Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1985 Apr, (4), 24 - 6 {Antigenic structure of Salmonella L forms studied by an immunoferritin method}; Prozorovskii SV et al.; The antigenic structure of the L-forms of salmonellae (S . typhimurium and S . typhi) in comparison with that of the initial bacterial cultures and revertant cultures was studied with the use of the immunoferritin method . The L-forms of salmonellae were found to retain an insignificant amount of O-antigen, as well as to have K-antigen on the surface of the cytoplasmic membrane, but in a lesser amount than the initial strains . In the cultures reverting from the L-forms of S . typhimurium and S . typhi the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of O- and K-antigens were completely restored. J Pharmacobiodyn, 1985 Mar, 8(3), 186 - 92 Alteration of histamine, serotonin and primary prostaglandin in case of diarrhea induced by endotoxin and gastrointestinal absorption of drug; Sakurai E et al.; Effects of endotoxin on the motility, the permeability of mesenteric blood vessel and endogenous substances (electrolyte (Na, K), histamine, serotonin and primary prostaglandin) in the small intestine of mice were investigated . Diarrhea was induced by intraperitoneal injection of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin in mice . It is suggested that the diarrheal action of endotoxin is due to the acceleration of intestinal motility and/or the facilitation of mesenteric blood vessel permeability . On the other hand, from the observation of blood concentration of acetaminophen and sulfisoxazole, inhibition of drug absorption was suggested in cases of diarrhea induced by endotoxin . This inhibition of gastrointestinal absorption is due to the delay of the gastric emptying rate, the increase of intestinal transit time of drug in the absorption site and the acceleration of mesenteric blood vessel permeability . Then it is conceivable that these actions may be mediated by biogenic amines (serotonin and histamine) and primary prostaglandins. Can J Microbiol, 1985 Mar, 31(3), 198 - 205 Airborne microorganisms in a municipal solid waste recovery system; Lembke LL et al.; The types of bacteria and fungi present in the air of a municipal solid waste recovery system have been characterized and the population densities estimated . Conventional methods were successful in enumerating coagulase-positive staphylococci, Klebsiella spp., gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and common indicator organisms . Selective and enrichment media, however, did not yield Salmonella isolates . Salmonella and Shigella were recovered at a frequency of 3% or less on trypticase soy agar . A broad spectrum of bacteria and fungi were isolated . No evidence has been found that indicates that these organisms have produced adverse health effects. Carcinogenesis, 1985 Mar, 6(3), 421 - 5 Species differences in the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of 2-acetylaminofluorene and its primary metabolites 2-aminofluorene and N-OH-2-acetylaminofluorene; Holme JA et al.; 2-Acetylaminofluorene (AAF), 2-aminofluorene (AF) and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF) could be activated to mutagens in S . typhimurium using either 9000 g supernatant (S9) or hepatocytes isolated from rats, mice, hamsters or guinea pigs . Their relative mutagenic potency was generally N-OH-AAF greater than AF greater than AAF . Monolayer cultures of hepatocytes exposed to AAF/AF/N-OH-AAF showed evidence of DNA damage measured as unscheduled DNA repair synthesis . The order of activity in rat and hamster was N-OH-AAF greater than AAF greater than AF, in guinea pig and mouse N-OH-AAF greater than AF greater than AAF . Only N-OH-AAF caused observable cytotoxicity, and the rat hepatocytes were the far more sensitive species . Neither the resistance of guinea pig liver nor the greater susceptibility of the rat liver to the carcinogenic effects of AAF and N-OH-AAF could be readily explained by the species differences in activating these compounds to mutagens in Salmonella or to DNA damaging agents in the hepatocytes . It is possible that cytotoxic effects of N-OH-AAF may be of some importance for the observed species differences in the liver carcinogenic effects of AAF and N-OH-AAF. South Med J, 1985 Mar, 78(3), 310 - 1 Intestinal Salmonella carriage in patients with major sickle cell hemoglobinopathies; Rennels MB et al.; The increased incidence of Salmonella osteomyelitis in patients with sickle cell disease has never been entirely explained . Problems such as cholelithiasis, intestinal infarction, and frequent antibiotic use in this population could possibly result in prolonged or chronic intestinal carriage of Salmonella after acute gastroenteritis . If prolonged carriage were a factor in the pathogenesis of osteomyelitis, attempts to eliminate the Salmonella with antibiotics would be indicated . We did a stool culture survey of 71 patients attending our pediatric sickle cell clinic to determine the incidence of asymptomatic Salmonella carriage . At least two rectal swab cultures were obtained from each patient; 69% of patients also mailed in a stool sample for culture . No Salmonella was isolated . It therefore appears unlikely that prolonged intestinal Salmonella carriage is an important mechanism in the development of Salmonella osteomyelitis in patients with major sickle hemoglobinopathies. Antibiot Med Biotekhnol, 1985 Mar, 30(3), 225 - 8 {Sensitivity to antibiotics of Salmonella isolated from children with a gastrointestinal form of salmonellosis}; Pozniak SB et al.; Six hundred and ten Salmonella strains isolated from children with the gastrointestinal form of salmonellosis were investigated for their species composition and sensitivity to broad spectrum antibiotics, such as levomycetin, polymyxin, kanamycin, gentamicin and others . The agar diffusion method with paper disks was used in the investigation . S . typhimurium predominated in the etiological picture of salmonellosis in children and amounted to 72.5 per cent . Then followed S . stenleyvile (15.1 per cent) . Salmonella of rare serovars amounted only to 14.2 per cent . The Salmonella strains were resistant to the majority of the antibiotics tested . The highest resistance levels were observed in S . stenleyvile and S . typhimurium . Salmonella of the rare serovars were more sensitive to the antibiotics . More than 80 per cent of the Salmonella strains were polyresistant to 6-8 antibiotics . This indicates that antibioticograms should be considered in the treatment of children with salmonellosis. Food Chem Toxicol, 1985 Mar, 23(3), 343 - 7 Mutagen content of wines contaminated with common yeasts; Subden RE et al.; Wines exhibiting a microbial haze were collected and their microbial contents identified . Contaminant yeast species were cultured in grape musts under controlled conditions and extracts of the resultant wines were assayed for mutagen content using four strains of Salmonella in the Ames Salmonella/microsome/faecalase system . The wine extracts exhibited some toxicity to Salmonella but no mutagen content . It would appear that mutagen content is more a function of the grape species and must preparation than of microbial metabolism during fermentation. Infection, 1985 Mar-Apr, 13(2), 70 - 2 A rare presentation of systemic salmonellosis; Knobel B et al.; We are reporting an unusual case of disseminated Salmonella enteritidis D, phage group E2 infection in an 18-year-old male, which was resistant to massive antibiotic treatment . Rare complications such as pylephlebitis, mediastinal adenopathy, osteomyelitis with pathological clavicular fracture, osteitis and spondylitis were observed . We found an immunological defect that no doubt contributed to this severe illness. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 1985 Mar, 5(1), 59 - 64 Use of the Ames test in toxicology; Kier LD; The Salmonella/microsome assay (Ames test) is one of the most widely used short-term tests . Despite the ubiquitous presence of this assay and the large number of chemicals tested, there is still controversy over the value of Salmonella/microsome assay results in risk assessment . Understanding of the properties and performance of the test system is necessary to provide an appropriate answer to this question . Based on both theoretical and empirical considerations, the results of the assay can provide useful information to assist in the development of further studies and as part of the data which can be used in evaluating potential biological effects or projected lack of adverse effects . The value of the Salmonella/microsome assay in performing these functions is considerably enhanced by consideration of all the information which the assay data provide. Mutat Res, 1985 Mar, 155(3), 95 - 8 Bacterial mutagenicity of aceanthrylene: a novel cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon of low molecular weight; Kohan MJ et al.; Aceanthrylene, a non-alternant cyclopenta-fused hydrocarbon, was shown to be weakly mutagenic without S9 and strongly mutagenic with S9 in the Ames Salmonella plate incorporation assay . The compound was most active in strain TA100 (35 revertants/nmole in the presence of 0.3 mg of S9 protein), and less active in strains TA98, TA1537 and TA1538 (20, 10 and 3.1 rev/nmole respectively, + S9) . Strain TA1535 was unresponsive, suggesting that this compound induces frameshift mutations rather than base-pair substitutions . The mutagenic potency of aceanthrylene is consistent with predictions of its activity based on the relatively large delocalization energy (delta E deloc/beta = 0.931) of the carbonium ion which would result from oxirane ring opening of the 1,2-epoxide, a potential active metabolite. Mutat Res, 1985 Mar, 155(3), 91 - 4 Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity of monochloro derivatives of some di-, tri- and tetracyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Lofroth G et al.; A series of 8 monochloroarenes have been tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome assay . None of the compounds was detectably active in the absence of mammalian activation whereas, depending on structure, some of the compounds were mutagenic in its presence having responses higher than those reported for the parent compounds. Mutat Res, 1985 Mar, 142(3), 115 - 20 Effect of retinoids on carcinogen-induced mutagenesis in Salmonella tester strains; Qin S et al.; The ability of retinol (Rol) in altering mutation frequencies induced by 7 carcinogens was studied in Salmonella/microsome assay using 4 tester strains namely TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA1535 . The 7 carcinogens used were aflatoxin B1 (AFB), cyclophosphamide (CPP), 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), benzo{a}pyrene (BP), benz{a}anthracene (BA), 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benz{a}anthracene (DMBA) and mitomycin C (MMC) . As reported previously, Rol significantly reduced the number of His+ revertants induced by AFB . It also reduced mutations induced by CPP or MCA but not that by BP, BA, DMBA or MMC . The abilities of Rol, retinoic acid, retinyl acetate and a known inhibitor for certain P-450 isozymes, 7,8-benzoflavone (BF) in inhibiting mutations caused by AFB and BP were studied and compared . All the 3 retinoids caused significant reduction of AFB-induced His+ revertants in a dose-dependent manner, but there was no effect on BP-induced mutation . BF strongly inhibited both AFB- and BP-induced revertants . The possibility of retinoids in exerting their effects on mutagenesis of precarcinogens by inhibiting only certain forms of cytochrome P-450 enzymes is discussed. Infect Immun, 1985 Mar, 47(3), 786 - 92 Passage of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella thompson through chick ileocecal mucosa; Popiel I et al.; The passage of Salmonella enteritidis and S . thompson across the cecal mucosa has been visualized in an electron microscope study with the freshly hatched chick as a model . The uptake of salmonellae by macrophages took place in the cecal lumen; the macrophages became abnormal and often ruptured to release organisms back into the lumen . The entry of bacteria into the epithelial cells was associated with a series of pathological changes, beginning with the appearance of active Golgi apparatus and the production of a variety of lysosomal vesicles . Salmonellae became sequestered within lysosomes but were unaffected by the presence of hydrolytic enzyme . Epithelial cell death was related to particularly large numbers of bacteria . Fragments of invaded epithelial cells, especially those undergoing cell death, contributed to the cytoplasmic debris and released further salmonellae into the lumen . Bacteria were never observed in large numbers below the basement membrane, and there was no significant pathology in the lamina propria tissue . Wandering cells, identified as macrophages and containing the bacteria, were observed spanning the epithelial and lamina propria regions through breaks in the basement membrane . It is suggested that the passage of bacteria from the epithelium to the lamina propria is primarily the result of capture and transport within host macrophages. Obstet Gynecol, 1985 Mar, 65(3 Suppl), 30S - 31S Pregnancy complicated by intraamniotic infection by Salmonella typhi; Awadalla SG et al.; There are few reports of transplacental infection by Salmonella typhi . A case of a primagravida at 26 weeks' gestation with severe S typhi gastroenteritis, sepsis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation is presented . Shortly after institution of antibiotic therapy, she spontaneously aborted a previable infant . Amniotic fluid was turbid and subsequently grew S typhi. Infect Control, 1985 Mar, 6(3), 110 - 4 Antibody response to somatic antigen of Salmonella typhi in areas endemic and non-endemic for typhoid fever; Hirschl A et al.; In sera obtained between the 6th and the 30th day from 16 Austrian and 26 Hong Kong patients with culturally verified typhoid fever, agglutinating antibodies (microagglutination test) at significant titers were detected in 93% of the Austrian (median titer: 640) but in only 50% of the Hong Kong patients (median titer: 240) . Similar results (93% and 54% positive sera respectively) were obtained for specific IgM as assessed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using lipopolysaccharide of S . typhi as antigen (median relative titer: 0.32 and 0.21 respectively) . In contrast, specific IgG at significant concentrations were found in only 69% of the Austrian (median relative titer: 0.16) but 88% of the Hong Kong sera (median relative titer: 0.71) . The (IgM-detecting) microagglutination test may be sufficiently diagnostic for typhoid fever in nonendemic areas such as Austria . In endemic regions like Hong Kong, however, tests indicative for early specific IgG are indispensable for serological diagnosis of the disease . The ELISA proved useful and is an example for such tests. Infect Immun, 1985 Mar, 47(3), 831 - 3 Possible relationship of a 36-megadalton Salmonella enteritidis plasmid to virulence in mice; Nakamura M et al.; All of the Salmonella enteritidis strains isolated from diseased animals (61 strains) and from beef (2 strains) in Japan and in West Germany (1 strain), except for 2 strains isolated from ducks, harbored either a 36-megadalton (Md) plasmid alone or in combination with several other plasmids of different sizes . It is likely that these 36-Md plasmids from various S . enteritidis strains were derived from the same origin because their plasmid DNAs showed the same cleavage patterns obtained with EcoRI, HindIII, and BamHI . We also suggested that this plasmid is native to S . enteritidis . Tests carried out on two strains isolated from ducks which naturally lacked this plasmid and one strain whose plasmid was artificially cured showed that the strains without the 36-Md plasmid showed less virulence compared to a wild-type strain harboring the 36-Md plasmid, suggesting that this 36-Md plasmid might be associated with virulence for mice. Drug Metab Dispos, 1985 Mar-Apr, 13(2), 210 - 4 Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on activation of nitrosopyrrolidine to a mutagen by rat upper alimentary tract, lung, and hepatic tissue; Farinati F et al.; Tissues derived from male Sprague-Dawley rats which had been pair-fed isocaloric ethanol or carbohydrate control diets for 4 weeks were used to determine the effect of chronic ethanol exposure on the activation of the smoking and diet-associated procarcinogen nitrosopyrrolidine (NPY) . Microsomal preparations from lungs and liver and S9 fractions from alimentary tract mucosa were tested for their capacity to activate NPY to a mutagen by the Ames Salmonella assay . Chronic ethanol exposure resulted in an increased capacity to activate NPY by microsomes derived from liver, lungs, and esophagus but not from stomach . The three tissues in which enhanced activation of NPY was observed in the present study also have been noted in epidemiological studies to be target sites of alcohol abuse-associated increased cancer risk . The results presented here suggest that dietary ethanol's effect on carcinogen metabolism may be responsible, at least in part, for the increased cancer risk observed in chronic alcohol abusers. Wien Klin Wochenschr, 1985 Mar 1, 97(5), 237 - 9 {Demonstration of a species specific determinant of Bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharides using monoclonal antibodies}; Schulz TF et al.; The reactivity of two monoclonal antibodies to Bacteroides fragilis was tested (ELISA) with 37 strains of B . fragilis, 1 strain each of B . thetaiotaomicron, B . ovatus, B . vulgatus and B . eggerthii, 1 strain of Fusobacterium, as well as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6 strains), E coli (8 strains), Klebsiella (2 strains), Yersinia enterocolitica (1 strain) and LPS from Salmonella minnesota . Both monoclonal antibodies proved to be specific for B . fragilis . The determinants recognized by these antibodies are localized in the LPS of this gram-negative anaerobe. Clin Immunol Immunopathol, 1985 Mar, 34(3), 355 - 65 The effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on histamine release from human basophils . I . Enhancement of immunologic release by LPS; Smith TF et al.; Preincubation of human basophils with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) purified from the heptose-deficient mutant Salmonella minnesota R595 enhanced by an average of sixfold the response of peripheral blood basophils obtained from allergic donors to several allergens in vitro as judged by release of histamine . Enhancement occurred at suboptimal, optimal, and supraoptimal concentrations of antigen . No effect was seen if basophils were from a nonallergic donor, and LPS by itself rarely caused histamine release from any preparation of basophils . However, histamine release in basophils from nonallergic donors induced by antibody directed against IgE (anti-IgE) also was enhanced by LPS . Potentiation of histamine release occurred if basophils were pretreated with LPS before addition of anti-IgE for as little as 5 min; there was no increase in release if anti-IgE and LPS were added simultaneously to cells . LPS enhanced the rate of release without altering duration of the release response . LPS potentiation of release of histamine by F(ab')2 fragments of anti-IgE was equivalent to its effect on release triggered by the intact antibody molecule, confirming that the effect of LPS is not due solely to its interaction with the Fc component of the anti-IgE . These data thus provide evidence for modulation of basophil response to IgE-mediated stimuli by LPS, resulting in a significant enhancement of response . Enhancement by LPS appears to be independent of the stimulus which triggers the IgE receptor . The contribution of this mechanism to allergic disease or asthma remains to be determined. Cell Immunol, 1985 Mar, 91(1), 52 - 9 Potent adjuvant action of lipopolysaccharides possessing the O-specific polysaccharide moieties consisting of mannans in antibody response against protein antigen; Kido N et al.; It was previously reported that Klebsiella O3 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exhibits extraordinarily strong adjuvant activity in augmenting antibody response against protein antigens in mice compared with other kinds of LPS, for example, LPS from Escherichia coli O55, O111, and O127 and Salmonella enteritidis . The present study was undertaken to clarify the relationship between the strong adjuvant activity in augmenting antibody response against deaggregated bovine gammaglobulin and the chemical structure of LPS . Among LPS from Klebsiella O1, O4, O5, and O7, only O5 LPS exhibited nearly the same degree of the strong adjuvant activity as did O3 LPS . The adjuvant activity of the other LPS was very weak in a degree similar to that of LPS from E . coli O55 and O127 . Even when the natural forms of Klebsiella O3 LPS and O1 LPS were converted to various defined uniform salt forms, their adjuvant activity did not significantly differ from that of the respective natural forms . It is therefore unlikely that the difference in strength of the adjuvant activity between Klebsiella O3 LPS and O1 LPS is due to the difference in their salt forms . The common feature in the structures of Klebsiella O3 LPS and O5 LPS is their O-specific polysaccharide chains consisting of the mannose homopolysaccharides (mannans) . LPS from E . coli O8 and O9, the O-specific polysaccharide chains of which consist of the mannans, also exhibited much stronger adjuvant activity than do LPS from E . coli O55 and O127, and the strength of the adjuvant activities of the former two was comparable to that of LPS from Klebsiella O3 and O5 . On the other hand, LPS from Klebsiella O3 and O5 and E . coli O8 and O9 showed the ability to activate B lymphocytes polyclonally in vivo in a degree similar to that of the other kinds of LPS . From the present results it can be concluded that LPS possessing the O-specific polysaccharide moieties consisting of the mannans exhibit extraordinarily strong adjuvant activity in augmenting antibody response against protein antigen. J R Army Med Corps . 1985 Feb;131(1):24. A new Salmonella serotype isolated from Saudi Arabia; Greenwood JH et al.; The isolation and identification of a new sub-genus I Salmonella is described . The complete antigenic formula is 3,10:z29:enx; the serotype has been named Salmonella everleigh . The strain is atypical in that it ferments salicin, produces indole, and fails to produce acid in tartrate media. Am J Vet Res, 1985 Feb, 46(2), 451 - 5 Iron and transferrin in acute experimental Salmonella cholerae-suis infection in pigs; Kramer TT et al.; The effects of experimental Salmonella cholerae-suis inoculation with a virulent and an avirulent strain on serum iron (SI), total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and transferrin (TF) were evaluated . Inoculation of virulent strain 38 was followed by significant (P less than 0.05) decreases of SI, TIBC, and TF . Exposure to avirulent strain 33 was followed by moderate decreases of SI, TIBC, and TF . When exposure to avirulent strain 33 was followed by challenge exposure with virulent strain 38, the SI, TIBC, and TF values remained at initial values or were higher . Negative correlation was observed between rectal temperature and SI and TIBC values, but was significant (P less than 0.0001) only 7 days after inoculation of the virulent strain 38. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1985 Feb, 180(2-3), 282 - 98 {Possibilities for salmonellosis control}; Pietzsch O; With special regard to the situation in the Federal Republic of Germany, the potential of prevention and control of Salmonellosis is evaluated on the basis of recommendations made by experts of WHO . This is done by a comparison of measures already carried out and methods still in the stage of experiment or discussion, based on 3 main points, and taking in account their usefulness: Eradication of Salmonella infections in animals; decontamination of raw foods; observation of hygienic principles for handling and preparation of foods for human consumption. Cancer Biochem Biophys, 1985 Feb, 7(4), 275 - 90 Reaction potentials of the constituent bases of DNA and the effects of base stacking; Klopman G et al.; Reaction potential maps (RPM's) around the constituent bases of DNA have been plotted using the CNDO/2 method . The maps were drawn to evaluate site selectivity in electrophilic attack on the bases of DNA as a function of two considerations: base sequence and the nature of the attacking reagent . It was found that base sequence does have a substantial effect on a site's reactivity and that a change in the nature of the attacking reagent can alter site selectivity of the electrophile . The former result was applied in a specific case to offer a plausible explanation for some results of a recent study of the mutagenic effects of arylating metabolites of nitrofluorenes in the Salmonella tester strains TA98 and TA97 . These strains differ in the arrangement of guanine and cytosine residues at the mutational target ("hot spot") . The results also suggest that the "hot spot" for TA98, which consists of a run of alternating guanine and cytosine base pairs, does not exist in the Z-configuration. J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Feb, 21(2), 211 - 6 Turbidimetric method for quantifying serum inhibition of Limulus amoebocyte lysate; Novitsky TJ et al.; This study describes a method to quantify the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activity by serum with a turbidimetric Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay . Assays were performed in multiwell microplates, and turbidity was measured as the optical density at 380 nm with a microplate spectrophotometer . LPS potency was measured as the 50% maximal Limulus amoebocyte response (LR50) of LPS diluted with saline . By comparing LR50s in saline, LPSs from various species of bacteria were standardized against the U.S . Reference Standard Endotoxin, lot EC-5 . The potency of Escherichia coli O113 and O18 and Serratia marcescens LPSs was found to be equal to that of the reference standard EC-5, whereas LPSs from two salmonella species were half as potent . The least potent LPSs tested, obtained from Klebsiella pneumoniae and E . coli rough mutant J5, were 5- and 10-fold less potent, respectively, than EC-5 . As a measure of inhibition, the LR50 of LPS in serum was compared to the LR50 of LPS in saline . Serum inhibited the potency of LPS 103- to 6,400-fold compared with saline . A positive correlation was found between standardized potency in saline and serum inhibition of the various LPSs tested . Thus, LPSs from E . coli O113, O18, and EC-5 and S . marcescens, which exhibited the highest potency in saline, were inhibited the most by serum . Likewise, E . coli J5 and K . pneumoniae LPSs, which were the least potent tested, were the least inhibited . The degree of inhibition of all types of LPS tested increased with increasing serum concentration. J Urol, 1985 Feb, 133(2), 174 - 5 Bacteremic urosepsis: a phenomenon unique to elderly women; Gleckman RA et al.; Bacteremia constitutes a major challenge to the aged patient because the pathophysiological derangements that ensue pose an immediate threat to life . Compared to younger adults the elderly suffer bacteremia more frequently in association with pneumococcal pneumonia and salmonella enteritis/colitis . A prospective study to detect bacteremia was performed on 68 consecutive women with pyelonephritis requiring hospitalization . The data indicate that bacteremia occurs more frequently in elderly than in young women with nonobstructive pyelonephritis. Cancer Res, 1985 Feb, 45(2), 558 - 60 Effects of dietary fats and butylated hydroxytoluene on mutagen activation in rats; Ponder DL et al.; The effects of hydrogenated fats and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in the diets of rats on the hepatic activation of benzo(a)pyrene, 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), and 2-aminofluorene by liver homogenates (S-9 fraction) were evaluated . The Salmonella/microsomal mutagenicity assay (Strain TA 98) was utilized to determine the mutagenic potential of the activated compounds . The S-9 fraction was obtained from animals fed a 15% fat diet consisting of hydrogenated fats (43% trans-fatty acids) or unsaturated fats (0% trans-fatty acids) . BHT was administered orally (0.5%) 6 days prior to sacrifice in both groups . The incorporation of BHT in the diet of rats enhanced the mutagenic potential of AAF and 2-aminofluorene but not of benzo(a)pyrene . This effect was independent of the lipid composition of the diet . The most significant increment in the production of mutagenic metabolites was observed with AAF when BHT and hydrogenated fats were included in the diet of rats . Dietary hydrogenated fats appeared to potentiate the effects of BHT on AAF mutagenicity . Further studies to elucidate the mechanisms by which BHT and hydrogenated fats enhance AAF mutagenicity are warranted. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1985 Feb, 15(2), 159 - 71 The bacteriolytic action of MT-141, a new cephamycin antibiotic, on gram-negative bacteria; Tsuruoka T et al.; MT-141, a new cephamycin (7 alpha-methoxy-cephalosporin) antibiotic with a D-cysteine moiety in its 7 beta-side chain, has binding affinities to penicillin-binding proteins of Escherichia coli and an inhibitory action on their transpeptidase activity similar to those of other structurally related cephamycins . Yet this antibiotic was found to exert an exceedingly strong and rapid lytic action on sensitive Gram-negative bacteria such as E . coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Salmonella enteritidis . Not only rapidly growing cells, but also slowly growing dense cells of the above bacteria could be lysed by this antibiotic at low concentrations . In the presence of 20% sucrose, low concentrations of MT-141 induced smooth-surfaced single and twin bulges of the putative growth zone of the cells and irregularly orientated rough-surfaced bulges . Probably the 7 beta-side chain structure of this antibiotic is involved in its rapid and strong bacteriolytic action. J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Feb, 21(2), 284 - 5 Recurrent intraabdominal abscess caused by Salmonella paratyphi C; Freidin N et al.; We describe a patient who suffered from recurrent intraabdominal abscesses . The last two of the three abscesses were certainly caused by Salmonella paratyphi C . The time interval between the first and the second abscess was 25 years, and that between the second and the third abscess was 20 years . Single infection with this microorganism is very rare in Israel, with only four known cases in the last 20 years . The annual frequency in the United States is 0 to 2 cases per year . In recent years, this infection has also been very rare in other parts of the world . Our case is unique as it recurred two or three times . The infection was probably dormant for a very long time . During the dormant years, the patient was clinically healthy . To our knowledge a recurrent infection with this microorganism has not previously been reported in the literature. Mutat Res, 1985 Feb-Apr, 147(1-2), 15 - 21 A quantitative comparison of a percentile rule with a 2-fold rule for assessing mutagenicity in the Ames assay; Carnes BA et al.; Using a model based on the bivariate normal density function, this paper compares the effectiveness of two commonly employed decision rules for assessing mutagenicity in the standard Ames Salmonella assay . The 2-fold method, which considers a compound significantly mutagenic if its mean number of revertants per plate at any dose is equal to or greater than twice the mean number of revertants per plate in the concurrent control, may be a poor indicator of significant mutagenesis . In the percentile method, the frequency of induced mutations for the test compound is tested against the 95th percentile of the accumulated historical data for the spontaneous mutation frequency . As judged by the higher probability of declaring a compound mutagenic that elevates the reversion rate above background, the percentile rule is more reliable than the 2-fold method. Am J Physiol, 1985 Feb, 248(2 Pt 2), R142 - 6 alpha-Aminoisobutyric acid transport in rat soleus muscle during endotoxic shock; Karlstad MD et al.; We studied alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) transport by skeletal muscle and the effect of insulin and Na+ on the transport process during endotoxic shock . Rats (140-160 g) were injected with Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (20 mg/kg iv) or saline and killed 5 h later . At that time an elevation of blood lactate and hypoglycemia marked the onset of shock in rats given endotoxin . AIB uptake was measured in isolated soleus muscles in vitro . Total cellular AIB uptake in the endotoxic muscles was 25, 28, and 47% lower than control muscles at 1-, 2-, or 3-h incubations, respectively . Insulin stimulated AIB uptake to a lesser extent in endotoxic muscles (from a basal value of 11.62 +/- 0.29 nmol X g dry wt-1 X 3 h-1 to 15.88 +/- 0.64, 19.10 +/- 1.06, and 18.78 +/- 0.52 at 1, 10, and 100 mU/ml insulin, respectively) than in controls (from 17.07 +/- 0.51 to 27.13 +/- 1.16, 27.25 +/- 0.93, and 29.01 +/- 1.09) . Na+-dependent AIB uptake, calculated as the difference between AIB uptake in the presence and absence of Na+, was decreased in the endotoxic muscles to 36% of the control value . Na+-independent AIB uptake (measured in Na+-free media) was the same in control and endotoxic muscles . These results suggest that the decrease in both basal and insulin-stimulated AIB transport was due to the decrease in Na+-dependent AIB transport by skeletal muscle during endotoxic shock. Infect Immun, 1985 Feb, 47(2), 496 - 501 In vivo effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on proliferation of macrophage colony-forming cells in bone marrow and peripheral lymphoid tissues; Yokochi T et al.; Changes in the number of macrophage colony-forming cells in various tissues of mice injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, or Salmonella enteritidis were studied . The injection of LPS increased macrophage colony-forming cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues such as the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and regional lymph node, although the same treatment caused the decrease of such cells in the bone marrow . This phenomenon was consistently observed when tested by various LPSs . The injection of LPS into mice which had been exposed to X-ray irradiation and reconstituted with syngeneic normal bone marrow cells decreased colony-forming cells in the spleen . The increase of macrophage colony-forming cells in the spleen seemed, therefore, not to be due to migration from the bone marrow . The injection of LPS appeared to shorten the lag time before the initiation of mitosis of colony-forming cells in the spleen but not in the bone marrow . No participation of serum factors in this phenomenon could be detected . It was suggested that there might be an essential difference between the responsiveness to LPS of macrophage colony-forming cells in the spleen and those of the bone marrow. Ann Intern Med, 1985 Feb, 102(2), 186 - 8 Salmonella infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Jacobs JL et al.; Defects in T-cell function have been seen in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . Although the cellular immune system plays a key role in host defense against Salmonella, there have been no detailed reports of salmonellosis in patients with this syndrome . We report our experience with salmonella infections in six patients . Salmonellosis in these patients was unusually severe, characterized by widespread infection, bacteremia, and relapse, despite standard antibiotic treatment . Because of the difficulty in eradicating salmonella infection in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, long-term suppressive treatment with antibiotics seems warranted. Fundam Appl Toxicol, 1985 Feb, 5(1), 144 - 50 Lack of genotoxicity of the cancer chemopreventive agent N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide; Paulson JD et al.; As part of the preclinical drug safety evaluation of the cancer chemopreventive agent N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (HPR) in vitro and in vivo tests were conducted to assess its genotoxic activity . Negative findings from HPR testing were demonstrated in the Ames Salmonella/microsomal activation test, the L5178Y mouse lymphoma assay, and a rat bone marrow cytogenetics study . These data imply that HPR lacks the ability to induce point mutations or chromosomal aberrations, and is therefore not genotoxic . Limited testing of retinyl acetate in the Ames test, the L5178Y mouse lymphoma assay, and the primary rat hepatocyte/DNA repair assay yielded consistently negative results . These findings and previously published results concerning retinoid genotoxicity are discussed. Exp Mol Pathol, 1985 Feb, 42(1), 89 - 116 Toxicity of D-galactosamine for rat hepatocytes in monolayer culture; Tran-Thi TA et al.; Hepatocellular injury was induced by exposure of primary cultures of rat hepatocytes to 4 mM D-galactosamine . The cell damage was very similar to that seen in vivo and in the isolated perfused rat liver, both in biochemical and in structural terms . The severity of the lesions caused by D-galactosamine was dependent on the age of the culture being treated . Less severe damage was found with older cultures . Since the primary metabolic effects of D-galactosamine were age-independent, the reduction in cell damage seems to be due to progressive cell dedifferentiation . Dexamethasone (1 microM) suppressed the full development of the injury, while 1 microM triiodo-L-thyronine enhanced it . A protection of hepatocytes by alpha 2-macroglobulin against the effects of D-galactosamine could be observed neither in vivo nor in vitro . Direct cytotoxic effects of endotoxin from Salmonella minnesota R 595 could be demonstrated only on hepatocytes in the early phases of primary culture using rather high doses of the purified lipopolysaccharide . It is unlikely that they play a major role in the hepatocellular injury seen following endotoxinemia in vivo . Lowering of extracellular Ca2+ concentration and additions of calcium/calmodulin inhibitors did not prevent cell injury after treatment with D-galactosamine . The results suggest that cell death is not due to an increased influx of Ca2+ into the cells. Bioorg Khim, 1985 Feb, 11(2), 219 - 26 {Specificity of enzymes of biosynthesis of Salmonella anatum O-antigen for polyprenyl derivatives of different chain length and saturation}; Kalinchuk NA et al.; Polyprenyl phosphates of different structure were prepared and their ability to serve as sugar acceptors in the biosynthesis of O-specific polysaccharides of Salmonella anatum was investigated . It was demonstrated that C30-C80-polyprenyl phosphates with unsaturated alpha-isoprene unit were as active as natural acceptor (undecaprenyl phosphate) in this enzymic system . C15- and C100-polyprenyl phosphates of this series were less effective in O-antigen repeating unit formation . Citronellyl and dolichyl phosphates (derivatives of C10- and C105-polyprenols, respectively, with saturated alpha-isoprene unit) were poor substrates . For polymerization of repeating units, the polyprenol chain-length is of utmost importance: its shortening results in a marked drop in the efficiency of respective compounds as substrates. Arch Tierernahr, 1985 Feb, 35(2), 97 - 108 {Vitamin A requirements of growing swine . 3 . Effect of vitamin A supply on the state of health of piglets and fattening swine}; Ludke H et al.; Diseases and losses were registered in dependence on vitamin A supply with 2,035 pigs (6.5-114 kg live weight) . The histologic examinations comprised various organs of 72 animals . The content of the main protein fractions as well as antibody titre after supplementing antigenes were determined in the serum of 104 animals . The feeding of a vitamin-A- and carotinefree casein-starch-respectively a Vitamin-A-free cereal-soybeanmeal-diet led to deficiency symptoms after 7-8 respectively 16-19 weeks of experiment particularly in the shape of nervous disturbances and voice affectations . Histologically a hyperplasia and a metaplasia of the epithelium of the big ducts in the salivory gland could be proved . The repletion of a part of the avitaminotic animals by means of oral (500 I.U./kg feed) and parenteral (500,000 to 1,000,000 I.U . i.m.) vitamin A administration is proof of a lack of vitamin A . Vitamin A and provitamin dosage did not influence diseases and losses with the exception of the occurrence of deficiency symptoms . The protein content of the serum as well as that of the globulin fractions alpha, beta, gamma did not change, the albumin content was lower in the groups without vitamin A (p greater than 0.05) . Antibody titre against the lipopolysaccharide of salmonella dublin and human gamma globulin were diminished in piglets and fattening pigs fed vitamin A free (p less than 0.05) . Taking the criterion of animal health, a vitamin A requirement higher than for growth (250 I.U./kg feed) cannot be derived. J Biol Chem, 1985 Jan 25, 260(2), 1096 - 102 Partial purification and properties of a pre-mRNA splicing activity; DiMaria PR et al.; Precursor RNA substrates for splicing reaction were synthesized in vitro from a plasmid DNA in which the early region 2 gene of adenovirus 2 was fused to an efficient bacteriophage promoter (Salmonella phage 6) . Pre-mRNA splicing activity from nuclear extracts of MOPC-315 mouse myeloma cells was partially purified 108-fold by three chromatographic steps . The in vitro splicing reaction catalyzed by the partially purified fractions was efficient (60-80% substrate conversion) and accurate at the nucleotide level . The reaction occurred with crude or purified fractions without any detectable lag and nucleotides (ATP or GTP) were absolutely required . Monoclonal anti-Sm antibodies that quantitatively immunoprecipitate U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles totally inhibited the splicing activity of the purified fractions, indicating that U1 small nuclear RNPs had co-purified with the activity and were absolutely required for the splicing reaction. Arkh Patol, 1985, 47(12), 61 - 4 {Morphology of infectious-toxic shock in salmonellosis}; Anisimova IuN et al.; Clinico-morphological data on a severe course of salmonellosis (Stenley Salmonella) with the development of the infectious-toxic shock are presented . The shock was manifested by changes of the microcirculatory bed with the development of disseminated intra vascular blood coagulation (DIBC), brain and lung oedema as well as degenerative and necrobiotic lesions of the inner organs (acute tubular renal necrosis, necrobiosis and necrosis of the gastrointestinal tract epithelium, necrobiotic processes in the adrenal parenchyma, neuronal lysis etc.) as a consequence of circulatory disturbances determining the severity of the course and outcome of the disease . The possibility of a protracted course of the DIBS-syndrome as the main component of the infectious-toxic shock is shown and pathogenetically grounded. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1985, 79(5), 719 - 21 Salmonella and Shigella in adult diarrhoea in Addis Ababa--prevalence and antibiograms; Ashenafi M et al.; Ninety Shigella and 45 Salmonella strains were isolated from 1000 adult diarrhoeal out-patients from various hospitals and clinics in Addis Ababa . The Shigella species were isolated in the order of frequency of S . flexneri, S . dysenteriae, S . boydii and S . sonnei and the Salmonella in the order of Group C, Group B, S . typhi, other Group D and Groups A and E . Almost all Shigella isolates were sensitive to cephalothin, gentamicin, kanamycin, polymyxin B and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole . About 17% were sensitive to the 11 drugs tested . Multiple resistance was detected in 62%, the most common to six drugs (27%) . All Salmonella isolates were sensitive to gentamicin, polymyxin B and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole . About 69% were sensitive to all drugs tested . 22% were multiply resistant and the most common was to eight drugs (18%). Rev Pneumol Clin, 1985, 41(5), 320 - 4 {Pleuropulmonary localizations of non-typhoid Salmonella infections}; Le Chevalier B et al.; Non-typhoid salmonella infections are extremely common, usually taking the form of a benign toxi-infection . In the context of the rare extra-digestive manifestations, the authors report 3 cases of pleuro-pulmonary involvement, in infections due to Salmonella Dublin . In 2 cases, the organism was identified from blood cultures, whilst in the 3rd case it was isolated from pleural fluid . As with other extra-digestive sites, pleuro-pulmonary involvement is favored by underlying pathology, accounting for the grave nature of the problem (amongst the 3 cases, gastrectomy and acute myeloblastic leukemia in one case and obliterative arterial disease in another case) . Non-typhoid salmonella infections are sensitive to Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim which diffuses well in the respiratory system . They are also sensitive to Amoxicillin and to Chloramphenicol. Vet Med Nauki, 1985, 22(10), 38 - 42 {Effect of fenitrothion (Agria-1050) and phosalone (Agria-1060) on the immunological reactivity of sheep}; Dimov I et al.; Studied was the effect of the preparations phenitrothion (Agria-1050) and phosalon (Agria-1060) on the immunologic reactivity of sheep through following up the phenomena of agglutination and phagocytosis at the injection of a Salm . gallinarum antigen . An unknown property of these preparations was established, consisting in the stimulation of some defense immunobiologic processes in the body of animals, at their application in minimum doses per os, simultaneously with the injection of a bacterial antigen . Phenitrothion applied orally to sheep at the rate of 50 mg per kg body mass daily, seven times in the course of sixty days, with the injection of a suspension of a killed Salmonella gallinarum culture (containing 10(7) microbial cells per 1 cm3-3 cm3 i/v, and 5 cm3 four days later, s/c per animal) stimulated agglutinin production, increasing it from 9 to 17 times; it raised the phagocytic number by 2.5 to 3 times, and the phagocytic index--by 1.7 to 2.14 times . With control animals the increase was 3-4, 1.4-1.5, and 1.10-1.19 times, respectively . Phosalon applied to sheep in following the same pattern at the rate of 13 mg per kg body mass led to a rise of the agglutinintiter from 22 to 26 times; the phagocytic number was raised by 2.6 to 4.3 times, and the phagocytic index--by 1.6-2.3 times. Vet Med Nauki, 1985, 22(7), 22 - 6 {Epizootic process caused by Salmonella species in broiler flocks}; Likov B et al.; As the result of vast epizootiologic studies for Salmonella infections in two broiler flocks the intensity of the apparent and the inapparent epizootic process was shown to grow over the period of fattening . Statistical methods, such as Shovene's criterion and the correlation analysis were made use of in the interpretation of the results . The importance was ascertained (in epizootic aspect) of the lack of harmlessness of the technology employed in terms of the transmission of Salmonella organisms . It was demonstrated that from the very beginning of introducing the batches up to the end of the fattening period a predominantly inapparent epizootic process ran its course, caused by several Salmonella species. Chir Pediatr, 1985, 26(3), 187 - 9 {Acute osteomyelitis in a child with homozygous sickle cell anemia . Difficulty in early diagnosis}; Bourdelat D et al.; Febrile painful edema of a limb segment in Black children should suggest a bone complication (infarct or osteomyelitis) of a homozygous sickle cell anemia . The possibility of an early diagnosis can be improved by scintigraphy since the appearance of radiologic signs is delayed in relation to functional symptomatology onset . The risk of an infectious graft, particularly from Salmonella in children under 2 years, on a bone infarct makes it essential to combine routine antibiotic therapy with the orthopedic treatment, to provide resolution of the very often quite impressive lesions. Basic Life Sci, 1985, 34, 221 - 48 Mutagen testing of agricultural chemicals with yeast; Eckardt F et al.; The microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae is frequently used to test chemical agents in short-term mutagenicity tests . Advantages of yeast are its eukaryotic character and the numerous genetic endpoints which can be tested . A disadvantage is the lower sensitivity towards compounds which, when compared with the Salmonella Ames test, need to be metabolized in order to be active . However, the sensitivity of yeast tests can be improved by using cells from the logarithmic phase and by growing them under conditions which increase the activity of metabolizing enzymes, such as the cytochrome P-448/P-450 complexes . Furthermore, we discuss which information can be drawn from the shape of the survival and mutation frequency curves, and which parameters from the mutant yield curves can be used to compare the mutagenic efficiencies of various agents or the mutabilities of various test systems . Also, the qualitative yeast assay results are compiled for insecticides and herbicides in agricultural usage in Third World countries (Pakistan, for example). Int Orthop, 1985, 9(2), 97 - 9 Recent observations on osteomyelitis in sickle-cell disease; Sadat-Ali M et al.; Patients with sickle-cell haemoglobinopathy are more susceptible to osteomyelitis than normal people . The commonest causative organism in such cases has been widely reported as the salmonella species . Our findings in a prospective study of 21 consecutive patients with osteomyelitis in sickle-cell haemoglobinopathy show that the staphylococcus species is the most likely causative organism. Drug Chem Toxicol, 1985, 8(3), 101 - 23 Toxicological properties of closantel; Van Cauteren H et al.; The acute, subacute and chronic toxicity studies in laboratory animals showed that closantel is a well tolerated substance . At multiples of the clinical dose, overdosing might result in central nervous system effects and death . Repeated oral dosing was without effects up to 40 mg/kg in rats and dogs except for focal swelling of the epididymis in male rats at 40 mg/kg due to formation of spermatic granulomas . In sheep repeated dosing at 10 and 40 mg/kg orally and at 5 and 20 mg/kg intramuscularly every four weeks during 40 weeks demonstrated an acceptable safety margin in this target species . Reproduction studies including a three-generation study in rats showed that fertility was not affected except slightly in male rats at 40 mg/kg whereas an embryotoxic or teratogenic potential in rats and rabbits was absent . Peri- and postnatal parameters in rats were not affected . In target animals, reproduction was extensively studied in bulls, rams and ewes showing no risk of closantel for reproduction parameters . A mutagenic potential was found to be absent in a Salmonella Ames test, a sex-linked recessive lethal test in Drosophila melanogaster and a dominant lethal test in male and female mice . In 400 mice and 400 rats closantel was shown not to be carcinogenic . Tolerance studies in sheep and cattle demonstrated that oral and parenteral clinical doses were very well tolerated and devoid of serious side-effects. Food Chem Toxicol, 1985 Jan, 23(1), 115 - 8 Suitability of the P388F mouse lymphoma system for detecting potential carcinogens and mutagens; Anderson D et al.; The P388F mouse lymphoma (TK +/-) system has been evaluated further for use as a primary mammalian-cell test and as a complementary assay to the Ames Salmonella reverse-mutation assay . The system showed a clear dose response with three alkylating agents of previously demonstrated genotoxic potential and gave the anticipated positive result with benzo{a}pyrene in the presence of S-9 mix . In addition, while giving the expected negative result with sugar, the assay detected genotoxic activity in hexamethylphosphoramide, acrylonitrile and formaldehyde, all of which are known to give negative results in the Ames test. Vet Med Nauki, 1985, 22(5), 32 - 6 {Effect of levamisole on white mice and on the immunological reactivity of guinea pigs}; Bonovska M et al.; Investigations were carried out on the protective action of therapeutic doses of levamisole (Pharmachim) on mice with a LD100 Salmonella gallinarum infection . Studied was also the effect of levamisole on the immunologic response of guinea pigs infected with Salmonella cholerae suis . It was found that therapeutic amounts of 3 mg/kg levamisole applied to mice following respective patterns protected them against a lethal dose of S . gallinarum . The animals showed enhanced resistance to the infection--20 to 50 per cent of them survived as against 100 per cent mortality with the controls . The guinea pigs showed upon treatment with levamisole certain changes with some of the factors of unspecific response--enhanced phagocytic and lysozyme activity as judged by the development of infection with a S . cholerae suis culture . At the same time the agglutinin titer that substantiated the immunologic response was negligibly changed as compared to the controls . On the base of the results obtained an attempt was made to elucidate the mechanism of the protective action of levamisole. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1985, 78(2), 150 - 2 {A new Salmonella serotype isolated in Greece: Salmonella phaliron = 8:z:e,n,z15}; Vassiliadis P et al.; A new Salmonella serotype of sub-genus I, Salmonella phaliron, 8:z:e,n,z15, has been isolated in Greece from sea water polluted from the water of the small river Kifissos. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 1985, 110(1), 85 - 6 Coincidence of infectious osteomyelitis and disseminated neuroblastoma: a diagnostic dilemma solved by scintigraphic imaging; Kiess W et al.; The case of a 41/2-year-old girl with disseminated neuroblastoma and concomitant osteomyelitis is reported . Neuroblastoma was detected in the vertebral column, the right suprarenal fossa, the left side of cranium and in bone marrow aspirates . Osteomyelitis was present in the left femur and was due to Salmonella tennessee . For the first time in the literature the two lesions were demonstrated by means of simultaneous 131I-MIBG and 99mTc-DPD scintigraphy . The diagnoses were proved by direct histological and microbiological studies. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique, 1985, 33(1), 13 - 21 {Quadrennial report of the National Salmonella Center on the origin and distribution by serotypes of strains isolated in continental France during the years 1980 to 1983}; Le Minor L et al.; This work summarizes the informations regarding 67,767 Salmonella strains isolated in continental France from 1981 to 1983 . The frequencies of O groups, of subspecies, of the 62 serotypes most frequently isolated among the 376 identified are reported . The graphs representing the annual occurrence of some serotypes show that some serotypes are considerably expanding, some disappeared after being quite frequent, and some show marked fluctuations by successive waves. Int J Environ Anal Chem, 1985, 19(4), 281 - 318 Analytical isolation, separation and identification of mutagens from nonvolatile organics of drinking water; Tabor MW et al.; A general procedure has been developed for the concentration/fractionation of mutagenic residue organics from small, less than 50L, and large, to 1200L, volumes of drinking water obtained from a variety of sources . This procedure features concentration of the residue organics chromatographically by passage of the water through XAD-2 and XAD-7 resins in specially designed columns, details of which are given . The residue organics are eluted from the resins via organic solvents, followed by solvent removal and subsequent bioassay for mutagenicity . Then the residue organics are fractionated via a coupled bioassay/analytical fractionation method which progressively focuses to the bioactive constituents of the complex mixture of residue organics . In this report, results for the optimal operation and validation of the concentration system are given, using drinking water derived from an industrially polluted river system, a wilderness river system and a major aquifer system . The predominant type of mutagenesis observed for the residue organics isolated from these samples was direct-acting to the Salmonella tester strain, TA98, which was decreased by the addition of the metabolic activation system from the livers of rats previously treated with Arochlor 1254 . Some TA100 direct-acting mutagenesis was observed for all samples . Fractionation of the residue organics indicated the mutagens to be nonpolar . Samples of residue organics collected over a period of a year from each type of drinking water showed no discernable pattern of mutagenesis versus season . The methodologies described in this paper provide a comprehensive approach for the concentration/isolation of residue organics from drinking water for studies to identify biohazardous compounds and to characterize these compounds biologically. Vet Med Nauki, 1985, 22(3), 77 - 83 {Microbiological research on processed cheese}; Aleksieva V et al.; Microbiologic studies were carried out with a total of 136 batches of 8 assortments of softened cheese to establish the amount and composition of the microbial content of this product . It was found that the total count of mesophilic organisms of 72.8 per cent of the investigated batches reached up to 200 000/g . The content of hygiene-indicative organisms (coliforms and enterococci) was limited: 97 per cent of batches had a coli titer of 1 and over 1 . The content of enterococci in 54.4 per cent of the investigated was below 100/g, and in 4.4 per cent it was over 100 000/g . No Salmonella bacteria and plasmacoagulase positive staphylococci in 25, resp., 10 g of the product were found . Contamination with sporeforming aerobic and anaerobic organisms in 72.1, resp., 91.9 per cent reached up to 1000, resp., 100 per gram of the product . The amount of proteolytic bacteria in 61.8 per cent of the batches was up to 1000/g, and in 8 per cent only--up to 100 000/g . The content of yeasts and moulds in 58.8, resp . 83.1 per cent of the batches was below 100/g. Vet Med Nauki, 1985, 22(1), 16 - 24 {Epizootiological research on salmonellosis in swine}; Minev MK et al.; The epizootiology of Salmonella infections in swine was studied in 1970-1980 in 7 districts of this country on a number of farms and industrial complexes in order to elucidate some aspects of the epizootiologic process . A total of 26,957 samples taken from swine and the environment were studied bacteriologically . An industrial complex in each district served as a test one to investigate samples from various groups of swine in the technologic process . It was found that salmonelloses did exist, and Salmonella organisms were isolated from pigs on all studied farms and complexes, however, no diseases and organisms were recorded with both animals and the environment in Swine Nucleus Bases . On the complexes Salmonellae were isolated from pigs of all technologic groups, and, in most cases, the Salmonella species coincided by sows and pigs . This explained the stationary character of the disease on some complexes where a sui generis epizootic process ran its course, exhibiting particular aspects and correlations . Salmonella organisms were isolated in 0.95 per cent of the investigated samples from the test groups on the test complexes as well as in 4.13 per cent of the groups out of the experiment . In samples taken from other complexes, farms of AIC, IAC, auxilliary farms, etc., there were positive findings in 5.32 per cent of the cases . Enzootics on the complexes were most common with pigs aged 40-50 days as against farms with traditional types of technology where 2-4-month-old pigs were involved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Vet Med Nauki, 1985, 22(1), 10 - 5 {Salmonella abortus ovis carrier state in dogs and rats}; Vodas K et al.; Serologic and bacteriologic investigations were carried out with 10 dogs, guarding sheep flocks with and without Salmonella abortions, and 17 grey rats . It was found that both species of animals could harbour Salmonella abortus ovis provided they swallowed infective material (aborted fetuses and fetal membranes) . It was shown that although lasting but 2 to 3 months only the carrier state could play a definite part in the epizootiology of Salmonella abortions in sheep. Acta Chir Scand, 1985, 151(1), 11 - 2 Salmonella sepsis following posttraumatic splenectomy and implantation of autologous splenic tissue; Schroder HM et al.; A severe complication following implantation of autologous splenic tissue occurred in a 51-year-old man . Indirect injury to abdomen resulted in a lesion of the splenic artery . Following splenectomy and reimplantation of splenic tissue into three pouches, a severe Salmonella sepsis developed within 24 hours . At second look laparotomy two pouches were infected . Recently there had been moderate signs of gastroenteritis and the same bacteria was cultivated from feces . Modifications of the implantation procedure are discussed. J Infect, 1985 Jan, 10(1), 25 - 31 Septicaemia in a teaching hospital in Kuwait--II: Factors influencing the outcome in III episodes; Elhag KM et al.; The case fatality rate (CFR) among III episodes of septicaemia in Kuwait was 22.5% . It increased with age but was not influenced by sex . Gram-negative, polymicrobial and hospital-acquired septicaemia carried a high mortality rate . Due to the influence of the more common, but less fatal salmonella infections, however, mortality from septicaemia caused by Gram-negative bacteria was lower than that reported from more developed countries . Patients with underlying conditions, such as malignancy, chronic liver disease, diabetes mellitus, renal transplant and conditions requiring surgery, as well as those with unknown sources of infection or infection originating from the respiratory tract or from surgical wounds had high mortality rates . The chances of survival increased with the use of appropriate antibiotic therapy and the absence of underlying disease . None of the patients with underlying conditions survived after receiving inappropriate therapy as compared with 50% who were previously healthy . The changing aetiology and the emergence of immuno compromised patients are possible causes for the failure to reduce significantly the mortality from septicaemia in Kuwait. Circ Shock, 1985, 15(3), 193 - 204 Exchange transfusions in rats with a perfluorated blood substitute: effect on thromboxane B2 levels during endotoxemia; Cook JA et al.; The effect of exchange transfusion with the perfluorated blood substitute (Fluosol-43) on endotoxin-induced synthesis of immunoreactive (i) thromboxane (Tx)B2, the stable metabolite of TxA2, was investigated in rats . Fluosol-43 was infused via the femoral vein with matched, incremental blood withdrawal from the carotid artery . Blood was replaced with Fluosol-43 to a final hematocrit of less than 3% in anesthetized rats maintained on 95% O2 and 5% CO2 . Circulating platelet counts were reduced from 875 +/- 47 X 10(3)/mm3 in sham controls (N = 21) to 75 +/- 10 X 10(3)/mm3 in Fluosol-43 exchange transfused rats (N2 = 19, P less than 0.001) . Circulating leukocytes were decreased from 105 +/- 6.3 X 10(2)/mm2 in sham controls (N = 21) to 17 +/- 1.4 X 10(2)/mm3 in the exchange transfused group (N = 19, P less than 0.001) . Immunoreactive (i)TxB2 was measured in plasma or Fluosol-43 obtained from rats prior to and after injection of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (20 mg/kg) . The iTxB2 levels at 30 minutes after endotoxin increased from 438 +/- 83 pg/ml (N = 4) to 2,895 +/- 663 pg/ml (N = 7) (P less than 0.01) in sham controls . iTxB2 also increased from 242 +/- 23 pg/ml (N = 7) to 2,213 +/- 589 pg/ml (N = 7) in the Fluosol-43 group (P less than 0.002) following endotoxin . The iTxB2 levels also remained significantly elevated (P less than 0.01) in both the sham and the Fluosol-43 groups 2 hours after endotoxin treatment . Endotoxin-stimulated iTxB2 levels at both 30 minutes and 2 hours in sham and Fluosol-43 exchange transfused rats did not vary significantly from each other . Indomethacin pretreatment (2 mg/kg) inhibited the increase in iTxB2 levels by greater than 85% in both groups (P less than 0.004) . Blood and Fluosol-43 were taken from sham and exchange transfused rats and incubated ex vivo with the calcium ionophore, A23187 (10 microM) . These studies demonstrated that ionophore-stimulated iTxB2 synthesis in the ex vivo Fluosol-43 samples was only 2.6% that of whole blood . Collectively these observations suggest that tissues other than blood components are potential sources of iTxB2 synthesis in endotoxin shock. Am J Otolaryngol, 1985 Jan-Feb, 6(1), 42 - 5 Cervical abscess caused by Salmonella infection; Rosenberg RA et al.; A 69-year-old man had an abscess in the neck caused by Salmonella hador (enteritidis) infection . Salmonella infection of the head and neck are rare, and often occur in association with Salmonella infection in other parts of the body . The patient described may have had seeding to the neck from previous gastrointestinal infection . Treatment by drainage of the abscess and oral administration of ampicillin was successful . To the authors' knowledge, this is the sixth case of pure Salmonella infection of the head and neck reported in the world literature. Lab Anim, 1985 Jan, 19(1), 32 - 4 Salmonella ochiogu: experimental infection of laboratory rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus); Onyekaba CO; Oral infection with Salmonella ochiogu resulted in the manifestation of clinical salmonellosis in laboratory rabbits . Infection was associated with septicaemia, anaemia and terminal pneumonia . Organisms were excreted in the faeces on the first day post-inoculation, and cultures of most visceral organs revealed widespread dissemination . This serotype appears to be highly pathogenic for rabbits. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1985, 76(1), 25 - 9 Intestinal absorption of bacterial antigens in normal adult mice . I . Preparation and characterization of the antigens; Lim PL et al.; The preparation of flagellin (FLA) from Salmonella adelaide and Boivin antigen (BA) from Vibrio cholerae is described . These two antigens differed chemically from each other and showed marked differences in their degradability by mouse intestinal juice in vitro and in their fate in the intact mouse when given intravenously . Unlike BA, FLA was rapidly degraded in intestinal juice and readily sequestered and degraded by the liver . The suitability of these antigens in oral absorption studies is discussed. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 1985 Jan, 3(1), 19 - 23 Evaluation of API SerImm Sure strips for screening and grouping Salmonella isolates; Evins GM et al.; Two new latex agglutination products in which the reagents are dried in macrocupules in plastic strips were evaluated . API SerImm Sure Salmonella Poly for screening and API SerImm Sure Salmonella for grouping (Analytab Products, Plainview, NY) were tested with 63 recent isolates and 72 stock strains of Salmonella groups A-E and 43 stock strains of Salmonella groups F-67 . Of the homologous strains, the polyvalent reagent correctly identified 89%, and the grouping reagents 90% . The most commonly occurring serotypes of groups A-E were identified . The major problems were failure to identify Group B 1,4,12,27, and group D29,46 strains, and lack of macrocupules with normal serum-latex controls . The major advantage of the products is convenience, since the SerImm Sure packaging eliminated the need to dilute anti-sera and prepare slides. J Gerontol, 1985 Jan, 40(1), 15 - 22 Fever and survival in aged mice after endotoxin challenge; Hoffman-Goetz L et al.; Male C57BL/6 mice of 12, 19, and 24 months of age received injections of low (25 micrograms 100 g-1 body weight) or high (50 micrograms 100 g-1 body weight) doses of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin and were exposed to ambient temperatures below (24 degrees C) or within (30 degrees C) the thermoneutral zone . Old mice (19 and 24 months) developed initial fevers followed by hypothermia in response to endotoxin challenge at 24 degrees C, irrespective of dose; 12-month-old-mice became hypothermic at 24 degrees C following injection of the high dose of endotoxin only . At 30 degrees C, 12- and 19-month-old mice developed and maintained fever over 4 hr in response to endotoxin compared with the 24-month-old mice who were unable to maintain fevers . Logistic regression analysis showed that age, ambient temperature, and body temperature responses were significant predictors of survival outcome in endotoxin-treated mice; of these, age and ambient temperature had the strongest effects. Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1985, 64(5), 376 - 80 Costs and benefits of diagnostic and therapeutic methods in Salmonella infections; Scevola D et al.; Type and number of specific diagnostic procedures; type, time and exitus of therapy were studied in the management of 335 hospitalized patients with Salmonella infection during a nine/years period (1976-1984) . Sixty-three cases of S . typhi (18.8%), 26 of S . paratyphi B (7.7%), 48 of S . typhimurium (14.3%) and 198 other Salmonella species (59.1%) were identified . Positive cultures were obtained from blood in 18.8% of cases . In typhoid fever bacteriemia was detected in 60.3% of cases . The sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics was detected . Of 281 (83.8%) patients treated with "major" antibiotics (CAF, Ampicillin or Co-trimoxazole) clearance of Salmonella was obtained in 171 (60.8%) . Stool "acidification" with lactulose was attempted in 54 patients (16.2%), of which 20 (37%) became negative . Charges of the bacteriologic cultures, serological tests, antibiotics and supportive therapy were estimated in order to assess the cost/benefit ratio of patients care . Length of stay and chemotherapy were respectively 20.7 (11-18) and 11 (7-17) days . Maximal cost/case ratio occurs in diagnosis for stool cultures, in therapy for Ampicillin . The introduction of an economic approach to use diagnostic and therapeutic procedures has significantly improved the management of Salmonella infections from 1976 to 1984. Environ Mutagen, 1985, 7(6), 857 - 70 Aroclor 1254 pretreatment effects on DNA repair in rat hepatocytes elicited by in vivo or in vitro exposure to various chemicals; Kornbrust D et al.; Inducers of liver mixed function oxidase (MFO) activities have profound effects on the genotoxicity of substances that undergo metabolic activation by the MFO system . The polychlorinated biphenyl mixture Aroclor 1254 is a broad-spectrum inducer of liver MFO activities that has been employed as a pretreatment to augment the metabolic activation capabilities of rat liver fractions used in a number of short-term tests for genotoxicity, including the Ames Salmonella/bacterial mutagenicity assay . The present study was designed to characterize the effects of Aroclor pretreatment of rats on the DNA repair responses elicited by various chemicals in the in vitro hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair (HPC/DR) assay as well as the in vivo/in vitro HPC/DR assay . The amount of DNA repair produced in vitro by diethylnitrosamine (DEN), benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), o-aminoazotoluene (o-AT), and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was significantly greater in hepatocytes derived from Aroclor-pretreated rats than in control rat hepatocytes; in vitro responses to dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA), benzidine (BZ), and 2-naphthylamine (2-NA) were not significantly affected by Aroclor pretreatment . DNA repair elicited by the direct-acting alkylating agents methyl methanesulfonate and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine was also not increased by Aroclor pretreatment, which indicated that Aroclor does not exert a general stimulatory effect on the hepatocellular DNA repair capacity . Therefore, the pretreatment-related potentiation of DNA repair observed for 6 out of 12 compounds tested in vitro was considered to be due to enhanced metabolic activation . These results suggested that pretreatment with Aroclor may increase the sensitivity of the in vitro HPC/DR assay to certain compounds . In contrast, Aroclor pretreatment had little effect on the amount of hepatocellular DNA repair elicited by in vivo administration of DMN, DEN, o-AT, 2-AAF, 3-MC, or AFB1, which indicated that this pretreatment regimen may have little utility for improving the sensitivity of the in vivo/in vitro HPC/DR assay. Environ Mutagen, 1985, 7(5), 759 - 73 Studies in comparative chemical mutagenesis; Sobels FH; This paper presents a review of various collaborative studies in comparative mutagenesis . The following studies are briefly described: (1) the chemical mutagenesis programme of the European Community, (2) Drosophila studies with various alkylating agents of different s (Swain-Scott) factors, (3) the evaluation by the International Commission for Protection against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens (ICPEMC) Committee 1, (4) the Environmental Protection Agency's Gene-Tox Programme, (5) the first and second United Kingdom Environmental Mutagen Society (UKEMS) collaborative studies, and (6) the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) collaborative study on in vitro tests . The need for chemical dosimetry is emphasized . One of the main conclusions is that, of the mammalian point mutation assays, the L5178Y (TFTR, trifluorothymidine resistant) system showed greatest detection capability in the second UKEMS study . The consensus conclusion of the IPCS in vitro study was that chromosomal aberrations are considered to be the optimal assay for complementing the Salmonella assay and offer the additional advantage that aneuploidy, polyploidy, and sister chromatid exchanges can also be easily assessed. Environ Mutagen, 1985, 7(3), 293 - 302 The stability of mutagenic chemicals stored in solution; Pagano DA et al.; Using the Salmonella/microsome assay, we have evaluated the stability of mutagenic responses of chemicals stored frozen over a period of 18 months . Each of the standard mutagens was prepared in January 1982, and aliquots were stored at -20 degrees C and at -80 degrees C . Sodium azide (NaN3) was dissolved in water; 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (4NOP), 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4NQO), benzo(a)pyrene (B{a}P), and 2-aminoanthracene (2AA) were dissolved in DMSO, all at 100 micrograms/ml . At various times, aliquots were removed, thawed, and tested in parallel with freshly prepared mutagen samples using strain TA100 in a standard plate test and freshly prepared Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver S-9 mix where needed . 4NOP (2-10 micrograms/plate), 4NQO (0.01-0.10 micrograms/plate), B(a)P (0.5-2.5 micrograms/plate), and 2AA (0.25-2.0 micrograms/plate) showed no significant differences between the freshly prepared solutions and the solutions stored at -20 degrees C and -80 degrees C . NaN3 (0.1-0.8 micrograms/plate) did show a statistically significant difference, with the fresh samples giving the lowest mean responses (over all doses) and the -80 degrees C treatment giving the highest . The freezing of mutagen solutions is adaptable to routine use and provides the advantage of reducing the time required to prepare positive control chemicals and reducing the exposure of laboratory personnel to known mutagens. Acta Microbiol Hung, 1985, 32(1), 61 - 4 Induction of stable L-forms of Salmonella typhi and Listeria monocytogenes; Asnani PJ et al.; Stable L-forms of Salmonella typhi and Listeria monocytogenes were produced using penicillin (4500 units/ml) as inducer, and sucrose, normal horse serum and Mg++ as stabilizers . Stable L-forms were produced after 100 and 56 passages, then adapted to grow and multiply in a medium free of inducer and stabilizers so that they did not revert to parental forms even after 12 continuous passages. Drugs, 1985, 29 Suppl 5, 201 - 5 Use of temocillin in typhoid fever, hepatobiliary disease and other infections; Tanphaichitra D et al.; During 1980-1984, 51 patients with enteric fever (typhoid/paratyphoid fever and salmonellosis) biliary tract sepsis, and other Gram-negative infections were treated with temocillin at 3 medical centres in Bangkok, Thailand . This article summarises the results in the 42 evaluable patients (14 males, 28 females); 10 patients with enteric fever, 2 patients with salmonellosis; 12 patients with biliary tract sepsis, and 18 patients with other Gram-negative infections . Overall, 86% of the patients were clinically cured or improved . Bacteriological eradication or marked reduction in the number of organisms was achieved in 95% of the patients . In 10 cases of enteric fever and 2 cases of salmonellosis all bacterial pathogens were eradicated, but 1 case of Salmonella paratyphi infection failed clinically . Eleven of 12 biliary tract infections were clinically cured or improved, and organisms were eliminated from all 10 bacteriologically assessable patients . The majority of patients received 1 to 2g of temocillin given by intravenous infusion twice daily for 5 to 14 days . Temocillin was well tolerated by all patients. J Infect, 1985 Jan, 10(1), 48 - 50 Paratyphoid fever presenting with grand mal fits and cerebellar signs; Chambers ST et al.; We report a case of Salmonella paratyphi B infection in a man who presented with cerebellar signs and convulsions . Later he developed vertebral osteomyelitis and a paravertebral abscess . He was treated successfully with chloramphenicol for 14 days and then long-term amoxycillin. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1985 Jan, 49(1), 163 - 7 Interaction between Streptococcus lactis and Aspergillus flavus on production of aflatoxin; Coallier-Ascah J et al.; The inoculation of Aspergillus flavus spores into a culture of Streptococcus lactis in Lablemco tryptone broth medium resulted in little or no aflatoxin accumulation even though the growth of the fungus was not hindered . The drop in pH and reduced nutrient levels in the medium as a result of the S . lactis growth were not the cause of the observed inhibition . The inhibition was not eliminated by the addition of carbohydrate equal to the amount used by the bacterium before the inoculation with the fungus . Aflatoxin levels were also markedly reduced when S . lactis was inoculated into a growing A . flavus culture . In addition to inhibiting the synthesis of aflatoxin, S . lactis also degraded preformed toxin . A . flavus, on the other hand, not only reduced the growth of S . lactis but also affected the morphology of the bacterial cell; the cells became elongated and formed long chains . S . lactis produced and excreted the inhibitor into the medium late in its growth phase . The inhibitor was a heat-stable low-molecular-weight compound . Chloroform extracts of A . flavus grown in the presence of S . lactis were toxic to Bacillus megaterium but did not exhibit mutagenic or carcinogenic activity in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1985 Jan, 74(1), 95 - 103 Metabolism, covalent binding, and mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 by liver extracts from rats of various ages; Jayaraj A et al.; The ability of S-9 fractions isolated from the livers of 4-, 12-, and 26-month-old male inbred F344 rats to activate and metabolize the hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin B1 {(AFB1) CAS: 1162-65-8} was studied . The following observations were made: The activation of AFB1 to compounds that are mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella-microsome test and to compounds that covalently bind DNA in vitro was similar for liver S-9 from 4- and 12-month-old rats . A 30-50% decrease in the activation of AFB1 occurred in rats between 12 and 26 months of age . The in vitro metabolism of AFB1 to chloroform-soluble and water-soluble metabolites was similar for 4- and 12-month-old rats and decreased significantly in rats after 12 months of age . The proportion of most of the chloroform-soluble metabolites of AFB1 formed by liver S-9 from 4-, 12-, and 26-month-old rats was similar . However, the proportion of aflatoxicol (CAS: 29611-03-8) produced by liver S-9 increased approximately twofold in rats between 12 and 26 months of age . The cytochrome P450 content and the NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity of liver microsomes decreased 40-45% in rats between 12 and 26 months of age . However, the activities of UDPglucuronyltransferases and most forms of glutathione S-transferase did not change significantly with increasing age in liver microsomes and cytosol, respectively. Princess Takamatsu Symp, 1985, 16, 119 - 37 Occurrence and detection of natural mutagens and modifying factors in food products; van der Hoeven JC; Various food products of plant origin were investigated for the occurrence of natural mutagens using the Salmonella/microsome assay . In general, food plants were freeze-dried and subsequently extracted with a number of solvents . Solvents were evaporated and the residues obtained were tested for mutagenicity . In addition to S9-mix, gut flora extracts were applied for metabolic activation . From bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) a novel mutagen, designated Aquilide A, was isolated and its chemical structure was identified . Aquilide A requires activation to become mutagenic . This activation occurs spontaneously at pH levels above 6-7 . Activated Aquilide A was found to be genotoxic in cultured mammalian cells . Natural mutagens were detected in 4 out of 6 vegetables investigated . In addition, broad beans (Vicia faba) were found to be mutagenic after treatment with nitrite . All mutagenic vegetables showed marked intercultivar variations . From lettuce and string beans quercetin was isolated (after chemical hydrolysis) and in rhubarb emodin, an anthraquinon, was detected . The mutagenic activity of these two compounds was further investigated using cultured mammalian cells . Quercetin and emodin responded negative or weakly positive in the systems applied . The genotoxic properties of a number of pyrrolizidin alkaloids, which are reported to occur in various flowering plants and as a result occur in honey and some herbal preparations, were studied using a cocultivation system of V79 Chinese hamster cells and primary cultures of chick embryo hepatocytes (PCCEH/V79) . All four pyrrolizidine alkaloids investigated were found to be potent inducers of SCEs in this test system . Anti-mutagenic effects of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and indole-3-carbinol (I3C) were detected using the PCCEH/V79 cocultivation system . This indicates that the cocultivation system described can be a valuable tool for the screening of various products for potential anti-carcinogenic properties . Extracts of lettuce and string beans, and a number of natural chemicals were found to reduce the mutagenic activity of cigarette smoke condensate and benzo (a) pyrene (BaP) as detected in the Salmonella/microsome assay . Intercultivar variation with respect to the antimutagenic activity observed was less pronounced than the variation noted for the mutagenic activity of these vegetables . Measures which may result in a reduction of the exposure to a number of natural mutagens are discussed. Princess Takamatsu Symp, 1985, 16, 107 - 18 Mutagenic nitropyrenes in foods; Ohnishi Y et al.; Identification of mutagenic factors in foods is of concern because they may represent carcinogens to man . Cooked foods, especially their basic fractions containing heterocyclic amines, have high mutagenicity; the neutral fractions containing mutagenic nitropyrenes, however, have not been studied in detail . The mutagenicity of various grilled foods--10 vegetables, 4 fish, and 4 kinds of meat with and without sauce--was studied . The concentration of 1-nitropyrene was measured after reduction by a specific nitroreductase purified from Bacteroides fragilis . 1-Nitropyrene was detected in grilled corn, horse-mackerel, and mackerel, and accounted for less than 10% of the total mutagenicity of the crude extracts in the Salmonella mutation test using strain TA98 in the absence of S9 mix . The mutagenicity of the diethyl ether-soluble basic fractions of meat grilled without a marinating sauce was very high . However, the sauce decreased the mutagenicity of the basic fractions and increased the mutagenicity of the neutral fractions . Moreover, considerable amounts of 1-nitropyrene were detected in pork and yakitori (grilled chicken) grilled with the sauce . The neutral fractions of yakitori grilled for 3, 5, and 7 min contained 3.8, 19, and 43 ng, respectively, of 1-nitropyrene per gram of yakitori, accounting for 3.0, 2.7, and 1.3%, respectively, of the total extract mutagenicity . We conclude that formation of 1-nitropyrene in the yakitori is due to pyrene produced by incomplete combustion of fat in the chicken, its nitration at acidic pH by nitrogen dioxide emitted by burning of cooking gas, and some components of the marinating sauce . Antimutagenic activity of edible mushrooms against 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido{4,3-b}indol (Trp-P-1) was also studied. Acta Microbiol Hung, 1985, 32(4), 321 - 40 Phage types and epidemiological significance of Salmonella enteritidis strains in Hungary between 1976 and 1983; Laszlo VG et al.; In Hungary, 14 819 human Salmonella enteritidis strains were isolated between 1976 and 1983 . Phage type was determined of 10 132 human strains originating from 6852 foci, and of 711 strains isolated from animals and water in this period . The human strains were typable in 99.4% and they belonged into 21 phage types . Five phage types (1, 4, 7, 16 and 17) were more frequent than 1% . Phage type 7 predominated among the strains isolated between 1976 and 1980, including 65.6%-89.3% of the strains . There was a change in the prevalence of phage types from 1980-1981, as phage type 7 was ousted by phage type 1 . The date of the change in the predominance of phage types coincided with the considerable increase of S . enteritidis isolates; the number of isolates was nearly fivefold in 1980 of that in 1976 . Phage type 7 frequent in the first period proved to be homogeneous; the strains could not be subdivided either by the temperate phages carried by them or by other phages . The incidence of phage types 1 and 7 was nearly the same among the strains derived from animals, food, water and hygienic control examinations, and there was no temporal difference in the frequency of the two phage types as it was observed among the human strains . The human strains originated in 49.5% from outbreaks and in 50.5% from sporadic cases in the country . Of the strains examined for phage type during the eight-year period, 41.9% were isolated from 23 field epidemics, 84 community outbreaks and 757 family infections . Analysing the regional spread of S . enteritidis, the increase in the number of isolates was the highest in counties Tolna, Bacs-Kiskun, Somogy and Gyor-Sopron . The predominance of phage type 1 was observed in counties Bekes, Borsod, Csongrad, Gyor-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Pest and Tolna . It was obvious in the case of county Tolna that the source of infection was contaminated egg and baby chicken . Phage type 7 predominated in counties Komarom, Vas and Veszprem . Phage type 4 circulated in counties Csongrad and Pest, phage type 17 in county Fejer and phage type 2 in county Hajdu-Bihar. Acta Microbiol Hung, 1985, 32(4), 315 - 20 Characterization of R-plasmids coding for ampicillin resistance in Salmonella typhi-murium; Nikolnikov S; Eight Salmonella typhi-murium strains coding resistance to ampicillin were chosen from 38 strains isolated in different counties of Hungary in 1981, and their plasmids were characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis . Incompatibility groups and molecular weights of transferable R-plasmids coding resistance to ampicillin were determined and restriction enzyme analyses were done . The studies showed that among R-plasmids coding for ampicillin resistance in S . typhi-murium strains IncI alpha group plasmids with a molecular weight of 66 Mdal were dominant in Hungary . According to their cleavage patterns, the examined plasmids formed two groups . Both types contained some fragments identical in size, and they are supposed to be connected evolutionarily. Clin Ther, 1985, 8(1), 90 - 9 Infections in immunocompromised patients . I . Pathogenesis, etiology, and diagnosis; Klastersky J; Granulocytopenia is the major factor predisposing cancer patients to infection, chiefly by bacteria . Most of the infections are caused by gram-negative aerobic organisms (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella sp) that arise from endogenous gastrointestinal, mucosal, or cutaneous flora (often modified by hospital-acquired pathogens) . Some fungi (Candida sp and Aspergillus sp) are also likely to invade granulocytopenic patients . The next most important factor predisposing cancer patients to infection is alteration of anatomic barriers . Mucosal and skin protection is compromised by tumors, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and intravenous lines and other devices . The pathogens found in cases of altered anatomical barriers are similar to those encountered in patients with granulocytopenia, which is a major cause of alteration of anatomical barriers . The third factor predisposing patients to serious bacterial and nonbacterial infections is immunosuppression, especially in patients with lymphomas, multiple myelomas, and chronic lymphatic leukemia . The pathogens isolated in these patients include Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp, Brucella sp, Mycobacterium sp, and Nocardia asteroides, although P aeruginosa and staphylococci may be found as well . Viruses (herpes simplex, herpes zoster, and vaccinia), parasites, fungi, and Pneumocystis carinii and Toxoplasma gondii are involved in many infections in these patients, in whom cell-mediated immunity is impaired . In neutropenic patients, antimicrobial or antifungal therapy should be instituted before the microbiological diagnosis is made; in immunosuppressed patients, therapy is optimally guided by a specific microbiological diagnosis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1985, 79(5), 577 - 80 New enteric vaccines: application of new knowledge of receptors and recognition in enteric infections; Candy DC; Advances in understanding of the "receptors and recognition" mechanisms of virulence factors of enteric pathogens have been important in the development of enteric vaccines . Sophisticated techniques of molecular biology have proved essential to this endeavour . This review summarizes progress in development of vaccines against disease due to Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella and rotavirus enteric infections . All of these vaccines are undergoing, or are about to undergo, field trials. Mol Gen Genet, 1985, 201(3), 575 - 7 Cloning in Escherichia coli and molecular analysis of the sucrose system of the Salmonella plasmid SCR-53; Garcia JL; The sucrose utilization system of the conjugative plasmid scr-53 originating from a sucrose-fermenting Salmonella strain has been cloned in Escherichia coli K12 using pBR325 as a vector . Bacteria harboring a recombinant plasmid with a 4.9 kilobase PstI-insert were able to grow in media containing sucrose as the sole carbon source . A gene that directs the synthesis of a beta-D-fructofuranosyl-fructohydrolase enzyme was located on a 2.6 kilobase SalI-EcoRI DNA fragment . Three polypeptides of 60,000, 39,000 and 25,000 daltons were detected by a maxicell system . The advantage of using the resulting plasmids for industrial applications is discussed. Int J Immunopharmacol, 1985, 7(6), 849 - 56 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced immunotoxicity; Chastain JE Jr et al.; The selective toxicity of TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) for the thymus, consisting primarily of immature T-cells, led us to search for an analogous selective toxicity for the immature B-lymphocytes in the bone marrow . In the dose-response study C57B1/6 male mice were injected with either vehicle alone (corn oil), 30, 60, or 120 micrograms/kg of TCDD i.p . The mice were killed by cervical dislocation 7 days later . In the time-response study, mice were injected with either saline or 120 micrograms/kg i.p . TCDD, 3, 7, 14, or 21 days before killing . In both studies, the following were analyzed: change in body weight, thymus weight, spleen and bone marrow cellularity, and spleen and marrow B-lymphocyte function, measured using the in vitro B-lymphocyte colony forming unit in culture assay, with the mitogen lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella typhosa, and the in vitro plaque forming cell assay, with the thymus independent antigen, TNP-LPS . In the dose-response study there was a reduction in thymic weight, spleen B-cell functional response (per spleen), and bone marrow B-cell functional response to 14%, 35-54%, and 20-32% of control, respectively, at a dosage of 120 micrograms/kg . In the time-response study, thymic weight and bone marrow B-cell functional response (per femur) were reduced to 6% and 18% of control, respectively, at day 21 . The results indicate that TCDD was selectively more toxic to the immature B-cells in the bone marrow than the more mature B-cells in the spleen . This immunotoxicity was dose-dependent. Environ Mutagen, 1985, 7(6), 901 - 11 Strategies to reduce the cost of mutagenicity screening with the Salmonella assay; Zeiger E et al.; An extensive Salmonella assay database was analyzed in order to develop strategies to reduce costs of screening chemicals for mutagenicity . This database was obtained from testing 941 samples (representing 799 chemicals), 36% of which were judged mutagenic . Strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 without activation, with rat liver S-9, and with hamster liver S-9, make up the 12 strain/activation combinations considered here . The testing strategies examined consist of two or three stages; a positive result at any stage is regarded as definitive and stops the testing . Sequential testing improves efficiency by eliminating the need for further experimentation once a chemical has been found to be mutagenic . Consequently, costs and effort are reduced . For screening chemicals in the Salmonella assay, it is our recommendation that a sequential testing scheme be adopted whose initial stage consists of TA100. Basic Life Sci, 1985, 34, 43 - 61 Water contamination and environmental mutagens; Loper JC; Citizens of industrialized and developing nations share a common concern for safe water sources, but each group must contend with different priorities and problems . Examples of pollution involving surface, ground, and irrigation water are presented . The Salmonella mutagenesis assay has proven to be a valuable bioassay for detection and isolation of unknown water-borne mutagens, and is useful in monitoring the levels of mutagenic pesticides. Basic Life Sci, 1985, 34, 111 - 20 Mutagenesis-enhancement by plasmids in mutagenesis tester strains; Walker GC; The plasmid pKM101 has played a very important role in the success of the Ames Salmonella test for carcinogens and mutagens . It was derived from the clinically isolated plasmid R46 by an in vivo deletion and confers upon its host both increased resistance to killing by UV irradiation and increased susceptibility to UV and chemical mutagenesis . pKM101 exerts its effects by coding for two genes mucA and mucB, which are analogs of the chromosomally-encoded genes umuD and umuC . The products of the umuD/C locus are required for UV and chemical mutagenesis . The mucA/B and umuD/C loci code for products of very similar molecular weight and the transcription organization of the two loci is identical . Expression of both the mucA/B and umuD/C loci is induced by DNA damage, and is regulated by the recA lexA control circuit. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1985, 33(3), 379 - 86 Increase in the susceptibility of Salmonella strains to bactericidal activity of cord serum following treatment with agents disturbing surface structures; Jankowski S; Salmonella strains resistant to normal cord serum were found to become susceptible to it when the outer membrane was damaged by colistin, adult normal serum or Tris-HCl buffer . The present results indicate that after such treatment cord sera exert bactericidal effect, despite significant deficiencies in factors playing an essential role in this process. Mol Gen Genet, 1985, 201(1), 133 - 5 Expression of an Escherichia coli flagellin gene, hag48, in the presence of a Salmonella H1-repressor; Enomoto M et al.; An Escherichia coli K12 flagellin gene, hag48, was found to be expressed in the presence of the Salmonella rh1 gene product . The strains which had hag48 on a chromosome or on an F' factor were constructed from strains H2-e,n,xon-off rh1+ and fixed H2-e,n,xon rh1+ in which rh1+ is cotranscribed with H2 in its "on" state . Motility of these strains in semisolid medium was inhibited by anti-H48 serum and motile clones (swarms) that escaped from it were hag mutants in case of the hag48 e,n,xon-off strain tested . H48 flagellin was detected by electrophoresis, though its amount was less than e,n,x flagellin, from all the strains that were nonmotile in the presence of anti-H48 serum. Infection, 1985, 13 Suppl 2, S206 - 10 Oral vaccination against enteric bacterial infections: an overview; Germanier R; The present situation and the future prospects for the use of oral vaccines against the major enteric diseases typhoid fever, shigellosis and cholera are discussed in this paper . No significant protection could be demonstrated for oral inactivated whole-cell vaccines . In contrast, an oral live vaccine based on the attenuated Salmonella typhi strain Ty 21a was highly efficacious in volunteer challenge studies and in a controlled field trial . Two attenuated strains are presently being tested in volunteer studies as candidate vaccines against shigellosis; one uses S . typhi Ty 21a and the other Escherichia coli K-12 as the carrier for shigella antigens . Experimental challenge studies in volunteers showed that recovery from clinical cholera confers solid and long-lasting protection . The goal of present research is to develop a vaccine that mimics the events of clinical cholera without causing disease. Environ Mutagen, 1985, 7(4), 511 - 22 Evaluation of laser dye mutagenicity using the Ames/Salmonella microsome test; Wuebbles BJ et al.; Twenty-five laser dyes and four analogs were tested for mutagenicity in the Ames/Salmonella test . Seven dyes and two analogs gave positive mutagenic responses with bacterial strains TA1538 and TA98 . Of two widely used families of laser dyes (coumarins and rhodamines), four coumarin samples, but none of the rhodamine samples, were mutagenic . All mutagenic compounds require enzyme activation for positive response except two terphenyl analogs, which are mutagenic with or without activation . Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), it was determined that five mutagenic dye samples had multiple components . The dyes themselves may not be the mutagenic agents in all cases (as with Nile Blue) but may contain impurities that are mutagenic . One dye, adicyanomethylene (DCM) (greater than or equal to 95% pure), was mutagenic at doses below 0.5 micrograms/plate on strains TA1538 and TA98 . DCM also induced reversions in strains TA96, TA97, TA100, TA102, and TA104, although less efficiently . This study indicates the need for further toxicological testing of these types of compounds . The mutagenic components of these dye mixtures, whether it is the dye or a contaminant, presents a possible hazard to those handling them . Therefore, practices and procedures for the safe handling of specific dyes should be reviewed in light of these findings. Environ Mutagen, 1985, 7(3), 391 - 403 Comparison of mutagenicities in a Salmonella reversion assay mediated by uninduced hepatocytes and hepatocytes from rats pretreated for 1 or 5 days with Aroclor 1254; Hass BS et al.; Hepatocytes prepared from rats pretreated for 5 days with 500 mg/kg Aroclor 1254 were found to be unsuitable for use in a modified Salmonella mutagenicity assay . These hepatocytes exhibited low viability, did not readily attach to plastic culture dishes, and produced mutagenicity responses with benzo{a}pyrene (B{a}P) and 2-aminofluorene (2AF) that were greatly enhanced by the addition of an NADPH-regenerating system (NADPH-RS) . Shortening the Aroclor pretreatment time to 1 day resulted in hepatocytes that exhibited high viability and readily attached to plastic culture dishes . These hepatocytes produced higher numbers of revertants when used to assay the mutagenicities of B{a}P and 2AF than were produced using hepatocytes from animals that were pretreated for 5 days . These reversion frequencies were also higher than those produced using uninduced hepatocytes and were much less affected by the addition of NADPH-RS than were the reversions mediated by the 5-day preinduced hepatocytes . Liver homogenate postmitochondrial fractions (S9s), which were prepared from rats pretreated with Aroclor for 1 or 5 days, were nearly equal in their ability to mediate the mutagenicity of B{a}P and 2AF in the Salmonella/microsome reversion assay . Qualitative differences between the S9- and hepatocyte-mediated mutagenicity of 2AF were found, however . These results indicate that employing hepatocytes from rats pretreated with Aroclor for 1 day, rather than 5 days, results in an enzymatically induced, more-intact cell population that is capable of detecting the mutagenicity of B{a}P and 2AF in a modified Salmonella reversion assay. Environ Mutagen, 1985, 7(3), 369 - 79 Petroleum distillates suppress in vitro metabolic activation: higher {S-9} required in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay; Carver JH et al.; To determine if standard conditions used in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay could reliably screen complex petroleum samples, two high-boiling (700-1,070 degrees F) distillates and their separated aromatic fractions were tested . The initial mutagenic activities were inconsistent with the samples' known polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contents and observed potencies in a dermal carcinogenesis bioassay . A significant mutagenic response was observed only at S-9 concentrations 5 to 10 times higher than those used in the standard assay, supporting the use of elevated levels of S-9 in the Salmonella/microsome assay to assess the carcinogenic potential of petroleum-derived materials . All four samples masked the expected mutagenic activity of added PAHs (benzo{a}pyrene and perylene) . Data suggested that petroleum distillates suppress the functional efficacy of the S-9; possible mechanisms are discussed. Environ Mutagen, 1985, 7(3), 303 - 12 Metabolic activation of 3-(2-chloroethoxy)-1,2-dichloropropene: a mutagen structurally related to diallate, triallate, and sulfallate; Distlerath LM et al.; 3-(2-Chloroethoxy)-1,2-dichloropropene (CP), a Salmonella promutagen that was recently isolated from a sample of residue organics previously concentrated from drinking water, is structurally related to three other chlorinated promutagens, the S-chloroallyl thiocarbamate herbicides diallate, triallate, and sulfallate . These four chloroallyl ether compounds were found to be similar with respect to strain specificity, potency, and requirement for specific metabolic activation . The 9,000g supernatant (S9) fractions from polychlorinated biphenyl Aroclor 1254- or phenobarbital-induced rats metabolized the four chloroallyl ethers to mutagenic products, whereas S9 from 3-methylcholanthrene-induced or uninduced rats did not . The metabolic activation of CP, diallate, and triallate to mutagens was catalyzed by the 100,000g microsomal pellet of S9 alone, but the activation of sulfallate to mutagenic metabolites required both microsomal and cytosolic fractions of S9 . Direct-acting (minus S9) mutagenic metabolites of diallate and triallate could be extracted into methylene chloride from S9 incubation mixtures . Incubations containing S9 and either sulfallate or CP did not yield methylene chloride-extractable metabolites with direct-acting mutagenic activity . On the basis of these results and those from previous studies on the metabolism of diallate, triallate, and sulfallate, a tentative model for the metabolic activation of CP is proposed in which this chloroallyl ether undergoes alpha-carbon hydroxylation to form multiple mutagenic products. Acta Microbiol Hung, 1985, 32(1), 87 - 98 Epidemiological analysis of Salmonella typhi-murium infections on the basis of laboratory methods . II . Resistance to antibiotics and R-plasmid carrier state in Salmonella typhi-murium isolated in Hungary in the period 1974 to 1981; Milch H et al.; Phage and biochemical typing of Salmonella typhi-murium strains performed in the course of the Salmonella Surveillance Programme were completed with examinations on resistance to antibiotics and R-plasmids . A total of 15 600 strains of human, animal and water origin were tested between 1975 and 1981 and most of the monoresistant strains were found among the animal strains (73.6%-94.9%), while double resistance was the most frequent among the human strains (5.5%-25.5%) and multiresistance occurred in the highest ratio (2.8%-25.6%) among the strains of water origin . Tetracycline resistance was the most frequent in all the three materials . The curves representing the incidence of tetracycline (Tc), chloramphenicol (Cm), streptomycin (Sm), kanamycin (Km) resistance were similar to the curve of multiple resistance and differed from the curve showing the incidence of ampicillin (Ap) resistance . Gentamicin resistance was found only among human strains (in 0.3 and 0.7%), strains resistant to nitrofurantoin and co-trimoxazole occurred among strains of human and water origin in low percentages . The most common antibiotic resistance patterns of the multiple resistant strains were Tc, Cm, Sm, Km, Ap, Su; Tc, Sm, Su; Sm, Km, Ap, Su . Multiple resistant strains belonged in the majority to phage type nt (not typable) and 2b . Out of the examined 512 S . typhi-murium strains resistant to antibiotics, the presence of R-plasmid was demonstrated in 408 strains (i.e . 79.7%) . The R-plasmids, derived from strains of human, animal and water origin, of phage type nt, biotype 3 (nt/3) isolated in 1979, were characterized according to the resistance determinants, fi-character, incompatibility-group, phage-inhibition and molecular weight . Two kinds of R-plasmids were carried by three human strains (FI and H, FI and alpha) . R-plasmids belonging to Inc P and Inc H were carried by one animal strain . Strains isolated from sewage carried R-plasmids of Inc groups H and I alpha . Out of the examined 15 S . typhi-murium strains of phage type 2b, isolated in 1981, the molecular weight for 7 strains was 66 Md and four belonged to Inc I alpha . The R-plasmids derived from 2b/2 strains, isolated in the same county, were identical according to antibiotic resistance determinants, phage inhibition and molecular weight . The molecular weights of R-plasmids derived from 10 strains out of the examined 30 nt strains were also 66 Md and the four examined plasmids belonged also to Inc I alpha.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Acta Microbiol Hung, 1985, 32(1), 75 - 86 Epidemiological analysis of Salmonella typhi-murium infections on the basis of laboratory methods . I . Distribution of phage types and biotypes of Salmonella typhi-murium isolated in Hungary in the period 1960 to 1981; Milch H et al.; Phage and biochemical types were determined of 34 937 Salmonella typhi-murium cultures including 31 708 human strains, 2732 animal strains and 497 strains isolated from water . Phage type 4, not typable strains (nt) and phage type 2b were predominant among the strains of human and animal origin, and nt, 4 and 2b among the strains isolated from water . The most frequent phage types and the nt strains were subdivided by biotyping and additional phages . The incidence of S . typhi-murium var . copenhagen strains was 12.4%, they belonged mainly to phage types 2b and nt . The number of S . typhi-murium isolates of human origin showed a 2-4 year periodical fluctuation between 1960 and 1981 . A connection was found between the incidence of the predominant phage types (4, nt, 2b) and the periodical changes in the total number of isolates . Phage type 4, which predominated among the strains of human and animal origin till 1976, was ousted gradually by nt ones . In the period when the change in predominance was observed the number of epidemics decreased and the number of sporadic cases increased . The change in the frequency of phage types took place at the same time when the frequency of phage types changed among the strains isolated from cattle and meat-products (4----nt) . The increased number of sporadic cases after 1976 refers to infections from cattle and not from poultry. Microbios, 1985, 42(171S), 243 - 9 Specific proteins common to Salmonella paratyphi B and C; Barber C; A serum prepared with proteins from Salmonella paratyphi C precipitates indiscriminately the proteins from numerous heterologous Salmonellae . After different absorptions, that eliminate all the antibodies induced against common E . coli and Salmonellae determinants, a specific precipitatio