNU and Corynebacterium parvum, which was administered intermittently, throughout one year . Patients with Rectum-Carcinoma additionally receive radio-therapy with 1500 rad HD before surgery and 4500--5000 rad HD postoperatively with Cobalt-60 . The central documentation, and randomization, is provided at the Institute for Cancer Research of the University of Vienna. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K, 1979, 99(4), 495 - 6 Low leucocyte ascorbic acid levels and corneal ulceration; Trope GE et al.; The leucocyte ascorbic acid levels were determined in six patients with infected corneal ulcers . These levels were significantly lower than in a control group matched for age and sex . The potential role of Corynebacteria as pathogens is discussed. Med Pediatr Oncol, 1979, 6(2), 101 - 14 An evaluation of Corynebacterium parvum during remission maintenance therapy in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia; Lankford J et al.; The biologic impact and clinical toxicity of Corynebacterium parvum administered at a dose of 5 mg/M2 by intravenous or subcutaneous routes were evaluated in 18 children receiving combination chemotherapy for maintenance of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in remission . Several nonspecific immunologic and hematologic parameters were evaluated . Patients were also monitored for changes in cutaneous sensitivity to histamine . No changes in any parameter were observed in patients after only one course of C parvum injection . However, after 6-10 courses, glass-adherent peripheral blood leukocytes of C parvum-treated patients augmented the response of PHA-stimulated autologous lymphocytes . In all nine patients studied who received C parvum injection subcutaneously for at least six months, there were significant increases in the mean bone marrow myelocyte-erythrocyte (ME) volumes compared to pretreatment values . These results suggest that periodic evaluations are desirable in patients receiving repeated administration of C parvum, since changes in immunologic and hematologic responses may be demonstrable only after several injections . In contrast to the reported experience in adults, subcutaneous C parvum administration children was not well tolerated, whereas intravenous infusion was generally well tolerated. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1979 Jan, 62(1), 117 - 21 Tumor growth inhibition and potentiation of immunotherapy by indomethacin in mice; Lynch NR et al.; Indomethacin was continuously administered in the drinking water of inbred C3H mice given grafts of syngeneic 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas . A minor proportion of these animals died at the same time as the untreated controls, and others completely rejected their tumors; however, in most cases, the tumor growth rate was significantly slowed, and growth recommenced rapidly after drug withdrawal . This was the pattern for tumors either in their 10th to 14th transplant generation or only their third in vivo passage . Indomethacin exerted little prophylactic effect, in that it neither increased the minimal cell number required to initiate tumor growth nor significantly decreased the proportion of tumors established in drug-treated animals recieving tumor grafts . The injection of killed Corynebacterium parvum organisms into small, growing McC3-I tumors {intratumor (IT) route} caused the regression of most of these . In contrast, IT injection of BCG, ip injection of C . parvum, or IT injection of C . parvum into larger tumors had no effect . Oral administration of indomethacin enhanced BCG treatment and augmented the activity of C . parvum injected either systemically into animals with small tumors or IT into those with substantial tumor burdens . The duration of these effects was, however, often dependent on the continued administration of the drug. Acta Med Austriaca, 1979, 6(5), 209 - 12 {Hematological observations in patients following immunostimulation through intrapleural application of Corynebacterium parvum}; Karrer K et al.; The Ludwig Lung Cancer Study Group aims to investigate the role of immunotherapy as adjuvant treatment modality in operable non-small cell bronchial carcinoma . The participants are 12 european clinics and institutes . With a proven accrual of 350 patients per year the group offers a sharp tool in clinical oncology with regards to bronchial carcinoma . The accrual phase of the first trial was closed on February 2, 1979 with 475 patients, starting a new protocol on February 5, 1979 . The ongoing randomized clinical trial aims to determine if intrapleural administration of corynebacterium parvum (c . p.) can increase the tumor recurrence-free interval or increase survival . Furthermore the study aims to identify high and low risk patient subgroups after biological and immunological investigations . The possibility of giving c . p . intrapleurally in humans was investigated in a phase-I-toxicity study . A dose of 7 mg has been adopted for the clinical trial since this dose combines a measureable systemic effect (increase of leucocyte and monocyte counts) with acceptable toxicity . The main morbidity was fever, flu-like symptoms and chest pain. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1979, 59(4), 447 - 51 Studies on the interference between the allergic reactions caused by different antigen-antibody systems; Sindo T et al.; Interference between two different in vivo antigen-antibody reactions which occurred simultaneously was studied in guinea pigs . Animals were presensitized with an aqueous fraction (CP) extracted from cells of Corynebacterium equi, strain KO-85 . Skin reactions of the Arthus type elicited by the CP fraction inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) induced by bovine serum albumin (BSA) and rabbit anti-BSA serum . PCA reactions of the CP-sensitized animals were also inhibited upon simultaneous challenges of BSA and the CP as evidence by reduction of PCA titer of the anti-BSA serum. Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo), 1979 Fall, 19(3), 77 - 82 Diagnosis of Corynebacterium pyogenes infection in pigs by immunodiffusion test with protease antigen; Takeuchi S et al.; A protease antigen was prepared from the culture supernatant of Corynebacterium pyogenes by concentrating with a flash evaporator and ultrafiltration . It was adjusted to the concentration of 32 units by the single radial immunodiffusion with a tentative standard serum . In the immunodiffusion test, the antigen of 4 units reacted enough with sera having an antibody titer ranging from 1 to 128 . As a result, it was decided that the antigen of 4 units should be used in the immunodiffusion test for the detection of protease antibody . By the immunodiffusion test, protease antibody was demonstrated in about 35% of 443 sera from pigs collected at random . The antibody titer showed the distribution of 2 peaks . The summits of the two peaks were seen at 4 and 32 of antibody titer, respectively . The valley between the two peaks was seen at 16 of titer . From the result, a diagnostic criterion of the immunodiffusion test was decided provisionally as follows: above 16 of antibody titer is positive, 1 to 8 suspect, and less than 1 negative . On the other hand, protease antibody was demonstrated in sera from 13 of 14 pigs carrying abscesses from which C . pyogenes had been isolated . Its titer was 8 (in 2 pigs), 16 (in 1), 32 (in 3), 64 (in 6), and 128 (in 1) . From these results, it was proposed that the immunodiffusion test with protease antigen be used for the diagnosis of C . pyogenes infection in pigs. Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol, 1979 Jan-Mar, 24(1), 15 - 22 {Antibacterial immunity in diphtheria . Experimental research}; Dragoi T et al.; A number of 700 guinea pigs were immunized by parenteral route with non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains, then inoculated with various doses of homologous and heterologous toxigenic C . diphitheriae strains . The results showed that non-toxigenic C . diphtheriae strains confer a certain degree of protection when the challenge is done with homologous toxigenous strains, especially when not more than 500 million germs/ml are used for the challenge dose . This suggests that the carriage of non-toxigenic diphtheriae bacilli is a useful phenomenon for maintaining an immune balance in diphtheria in the present epidemiological context, and that their sterilization is not opportune. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1979, 59(2), 162 - 72 Immunodiffusion studies of ribosomes in classification of mycobacteria and related taxa; Ridell M et al.; Ribosomal preparations consisting of crude ribosomes (CR), 30S subunits (30S) and 16S core particles (16S) from four strains of the species Mycobacterium bovis (BCG), Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium phlei and Mycobacterium smegmatis were analyzed by immunodiffusion technique for taxonomical purposes . The ribosomal preparations tested contained several interspecies cross-reacting precipitinogens . The number of precipitinogens demonstrated at the homologous reactions was generally larger than the number of precipitinogens shown at the heterologous reactions indicating a probable presence of species-specific antigens in ribosomes . The largest number of possible species-specific precipitinogens was demonstrated when crude ribosomal preparations were studied . However, such precipitinogens were also shown in the 30S subunits and they were individually analyzed . The 16S core particles were dominated by cross-reacting precipitinogens . The number of ribosomal precipitinogens shared by M . phlei and M . smegmatis was large indicating a close taxonomical relationship between these two species . Apart from the four mycobacterial strains studied, 15 other strains representing the genera Mycobacterium, Arthrobacterium, Corynebacterium, Kurthia, Nocardia and Rhodococcus were included in the study . The presence of intergenerically cross-reacting precipitinogens in the ribosomal preparations was demonstrated. Scand J Immunol, 1979, 9(2), 115 - 24 Cross-reactions between mycobacteria . II . Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis of soluble antigens of BCG and comparison with other mycobacteria; Harboe M et al.; Cross-reactions between Mycobacterium bovis BCG and various other mycobacteria, Nocardia asteroides, Corynebacterium pyogenes and Listeria monocytogenes were studied by incorporating antibodies against these bacteria in the intermediate gel of a crossed immunoelectrophoretic system with BCG antigen and anti-BCG antibodies . In the BCG reference system forty-four distinct antigenic components were recorded, of which thiryt-three cross-reacted with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, twenty-five with M . avium, twenty-one with M . suvalii, eighteen with M . smegmatis, Fifteen with M . nonchromogenicum, twelve with M . phlei, eight with N . anteroides and two with C . pyogenes, whereas no cross-reaction was detected with L . monocytogenes . The value of the method for characterization of mycobacterial antigens is discussed . A taxonomic system based on this method appears particularly valuable for studies of non-cultivativable mycobacteria such as M . leprae . A majority of twenty-one patients with lepromatous leprosy had anti-BCG antibodies of restricted specificity, affecting only four or five BCG antigens, although one patient had twelve anti-BCG specificities . Most of these antibodies reacted with those BCG antigens that cross-react extensively with other mycobacteria. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1979 Jan-Feb, 15(1), 24 - 30 {The mechanism of adenine nucleotide biosynthesis from adenine in Corynebacterium species}; Pinuev IO et al.; The mechanism of ATP biosynthesis from adenine was studied on the cell-free extract of Corynebacterium species that produces ATP from exogenous adenine, using labeled substrates . As a source of the ribosyl component of the ATP molecule, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) and ribose-5-phosphate (P5P) were tested . The experiments with PRPP showed adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (EC 2.4.2.7) activity in the extract responsible for the AMP formation from PRPP and adenine . The minimal reaction mixture based on R5P was found to include only magnesium ions, in addition to R5P, adenine, and the extract . This mixture provided the synthesis of not only C14-AMP but also C14-ADP and C14-ATP from C14-adenine . Phosphorylation of C14-AMP to yield C14-ATP was related to the presence of R5P in the mixture . The synthesis of C14-ATP from C14-adenine also took place when R5W was substituted for glucose in the minima mixture. Exp Cell Biol, 1979, 47(3), 190 - 201 Macrophage immunity to influenza virus: in vitro and in vivo studies; Bruinink A et al.; Using M-TUR, a macrophage-adapted avian influenza A virus (Hav1, Nav3), antiviral resistance of peritoneal macrophages obtained from specifically or nonspecifically immunized mice towards in vitro infection was assessed . M-TUR grew to high titers in macrophages from nonimmune mice thereby causing a marked cytopathic effect . In contrast, peritoneal macrophages from mice specifically immunized with TUR virus were not affected by infection with M-TUR in vitro . This antiviral immunity was specific: mice immunized with antigenetically unrelated influenza strains such as influenza A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3, N2) or influenza B/Lee yielded susceptible macrophages . Specific macrophage immunity could be abrogated by trypsin treatment in vitro . Susceptible macrophages from nonimmune hosts became resistant following in vitro exposure to homologous anti-TUR sera . Peritoneal exudate cells from BCG-infected animals were less susceptible to in vitro challenge with M-TUR than control macrophages . In vivo treatment of mice with the unspecific immunostimulants BCG or Corynebacterium parvum did not protect the animals against lethal infection with a hepatotropic variant of TUR. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979, 245(3), 283 - 6 A simple method of detecting staphylococcal hemolysins; Skalka B et al.; A modification of the "one-plate method" for detection of staphylococcal hemolysins has been described . Bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Cornebacterium pseudotuberculosis were replaced by their prepurified hemolytically active exosubstances: beta-toxin, CAMP-factor, and, the exosubstance of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis called COREX . By means of the modification described, exact detection of hemolysins in possible with staphylococcal strains producing one type of hemolysin as well as with strains producing a combination of hemolysins. J Med Primatol, 1979, 8(5), 289 - 97 The normal microbial flora of the baboon vagina; Skangalis M et al.; The microbial flora of the upper vagina and cervix was examined in 38 adult baboons at various stages of the menstrual cycle . The mean number of different species isolated from each baboon was 9.5, with species of Bacteroides, Corynebacterium and group D streptococci predominating . Lactobacilli and mycoplasmas were found in 47.4 and 44.7% of the animals, respectively . No ureaplasms were isolated . Cyclical variations in the microbial flora were minimal. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr . 1978 Dec;(49):333. A bladder tumor model response to immunotherapy; deKernion JB et al.; The author presented results of BCG and Corynebacterium parvum treatment of the transplantable mouse FANFT bladder tumor carried in the host's leg . A comparison was made of the results of treatment with BCG alone and C . parvum alone or either used in conjunction with Cytoxan upon effectiveness in increasing animal survival and retarding tumor growth. J Parasitol, 1978 Dec, 64(6), 986 - 93 Studies on putative adult worm-derived vaccines and adjuvants for protection against Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice; Maddison SE et al.; Intraperitoneal transfer of viable adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni did not confer protection against a challenge infection to recipient mice . Antigens of schistosome origin were evaluated for their ability, with and without concomitantly administered nonspecific adjuvants, to stimulate protective immunity against S . mansoni . Freshly perfused ground worms or a putative membrane antigen extracted with 0.5 M KC1 from adult worms, when injected together with Corynebacterium parvum (or in a single experiment with poly {A : U}), resulted in a significant reduction in worm burden of a challenge infection with S . mansoni as compared with that of untreated controls . The membrane antigen was maintained carefully at low temperatures in buffers capable of retarding enzymatic degradation while it was being prepared. Cancer Res, 1978 Dec, 38(12), 4522 - 6 Destruction of regional lymph node metastases of rat mammary adenocarcinoma 13762A by treatment with Corynebacterium parvum; Kreider JW et al.; Intratumoral administration of Corynebacterium parvum to 13762A tumor-bearing rats on Day 7 of tumor growth, followed by primary tumor excision on Day 20, regularly cured about 40% of the animals and significantly prolonged survival in the remainder . Rats treated by surgery alone on either Day 7 or Day 20 died with metastases to axillary lymph nodes and lungs . Tumor was established in axillary lymph nodes by Day 7 . Therefore, intratumoral injection of C . parvum on Day 7 destroyed metastases already established at this site . Growth of tumor in axillary nodes of rats treated but not cured by C . parvum was significantly slower than growth in untreated rats. Infect Immun, 1978 Dec, 22(3), 798 - 803 Host defenses in murine malaria: induction of a protracted state of immunity with a formalin-killed Plasmodium berghei blood parasite vaccine; Murphy JR et al.; Random-bred mice were immunized with a nonliving antigen prepared from mixed-blood forms of Plasmodium berghei, strain NYU-2, in combination with Corynebacterium parvum and/or living BCG . A high proportion of intravenously immunized mice survived virulent challenge, but subcutaneous vaccination was less effective . Vaccinated mice developed a patent infection after challenge similar to that observed in normal controls . However, between days 12 to 20 postchallenge, infections in some vaccinated mice became subpatent, whereas infections in all normal controls progressed until death . The incidence of recrudescent infection was low and, eventually, a state of