Pasteurella

Am J Vet Res, 1985 Feb, 46(2), 342 - 7
Effect of vaccination with live or killed Pasteurella haemolytica on resistance to experimental bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis; Confer AW et al.; Using 6- to 8-month-old beef calves, 3 experiments were conducted to compare the effect of vaccination with live or killed Pasteurella haemolytica on resistance to a transthoracic challenge exposure with the organism and to correlate serum antibody response with resistance . In each experiment, calves were vaccinated twice at 1-week intervals and were challenge exposed 21 days after the first inoculation . Lung lesions were evaluated by a system, such that higher scores indicated the more severe lesions . In each experiment, calves immunized with live P haemolytica had lower lesion scores than calves vaccinated with saline solution or bacterin . In 2 of the experiments, the differences were significant (P less than 0.05) . In all experiments, calves vaccinated parenterally with a commercial P haemolytica/P multocida bacterin or with a formalin-killed P haemolytica bacterin had lesion scores that were not significantly different (P greater than 0.05) than for control calves vaccinated with saline solution . Live and killed bacterial preparations induced a significant serum antibody response to P haemolytica as measured by a quantitative fluorometric immunoassay . The antibody response to vaccination was not affected by preexisting titers to P haemolytica . Serum antibody titers were not consistently as high for calves vaccinated with bacterins as for calves vaccinated with live organisms . Although high antibody titers correlated with low lesion scores when calves vaccinated with saline solution or live organisms were analyzed collectively, there was not a significant correlation between the 2 variables when calves, vaccinated with saline solution or with bacterin, were analyzed collectively . These data indicate that, although bacterins may induce a detectable serum antibody response, they do not induce protection against transthoracic challenge exposure to P haemolytica.

Am J Vet Res, 1985 Feb, 46(2), 336 - 41
Production of superoxide anion by bovine pulmonary macrophages challenged with soluble and particulate stimuli; Dyer RM et al.; The effects of opsonized zymosan, phorbal myristate acetate, and live Pasteurella haemolytica on superoxide anion production by bovine pulmonary macrophages were determined . The anion responses were dose-dependent for all stimuli, except for unopsonized P haemolytica . The effect of viable P haemolytica on macrophage viability was related to bacterial dosage and the presence of opsonizing antibody . Superoxide responses varied directly with the dose of opsonized live P haemolytica, but indirectly with macrophage viability.

J Basic Microbiol, 1985, 25(9), 559 - 67
{Demonstration of iron transport activity in Pasteurella multocida cultures}; Flossmann KD et al.; It has been established that Pasteurella multocida cultures possess pronounced iron transport activities to accumulate the iron necessary for growth . Experiments with Fe-59 confirmed that the bacterial cells are able to acquire iron without direct contact from high molecular iron substrates, such as iron dextrane, ferritine or transferrine . Microbial siderophores of the hydroxamate and phenolate types, such as desferrioxamin B and enterobactine as well as other iron chelators (phenanthroline, citrate and nitrilotriacetate) decrease the bacterial cell growth or iron incorporation and are not relevant for iron transport in P . multocida . The direct analytical identification of siderophores using the reactions by Csaky (hydroxamate type) and Arnow (phenolate type) has proved unsuccessful . The importance of the mannan cell wall polysaccharide is discussed with respect to the iron transport . Thus in terms of iron accumulation, P . multocida is similar to Yersinia, which also possess an efficient transport system for iron not involving siderophores.

Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 1985, 8(1), 65 - 71
{Respiratory diseases of swine: some epidemiologic aspects}; Kobisch M et al.; Epidemiological surveys enable to know better the aetiology of respiratory diseases . The surveys carried out in slaughter-houses in Brittany (France) in 1980 and 1981, show a worrying situation concerning porcine respiratory diseases . Microbiological studies brought out the preponderance of the isolation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Streptococcus suis and Actinobacillus suis . Some patterns of experimental infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Bordetella bronchiseptica are exposed.

Can J Comp Med, 1985 Jan, 49(1), 99 - 103
Comparison of serological techniques to measure antibody to Pasteurella haemolytica A1; Filion LG et al.; Analysis of 45 sera was performed employing five techniques which are currently in use in three laboratories to measure anti-Pasteurella haemolytica antibodies . The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, passive hemagglutination, complement fixation and direct and indirect bacterial agglutination assays were employed and a relationship between tests in the measurement of anti-P . haemolytica antibodies was demonstrated . Regression analysis together with prediction and confidence intervals were tabulated also . The conclusion drawn from statistical analysis was that all five tests are similar in their ability to detect immune responses (antibody and antigen(s) interactions) to Pasteurella haemolytica.

Avian Dis, 1985 Jan-Mar, 29(1), 256 - 7
Safety testing of Pasteurella multocida vaccines and bacterins in turkeys; Nervig RM et al.; When U.S . Department of Agriculture-licensed Pasteurella multocida vaccines and bacterins were administered to healthy turkeys under controlled laboratory conditions, they did not cause an increase in death loss.

Avian Dis, 1985 Jan-Mar, 29(1), 214 - 7
Atypical Pasteurella haemolytica type A from poultry; Addo PB et al.; Atypical strains of Pasteurella haemolytica that failed to ferment maltose were isolated from nodular necrosis in the liver and heart blood of domestic fowl (Gallus domestica) . These strains did not typically behave like either of the two well-known biotypes of P . haemolytica . The strains utilized trehalose and produced hydrogen sulfide (H2S), thus behaving like P . haemolytica type T, and produced acid in xylose but not in salicin, thus behaving like P . haemolytica type A . Most of the properties of the strains, however, conformed closely to those of P . haemolytica type A . Detailed characteristics of the isolates are described and discussed.

Avian Dis, 1985 Jan-Mar, 29(1), 145 - 9
Studies on the use of a long-acting oxytetracycline in turkeys: serum levels and tissue residues following injection; Skeeles JK et al.; Forty 6-week-old large white commercial turkeys were injected subcutaneously with a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation (69 mg/lb) . The turkeys were divided into four groups of 10 birds each, and the birds in each group were bled twice at different times between 4 and 144 hours postinjection (PI) to determine serum levels of oxytetracycline . Two additional groups of turkeys were also given the long-acting oxytetracycline formulation mixed with either neomycin or a bacterin for Pasteurella multocida to determine if either of these compounds interfered with absorption of the oxytetracycline . Serum levels of oxytetracycline were 5.38 micrograms/ml, 1.59 microgram/ml, and 0.93 microgram/ml at 24, 48, and 72 hours PI, respectively, following an average dose of 69 mg/lb of body weight . These levels are all considered therapeutic . There appeared to be no interference with absorption of oxytetracycline when mixed with either neomycin or the bacterin . Tissue residues of oxytetracycline in the muscle, liver, and kidney were within tolerance levels by 3 weeks PI.

Avian Dis, 1985 Jan-Mar, 29(1), 128 - 35
Laboratory and field trials with formalin-inactivated Escherichia coli (O78)-Pasteurella anatipestifer bacterin in white pekin ducks; Sandhu TS et al.; A combination Escherichia coli serotype O78 and Pasteurella anatipestifer bacterin was developed and tested in white pekin ducks in laboratory and field trials . Inoculations with bacterin at 2 and 3 weeks of age provided significant protection against challenge with virulent E . coli O78 and Pasteurella anatipestifer serotypes 1, 2, and 5 . No significant cross-protection was observed against heterologous E . coli serotypes, although there was a slight reduction in mortality in ducklings challenged with E . coli serotypes O2a and O119 . In field trials, the E . coli-P . anatipestifer bacterin produced significant reduction of mortality in commercial white pekin ducks compared with P . anatipestifer bacterin.

Pediatr Neurosci, 1985-86, 12(2), 96 - 100
Animal bites causing central nervous system injury in children . A report of three cases; Steinbok P et al.; Three cases of animal bites causing central nervous system injury in children are reported . Two infants suffered compound depressed skull fractures as a result of dog bites to the head . An older child suffered direct injury to the spinal cord from a tiger bite . In 2 cases, Pasteurella meningitis occurred . Pitfalls in the management of this type of problem are discussed.

Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 1985, 8(1), 29 - 33
{Diagnostic problems posed by respiratory infections of dogs}; Chappuis G; The following viruses as well as bacteria and mycoplasma have been isolated from dogs with contagious respiratory disease: canine distemper virus; Canine adenoviruses (type 1 and 2); Parainfluenza type 2 (SV5); Reovirus type 1; Canine Herpesvirus; Bordetella bronchiseptica, Streptococcus, Pasteurella, Staphylococcus and Mycoplasma . The occurrence of these agents can be in direct relationship with: the evolution of a systemic disease; respiratory disorders being a regular or inconsistant symptom of this disease; the evolution of a disease restricted to the respiratory tract; the tropism of the bacterial or viral agent is exclusively respiratory; secondary bacterial complications to a primary viral infection; saprophyte state or latency without pathologic significance . These various infectious agents are implicated alone or in mixed infections and the wide variety of clinical symptoms don't allow to precise a clinical diagnosis . We will try to bring some bases allowing, by the help of laboratory an etiologic diagnosis . This diagnosis is essential for providing an efficient prevention . We will approach some parameters which we have been confronted with as regards Canine Distemper and Canine Adenovirosis . Our purpose is, through these examples of the canine pathology, to confirm and complete some other similar situations which can appear in other animal species.

Am J Vet Res, 1985 Jan, 46(1), 193 - 201
Experimental reproduction of septicemic pasteurellosis in feedlot lambs: bacteriologic and pathologic examinations; Suarez-Guemes F et al.; Septicemic pasteurellosis (SP) was induced in feedlot lambs . Twenty-eight lambs, randomly allotted into 7 groups, were given combinations of 3 treatments: (i) immunosuppression using hydrocortisone solubilized in dimethyl sulfoxide, (ii) rapid changes in feed, from 100% roughage to 90% concentrate, and (iii) oral inoculation of Pasteurella haemolytica biotype T . Feed changes and immunosuppression by hydrocortisone were needed for the production of SP . Pasteurella haemolytica inoculation was not necessary for induction of SP in all cases, indicating an endogenous source of infection . Clinical pathologic, bacteriologic, and gross and microscopic pathologic findings of induced SP were similar to those described for naturally occurring SP in lambs . Infection of lambs with P haemolytica biotype T via the gastrointestinal tract is discussed as a possible step in the pathogenesis of SP in feedlot lambs.

Am J Vet Res, 1985 Jan, 46(1), 151 - 3
Comparison of the pneumopathogenicity of two strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus; Potgieter LN et al.; The pneumopathogenicity in calves of 2 strains of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus, isolate 2724 (a noncytopathogenic virus) and isolate 72 (a cytopathogenic virus), was compared . All calves were inoculated endobronchially, using fiberoptic bronchoscopy . Two calves were given Pasteurella haemolytica, 2 calves were given the noncytopathogenic BVD virus, and 2 calves were given cytopathogenic BVD virus . Five calves were inoculated sequentially with BVD virus and, 5 days later, with P haemolytica . Two of these calves were inoculated with the noncytopathogenic BVD virus and the other 3 with the cytopathogenic strain . Both BVD virus strains caused marked respiratory tract disease in the calves sequentially inoculated with P haemolytica and also impaired pulmonary clearance of P haemolytica . However, the effect of the cytopathogenic strain was more severe than the noncytopathogenic strain, indicating that strains of BVD virus may vary in their pneumopathogenicity for calves.

Rev Argent Microbiol, 1985, 17(1), 15 - 9
{Response of guinea pigs to vaccination with parainfluenza virus 3}; Sadir AM et al.; An inactivated vaccine was prepared with Parainfluenza-3 virus strain LQ-514 and strains of Pasteurella hemolytica and P . multocida, suspended in oil adjuvant . The virus had been isolated from 30-60 day old calves during an epidemic of Pneumonia . The vaccine was tested in guinea pigs aged 1 to 2 months . The antibody response and the virus titres in organs after the challenge were the parameters studied . Hemagglutination inhibition antibodies were first detected 14 days after vaccination and reached maximum titres at day 28 . The challenge was done at day 34, and a secondary antibody response was observed 72 hours later, which reached its peak the following day . Virus could be isolated from lung samples of control animals at day 3, 4 and 5 after infection . Moreover, viral antigens and particles were observed in the same samples by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, respectively . In contrast, all three methods failed to demonstrate the presence of virus in organs of immunized guinea pigs after the challenge.

Vet Rec, 1984 Dec 15, 115(24), 615 - 9
Epidemiological study of Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica in atrophic rhinitis; Rutter JM et al.; An epidemiological study of atrophic rhinitis was carried out in four pig herds . Observations were made of (i) infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida, (ii) the presence of brachygnathia superior (BS score), (iii) the extent (grade) of turbinate atrophy and pneumonia at slaughter and (iv) growth rates from two to 16 weeks of age and average daily weight gains to slaughter . In two of the herds with no history of atrophic rhinitis, B bronchiseptica and non-toxigenic strains of P multocida were isolated; only one of 47 pigs (2 per cent) had a BS score greater than +10 mm and the most severe turbinate atrophy observed in 21 pigs at slaughter was grade 3 . In contrast, from two herds with atrophic rhinitis, toxigenic strains of P multocida were isolated as well as B bronchiseptica and non-toxigenic P multocida . BS scores of greater than +10 mm were present in six of 47 pigs (13 per cent) of which five were infected with toxigenic P multocida and had severe turbinate atrophy of grade 4 or 5 . There was no significant reduction in growth rates in the affected compared with the unaffected herds nor in the affected compared with the unaffected pigs in the same herd . Neither was there a correlation between progressive disease and the extent of pneumonia found at slaughter . It was concluded that in field cases of the disease, high BS scores plus severe turbinate atrophy were associated with infection by toxigenic type-D strains of P multocida.

Vet Microbiol, 1984 Dec, 10(1), 43 - 55
A protective antigen for turkeys purified froma type 1 strain of Pasteurella multocida; Kajikawa O et al.; A protective antigen was purified from a saline extract of a Type 1 strain of Pasteurella multocida by chromatographic methods, and its chemical and immunological characteristics were studied . Three proteins peaks were obtained from crude extract by gel filtration with Sephadex G-200 . A bacteria-specific antigen was detected only in the first peak fraction, which, after passing through an immunoabsorbent column to remove any components originating from the growth medium, was absorbed onto DEAE-cellulose followed by elution with a gradient of NaCl . From the first peak fraction of the gel filtration, 4 protein peaks were obtained, the second and third peaks being the major ones . Carbohydrate/protein ratios of the peak fractions varied from 0.06 to 1.0 . Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that 2 proteins of molecular weights 44 000 and 25 000 were present in all the fractions . The 4 DEAE-cellulose fractions (DP-1 to DP-4) contained a single antigenically identical material, and induced protective immunity in turkeys against challenge exposure . The second peak fraction from DEAE-cellulose (DP-2) protected turkeys when subcutaneously injected as 2 doses of 10 micrograms protein with a 14-day interval between doses . The DP-2 fraction induced antibodies in rabbits which formed a single precipitin line against the crude extract . The purified antigen (DP-2) from a Type 1 strain was antigenically distinct from a similar antigen purified from a Type 3 strain; there was no significant cross protection in turkeys between the 2 antigens . These results indicate that protective antigens purified from soluble extracts of a Type 1 or Type 3 strain possess similar physicochemical properties, but that they are immunologically distinct from each other.

Am J Vet Res, 1984 Dec, 45(12), 2622 - 4
Effect of prior natural exposure to Pasteurella haemolytica on resistance to experimental bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis; Confer AW et al.; The effect of prior natural exposure to Pasteurella haemolytica, as determined serologically, was studied with respect to resistance to experimental pneumonic pasteurellosis in 20 calves from 3 experiments . Resistance to challenge exposure was measured using a lesion-scoring system . As measured by a quantitative fluorometric immunoassay, naturally acquired serum antibody titers to the organisms were 0 to 228 . There was a significant correlation (P less than 0.05) between high naturally acquired antibody titers and resistance to transthoracic challenge exposure with P haemolytica.

Am J Vet Res, 1984 Dec, 45(12), 2543 - 5
Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis: effect of culture age of Pasteurella haemolytica used as a live vaccine; Confer AW et al.; Five experiments were conducted that compared aerosol immunization of calves with live Pasteurella haemolytica from logarithmic (6 hour) or stationary (20 to 22 hour) phase cultures . Calves were challenge exposed by transthoracic injection with P haemolytica . In 4 experiments, calves inoculated with 6-hour cultures had slightly lower mean lesion scores (indicating greater resistance to challenge exposure) than those inoculated with 20- to 22-hour cultures . High antibody titers, as detected by a quantitative fluorometric immunoassay or the indirect hemagglutination test, correlated directly with lung resistance (based on lesion scores) regardless of the age of the culture used as the immunogen.

Am J Vet Res, 1984 Dec, 45(12), 2538 - 42
Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis: effect of vaccination with live Pasteurella species; Panciera RJ et al.; Experimental bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis was induced in beef calves by a transthoracic challenge exposure with Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 or P multocida type 3 . Challenge exposure lesions were quantified by a lesion scoring system based on size and extension of lesions with larger scores assigned to the more severe lesions . Calves inoculated with live Pasteurella sp by aerosol or parenteral routes developed high serum antibody titers to the homologous organism, as determined by a quantitative fluorometric procedure . Mean lesion scores were approximately 2 to 20 times higher in control than those in vaccinated calves . There was a significant correlation (P less than 0.05) between high serum antibody titers at the time of challenge exposure and a low lesion score in 4 of 6 experiments.

Am J Vet Res, 1984 Dec, 45(12), 2532 - 7
Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis: model for Pasteurella haemolytica- and Pasteurella multocida-induced pneumonia in cattle; Panciera RJ et al.; Pneumonic lesions in calves were induced with Pasteurella haemolytica or P multocida . The inoculum, consisting of a suspension of either organism, was administered by transthoracic intrapulmonic injection to 23 calves . Three died of septicemia; the 20 remaining, killed 96 hours after inoculation, had an expanding unifocal pneumonia qualitatively comparable with that of acute pneumonic pasteurellosis (shipping fever) . The concentration of bacteria that consistently produced a lesion was a 5-ml volume containing 10(9) colony-forming units of bacteria; a concentration of 10(6) colony-forming units inconsistently produced lesions . Bacteria, except in calves that developed septicemia and died, remained localized at the injection site . The inflammatory process spread within the lungs, not only through airways, but through the interlobular and interalveolar septa as well.

Infect Immun, 1984 Nov, 46(2), 429 - 34
Purification of dermonecrotic toxin from a sonic extract of Pasteurella multocida SP-72 serotype D; Nakai T et al.; A procedure was developed to purify dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) from a sonic extract of a serotype D strain of Pasteurella multocida . Sonic extract containing DNT was applied to a DEAE-Sephacel column and eluted by a linear gradient of NaCl . Upon rechromatographing, fractions with dermonecrotic activity for guinea pigs were applied on a second Sephacel column, and a pooled fraction with the toxic activity was filtered through a Sephadex G-200 column . Pooled fractions with the toxic activity were subjected to polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and the toxic substance was eluted from each sliced gel . Eluted fractions with the toxic activity were rechromatographed on a second Sephadex G-200 column, and a pooled fraction with high dermonecrotic activity was referred to as a purified DNT . The activity of purified DNT was increased by 1,000 times, and the average yield was about 1.8% . The purified DNT was homogeneous as determined by Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion, crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and thin-layer isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels and gave a single band on PAGE and sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE . The molecular weight of the toxin was ca . 160,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE . The isoelectric point of the toxin was ca . 4.7 to 4.8 . Amino acid analysis of the purified DNT revealed that the toxin was composed of characteristically high proportions of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine, proline, alanine, and leucine . The minimal necrotizing dose of the toxin was about 1 ng of protein, and the 50% lethal dose per mouse was 0.2 micrograms . The purified DNT was heat labile and sensitive to inactivation by trypsin, Formalin, and glutaraldehyde.

Nord Vet Med, 1984 Nov-Dec, 36(11), 337 - 45
Influence of vaccination of sows with Bordetella-Pasteurella vaccines on the occurrence of atrophic rhinitis among their offspring after experimental infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica and toxigenic Pasteurella multocida; Barfod K et al.; Experimental infections with Bordetella bronchiseptica and a toxigenic strain of Pasteurella multocida were carried out in newborn piglets from 25 sows . Severe progressive atrophic rhinitis corresponding to the natural disease was produced . The effect of vaccination of sows during pregnancy with two vaccines containing antigens from B . bronchiseptica and toxigenic P . multocida on the incidence of nasal lesions in the offspring was studied.

Am J Vet Res, 1984 Nov, 45(11), 2227 - 30
Serum and colostrum antibody to Pasteurella species in dairy cattle; Gresham CN et al.; A survey of antibody to Pasteurella haemolytica and P multocida, using a fluorometric immunoassay, was conducted on sera collected from 264 dairy cattle from 3 herds . Serum antibody titers to P haemolytica were 0 to 270 with low titers (less than 25) seen in 48.1% of the cows and heifers . Serum antibody titers to P multocida were 0 to 380 and the frequency of distribution of these titers were more even than for P haemolytica . Mean serum antibody titers to P haemolytica were significantly (P less than 0.005) higher in cattle from an open dairy herd when compared with those from 2 closed herds . Antibody titers to these organisms was determined in 7 colostrum samples . Pasteurella haemolytica antibody titers varied, depending on the whey separation technique used . Passive transfer of colostrum-derived antibody in 5 neonatal calves resulted in a maximum mean serum antibody titer at 20 hours after birth for P haemolytica and at 8 hours after birth for P multocida . Serum titers were higher overall for P multocida than for P haemolytica . Serum titers for P haemolytica declined rapidly . A significant (P less than 0.05) increase in antibody to P multocida was observed at 5 days of age.

Ann Emerg Med, 1984 Nov, 13(11), 1065 - 7
Pasteurella multocida: bilateral septic knee joint prostheses from a distant cat bite; Orton DW et al.; We report a case of septic arthritis and bacteremia caused by the Gram-negative rod, Pasteurella multocida . The patient was superficially bitten by her cat, and within two years infection necessitated removal of both of her artificial knee prostheses . P multocida is found in the mouths of cats, dogs, and other domestic animals . The pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of infections caused by this organism, and the question of prophylactic antibiotics are discussed.

Am J Vet Res, 1984 Nov, 45(11), 2410 - 3
Characterization of dermonecrotic toxin produced by serotype D strains of Pasteurella multocida; Nakai T et al.; Dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) produced by serotype D strains of Pasteurella multocida, isolated from pigs, was characterized and compared with DNT produced by Bordetella bronchiseptica . The DNT prepared by sonication from P multocida or B bronchiseptica had dermonecrotic activity and lethal toxicity for guinea pigs and mice, and also induced marked atrophy of spleens in the mice . Toxicity of P multocida or B bronchiseptica DNT was completely inactivated by heating at 70 C for 30 minutes, and was reduced by treatment with trypsin, formalin, or glutaraldehyde, indicating that the DNT may be a protein . Although biologic and toxic properties of P multocida DNT were similar to those of B bronchiseptica DNT, cross-neutralization tests between P multocida and B bronchiseptica indicated that DNT from the 2 bacterial species were serologically distinct.

Res Vet Sci, 1984 Nov, 37(3), 374 - 5
Susceptibility of specific pathogen-free lambs to concentrations of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A2 in aerosols; Gilmour NJ et al.; A 100-fold reduction in the numbers of organisms in an aerosol of Pasteurella haemolytica used to infect specific pathogen-free lambs did not alter the number of cases of pneumonia which resulted . In a separate experiment a further 10-fold reduction in the number of organisms in the aerosol did not cause fewer cases of pneumonia.

Avian Dis, 1984 Oct-Dec, 28(4), 1086 - 95
Efficacy of broth-grown Pasteurella multocida bacterins in ducklings; Layton HW; Pasteurella multocida (PM) isolates produced dense growth in tryptic soy broth and modified tryptose broth (MTB) when the media were continuously shaken or aerated . In carboys containing 15 liters of aerated MTB, the growth exceeded an absorbance of 0.9 and contained about 10(10) colony-forming units per ml . Bacterins prepared from PM isolates grown in MTB were injected subcutaneously into ducklings at 2 and 3 weeks of age . Such ducklings experienced significantly less mortality than unimmunized controls following homologous challenge at 4, 5, or 6 weeks of age . Similar protection was provided against challenge by a heterologous isolate (same serotype) . Six-week-old ducklings given a single injection of an oil-emulsified PM bacterin developed immunity that lasted for 8 weeks.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1984 Oct, 258(1), 80 - 93
{Effect of iron on Pasteurella multocida}; Flossmann KD et al.; Iron is an important factor for growth, virulence and immunogenicity of the species Pasteurella multocida . This has been demonstrated in numerous experiments with bacterial cultures in vitro and immunized and not immunized animals in vivo (mice, piglets, calves) . Iron substrates or iron chelators affect in different manner the virulence of P . multocida in vivo, depending on chemical character of the given compounds, their dose, route and time of application, and also depending on the host . P . multocida has an up to time unknown iron transport system, which can acquire the essential iron from physiological substances, such as heme, ferritine, transferrine, lactoferrine etc . This conclusion results from in vitro experiments with growing cultures, with insertion of radioactive iron (Fe-59) from different sources, and with iron solubilization in neutral pH ranges . In the same way, the iron of iron dextran and low molecular iron compounds is available for P . multocida . Iron of unphysiological complexes, potassium ferrocyanide, and ferrocene is unavailable . On the other side such iron chelating agents as nitrilotriacetate, tirone, ferrocene, citrate, EDTA, and apotransferrine do not or only a little affect growth, and such chelators as alpha, alpha'-dipyridyle, phenanthroline and the microbial siderophores deferrioxamin B and enterobactin are inhibitory substances for multiplication of P . multocida . This substances also inhibit the insertion of Fe-59 into the bacterial cell . The conclusion is drawn that neither enterobactin nor deferrioxamine B as typical representatives of phenolate or hydroxamate siderophores take part in Fe-transport of P . multocida.

Vet Microbiol, 1984 Oct, 9(6), 543 - 8
Experimental infection of sheep with Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Pasteurella haemolytica; Buddle BM et al.; A group of Caesarian-derived, colostrum-deprived lambs was inoculated intranasally and intratracheally with a virulent Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae isolate selected from ovine mammary studies and propagated in an ovine mammary gland . Other groups of lambs were inoculated with M . ovipneumoniae in combination with Pasteurella haemolytica type Al or P . haemolytica alone . The M . ovipneumoniae isolate alone did not induce any specific pneumonic lesions in the lambs and when combined with P . haemolytica type Al did not increase the severity of the P . haemolytica-type lesions . Fifty percent of lambs inoculated with P . haemolytica developed a purulent and exudative bronchopneumonia with pleurisy and high titres of P . haemolytica were recovered from these lesions.

Am J Vet Res, 1984 Oct, 45(10), 1944 - 6
Serologic analysis of isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica and Staphylococcus aureus from mastitic ewes; Shoop DS et al.; Milk samples (10 ml) were collected aseptically from infected and healthy mammary glands of 20 range ewes in the early stages of unilateral acute mastitis . The ewes were on 5 different ranches in the Northern Rocky Mountain region of the United States . The samples were plated on tryptose blood agar and examined for bacteria of possible etiologic significance . Twelve of the 20 ewes were infected with Pasteurella haemolytica, 4 ewes with Staphylococcus aureus, and 1 ewe with both bacteria . Twelve of the P haemolytica infections were in pure culture as were 4 S aureus infections . The 13 isolates of P haemolytica represented 6 different serotypes . Isolates of P haemolytica from ewes on the same ranch were as serologically diverse as were isolates from ewes in different herds . The 5 isolates of S aureus were similar antigenically . Bacterial isolates were not obtained from the milk of clinically healthy mammae.

J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Oct, 20(4), 660 - 3
Comparison of indirect hemagglutination and rapid plate agglutination tests with counterimmunoelectrophoresis for typing Pasteurella haemolytica; Chengappa MM et al.; A rapid, simple, and accurate counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) technique was developed and compared with the indirect hemagglutination and rapid plate agglutination techniques for serotyping cultures of Pasteurella haemolytica . The CIE test had 100% correlation with the conventional indirect hemagglutination test and, after serum absorption, correctly identified cultures representing the 12 established serotypes and 49 field isolates of P . haemolytica with reasonable rapidity . Cross-reactions were observed in the CIE and rapid plate agglutination tests but not in the indirect hemagglutination test with antisera prepared from the 12 established serotypes . These cross-reactions were eliminated from the CIE test but not from the rapid plate agglutination test by absorption of antisera with cells which possessed the cross-reacting antigens . Avian isolates of P . haemolytica did not type with antisera to the 12 established serotypes by any of the methods . Both homologous and heterologous reactions were observed with these strains in the rapid plate agglutination and CIE tests with antisera prepared from six selected cultures . These results support the previous finding that the taxonomic relationship of these avian strains to P . haemolytica is questionable.

Infect Immun, 1984 Oct, 46(1), 48 - 54
Atrophic rhinitis in swine: correlation of Pasteurella multocida pathogenicity with membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide patterns; Lugtenberg B et al.; Cell envelope proteins and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Pasteurella multocida strains associated with atrophic rhinitis in swine were compared by using sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis . Among 34 strains, three different types of cell envelope protein patterns, named I (16 strains), II (3 strains), and III (15 strains), could be distinguished . These differences were based on the electrophoretic mobility of the major protein, designated as protein H . Comparison of cell envelope protein type and pathogenicity of the strain, the latter property predicted by the guinea pig skin test, revealed that all type I strains, 6 of 15 type III strains, and none of the type II strains were pathogenic . Although pathogenicity has been correlated with extracellular toxin activity, no protein could be detected in either the cell envelopes or in the extracellular fluid that absolutely correlated with pathogenic strains . Electrophoretic analysis of the LPS revealed that all strains possessed low-molecular-weight LPS, which is inconsistent with the presence of a classical O antigen . The method allowed the detection of at least six types of LPS, which often coincided with a certain cell envelope protein type and with the presence or absence of the pathogenic character of the strain . These results strongly suggest that the sampled swine carry a limited number of P . multocida clones, in each of which the patterns of cell envelope proteins and LPS, as well as the presence or absence of the ability to produce extracellular toxin, are well conserved . Therefore, the possibility is discussed that sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of cell envelope proteins and LPS may be used for the prediction of the pathogenic character of part of the strains . Finally, the typing of strains based on cell envelope protein patterns might contribute to the development of vaccines containing outer membrane proteins as protective antigens.

Avian Dis, 1984 Oct-Dec, 28(4), 984 - 9
Comparisons of serologic responses of white Leghorn and New Hampshire red chickens to purified lipopolysaccharides of Pasteurella multocida; Rimler RB; White leghorn and New Hampshire red chickens were inoculated with purified lipopolysaccharides of 14 serotypes of Pasteurella multocida to determine their ability to produce serotype-specific antisera for somatic antigen typing . Specific antisera were made by both breeds of chicken to lipopolysaccharides of serotypes 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 16 . No specific antisera were made against lipopolysaccharides of serotypes 2, 5, 7, 12, and 14 . Lipopolysaccharides of serotypes 10 and 11 failed to stimulate antibody production . White leghorns were more responsive than New Hampshire red chickens . White leghorn antisera had higher titers to lipopolysaccharides in passive hemagglutination tests and produced more intense precipitin reactions with heat-stable antigens in the gel-diffusion-precipitin test.

Carbohydr Res, 1984 Oct 1, 133(1), 83 - 94
The effect of formalin-killing of Pasteurella multocida on the antigenicity and extractability of its lipopolysaccharide; Rebers PA et al.; The extraction of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from formalin-killed (FK) Pasteurella multocida strain X-73 and from cells not exposed to formalin (NF) were compared by the Westphal and phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether (PCP) extraction procedures . The LPS was determined by: (1) serologic analyses with antiserum specific for LPS; (2) analyses for toxicity; and (3) chemical analyses for components expected to be in LPS (such as hexoses, heptoses, amino sugars, 3-deoxyoctulosonic acid, and fatty acids) . Strain X-73, the strain most virulent for chickens, was markedly affected by formalin killing . Unlike many strains, which readily yield LPS into the aqueous phase when extracted with phenol at 68 degrees by the Westphal procedure, strain X-73 did so only with FK and not with NF cells . With the NF cells, LPS was extracted by EDTA from the precipitate obtained during the Westphal procedure . With the PCP procedure, LPS was extracted readily from NF cells, but not from FK cells . The change in extractability of LPS as a result of formalin-killing was the same for both the encapsulated form of X-73 and a nonencapsulated variant derived from it . Although formalin-killing affected the extractability of LPS, no antigenic differences could be detected by immunodiffusion . However, the chick-embryo toxicity of LPS extracted from NF cells was greater than that of LPS from FK cells.

Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 1984 Sep, 51(3), 189 - 91
Formulation of an effective Pasteurella multocida vaccine for sheep; Cameron CM et al.; An effective vaccine for the immunization of sheep against Pasteurella multocida infection was prepared from P . multocida Strain D4 (Type D) and a selected strain of P . multocida Type A . Provided an adequate concentration of bacteria was used, the vaccine thus formulated induced antibodies in sheep that protected mice not only against the vaccine strains but also against infection by a number of heterologous Type A and Type D strains as well as untypable strains . A locally prepared A1(OH)3 gel was found to be an effective adjuvant.

Can J Microbiol, 1984 Sep, 30(9), 1141 - 8
Morphology of Pasteurella multocida bacteriophages; Ackermann HW et al.; Twenty-one tailed phages with icosahedral heads belong to the Myoviridae, Siphoviridae, and Podoviridae families and to four morphological types . Type AU, with 10 phages, has a contractile tail and is morphologically identical with coliphage P2 . Lysates contain contracted tail sheaths assembled end-to-end and abnormal structures with long tails and multiple tail sheaths . Types C-2 and 32, with one and three phages, respectively, have long, noncontractile tails . Type 22 includes seven phages, has a short tail, and resembles coliphage T7 . Our results agree with previous biological data and suggest that types AU, C-2, 32, and 22 correspond to four different phage species.

Res Vet Sci, 1984 Sep, 37(2), 194 - 8
Bacteria associated with calf pneumonia and their effect on gnotobiotic calves; Houghton SB et al.; Samples of pneumonic lung tissue from 140 calves with subclinical pneumonia and 65 calves with fatal pneumonia were examined bacteriologically . Sixty-eight (48 per cent) of the lungs from the subclinical cases and 27 (41 per cent) of the lungs from the fatal cases contained bacteria at more than 10(4) colony forming units (cfu) per gram of tissue . Pasteurella haemolytica was associated more with fatal cases than subclinical cases (P less than 0.001) . Of the seven species of bacteria inoculated endobronchially into gnotobiotic calves only P haemolytica produced severe respiratory disease, although some strains of P multocida produced a fatal septicaemia.

J Gen Microbiol, 1984 Sep, 130 ( Pt 9), 2415 - 26
Purification, characterization and immunological properties of the serotype-specific capsular polysaccharide of Pasteurella haemolytica (serotype A1) organisms; Adlam C et al.; The serotype-specific capsular polysaccharide from two strains of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A1 organisms was purified and characterized by chemical analysis and NMR spectroscopy . The polymer has the structure----3)-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-acetyl-beta-D-mannopyranos yluronic acid)-(1----4)-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-mannopyranose)-(1---- . The polysaccharide was immunogenic (able to evoke production of antibodies) for sheep but not for rabbits . Immuno electron-microscopy studies using the Protein A-gold technique showed the polysaccharide to be peripherally located on the bacterial surface . Reduction, oxidation and de-O-acetylation of the polymer did not appear to alter its immunological precipitability with specific antiserum, but all three treatments destroyed its ability to adhere to sheep erythrocytes at neutral pH . De-N-acetylation of the polymer destroyed both immunological precipitability and erythrocyte adherence.

Am J Vet Res, 1984 Sep, 45(9), 1764 - 70
Interactions of cold stress and Pasteurella haemolytica in the pathogenesis of pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves: changes in pulmonary function; Slocombe RF et al.; Thirteen healthy neonatal Holstein calves were cold stressed twice by hosing with cold water for 20 minutes, 12 hours between hosings . Measurements of the pattern of ventilation {tidal volume (VT), respiratory frequency (f), minute ventilation (VMIN), and functional residual capacity (FRC)}, gas exchange properties of the lungs {alveolar ventilation (VA), oxygen uptake (VO2), CO2 production (VCO2), dead space ventilation (VD), dead space/tidal volume ratio (VD/VT), arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) and alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (AaDO2)} and of the mechanical properties of the pulmonary system {dynamic compliance (Cdyn), pulmonary resistance (RL), and total respiratory system resistance (RRS)} were taken . Calves responded to chilling by increasing VO2 and VCO2 necessitating an increase in VA . This was accomplished by increasing VT with reciprocal decreases in f so that VMIN remained constant . There was no change in Cdyn, RL, or AaDO2 . Seven of these 13 calves were then exposed to intratracheal inoculation of 2 X 10(9) organisms of Pasteurella haemolytica, the remaining calves serving as controls . Within 1 hour, calves exposed to P haemolytica had increased VMIN, f, VD/VT, and VD . There was a decrease in PaO2 associated with increased AaDO2, but no change in PaCO2, Cdyn or RL . By 3 hours after inoculation, there were pronounced changes in PaO2 and AaDO2, and Cdyn was reduced below base-line values . By 12 hours after inoculation, calves infected with P haemolytica had increased RL and RRS and PaCO2, in addition to the previously mentioned changes . Data from Pasteurella-exposed calves indicate that gas exchange impairment and peripheral lung injury occur rapidly and that increases in airway resistance develop relatively late in the disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Am J Vet Res, 1984 Sep, 45(9), 1757 - 63
Interactions of cold stress and Pasteurella haemolytica in the pathogenesis of pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves: method of induction and hematologic and pathologic changes; Slocombe RF et al.; Six healthy neonatal calves were chilled with cold water and had focal tracheitis induced by spraying 5% acetic acid into the tracheal lumen . Subsequently, 20 ml of sterile saline solution was injected intratracheally . The effects of these interventions on total and differential white cell counts, plasma cortisol, histamine, and bradykinin, hematocrit, total plasma solids, and indices of the erythrocyte size and hemoglobin content were determined over the subsequent 12 hours . Cold stress increased plasma cortisol levels for less than 1 hour, but did not alter any other variable . This group of calves served as a control group for a second series of neonatal calves which were given 2 X 10(9) organisms of Pasteurella haemolytica intratracheally immediately following an identical period of chilling and acetic acid exposure . Calves given P haemolytica became neutropenic . There were increased numbers of circulating band neutrophils by 12 hours after exposure, and serum cortisol values were maintained at the same or greater than cold stress concentrations for all measurement periods subsequent to exposure . Infected calves had acute fibrinous pneumonia from which P haemolytica was isolated . Contrary to previous reports, these data may indicate a role for the neutrophil in the pathogenesis of early lesions of pasteurellosis . Although the association of circulating corticosteroids with stress and subsequent infection is clear, our data provide no evidence to indicate that circulating histamine or bradykinin are involved in the pathogenesis of the acute lesions of Pasteurella pneumonia.

Vet Microbiol, 1984 Sep, 9(5), 503 - 8
A test in vero cell monolayers for toxin production by strains of Pasteurella multocida isolated from pigs suspected of having atrophic rhinitis; Pennings AM et al.; Monolayers of Vero cells showed a morphological change after exposure to supernatants of certain porcine Pasteurella multocida cultures . It appeared possible to screen Pasteurella multocida isolates for their ability to produce toxin and to cause atrophic rhinitis in pigs . A close correlation with the guinea pig skin test was demonstrated.

J Laryngol Otol, 1984 Sep, 98(9), 939 - 40
Opportunistic pasteurella multocida meningitis; Permezel JM et al.; Pasteurella multocida bacteraemia and meningitis followed elective surgery on the sinuses . The organism is thought to have been derived from close contact with dogs, and the infection responded to appropriate antimicrobial drugs, the patient making a complete recovery.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1984 Sep 1, 185(5), 522 - 3
Isolation of toxigenic strains of Pasteurella multocida from lungs of pneumonic swine; Pijoan C et al.; Lungs from 113 pneumonic pigs were examined for Pasteurella multocida . The lungs were smeared directly onto blood agar and homogenized in brain-heart infusion broth and then inoculated intraperitoneally in mice . Pasteurella multocida isolates were typed for serotypes A (by hyaluronidase inhibition of capsule) and D (by acriflavine autoagglutination) . Strains were tested for toxin production by intradermal injection of 0.2 ml of filtered 24-hour culture supernatants into guinea pigs . Most lungs (70.8%) yielded isolations . Most isolants (87.5%) were type A and 12.5% were type D . Of the type D strains, 80% were toxigenic . Of the type A isolants, 18.2% were toxigenic.

Res Vet Sci, 1984 Sep, 37(2), 188 - 93
Studies on strains of Pasteurella haemolytica not typable by the indirect haemagglutination test; Donachie W et al.; Thirty strains of Pasteurella haemolytica which were untypable by the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test were examined serologically by rapid plate agglutination (RPA), agar gel diffusion (AGD), crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and counter current immunoelectrophoresis (CCIE) tests . Nine serogroups were identified by CCIE . Serogroup specificity, dependent on two antigens, was present in heated saline extracts of cells . Single representative strains from two serogroups were not pathogenic for specific pathogen-free lambs.

Res Vet Sci, 1984 Sep, 37(2), 154 - 66
Experimental production of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis; Gibbs HA et al.; Pneumonic pasteurellosis has been reproduced in conventional, weaned, Friesian-cross calves using a strain of Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A, serotype 1 (P haemolytica A1) isolated from a pathologically confirmed incident of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis . The major clinical findings were pyrexia, hyperpnoea, tachypnoea, nasal discharge and reduced appetite . Fibrinous pneumonia was present in the lungs of animals at necropsy on days 2 and 3 after initial infection while by days 9 and 10 after initial infection many of the areas of fibrinous pneumonia were confined by a fibrous capsule forming well defined nodules . During the experiment natural transmission of the infecting strain of P haemolytica A1 occurred in two control calves which developed a condition identical to that in the artificially infected calves . P haemolytica A1 was repeatedly recovered from the nasopharynx of infected calves and at necropsy throughout the upper and lower respiratory tracts . Seroconversion, as measured by indirect haemagglutination, to the organism developed in all infected calves by days 9 and 10 after initial infection . The clinical, microbiological and pathological findings were identical to those seen in field incidents of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis involving recently housed, weaned, single-suckled calves.

Am J Vet Res, 1984 Sep, 45(9), 1785 - 9
Protection of chickens by ribosomal vaccines from Pasteurella multocida: dependence on homologous lipopolysaccharide; Phillips M et al.; Chickens were protected against fowl cholera by ribosomal vaccines prepared from noncapsulated Pasteurella multocida . Passive hemagglutination (PHA) titers to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the degree of protection conferred by ribosomal vaccines were diminished or abolished when ribosomes were chromatographed on an immunoadsorbent column . Addition of subimmunogenic amounts of serotype 1 (homologous) LPS to highly purified ribosomes resulted in vaccines that protected against challenge exposure and produced PHA titers to homologous LPS . Addition of serotype 5 LPS to highly purified ribosomes did not protect chickens against challenge exposure with serotype 1 P multocida, but produced PHA titers to serotype 5 LPS . Combinations of serotype 1 ribosomal RNA and serotype 1 (homologous) LPS did not protect chickens or produce PHA titers to LPS . Purified ribosomes from Brucella abortus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and chicken liver were combined with LPS from P multocida and were evaluated as vaccines . Brucella abortus and A fumigatus ribosomes combined with LPS protected chickens as well as did bacterin made from whole cells of P multocida . Chicken liver ribosomes combined with LPS did not provide protection . To determine whether a protein carrier would substitute for ribosomes, methylated bovine albumin (MBA) was combined with LPS and evaluated as a vaccine . A serologic response to LPS was induced by MBA-LPS vaccine, but the vaccine offered no better protection than when LPS was used alone as vaccine . Ribosome-LPS vaccines produced serologic responses to LPS that were at least 5-fold greater than those produced by MBA-LPS vaccine.

Infect Immun, 1984 Sep, 45(3), 667 - 73
Identification and extraction of Pasteurella haemolytica membrane proteins; Squire PG et al.; The inner and outer membranes of Pasteurella haemolytica were separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation after plasmolysis of the cells in 20% sucrose and fragmentation in a French pressure cell . Assays of the two membrane fractions for 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, succinate dehydrogenase, and NADH dehydrogenase and by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that each of the two membrane fractions was purified fivefold relative to the other . The outer membrane fraction contained two major proteins of molecular weights 30,000 and 42,000 (30K and 42K proteins), and the inner membrane fraction contained five proteins in approximately equal amounts . Intact bacteria as well as membrane fractions were extracted by procedures used by others for vaccine preparation to determine whether the outer membrane proteins were released . Extraction of the isolated membranes with 0.5 M potassium thiocyanate in 0.425 M NaCl with or without EDTA or with M sodium salicylate failed to release more than traces of the outer membrane proteins . Sodium dodecyl sulfate extracted essentially all of the proteins of both membranes, but the products of this procedure were of low solubility and presumably denatured . The inner membrane proteins were extracted with 0.5% Sarkosyl in 0.02 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) . The 42K outer membrane protein, most of the lipopolysaccharide, and some of the 30K outer membrane protein were extracted with 1% Zwittergent 3-16 in 0.25 M NaCl (pH 8), and the remaining 30K outer membrane protein was extracted with 1% deoxycholate in 0.25% NaCl (pH 8) . Extraction of membranes in this sequence yielded partially purified membrane proteins that were soluble in dilute buffers.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {B}, 1984 Aug, 92(4), 201 - 7
Comparative investigations of Pasteurella haemolytica sensu stricto and so-called P . haemolytica isolated from different pathological lesions in pigs; Bisgaard M; During the present investigation evidence was obtained to indicate that porcine Pasteurella haemolytica-like strains were sufficiently different from P . haemolytica sensu stricto to constitute a new taxon within the family Pasteurellaceae Pohl 1981 . Thirteen strains formed a homogenous group tentatively designated taxon 15 . The final taxonomical position of taxon 15, however, has to await further taxonomical investigations, including determinations of mol% G+C in DNA and DNA: DNA hybridizations . A species name has not been suggested, for the same reasons.

Vet Res Commun, 1984 Aug, 8(3), 211 - 6
Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the lungs of sheep with acute and chronic pneumonia; Milne EM et al.; Total lactate dehydrogenase and the absolute and percentage levels of its isoenzymes were measured in lung lesions and macroscopically normal areas of lung from lambs with chronic proliferative exudative pneumonia and acute pasteurella pneumonia . Lung lesions had a higher total enzyme activity which was associated mainly with increases in the activity of the LDH4 and LDH5 isoenzymes, particularly in chronic pneumonia, and gave lung lesions a considerable potential for altering the serum isoenzyme distribution . Thus, the nature of any changes in the serum isoenzyme distribution will depend on whether the isoenzymes are released from abnormal or normal areas of lung . This appears to be the first report on lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in ovine pneumonia.

Am J Vet Res, 1984 Aug, 45(8), 1671 - 8
Interaction of bovine respiratory syncytial virus and Pasteurella haemolytica in the ovine lung; Trigo FJ et al.; The potential synergistic effect of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Pasteurella haemolytica in the production of pneumonia after aerosol/intranasal infection of conventionally reared lambs was evaluated . A mild clinical response was observed in lambs given virus and/or bacteria . Gross pulmonary lesions were seen in 3 of 6 lambs given RSV and then P haemolytica 3 or 6 days later, respectively (groups D and E), and in 1 lamb of 5 given virus and bacteria simultaneously (group G) . Gross lesions were not seen in control sheep (group A), in lambs given virus or bacteria alone (groups B and C), or in lambs exposed to bacteria and then virus 3 days later (group F) . Bovine RSV and P haemolytica were recovered from the lungs of 5 of 7 lambs with macroscopic lesions . Gross pulmonary lesions were cranioventral firm areas of red consolidation . Microscopically, the predominant lesion was a suppurative bronchopneumonia . Bovine RSV was recovered from the nasal cavity of 8 of 27 (30%) lambs given RSV during days 3 to 6 after viral inoculation, including 1 lamb in group B, 2 in groups D, E, and F, and 1 in group G . Pasteurella haemolytica was recovered from the nasal cavity of 9 of 28 (32%) inoculated lambs, including 2 lambs from groups C and E, 3 in group D, and 1 in groups F and G . Viral antigen, as determined by immunofluorescence, was concentrated mainly in individual cells in alveolar walls, some alveolar macrophages, and a few bronchiolar epithelial cells . In vitro alveolar macrophage assays indicated decreased numbers of Fc receptors on those macrophages collected from lambs given RSV 6 days before P haemolytica infection, as compared with that in the other groups . These cellular defects disappeared after 24 hours of culture . Seemingly, bovine RSV does facilitate P haemolytica pulmonary infection in conventional, immuno-competent lambs and provides evidence for decreased Fc receptors on alveolar macrophages.

J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Aug, 20(2), 191 - 4
Serological analysis of five serotypes of Pasteurella multocida of rabbit origin by use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with lipopolysaccharide as antigen; Cary CJ et al.; The serological relationships among five Pasteurella multocida strains, representing five somatic serotypes most commonly isolated from rabbits (serotypes 1, 3, 4, 12, and 15), were studied with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . Lipopolysaccharides from the five serotypes were used as antigens in the assay . Antisera against serotypes 1 and 15 reacted only with their homologous lipopolysaccharides . Significant cross-reactivity was found between serotypes 4 and 12 . Serotype 3 antisera showed minimal reactivity with both homologous and heterologous lipopolysaccharides . The feasibility of detecting antibodies to each of several lipopolysaccharide antigens combined in the same assay cell well was demonstrated.

Am J Vet Res, 1984 Aug, 45(8), 1582 - 5
Experimental production of bovine respiratory tract disease with bovine viral diarrhea virus; Potgieter LN et al.; Five 6-month-old calves were inoculated with bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus (n = 3) or Pasteurella haemolytica (n = 2) endobronchially with a fiberoptic bronchoscope . Five additional calves were inoculated sequentially with BVD virus followed by P haemolytica at a 5-day interval . Blood samples were collected daily from the calves for bacterial isolation . Clinical signs of respiratory tract disease in calves were recorded daily . If the calves survived, they were killed for necropsy 3 or 4 days after inoculation with P haemolytica (or 8 days after inoculation with BVD virus) . The extent and nature of pulmonary lesions in the calves were determined, and the lower portion of the respiratory tract (lungs and trachea) was examined for both these organisms . The 3 calves, inoculated with BVD virus only, developed mild clinical signs mainly manifested as fever, nasal discharge, and occasional cough . Approximately 2% to 7% of the total lung capacity of these calves was pneumonic . Mild clinical signs and localized lesions involving about 15% of the lung volume developed in the 2 calves exposed to P haemolytica only . However, severe fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia and pleuritis involving 40% to 75% of lung volume developed in the 5 calves inoculated sequentially with BVD virus and P haemolytica . The possible role BVD virus may have in bovine respiratory tract disease is discussed.

J Infect, 1984 Jul, 9(1), 83 - 6
Pasteurella multocida infections in West Suffolk; Fell HW; During the 3-year period 1980-1982, Pasteurella multocida was isolated from 19 patients, each with a history of animal contact . One patient, a slaughterman, whose exposure was occupational, developed meningitis . These case reports illustrate unusual features of human infections with this zoonotic pathogen.

Avian Dis, 1984 Jul-Sep, 28(3), 718 - 26
Protection of ducklings with a broth-grown Pasteurella anatipestifer bacterin; Layton HW et al.; Pasteurella anatipestifer (PA) serotypes 1, 2, and 5 grew to high densities in tryptic soy broth and tryptose broth (TB) when the media were continuously shaken or aerated . Growth in 100 ml to 15 liters of TB exceeded an absorbance of 1.0 at a wavelength of 525 nm (about 0.7 for a 1/3 dilution) and contained more than 10(10) colony-forming units per ml . A bacterin was prepared from the three serotypes of PA grown in aerated TB . Two subcutaneous injections of this bacterin protected 70% to 85% of ducklings against experimental challenge with each of the three PA serotypes, which killed 90% to 100% of unimmunized controls . The bacterin could be diluted 1/5 without decreasing protection below 80% . Field studies on Long Island duck farms in 1980 and 1981 demonstrated significant reductions in mortality with the use of the broth-grown PA bacterin.

Can J Comp Med, 1984 Jul, 48(3), 268 - 74
The possible role of stress in the induction of pneumonic pasteurellosis; Filion LG et al.; Five groups of range bred calves (four calves per group) were used to investigate the effect of stress on susceptibility to aerosol exposures with bovine herpesvirus-1 or Pasteurella haemolytica . Twelve calves were weaned, transported, processed at a commercial feedlot and transported to isolation facilities three days later . An aerosol challenge of either 10 colony forming units of P . haemolytica or 10 plaque forming units of bovine herpesvirus-1 virus was given to two groups of calves and the third group was not challenged . The fourth group was transported directly to the isolation facilities after weaning and aerosol challenged with P . haemolytica . The fifth group remained at the farm after weaning and was not challenged . All transported animals had elevated plasma cortisol levels which remained above normal for at least three days postchallenge . The blastogenic response of all calves was depressed after leaving the farm and remained depressed throughout the experiment . The suppression correlated well with elevated serum cortisol levels . Calves processed through the feedlot encountered bovine herpesvirus-1 because eight out of 12 animals seroconverted to this antigen . Most calves seroconverted to P . haemolytica whether they were experimentally challenged or not . Where the unchallenged calves encountered P . haemolytica is unknown . Calves challenged with bovine herpesvirus-1 but not with P . haemolytica, had significant clinical signs of pneumonia and two animals died due to bovine herpesvirus-1 infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Am J Vet Res, 1984 Jun, 45(6), 1230 - 4
Growth phase-dependent phagocytosis of Pasteurella haemolytica by bovine pulmonary macrophages; Walker RD et al.; The ability of the bovine pulmonary macrophage (PM) to phagocytize Pasteurella haemolytica in its logarithmic and declining phases of growth was characterized . Pulmonary macrophages were harvested from bovine lungs before and after their in vivo exposure to P haemolytica . The PM from each lavage period phagocytized P haemolytica in the declining phase of growth . However, P haemolytica in the log phase of growth was not phagocytized by PM from any of the lavage periods . Instead, PM exposed to P haemolytica in the log phase of growth had altered cellular morphologic features and were cytolytic . Pasteurella haemolytica in the log phase also inhibited phagocytosis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by PM . This inhibition of phagocytosis, as well as morphologic alterations, was evident in PM cultures exposed to P haemolytica for less than 1 minute.

Am J Vet Res, 1984 Jun, 45(6), 1193 - 8
Strain differences in the susceptibility and resistance of Pasteurella multocida to phagocytosis and killing by rabbit polymorphonuclear neutrophils; Anderson LC et al.; The interactions of 2 capsular serotype A and 4 serotype D strains of Pasteurella multocida with rabbit polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) were compared in vitro, using a PMN phagocytic and bactericidal assay . Bacteria and rabbit PMN were incubated for 15 minutes . The suspensions were subjected to differential centrifugation and the percentage of phagocytosis (cell association) was determined from the number of viable noncell-associated bacteria . The cell pellets and the associated bacteria were resuspended and PMN bactericidal activity was calculated from the number of remaining viable cell-associated bacteria at 45 and 75 minutes after the start of the assay . Test bacteria were not opsonized or were opsonized with immune serum containing active complement . One type A strain was ingested and killed by PMN in the presence and absence of opsonins . The 5 remaining strains were resistant to PMN killing, but only the type A strain resisted phagocytosis . Resistance of the type A strain was attributed to the hyaluronic acid capsule, since pretreatment of the bacteria with hyaluronidase rendered opsonized bacteria susceptible to ingestion and killing . The pattern of resistance of the 4 type D strains was different from that of the resistant type A strain . Both opsonized and nonopsonized type D bacteria became cell associated, but none were killed by PMN . The mechanism of resistance of these 4 strains to PMN bactericidal activity is currently unknown.

Poult Sci, 1984 Jun, 63(6), 1110 - 4
Oral absorption of chlortetracycline in turkeys: influence of citric acid and Pasteurella multocida infection; Pollet RA et al.; Plasma and tissue concentrations, following the oral administration of the antibiotic chlortetracycline (CTC) alone or with citric acid, were determined in healthy and infected (Pasteurella multocida) turkeys . The principal results were: 1) The dose (of CTC) versus plasma level relationship was nearly linear . 2) Addition of citric acid to an oral preparation produced significantly higher plasma levels when divalent cations Ca2+ (.3 g/liter) and Mg2+ (.1 g/liter) were present in the drinking water and dosage solution than when citric acid was omitted . 3) The concentration of CTC was considerably higher in the liver and kidney than in the muscle and brain . 4) Birds infected with P . multocida had significantly higher plasma levels than healthy birds . 5) Oral administration of CTC increased the survival rate of the birds infected with P . multocida.

Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 1984 Jun, 51(2), 97 - 102
Factors affecting the immunogenicity of Pasteurella haemolytica in mice; Cameron CM et al.; An appreciable level of immunity from intraperitoneal infection with Pasteurella haemolytica was established in mice by using a vaccine prepared in a conventional bacteriological culture medium, with aluminium hydroxide gel as adjuvant . The level of immunity could not be elevated by using bacteria grown in tissue culture media, enriched brain heart infusion broth, the addition of serum to the media or by using bacteria that had been harvested in the logarithmic growth phase . Although various extracts of the bacteria elicited a distinct immunity, the immunogenicity of vaccines containing bacteria could not be enhanced by augmentation with those products . The potential application of the vaccine in cattle and sheep is discussed.

J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Jun, 19(6), 926 - 7
Pasteurella pneumotropica isolated from bone and joint infections; Gadberry JL et al.; Pasteurella pneumotropica is a normal inhabitant of the oropharynx of mice, rats, cats, and dogs . We describe here the first reported case of joint and bone involvement in a human . The need for culturing and adequate prophylactic treatment is discussed.

Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Jun, 3(3), 258 - 60
Pasteurella multocida septicemia not associated with primary liver disease; Grehn M et al.; Although systemic infections with Pasteurella multocida rarely occur in humans, liver cirrhosis associated with septicemia due to this organism has been frequently reported . Two cases of elderly women with Pasteurella multocida septicemia are described who had diabetes mellitus and breast cancer, respectively . Underlying diseases other than liver cirrhosis as well as factors hitherto unknown in otherwise healthy persons also enhance the risk of Pasteurella multocida septicemia.

Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Jun, 3(3), 225 - 9
Phenotypic differentiation of Pasteurella sensu stricto and the Actinobacillus group; Mutters R et al.; The current classification of recognized actinobacilli and pasteurellas does not allow differentiation of the two genera by their phenotypic features . Recent investigations of their genetic relationships have shown that several species hitherto assigned to the genus Pasteurella are more closely related to the actinobacilli . Moreover, some recently described taxa were located by DNA-DNA hybridization in one or the other of the two genera . On the basis of the genetic system, improved identification keys have been devised which separate the taxonomic groups on the genus and species levels according to an appropriate set of biochemical characteristics.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1984 May, 179(2), 139 - 50
{Tenacity of bacteria in the airborne state . III . Model studies on the epidemiology of Pasteurella multocida influenced by a tropical climate}; Dinter PS et al.; The viability of airborne P . multocida in a static aerosol chamber was determined at temperatures of 21, 24, 28, 34, 40 and 42 degrees C and relative humidities of 44, 70 and 87% . The greatest viability with 35.49 min half-life time was at 24 degrees C and 70% relative humidity . There was no separate influence of one of the climatic components temperature and relative humidity to the airborne viability of the germs . The lowest resistance of P . multocida in the airborne state was as they were solitary germs, but as agglomerates (1.5-3.5 micron) they survived also worse environmental conditions.

Vet Res Commun, 1984 May, 8(2), 117 - 30
Immunogenicity of a soluble antigen against Pasteurella haemolytica-associated pneumonia in calves; Matsumoto M et al.; Three experiments were performed to evaluate the immunogenic potency of a soluble fraction of Pasteurella haemolytica against pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves . A soluble antigen was extracted by a 2.5% saline solution from P . haemolytica . Weaned Holstein bull calves, seronegative for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus ( IBRV ) and the pasteurella antigen, were vaccinated either by repeated subcutaneous (SC) vaccination, or by exposure 3 times to the aerosol of P . haemolytica antigen . Challenge exposure to aerosol of P . haemolytica was preceded by infection with IBRV , or in experiments 2 and 3, the virus exposures were combined with a stress treatment . The lung lesions were examined at necropsy 3 to 8 days post infection . In the first experiment, all the vaccinated calves produced specific antibody response to the pasteurella antigen, and none of the calves including controls showed significant lesions in the lung . In the second experiment 2 aerogenically vaccinated calves had no lesions . One of the two SC-vaccinated calves had mild consolidated lesions . Two control calves, one of which died 3 days following the challenge, developed severe fibrinous pneumonia with consolidation of 50% or more of the lung surfaces . P . haemolytica was isolated only from the 2 control animals . In the third experiment, 2 of the 3 control calves developed moderate to severe consolidation, but P . haemolytica was isolated only from one of them . Two of the three aerosol-vaccinated calves also developed significant lesions and one of them yielded the bacteria from the lung . Three SC-vaccinated calves had slight lesions and the organism was not isolated from their lungs . The results did not consistently indicate an immunogenic potential of the soluble antigen against P . haemolytica-related pneumonia . The effect of stress on the pathogenesis of bovine viral pneumonia and correlation between pneumonic lesions and antibacterial resistance in situ are discussed.

Am J Vet Res, 1984 May, 45(5), 1015 - 9
Use of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in experimental production of bovine respiratory tract disease; Potgieter LN et al.; Fourteen 6-month-old calves were infected with Pasteurella haemolytica or infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus . Four calves were inoculated sequentially with IBR virus followed by P haemolytica at a 5-day interval . Calves were inoculated by allowing them to inhale an aerosol of the organism or by placing an inoculum in the right lung, using fiberoptic bronchoscopy . Clinical signs of infection were recorded, and the calves, if they survived, were killed and necropsied 3 days after inoculation with P haemolytica (or 8 days after inoculation with IBR virus) . The extent of pulmonary lesions was determined, and the lower respiratory tract (lungs and lower trachea) was examined for both organisms . Inoculation of the calves by aerosolization with IBR virus alone resulted in mild respiratory tract disease . Mild-to-moderately severe respiratory tract disease developed as a result of sequential inoculations by aerosolization with IBR virus and P haemolytica . However, respiratory tract disease did not develop in calves exposed by aerosol to P haemolytica alone . Large numbers of these organisms were recovered from the lower respiratory tract of the dually inoculated calves, only indicating delayed pulmonary clearance . Mild clinical signs of disease but substantial, though localized, pneumonic lesions developed in calves inoculated with P haemolytica by fiberoptic bronchoscopy . Calves inoculated with IBR virus by the latter procedure developed moderately severe respiratory tract disease involving 25% to 30% of the total lung volume . Lesions occurred mainly in the right lung, but the left lung also had marked lesions in these calves.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Infect Immun, 1984 May, 44(2), 502 - 7
Naturally occurring pasteurellosis in laboratory rabbits: chemical and serological studies of whole cells and lipopolysaccharides of Pasteurella multocida; Manning PJ; Whole cells and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of 10 isolates of Pasteurella multocida from laboratory rabbits were subjected to chemical and serological analysis . LPS of most of these isolates possessed pyrogenic potency comparable to LPS from Salmonella minnesota 9700, although their average ketodeoxyoctonate content was only 18% of that of salmonella . A gel diffusion precipitin test for somatic antigens extracted in a formal-saline solution demonstrated several isolates with three to four somatic antigens, with some variation in the major somatic type from one test to another . Conversely, the use of LPS as antigen in the gel diffusion precipitin test (i) eliminated cross-reactivity with reference antisera and (ii) often resulted in the organism being typed as serotype 12 even when the type 12 antigen was a minor antigen in the formal-saline extracts . Antisera from specific pathogen-free rabbits immunized with either whole cells or LPS of two isolates were tested against whole cells of LPS of the 10 isolates by enzyme immunoassay and indirect hemagglutination . Both whole cells and LPS of one of the isolates (isolate 2) were serologically specific, whereas those of the other isolate (isolate 1) were moderately to strongly cross-reactive with other isolates . The data indicate that although LPS is the major antigen responsible for typing based on the gel diffusion precipitin test, substances other than LPS (probably capsular polysaccharide) are responsible for the type specificity that forms the basis for the A, B, D, or E classification of this organism.

Arch Intern Med, 1984 May, 144(5), 1081 - 2
Pasteurella multocida lung abscess . A case report and review of the literature; Steyer BJ et al.; A 65-year-old man was seen with an asymptomatic solitary pulmonary nodule of at least five months' duration . Culture of a percutaneous needle aspirate yielded Pasteurella multocida . Surgical resection of the lesion showed an acute and chronic lung abscess histologically, and culture again yielded P multocida . The potential for this rare human respiratory tract pathogen to cause indolent, necrotizing parenchymal pulmonary infection in an asymptomatic patient is thus documented . The roentgenographic appearance of the lesion mimicked a primary carcinoma.

Arch Pathol Lab Med, 1984 May, 108(5), 401 - 2
Pasteurella multocida urinary tract infection; Warren JS et al.; Most Pasteurella multocida infections in humans have been associated with animal bites or scratches . While a variety of infections involving P multocida, unassociated with animal trauma, have been described, infections of the urinary tract are rare . We studied a case in which P multocida was isolated from the urine of a woman with advanced uterine cervical cancer . In most of the cases in which P multocida has been isolated from urine, the patients have had anatomic defects of the urinary tract, as well as an underlying chronic illness . These host-related characteristics appear to be important in the pathogenesis of P multocida urinary tract infection.

J Gen Microbiol, 1984 May, 130 ( Pt 5), 1209 - 16
Comparison of cell surface antigen extracts from two serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica; Donachie W et al.; Cells of Pasteurella haemolytica serotypes A1 and A6 were extracted with sodium salicylate and the chemical and antigenic composition of both extracts determined . The extracts were concentrated by ultrafiltration and the serotype antigen, measured by the indirect haemagglutination test, was estimated to have a molecular weight between 100 000 and 300 000 . The chemical composition of sodium salicylate extracts (SSEs) from both serotypes was similar, having protein, carbohydrate, fatty acid and phosphorus present in the ratio 10:1:0.5:0.1 . SDS-PAGE of both SSEs gave similar profiles with at least 48 bands present . These results suggest that sodium salicylate removes the outer membrane of P . haemolytica . Crossed immunoelectrophoresis indicated that a major serotype-specific antigen was present in SSEs of both strains . This antigen was extracted from the SSE with hot phenol/water and analysed by gas chromatography . The sugar composition of A1 and A6 phenol/water extract (PWE) was qualitatively identical although some differences in proportions were observed . A1 and A6 PWE antigens protected mice against homologous serotype challenge and A6 PWE protected against heterologous (A1) challenge.

Am J Vet Res, 1984 May, 45(5), 972 - 5
Effect of aztreonam on the growth of Pasteurella multocida in the lung; Collins FM; Specific-pathogen-free ICR mice were infected aerogenically with Pasteurella multocida and, beginning 1 hour later, were treated with aztreonam (50 mg/kg of body weight) . The number of viable bacilli in the lungs, liver, and spleen were determined at intervals for up to 36 hours . Aztreonam was bactericidal for growing bacilli in vitro and, when injected 1 and 5 hours after aerogenic exposure, provided greater than 80% protection after dosage at the level of 12.5 mg/kg . Below this dosage level, viable organisms persisted in the lungs and the spleen and many of the minimally treated mice eventually died of pasteurellosis . The survivors developed active immunity as a result of the continued sublethal infection . Aztreonam protects mice against an aerogenic infection with highly virulent P multocida and may be useful in the prevention and treatment of pasteurellosis in cattle.

Medicine (Baltimore), 1984 May, 63(3), 133 - 54
Pasteurella multocida infections . Report of 34 cases and review of the literature; Weber DJ et al.; Pasteurella multocida, a small, gram-negative coccobacillus , is part of the normal oral flora of many animals, including the dog and cat . P . multocida is the etiologic agent in a variety of infectious disease syndromes . We have reported 34 cases of infection caused by P . multocida and have reviewed the English literature . P . multocida infections may be divided into three broad groups: 1 . Infections resulting from animal bites and scratches : The most common infections caused by P . multocida are local wound infections following animal bites or scratches . Cats are the source of infection in 60 to 80% of cases and dogs in the great majority of the remainder . Local infections are characterized by the rapid appearance of erythema, warmth, tenderness, and frequently purulent drainage . The most common local complications are abscess formation and tenosynovitis . Serious local complications include septic arthritis proximal to bites or scratches , osteomyelitis resulting from direct inoculation or extension of cellulitis, and the combination of septic arthritis and osteomyelitis, most commonly involving a finger or hand after a cat bite . 2 . Isolation of P . multocida from the respiratory tract: The isolation of P . multocida from the respiratory tract must be interpreted differently than its isolation from other systemic sites . Most commonly P . multocida found in the respiratory tract is a commensal organism in patients with underlying pulmonary disease, but serious respiratory tract infections including pneumonia, empyema, and lung abscesses may develop . Most patients with respiratory tract colonization or infection have a history of animal exposure . 3 . Other systemic infections: P . multocida is recognized as a pathogen in a variety of systemic infections including bacteremia, meningitis, brain abscess, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and intra-abdominal abscess . P . multocida often acts as an opportunistic pathogen with a predilection for causing bacteremia in patients with liver dysfunction, septic arthritis in damaged joints, meningitis in the very young or elderly, and pulmonary colonization or invasion in patients with underlying respiratory tract abnormalities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Res Vet Sci, 1984 May, 36(3), 385 - 6
Promotion of Pasteurella haemolytica infection in mice by iron; Al-Sultan II et al.; Mice given 60 micrograms iron, as aqueous ferric ammonium citrate, intravenously were more susceptible than untreated controls to intraperitoneal infection with T serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica as shown by significant reductions in LD50 values . Iron injection has advantages over administration of bacteria suspended in mucin for studies of P haemolytica infection in mice.

Vet Rec, 1984 Apr 21, 114(16), 393 - 6
Cell culture assay for toxigenic Pasteurella multocida from atrophic rhinitis of pigs; Rutter JM et al.; A toxin produced by strains of Pasteurella multocida isolated from pigs with atrophic rhinitis caused a cytopathic effect in cell cultures derived from embryonic bovine lung . The toxin was produced during the late logarithmic phase of bacterial growth and inactivated by heating for 30 minutes at 56 degrees C . The cell culture assay was reproducible and 10(3) to 10(4) times more sensitive than a lethal assay in BALB/c mice . There was complete agreement between results in the two tests with 76 isolates of P multocida . Neutralising activity was demonstrated in both assays with sera from infected gnotobiotic piglets . It was concluded that embryonic bovine lung cell cultures provided a sensitive in vitro test for the differentiation of toxigenic from non toxigenic isolates of P multocida . The assay could be used in diagnostic laboratories and for characterisation of the toxin.

J Wildl Dis, 1984 Apr, 20(2), 90 - 4
Persistence of Pasteurella multocida in Nebraska wetlands under epizootic conditions; Price JI et al.; Gleason Basin, a marsh located in the western part of the Rainwater Basin in Nebraska, was selected during the 1980 spring waterfowl migration as a study site to determine the presence and persistence of virulent Pasteurella multocida . Avian cholera mortality in migratory waterfowl using the Basin increased during a 2-wk period of a die-off beginning the first week of March when 2,409 carcasses were collected from the marsh . Study sites within the marsh were established for sampling water associated with and not associated with intact and scavenged carcasses . Isolations of virulent P . multocida were made from five of six study sites associated with either intact or scavenged carcasses for 3 days and from three of five non-carcass-associated study sites for 2 days . Recovery of these bacteria from this environment suggested a possible source of infection for susceptible waterfowl using the contaminated site.

J Comp Pathol, 1984 Apr, 94(2), 203 - 14
The pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis in pigs induced by toxigenic Pasteurella multocida; Pedersen KB et al.; The pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis was studied in an experiment in which piglets were infected with a toxigenic type D Pasteurella multocida strain in the right half of the nasal cavity . Two days before inoculation the nasal mucosa on the right side had been subjected to mild irritation by intranasal instillation of a weak solution of acetic acid . The untreated (left) half of the nasal cavity served as an intrinsic control . Macroscopically, changes in the turbinates were already appreciable at 3 days p.i., and pronounced turbinate atrophy was noted at 7 days p.i . At 14 days p.i . deviation of the snout and almost complete turbinate atrophy was observed . The turbinates in the untreated half of the nasal cavity developed normally . Histologically, the changes were initially characterized by bone resorption mediated by an increased number of osteoclasts . Later osteoclasts were sparse, and there was an apparent disruption of osteoid synthesis . Ultrastructurally, the osteoblasts showed nuclear indentations and dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum . Since no inflammatory reaction was observed, the hypothesis is advanced that atrophic rhinitis in pigs is caused by a P . multocida-produced factor which will stimulate bone resorption and suppress osteoid synthesis.

Am J Vet Res, 1984 Apr, 45(4), 759 - 63
Lipopolysaccharides of the Heddleston serotypes of Pasteurella multocida; Rimler RB et al.; Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were extracted from 13 of the 16 Heddleston serotypes of Pasteurella multocida by phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether (PCP) . Serotypes 3, 9, and 13 were extracted only by phenol-water (PW) . After extraction of LPS of serotype 9 by PW, an additional LPS was isolated by PCP . All LPS contained glucose, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, and heptose . Two isomers of heptose, D-glycero-D-mannoheptose and L-glycero-D-mannoheptose, were found in serotypes 2 and 5 . Antisera made against purified LPS of serotypes 2 and 5 reacted with both heat-stable antigens and LPS from serotypes 2 and 5 in the gel-diffusion precipitin test . Antisera against serotype 2 LPS protected turkeys against challenge with capsulated serotype 5, indicating that a structural relationship exists between LPS of strains that cause hemorrhagic septicemia and fowl cholera . Rhamnose was a component of serotype 9 LPS, and galactose was found in all LPS, except for serotype 11 . The LPS of serotype 13 contained an isomer of heptose that has not been identified . The LPS had buoyant densities in CsCl of 1.40 +/- 0.0148 g/ml, and all hemagglutinated chicken and turkey, but not sheep or horse, RBC.

Can J Comp Med, 1984 Apr, 48(2), 162 - 5
Characterization of Pasteurella multocida isolated from rabbits in Canada; Percy DH et al.; In a survey for the somatic and capsular serotypes of Pasteurella multocida present in domestic rabbits in Canada, but mainly in Ontario, samples were obtained from research facilities, commercial rabbitries and from abattoir and necropsy specimens . Sources of isolates were upper respiratory tract infections, localized bronchopneumonias , acute fibrinous pneumonias, abscesses and otitis media . Of 59 isolates obtained, 47.0% were type 12:A, 30.5% 3:D and 12.0% were 3:A . Less common types were 12(4):A, 12:D, 4(12):A and 3:untypable . Somatic group 3 was most commonly isolated from acute pneumonic disease, while serogroup 12:A was most commonly found in upper respiratory tract infections and in localized chronic bronchopneumonia . Two serotypes of P . multocida were isolated from four pneumonic lungs collected from abattoir specimens . Most isolates were susceptible to the commonly used antibiotics.

Environ Res, 1984 Apr, 33(2), 343 - 52
Oil and related toxicant effects on mallard immune defenses; Rocke TE et al.; A crude oil, a petroleum distillate, and chemically dispersed oil were tested for their effects on resistance to bacterial infection and the immune response in waterfowl . Sublethal oral doses for mallards were determined for South Louisiana crude oil, Bunker C fuel oil, a dispersant--Corexit 9527, and oil/Corexit combinations by gizzard intubation . Resistance to bacterial challenge (Pasteurella multocida) was significantly lowered in mallards receiving 2.5 or 4.0 ml/kg of Bunker C fuel oil, 4.0 ml/kg of South Louisiana crude oil, and 4.0 ml/kg of a 50:1 Bunker C fuel oil/Corexit mixture daily for 28 days . Ingestion of oil or oil/Corexit mixtures had no effect on mallard antibody-producing capability as measured by the direct spleen plaque-forming assay.

Can J Comp Med, 1984 Apr, 48(2), 151 - 5
Anticytotoxin activity of bovine sera and body fluids against Pasteurella haemolytica A1 cytotoxin; Cho HJ et al.; Toxin neutralizing activity of bovine sera and body fluids against Pasteurella haemolytica type A1 cytotoxin was evaluated by 51Cr release assay using bovine peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes as the target cells . Sera collected from precolostral calves did not exert anticytotoxin activity at 10(-1) or higher dilutions, whereas randomly selected complement fixing antibody-negative sera neutralized on average over 90% of cytotoxin activity at the 10(-1) dilution and less than 50% of the toxin activity at 10(-2) or higher serum dilutions . Nasal secretions and lung washings of some of the cattle tested also contained cytotoxin neutralizing activity . The antibody nature of the cytotoxin neutralizing activity was demonstrated by its neutralization with bovine immunoglobulin G2 purified from pooled seropositive sera . Sera from a group of cattle which were vaccinated with a potassium thiocyanate extract of P . haemolytica, but which subsequently developed fibrinous pneumonia after aerosol challenge with bovine herpesvirus 1 and P . haemolytica, had significantly lower anticytotoxin activity than sera from another group of cattle which did not develop the disease after similar vaccination and challenge . Cattle which survived a natural outbreak of shipping fever had higher anticytotoxin activity than those having fibrinous pneumonia in the aforementioned experimental group, although there was no statistical difference between them and a randomly selected CF seronegative group . It is probable that this cytotoxin neutralizing antibody exerts a beneficial effect in protection of cattle against pneumonic pasteurellosis.

Can J Comp Med, 1984 Apr, 48(2), 156 - 61
Production of cattle immunotolerant to bovine viral diarrhea virus; McClurkin AW et al.; Inoculation of bovine virus diarrhea virus into 58 to 125 day old fetuses of bovine virus diarrhea virus seropositive pregnant cows, or inoculation of bovine virus diarrhea virus into seronegative cows 42 to 114 days pregnant, may produce clinically normal calves which are persistently infected with the specific isolate of bovine virus diarrhea virus yet seronegative to the homologous and heterologous isolates . Reinoculation of these persistently infected cattle with their homologous isolate produced no neutralizing antibody response to bovine virus diarrhea virus . These persistently infected cattle were immunocompetent as they developed neutralizing serotiters to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza-3 viruses and agglutinating serotiters to Pasteurella hemolytica .

Jikken Dobutsu, 1984 Apr, 33(2), 187 - 92
Antigenic characterization of Pasteurella pneumotropica isolated from mice and rats; Nakagawa M et al.; Antigenic characterization of P . pneumotropica derived from mice and rats were serologically investigated by use of hyperimmune rabbit sera against mouse strain M 1 and rat strain R 1 and absorbed sera m-1 and r-1 which were prepared by absorbing anti-M 1 serum with strain R 1 and anti-R 1 serum with strain M 1, respectively . All of 13 mouse strains employed were agglutinated with both anti-M 1 and anti-R 1 sera, but their agglutination titers with anti-M 1 serum were usually higher than those with anti-R 1 serum . Agglutination test of 13 rat strains with two antisera showed results converse to those of mouse strains . On the other hand, all the mouse strains were agglutinated with absorbed serum m-1 but not with absorbed serum r-1, while quite converse results were obtained with all the rat strains . Antigens reactive with the absorbed sera were remarkably destroyed by heating at 100 degrees C for 1 hour and treating with 1 N HCl, suggesting to be capsular antigens of bacterial cells.

Vet Rec, 1984 Mar 17, 114(11), 266 - 9
Development of a combined clostridial and Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine for sheep; Wells PW et al.; The efficacy of a multicomponent clostridial vaccine containing Pasteurella haemolytica antigens was tested in specific pathogen free or conventionally reared lambs exposed to experimental infection with P haemolytica serotypes A1, A2 or A6 . In four experiments assessment was based upon the findings of clinical, pathological and bacteriological examinations . Three experiments carried out in conventionally reared lambs demonstrated protection against challenge infection with P haemolytica serotypes A1, A2 and A6 in vaccinated lambs . However, the inconsistency of the disease induced in these experiments emphasised the need to perform definitive studies in specific pathogen free conditions . The final experiment was carried out with specific pathogen free lambs and confirmed the efficacy of the multicomponent clostridial vaccine containing P haemolytica antigen in protecting against the effects of infection with P haemolytica serotype A6 . In addition, this experiment indicated that the inclusion of several components in a vaccine did not affect the efficacy of an individual antigenic component.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1984 Mar-Apr, 135A(2), 203 - 18
Biological characterization of Actinobacillus species and Pasteurella ureae; Bercovier H et al.; Forty-seven strains of Actinobacillus and eleven strains of Pasteurella urea were studied using 119 morphological, physiological and biochemical characters . The resulting data were subjected to numerical analysis using the complement of Gower's coefficient excluding negative matches . Clustering was by unweighted pair group average linkage . At distance level 0.30, seven phenons and five isolated strains (including one strain of "A . seminis ") were obtained . The seven phenons correspond to Actinobacillus lignieresii , A . suis, A . equuli , A . capsulatus, "A . salpingitidis ", Actinobacillus sp . (Ross) and P . ureae . The characteristics allowing identification of the seven phenons are tabulated.

Res Vet Sci, 1984 Mar, 36(2), 225 - 30
Cell-mediated immune protection in chickens against Pasteurella multocida; Baba T; Immune protection by cellular immunity in chickens against Pasteurella multocida was investigated by in vivo and in vitro experiments using spleen cells and culture supernatants of immunised chickens . Intraperitoneal or intravenous transfer of immune splenic cells into normal chickens induced transmission of an as effective protection as that exhibited in immunised chickens . Immune protection was also obtained by intravenous treatment of chickens with culture supernatant fluid from immune splenic cells of hormonally bursectomised chickens . The in vitro experiment showed that intracellular bacterial proliferation was inhibited in peritoneal macrophages from immunised chickens, or from normal chickens sensitised with culture supernatant fluid of immune splenic cells, and the macrophages were protected from disruption by infection . Peritoneal macrophages sensitised with culture supernatant fluid from unimmunised splenic cells, or peritoneal macrophages from unimmunised chickens, allowed considerable intracellular proliferation of bacteria with almost complete breakdown of the macrophages within 24 hours after bacterial challenge . These data suggest that the protective immunity of chickens against P multocida was dependent on cell-mediated immunity by mediators such as the macrophage activating factor from T lymphocytes.

Ann Emerg Med, 1984 Mar, 13(3), 155 - 7
Evaluation of prophylactic oxacillin in cat bite wounds; Elenbaas RM et al.; A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was undertaken to determine the influence of prophylactic oxacillin on the frequency of infection in cat bite wounds . Adult patients with uninfected full-thickness wounds presenting within 24 hours of injury were considered . Emergency department management consisted of cleansing, irrigation, debridement, and closure as indicated; no topical antibiotics were applied . Patients were randomly assigned to receive oxacillin 500 mg qid for five days or identically appearing placebo . Home wound care was standardized and patients were observed at least every two days for a minimum of five days, or until wounds were sufficiently healed to allow discharge from the study . Clinical assessment of infection was confirmed microbiologically when possible . Twelve patients were admitted and 11 completed the study . Oxacillin (n = 5) and placebo (n = 6) groups were identical in sex, age, number of wounds per patient, wound location and type, delay to emergency department presentation, length of follow-up observation, medication compliance, and adequacy of home wound care . Four of six patients receiving placebo, but none of the five receiving oxacillin, developed a wound infection (P = .045) . Material obtained from three of these four patients yielded Pasteurella multocida as the responsible organism . Prophylactic oxacillin was thus associated with a significant reduction in the frequency of infection following cat bites . We recommend such therapy in the care of these wounds.

Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 1984 Mar, 51(1), 41 - 6
A study for the differentiation of Actinobacillus seminis, A . actinomycetem-comitans, Histophilus ovis and Pasteurella haemolytica; Swanepoel ML; By using well-defined techniques under optimum conditions it is possible adequately to define the biochemical characteristics of typical A . seminis strains . A . seminis can be distinguished from Histophilus ovis on the latter's distinctive colony morphology, but it cannot be distinguished from Actinobacillus actinomycetem-comitans . These organisms, however, can be differentiated from Pasteurella haemolytica on serological grounds and the latter's greater pathogenicity for mice . It is appreciated, however, that intermediate forms occur which cannot as yet be satisfactorily allocated to any of the above-mentioned genera.

Rev Infect Dis, 1984 Mar-Apr, 6 Suppl 1, S177 - 83
Role of anaerobic bacteria in bite-wound infections; Goldstein EJ et al.; The etiologic agents usually involved in wound infections due to human or animal bites are the aerobic skin flora of the victim, e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, and/or the aerobic oral flora of the biter, e.g., Pasteurella multocida . While anaerobic bacteria are predominant in the normal oral flora of humans and animals, their importance in the pathogenesis of bite-wound infections has not been stressed . Most investigators in this field have either not cultured these wounds for anaerobic bacteria or not utilized optimal culture techniques . In a series of studies on human and animal bite wounds, methods that are optimal for recovery of anaerobic bacteria were used . Anaerobes were found in significant quantities in 39% of animal bite wounds, 50% of human bite wounds, and 56% of clenched-fist injuries . Several species of anaerobes usually were present in the wounds and always were present in mixed culture with aerobic oral flora . The anaerobes most commonly isolated included Bacteroides asaccharolyticus, Bacteroides bivius, Bacteroides disiens, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Bacteroides oralis, Bacteroides ruminicola, Bacteroides pneumosintes, Bacteroides ureolyticus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Fusobacterium russii, Peptococcus species, Peptostreptococcus species, and Veillonella species . Initial, empiric antimicrobial therapy for bite wounds should be directed against potential anaerobic as well as aerobic pathogens.

Vet Microbiol, 1984 Feb, 9(1), 83 - 93
Lack of evidence for the occurrence of Pasteurella ureae in rodents; Mutters R et al.; The taxonomy of five typical human isolates of Pasteurella ureae, one strain of Actinobacillus hominis, and three murine isolates which had been designated as Pasteurella ureae in published reports were re-examined . Their taxonomic relationships were investigated by both conventional phenotypic characterization and by DNA/DNA hybridization using the renaturation method . The human Pasteurella urea strains were highly homogeneous in their phenotypes and in their DNA reassociation . The strain of Actinobacillus hominis studied was genetically distinct from Pasteurella ureae, but was located, like Pasteurella ureae, in the Actinobacillus group . The remaining strains exhibited only low DNA relatedness with Pasteurella ureae and each other; this agreed with their phenotypic divergence . Two of the murine isolates were identified as indole-negative variant strains of Pasteurella pneumotropica sensu stricto (i.e., type Jawetz), or of the type Heyl of Pasteurella pneumotropica, respectively . The remaining murine isolate appears to represent a hitherto unrecognized species of Pasteurellaceae . So far, there is no evidence for the occurrence of Pasteurella ureae outside the human host.

Postgrad Med J, 1984 Feb, 60(700), 145 - 6
Pasteurella multocida pneumonia complicated by Staphylococcus aureus; Martyn V et al.; A 71-year-old woman presented with acute non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema . She proved to have a Pasteurella multocida pneumonia, with blood stream invasion by the organism, and required positive pressure ventilation for 53 days . Penicillin G., the drug of choice for this infection, failed to reverse the steady decline in her arterial oxygen-tension, and it was only after treatment with chloramphenicol and prednisolone that she began to improve . Serological tests strongly indicated the presence of a Staphylococcus aureus infection and the delay in giving antibiotics appropriate to this second pathogen may have been the reason for the patient's initial downhill course.

Histochem J, 1984 Feb, 16(2), 151 - 63
An evaluation of the conditions necessary for optimal protein A-gold labelling of capsular antigen in ultrathin methacrylate sections of the bacterium Pasteurella haemolytica; Beesley JE et al.; The protein A-gold (PAG) probe is a particulate immunocytochemical probe that is eminently suitable for quantification . In order to obtain critical results from the technique, a specific and reproducible probe is needed . To this end, the concentration of probe, the variation of labelling on different sections within a single grid, the effect of washing procedures, the variation of labelling with time and temperature and the effect of different storage conditions on the probe have been investigated using PAG labelling of capsular antigen on ultrathin methacrylate sections of the bacterium Pasteurella haemolytica . The results indicate that in this antigen-antibody system, and using a 20 nm probe, optimal results are achieved with 2 X 10(12) particles/ml, a labelling time of 60 min at room temperature and the PAG probe, which will have been stored at 4 degrees C, should be between 1- and 5-weeks-old . The efficiency of the probe is tested by evaluating different primary antibody concentrations, by evaluating cross reactions of the primary antibody and by evaluating the relative amounts of antibody against internal components of the bacterium present in different antisera.

Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1984 Feb, 175(2), 233 - 6
Low-molecular-weight substance in peritoneal exudate is antibacterial at febrile temperature; Scales WE et al.; Peritoneal exudate was collected from rabbits 18 hr after ip injection of shellfish glycogen . The fluid was centrifuged and the peritoneal exudate supernatant (PES) retained for use in growth studies . The growth of Pasteurella multocida in PES was inhibited at 41 degrees C (febrile temperature for rabbits) as compared with 39 degrees C (afebrile temperature), suggesting the presence of an antibacterial agent active at febrile temperature . Further studies indicated that this antibacterial substance has a molecular weight less than 5000 Da . Heat treatment (70 degrees C, 1 hr) had no influence upon the activity of the inhibitory factor.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1984, 24(4), 231 - 7
{Modification of virulence and immunogenicity of Pasteurella multocida by iron in vitro}; Flossmann KD et al.; The virulence of Pasteurella multocida strains in experimental infections of mice has been shown to depend on the iron contents of the cultivation media . Frequent passages of bacteria on iron-deficient growth media result in drastic decrease of virulence . In the case of one strain also immunogenicity was lowered . The results with nutritional media differing in their iron contents show that iron probably exhibits a regulatory effect on the production of a not yet identified virulence.

Avian Dis, 1984 Jan-Mar, 28(1), 289 - 94
Evaluation of the microagglutination test in the diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens; Lin MY et al.; The sensitivity and specificity of the microagglutination (MA), serum-plate-agglutination (SP), and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test for Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) were compared in groups of chickens infected with MG, M . synoviae, or Pasteurella multocida or inoculated with bacterins prepared from Staphylococcus aureus or Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae . Of the three tests evaluated, the HI test had the highest specificity, but it was the least sensitive . Both the MA and SP tests were more sensitive than the HI test but lower in specificity . The MA test was less sensitive than the SP test in detecting antibodies against heterologous MG strains.

Avian Dis, 1984 Jan-Mar, 28(1), 281 - 4
Response of broiler-type chickens to live Pasteurella multocida--duration of immunity and minimum dose; Derieux WT; Broiler-type chickens were exposed to avirulent Pasteurella multocida by stick-wing once or twice, and groups were challenged with pathogenic P . multocida at 20, 50, or 80 weeks postexposure . Immunity was not lower when chickens were challenged at 80 weeks rather than at 20 and 50 weeks postexposure . Various doses of avirulent P . multocida were administered by stick-wing or subcutaneously in the back of the neck . Results of challenge at 20 weeks postexposure indicated that protection was reduced when exposure dose by either route was lower than 6.1 X 10(4) viable organisms.

Avian Dis, 1984 Jan-Mar, 28(1), 208 - 15
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibodies to Pasteurella multocida in chickens; Briggs DJ et al.; An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect the humoral antibody response in chickens receiving subcutaneous injections of the CU vaccine strain of Pasteurella multocida . Serum samples were collected twice weekly for 3 weeks, and chicken antibody responses were monitored using ELISA . The positive/negative ratio method of analysis was used to determine the antibody titer of vaccinated chickens . After a loge transformation of the ELISA titer, a linear relationship was confirmed between ELISA titer and positive/negative ratio . Regression analysis was used to construct a standard curve and derive an equation from this relationship . Using this equation, only one dilution was needed to determine the antibody titer of any unknown serum sample . The ELISA technique was used to monitor the mean antibody titer of vaccinated chickens over the 3-week period . A classic primary response curve occurred when titer was plotted against time.

Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1984 Jan, 5(3), 259 - 71
Evidence for defective neutrophil function in lungs of calves exposed to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus; McGuire RL et al.; Calves were exposed to an aerosol of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus followed five days later by an aerosol of Pasteurella haemolytica . The animals were subjected to bronchoalveolar lavage before IBR and four days after, and again at 0, 4, 24, and 48 hours following Pasteurella haemolytica challenge . The results of these experiments suggest that neutrophil infiltration into the lung, in response to the presence of the bacteria was delayed thereby allowing the bacteria to become established in the lung . Neutrophils in infected animals displayed little random migration in vitro and did not respond to a chemotactic stimulus . It was also found that alveolar macrophages from virus-infected animals were not able to produce neutrophil chemotactic factors . These data suggest that the decrease in neutrophil chemotaxis and the lack of chemotactic factor production by the alveolar macrophage following infection with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus may predispose infected cattle to a secondary bacterial infection.

Infect Immun, 1984 Jan, 43(1), 66 - 71
Effect of type A Pasteurella multocida fractions on bovine polymorphonuclear leukocyte functions; Ryu H et al.; The effect of various Pasteurella multocida fractions on bovine polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) functions was examined in vitro by using two encapsulated strains, P-2383 and P-1062 (both are Carter capsular type A and of bovine origin) . The ability of PMNs to ingest Staphylococcus aureus and iodinate protein was significantly inhibited in the presence of live cells, heat-killed whole cells, or saline-extracted capsules but not in the presence of the decapsulated heat-killed cells . None of the fractions of the two strains inhibited nitroblue tetrazolium reduction by PMNs . The saline extract did not inhibit the binding of iodine to protein by a reaction involving xanthine, xanthine oxidase, and horseradish peroxidase . The PMN inhibitory factor was further characterized as a heat-stable capsular material of greater than 300,000 molecular weight.

Circ Shock, 1984, 12(1), 47 - 59
Role of prostaglandins, histamine, and serotonin in the pathophysiology induced by Pasteurella hemolytica endotoxin in sheep; Emau P et al.; Pasteurella hemolytica endotoxin (12 micrograms/kg) was infused intravenously into ewes over 500 min . Blood was sampled for 60 min before the infusion and at intervals during the infusion and for 1500 min postinfusion . The control values for plasma TxB2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, PGF2 alpha, and serotonin were 283 +/- 53 pg/ml (mean +/- standard error of mean), 281 +/- 14 pg/ml, 199 +/- 27 pg/ml, and 56.8 +/- 2.0 ng/ml, respectively . The plasma concentrations of TxB2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, PGF2 alpha, and serotonin significantly increased to a maximum at 50 min of infusion to 359%, 344%, 313%, and 201% of the control, respectively . PGF2 alpha and TxB2 returned to control levels at 300 min during infusion and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha at 60 min postinfusion and serotonin at 100 min of infusion . Serotonin concentration decreased significantly at 450 min of infusion to 73% of control and returned to control level at 1500 min postinfusion . No significant changes were found in the plasma levels of PGE, histamine, and ACE activity . We conclude that release of TxA2, PGI2, PGF2 alpha, and serotonin may contribute to pathophysiology induced by P . hemolytica endotoxin in sheep.

Vet Med Nauki, 1984, 21(9), 38 - 44
{Biochemical tests for identifying Pasteurella multocida}; Karaivanov L; Studied was the biochemical activity of a total of 168 strains of Pasteurella--73 isolated from birds (48 from cases of acute fowl cholera, and 25--of chronic cholera), and 95 isolated from mammals (3 from lambs, 24 from pigs, 36 from cattle, and 32 from rabbits) with regard to the tests determining the hemolytic activity, production of indol, reduction of nitrates, breakdown of urea, beta galactosidase activity, production of hydrogen sulfide, ornitin-, arginine-, lysine-decarboxylase-, and phosphatase activity, and the fermentation of substrates such as manite, glucose, galactose, saccharose, manose, levulose, dulcite, lactose, maltose, rafinose, trechalose, salicin, melobiose, icelobiose, arabinose, xylose, and sorbite . To differentiate Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from mamals from those isolated from birds the phosphatase activity test on solid media with sodium phenolphtalein diphosphate had to be employed Pasteurella organisms isolated from mammals showed positive phosphatase activity, while those isolated from birds exhibited a negative one . Arabinose and xylose fermentation tests could simultaneously be used . Pasteurellae isolated in cases of acute fowl cholera showed positive reaction for arabinose and a negative one for xylose, while the strains isolated from mammals showed the reverse activity . The strains isolated in cases of chronic fowl cholera were shown to belong to this group.

Vet Med Nauki, 1984, 21(7-8), 38 - 43
{Metabolism of free amino acid in strains of Pasteurella multocida and their division into biological types}; Karaivanov L et al.; A total of 29 Pasteurella multocida strains were isolated in cases of atypical fowl cholera with swelling of the wattles as well as from pigs and calves with pneumonia . All strains were used to study the metabolism of 10 amino acids . Glutaminic acid was found to be metabolized by all investigated strains . Arginine was metabolized by Pasteurella organisms isolated from mammals (calves and pigs), and was metabolized by Pasteurellae isolated from birds . By their positive reaction with proline and their negative one with alanine the Pasteurella strains isolated in cases of acute cholera differed from all other Pasteurella organisms . Asparagine was metabolized only by Pasteurellae isolated in cases of atypical fowl cholera, and serine--only by Pasteurellae isolated from pigs.

Exp Lung Res, 1984, 7(2), 123 - 32
Response of sheep after localized deposition of lipopolysaccharide in the lung; Brogden KA et al.; Deposition by fiberoptic bronchoscopy of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Pasteurella haemolytica (Type 1A) or Escherichia coli (Type 026:B6) into the lungs of sheep elicited a variety of clinical and pathologic reactions . Sheep given P . haemolytica LPS developed a biphasic hematologic response: a marked decline in leukocyte counts in 4 h that was followed in 18 h by a mild leukocytosis . A gradual rise in leukocyte counts was seen in sheep given E . coli LPS . Neutrophil counts gradually increased after deposition with either LPS, but lymphocyte counts fluctuated with the total leukocyte counts . Body temperature remained normal after LPS deposition . A marked increase in total lung lavage cell counts was observed 22 h after LPS deposition . Up to 83% of the lavage cells were neutrophils . Both LPS induced diffuse fibrinopurulent inflammation, edema, hyperemia, and hemorrhage in the lungs . LPS from P . haemolytica also caused foci of necrosis . In contrast, distilled water caused diffuse edema and hyperemia, with a limited number of neutrophils . Deposition of P . haemolytica or E . coli LPS into the lungs of sheep resulted in lesions similar to those reported in animals with an acute pneumonia experimentally induced with gram-negative bacteria.

Vet Med Nauki, 1984, 21(1), 12 - 6
{Phosphatase activity of Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from poultry and mammals}; Karaivanov L et al.; The qualitative test of Berber et al . was employed to determine the phosphatase activity of Pasteurella multocida strains from birds and mammals (cattle, pigs, and rabbits) . Only eight out of a total of 50 Pasteurella strains isolated from birds (34 from cases of acute cholera, 12 - of atypic cholera and 4 - from oedema of the wattles ) proved positive (4 isolated from cases of acute cholera, and 4 isolated from cases of atypic cholera) . The remaining 42 strains did not show phosphatase activity . A total of 96 P . multocida strains (37 from cattle, 27 from pigs, and 32 from rabbits) were studied . Positive phosphatase activity were shown to have 32 of the strains isolated from cattle, 26 of those isolated from pigs, and 29 of those from rabbits . In terms of percent 42 (84%) of the investigated strains isolated from birds were negative, and 16% were positive for phosphatase activity . Ninety-six as cited above, were the strains isolated from mammals, of which 90.6% were positive, and 9.4% were negative for phosphatase activity . The phosphatase activity of the Psateurella multocida strains may effectively be used to divide the strains purely biologically - as such isolated from mammals and such isolated from birds . The exceptions observed are likely to be due to migration of Pasteurella organisms from birds to mammals, and vice versa . The phosphatase activity is not shown to correlate with the pathogenicity of the respective strains for albino mice.

Vet Med Nauki, 1984, 21(3), 36 - 40
{Serological typing of the somatic antigens of Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from poultry and mammals}; Fan HD; Somatic antigens were used for the serotyping of a total of 80 Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from birds with acute and chronic form of cholera as well as from mammals with bronchopneumonia . The investigations made use of the agglutination reaction between factorial sera (0:1, 0:2, 0:3, 0:5, 0:6, 0:8, 0:9, and 0:11) and antigens treated with 1 n HCl . The O-factorial sera behaved specifically after absorption with the respective reference antigens . They showed titers of 1:640 or higher than these with homologous antigens through cross-agglutination reaction . Sixty-nine strains (86.25 per cent) were typed, and 61 per cent of those isolated from birds were shown to belong to groups 0:5 and 0:9, while as many as 62 per cent of the strains isolated from pigs were referred to groups 0:1 and 0:2, and 62 per cent of those isolated from calves--to groups 0:2 and 0:9.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1984, 24(2), 85 - 92
{A new method for the demonstration of the Bordetella bronchiseptica capsule in electron microscopy}; Kludas U Jr et al.; A new and rapid working method is presented for electronmicroscopic preparation of capsules from gram negative bacteria, e.g . Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida . The advantage of the new technique is the availability of the results within 30 min after starting the preparation . The staining of the capsule by alcian blue has to be done as a first step together with glutaraldehyde fixation, before staining the bacterial cell with phosphotungstic acid . The new staining technic also reveals structural details of the capsule . The described procedure was found to be useful in controlling the development of the bacterial capsule depending on culture media for propagation and maintenance of the above mentioned bacteria.

J Exp Med, 1984 Jan 1, 159(1), 221 - 33
Non-dinitrophenyl-binding immunoglobulin that bears a dominant idiotype (Id460) associated with antidinitrophenyl antibody is specific for an antigen on Pasteurella pneumotropica; Marion TN et al.; We have previously described an idiotype (Id460) that transiently dominates anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibody responses of mice that possess the appropriate Igh-V and V kappa genotypes . Normal serum has significant levels of Id460 that does not bind DNP, and hybridomas derived from spleen cell fusions that produce monoclonal antibodies with these characteristics have been generated . Many of these monoclonal, Id460-positive antibodies bind the opportunistic mouse pathogen Pasteurella pneumotropica . P . pneumotropica induces a marked increase in serum Id460 titers without significantly increasing serum anti-DNP titers . Both normal serum and P . pneumotropica-induced Ig460-positive immunoglobulin specifically bind to P . pneumotropica . These results suggest that the normal serum Id460-positive immunoglobulin is induced by environmentally encountered antigens on P . pneumotropica . We propose that this naturally occurring Id460 activates antiidiotypic regulatory cells that in turn promote production of Id460-positive anti-DNP antibody following DNP-ovalbumin immunization . These data are compatible with those obtained in several other idiotypic systems that suggest that dominant idiotypes may be associated with antibodies that have been evolutionarily selected for expression because of their specificity for antigens on environmentally encountered pathogens.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1983 Dec 1, 183(11), 1172 - 5
Natural history of infection with Pasteurella multocida in rabbits; DiGiacomo RF et al.; Monitoring of rabbits at a commercial rabbitry for Pasteurella multocida infection revealed that the nares of 10 litters of New Zealand White rabbits were not colonized before weaning at 8 weeks of age, regardless of whether or not the does were infected . The earliest nasal infection was detected at 12 weeks of age, and by 22 weeks of age, 23% had P multocida infection . Rhinitis developed 2 or more weeks after infection was detected in most rabbits . A survey of 76 adult rabbits in the breeding colony revealed that 72% had P multocida infection . In 31 rabbits with rhinitis, 90% were infected, whereas in 55 rabbits with P multocida infection, only 50% had rhinitis . During the period of surveillance, there was an epizootic of rhinitis caused by P multocida . All age groups except preweanlings were affected . Serotyping of 29 isolates of P multocida revealed that 93% were somatic type 12 . Surveillance of rabbits for pasteurellosis at a laboratory animal facility revealed that the following clinical syndromes developed in decreasing order of magnitude: rhinitis, conjunctivitis, abscesses, and otitis media.

Vet Microbiol, 1983 Nov, 8(6), 601 - 10
Isolation of Pasteurella haemolytica and correlation with serum antibody response in clinically normal beef calves; Confer AW et al.; Bacteria from the nasal cavity and trachea were cultured, and serum antibody titers determined for Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 in 164 beef calves obtained from a closed herd on range pasture . At the first sampling, P . haemolytica serotype 1 was cultured from 16.4% of the calves . Antibody titers were determined by a quantitative fluorimetric method and the mean titer was 9.5 +/- 5.8 . Fifty-seven randomly selected calves were used to study the correlation of serum antibody response and positive culture of P . haemolytica under natural conditions . Clinical signs of respiratory disease were not observed in those calves . During the observation periods, there was a two-fold increase in the percentage of calves that were culture positive . There was no significant difference between mean serum antibody titers or frequency distribution of antibody titers from the two samplings . Comparisons between serum antibody titers, rise in titers, and P . haemolytica isolation failed to reveal any significant correlation . Of the 9 calves that had a decline in antibody titer to P . haemolytica, none was culture positive . Seroconversion to respiratory viruses did not correlate with P . haemolytica related variables.

Vet Microbiol, 1983 Nov, 8(6), 585 - 99
Susceptibility of Pasteurella haemolytica to the bactericidal effects of serum, nasal secretions and bronchoalveolar washings from cattle; MacDonald JT et al.; Several isolates of logarithmic-phase organisms of Pasteurella haemolytica were shown to be sensitive to an antibody and complement-mediated killing mechanism in adult bovine serum . Data suggested that the classical complement pathway was important in the induction of bactericidal activity of serum . Sera from calves after colostrum feedings (post-colostral sera) killed only 30% of the bacteria in spite of the presence of high levels of antibodies against P . haemolytica . Addition of post-colostral serum to heat-inactivated adult bovine serum decreased the bactericidal capacity of the latter . It was speculated that this inhibition may have been caused by the presence of blocking antibodies (IgA) found in the post-colostral serum . Undiluted nasal secretions collected from adult cattle were not bactericidal to P . haemolytica . The results also suggest that the bronchoalveolar washings (BAW) from vaccinated calves, in spite of having a high antibody titer, were less bactericidal to P . haemolytica than BAW from sham-vaccinated calves (71.12% vs . 83.12%) . The bactericidal factor(s) present in BAW from sham-vaccinated calves was heat stable, not complement dependent, and was not related to lysozyme concentration.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Nov, (11), 30 - 3
{Quantitative characteristics of the survival phenomenon in experimental plague}; Aparin GP et al.; The method for the quantitative evaluation of the effect of the survival phenomenon is proposed, which makes it possible to carry out the rapid single-stage determination of the immunogenicity of Pasteurella pestis avirulent strains . The low specificity of the survival phenomenon in plague has been shown . The accumulation of immunogenic avirulent cells in the population of virulent P . pestis has been found to decrease their pathogenic action to a greater extent than the accumulation of nonimmunogenic avirulent cells.

Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1983 Nov, 5(1), 33 - 45
Solid-phase enzyme immunoassay of bovine antibody responses following immunization against and natural infection with Pasteurella haemolytica; Smith PH et al.; A solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was developed in order to monitor bovine antibody responses following immunization against and natural infection with Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A:1 . Non-ionic surfactants, used in many antibody EIAs to reduce non-specific immunoglobulin binding, had to be avoided because they inhibited specific binding of bovine antibodies to P . haemolytica antigens . Calves were immunized with a KSCN extract of P . haemolytica . Subcutaneously immunized animals developed a significantly higher humoral antibody response than did intranasally vaccinated animals . Intranasally immunized calves developed a slightly, but not significantly higher nasal antibody response than did calves vaccinated subcutaneously . Field study results based on bacterial isolation and EIA detection of antibodies to P . haemolytica indicate that cattle can generate carrier states where bacteria are present in the upper respiratory tract, yet no humoral antibody response is induced . The converse was also found where cattle were free from P . haemolytica in the upper respiratory tract, yet possessed a good humoral antibody response to P . haemolytica.

Med J Aust, 1983 Oct 29, 2(9), 455 - 6
Pasteurella ureae meningitis; Marriott DJ et al.; A 54-year-old man, with a history of alcohol abuse and previous skull fractures, developed a low-grade meningitis . The causative organism was Pasteurella ureae, an uncommon cause of bacterial infection, which has not been reported previously in Australia . The patient recovered after therapy with penicillin . A review of the cases of serious infection with this organism suggests that liver disease and skull trauma are common predisposing factors . Problems with the identification of P.ureae may be encountered unless its particular biochemical properties are recognized.

Lab Anim, 1983 Oct, 17(4), 261 - 6
Proliferation of Pasteurella pneumotropica at oestrus in the vagina of rats; Yamada S et al.; Using a colony of Wistar-Imamichi rats contaminated with P . pneumotropica, the vaginal microflora was qualitatively and quantitatively investigated by swabbing . P . pneumotropica was the most dominant organism in the majority of rats examined . The population of P . pneumotropica and indigenous bacteria increased significantly higher at oestrus than in other oestrous stages . By the vaginal flushing technique changes in the population of P . pneumotropica and total bacteria, and changes in vaginal cell type and bacterial counts adhering to vaginal epithelial cells were consecutively investigated . The populations of P . pneumotropica and total bacteria were maximal at oestrus . The increase was correlated with an increase in cornified non-nucleated cells, with large numbers of adherent Gram-negative coccobacilli . The findings indicate that the vagina is a suitable site for colonization by P . pneumotropica in adult female rats, and that proliferation of P . pneumotropica may be due to increased affinity of the organism for cornified non-nucleated cells.

Lab Anim, 1983 Oct, 17(4), 285 - 9
Recovery of members of the Pasteurella-Actinobacillus-group from guinea pigs; Boot R et al.; In the course of post-mortem bacteriological examination of conventional guinea pigs, 88 isolates belonging to the Pasteurella-Actinobacillus-group were recovered from 69 of 279 animals (25%) . Most isolates were recovered from pneumonic lung, enteritic jejunum and inflamed mammary gland . No relationship was found between biotype and source of isolation . About 50% of isolates were recovered in pure culture or as the predominant micro-organism . It is concluded that members of the Pasteurella-Actinobacillus-group must be considered potentially pathogenic for guinea pigs.

Can J Comp Med, 1983 Oct, 47(4), 497 - 8
Pasteurella haemolytica cytotoxin neutralizing activity in sera from Ontario beef cattle; Shewen PE et al.; A random sample of sera obtained from cattle necropsied as part of the Bruce County Beef Project in 1980-81 was assayed for the ability to neutralize the cytotoxin of Pasteurella haemolytica A1 . Cattle dying of fibrinous pneumonia had significantly lower neutralizing activity in serum than cattle which died for reasons other than pneumonia . Activity in pneumonic cattle was also lower than the mean of twelve samples randomly chosen from sera of cattle bled on entry to feedlots in the fall of 1979 . A role for the toxin neutralizing response in resistance to pneumonic pasteurellosis is proposed.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {B}, 1983 Oct, 91(5), 329 - 31
Meningitis and bacteremia caused by Pasteurella multocida . A case report; Bruun B et al.; A case of pasteurella multocida meningitis in a 75-year old woman with chronic otitis media is reported . There were no unusual clinical features of meningitis in this case which distinguished it from meningitis due to other pyogenic bacteria . P . multocida is characterized by a distinctive biochemical pattern, and correct identification should not be difficult provided that the possibility of its occurrence in meningitis is kept in mind.

Avian Dis, 1983 Oct-Dec, 27(4), 1034 - 42
Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect hemagglutination test for quantitating antibody responses in chickens against Pasteurella multocida; Solano W et al.; An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to measure humoral antibody responses of chickens against Pasteurella multocida . A standard indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test was used to compare serologic results with those of ELISA . The ELISA was also used following challenge with P . multocida to compare the efficacy of three commercial fowl cholera vaccination regimens . Although antibody titers measured by ELISA and IHA were highly correlated, ELISA was at least twice as sensitive as IHA . Antibody measured by ELISA and IHA also correlated significantly with protection against P . multocida challenge . No mortality occurred in any of the three vaccinated challenged groups . However, control unvaccinated chickens experimentally infected with P . multocida developed signs of acute pasteurellosis and died by the 10th day post-challenge . Impression smears made of hepatic tissue from all chickens were stained (Wright's stain), and typical bipolar rods characteristic of Pasteurella were identified in smears from unvaccinated challenged controls only.

J Wildl Dis, 1983 Oct, 19(4), 315 - 20
Prevalence of serologic types of Pasteurella multocida from 57 species of birds and mammals in the United States; Brogden KA et al.; The serologic types of 265 isolates of Pasteurella multocida collected from 50 species of wild birds and seven species of wild mammals over a 22-yr period were determined with the gel diffusion precipitin test . Antigens prepared from these isolates reacted with reference P . multocida antisera representing serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, and 15 . Antigens from some isolates reacted slightly with antisera from more than one serotype . Overall, gel precipitin reactions involving serotype 1 (65%) and 3 (20%) were the most prevalent.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Oct, 18(4), 866 - 71
Use of a fluorometric immunoassay to determine antibody response to Pasteurella haemolytica in vaccinated and nonvaccinated feedlot cattle; Confer AW et al.; A retrospective study of the antibody response to Pasteurella haemolytica was conducted by using sera from 368 feedlot cattle divided among five experiments . In three experiments, live vaccines or a bacterin were administered to some of the cattle and others were left as nonvaccinated controls . In two experiments, cattle were not vaccinated . Clinical signs of disease with subsequent recovery developed in 48.0% of the cattle, and 10.3% of the cattle died . Vaccination had no apparent effect on morbidity or mortality . At the time of purchase, 78% of the cattle had low antibody titers (less than 25) as measured by a quantitative fluorometric immunoassay . In most groups of cattle (both vaccinated and nonvaccinated), there was a significant rise in mean antibody titers between the time of purchase and days 28 to 32 in the feedlot . The antibody titers at the time of shipment and health status of cattle . The antibody ratios were significantly greater for cattle that became sick and then recovered compared with those of cattle that remained healthy . Although significance could not be established, antibody titers at the time of shipment were higher for cattle that remained healthy compared with cattle that became sick and then recovered.

Can J Comp Med, 1983 Oct, 47(4), 422 - 32
Exposure of calves to aerosols of parainfluenza-3 virus and Pasteurella haemolytica; Carriere PD et al.; The present study was undertaken to investigate whether sequential exposure to aerosols of parainfluenza-3 virus followed by Pasteurella haemolytica, or P . haemolytica followed by parainfluenza-3 virus, could lead to the production of pulmonary lesions in conventionally-raised calves . Twenty male calves with low serum antibody titres to both organisms were placed in five equal groups . Synergism of parainfluenza-3 virus and P . haemolytica was not demonstrated in any of the sequentially infected groups and pulmonary lesions were mild in all challenged calves . Clinical signs of disease were not present after exposure to parainfluenza-3 virus although the virus was repeatedly isolated from nasal secretions of all inoculated calves . Exposure to P . haemolytica produced a transient response which consisted of increased rectal temperatures and respiratory rates, with a mild neutrophilic leukocytosis and a mild left shift present six hours postinoculation and returning to normal within 24 hours . Results from this study suggest, although do not confirm, that reduced pulmonary clearance of inhaled P . haemolytica in parainfluenza-3 virus infected calves does not necessarily lead to production of severe pulmonary lesions and that previous exposure to aerosols of P . haemolytica may not enhance secondary parainfluenza-3 virus infection.

Am J Vet Res, 1983 Oct, 44(10), 1848 - 52
Challenge exposure of cattle vaccinated with a chemically altered strain of Pasteurella haemolytica; Kucera CJ et al.; Calves vaccinated with a chemically altered strain of Pasteurella haemolytica and their nonvaccinated controls were challenge exposed intranasally with the Cooper strain of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus . Five days later, the calves were challenge exposed intratracheally with the P haemolytica type A1 . Calves that had been vaccinated with large, medium, or small doses of the chemically altered vaccinal strain of P haemolytica had various degrees of resistance to the experimental challenge exposure . Nonvaccinated animals developed severe respiratory tract disease and pneumonia after challenge exposure.

Infect Immun, 1983 Oct, 42(1), 106 - 12
Nonspecific suppressive effect of bovine herpesvirus type 1 on bovine leukocyte functions; Filion LG et al.; The effect of bovine herpesvirus type 1 on the specific and nonspecific immune response of calves was examined . Animals with or without prior aerosol exposure to Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A1 were aerosol challenged with 10(8) PFU of virus . Blood and serum samples were taken before and after virus challenge for determining cell-mediated, humoral, and neutrophil responses . A significant depression of the blastogenic responses to phytohemagglutinin, P . haemolytica, and Pasteurella multocida and of neutrophil chemotactic response was observed 4 to 7 days after challenge . However, the antibacterial activity of neutrophils was not significantly affected by virus exposure . Anti-bovine herpesvirus type 1 antibody responses were detected 11 days postchallenge . A significant elevation of the anti-P . haemolytica antibody response (day 0 versus day +11) was detected in animals previously exposed to P . haemolytica.

Lab Anim Sci, 1983 Oct, 33(5), 461 - 2
Pasteurella pneumotropica in rabbits from a "Pasteurella-free" production colony; Kirchner BK et al.; Pasteurella pneumotropica was isolated from the nasopharyngeal area of two of five rabbits obtained from a "Pasteurella-free" production colony . No evidence of disease was observed in these rabbits during clinical and necropsy examinations.

Exp Parasitol, 1983 Aug, 56(1), 107 - 18
Leishmania braziliensis: effects of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Pasteurella multocida) on the developing cutaneous leishmaniasis lesion in the golden hamster; Potter ME et al.; Experimentally induced lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis and the effect of concurrent bacterial infection on the development of these lesions were studied in the golden hamster . Male outbred golden hamsters received intradermal injections at the base of the tail with approximately 10(7) promastigotes of Leishmania braziliensis panamensis, or promastigotes combined with Staphylococcus aureus or Pasteurella multocida or both, bacteria only, or sterile Eagle's minimal essential medium (MEME) . The size of the resulting lesions was measured at least twice each week . Hamsters were killed at postinoculation Days 6, 13, 20, 27, 41, or 48, and each lesion was measured, aseptically excised, and bisected; half was used for bacteriologic culture and the other half was prepared for light microscopic examination . Lesions resulting from L . b . panamensis alone progressed from initial erythema to a granulomatous nodule and finally to a necrotic granuloma, often capped by a crateriform ulcer . Lesions resulting from a suspension of L . b . panamensis with added S . aureus or S . aureus and P . multocida, were initially larger, more erythemic and contained a greater proportion of neutrophils up to postinoculation Days 14-21 than did lesions resulting from L . b . panamensis alone . Concurrent infections with bacteria such as S . aureus and P . multocida had little effect on the development of ulcerating characteristics of lesions, but when S . aureus was present it appeared to enhance the severity of the early lesions . Between postinoculation Days 14-28, lesions produced by L . b . panamensis, with or without added bacteria had similar developmental progression of sufficient size for optimal testing of antileishmanial compounds.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Aug, 18(2), 292 - 5
Capsular and somatic serotypes of Pasteurella multocida isolates recovered from healthy and diseased rabbits in Texas; Lu YS et al.; A total of 111 Pasteurella multocida isolates recovered from healthy and diseased rabbits were typed for capsular and somatic antigens by the typing systems of Carter and Heddleston, respectively . The major serotypes of the 48 P . multocida isolates recovered from nasal cavities of healthy rabbits were serotypes 12:A (33%), nontypable:A (50%), and nontypable:D (10%) . Similarly, the major serotypes of the 63 P . multocida isolates obtained from rabbits with rhinitis, pneumonia, conjunctivitis, tympanitis, or cutaneous abscesses were serotypes 12:A (32%), nontypable:A (30%), and 3:A (16%) . Serotype 12:A was predominant, regardless of whether the isolates were recovered from healthy or diseased rabbits.

Am J Vet Res, 1983 Aug, 44(8), 1600 - 1
Protection against Pasteurella pneumotropica during infection with Angiostrongylus cantonensis; Laubach HE et al.; Lung infections of specific-pathogen-free rats were studied to determine cross-immunity between infections with Pasteurella pneumotropica and Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Rats were found to have differences in mortality due to pneumonic infections with P pneumotropica and A cantonensis and to coinfections of P pneumotropica and A cantonensis . Single infections of P pneumotropica were not dosage-dependent in their lethality for specific-pathogen-free rats . The mortality of coinfection with P pneumotropica and A cantonensis was significantly lower than that of a monoinfection with P pneumotropica, demonstrating a cross-protective phenomenon.

Am J Vet Res, 1983 Aug, 44(8), 1545 - 6
Hemoglobin enhancement of experimental infection of mice with Pasteurella haemolytica; Chengappa MM et al.; A 2% hemoglobin preparation injected into mice along with Pasteurella haemolytica culture was found to be as good an enhancer of virulence as a 7% swine gastric mucin preparation . The hemoglobin preparation was easier to prepare and was less toxic than mucin for mice when injected intraperitoneally.

Am J Emerg Med, 1983 Jul, 1(1), 17 - 21
Dog bites in children: epidemiology, microbiology, and penicillin prophylactic therapy; Boenning DA et al.; Fifty-five children with nonfacial dog bites were prospectively studied . Patients were assigned to an experimental group receiving oral penicillin or a control group receiving local wound care only . Wounds were cultured for anaerobic and aerobic flora prior to cleansing . Results showed that most children were bitten on an extremity by a familiar dog, sustained simple injuries, and sought prompt medical attention . The overall infection rate was 3.6%, with one patient in each group developing an infection . The most frequently recovered organisms were normal skin flora . No Pasteurella multocida were isolated . Forty percent of cultures yielded potential pathogens . Despite this finding, initial cultures of dog bite wounds had no value in predicting subsequent infection . This study suggests that routine use of prophylactic penicillin is not required for simple nonfacial dog bites in children.

J Infect, 1983 Jul, 7(1), 74 - 6
Pasteurella ureae meningitis and septicaemia; Grewal P et al.; A 55-year-old male diabetic admitted with deafness, nystagmus, headache and vomiting was found to have meningitis due to Pasteurella ureae and responded to treatment with ampicillin . The P . ureae was unusual in showing X dependency . The family's dogs had had ear infections but no P . ureae were recovered from them when cultured three months later.

Res Vet Sci, 1983 Jul, 35(1), 80 - 6
Experimental immunisation of lambs against pneumonic pasteurellosis; Gilmour NJ et al.; Methods of immunising lambs against pneumonic pasteurellosis, caused by several serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica, were assessed in specific pathogen free lambs . Lambs were vaccinated intramuscularly with sodium salicylate extract (SSE) of P haemolytica, either alone or in combination with heat-killed organisms (HKO) . SSE of P haemolytica type A1 protected vaccinated lambs against pneumonia resulting from challenge with the homologous serotype . SSE of type A2 also provided some protection but this was improved by vaccination with a combination of SSE and HKO.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1983 Jul, 32(4), 671 - 4
Identification and partial characterization of exoantigens derived from medium used to culture Plasmodium falciparum; Gabrielsen AA Jr et al.; Rabbits were immunized with exoantigens from the spent medium of Plasmodium falciparum cultures, and the resultant immunologic responses were studied by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA), hemagglutination (HA), and two-dimensional crossed immunoelectrophoretic (IEP) techniques . By crossed IEP, three parasite antigens, identified and characterized as proteins lacking lipid and carbohydrate moieties, reacted with rabbit antiserum and human immune serum . Pre-immunization sera of the rabbits used in these experiments had 1:80 IFA titers against P . falciparum schizonts which were then boosted eightfold by immunization with parasite exoantigens, in contrast to IFA titers of less than 1:2 for coccidia- and Pasteurella-free rabbits . Experimental infections of coccidia- and Pasteurella-free rabbits with rabbit Eimeria spp . resulted in 1:80 anti-P . falciparum IFA titers, suggesting cross-reactivity of coccidial and plasmodial antigens . Post-immunization sera demonstrated extremely high HA titers against human erythrocytes, underscoring the potency of human blood components containing parasite antigens prepared from cultures . These results suggest that coccidia- and Pasteurella-free rabbits may be useful in the analysis of antigen of cultured P . falciparum.

Can J Comp Med, 1983 Jul, 47(3), 257 - 64
Viral-bacterial pneumonia in calves: duration of the interaction between bovine herpesvirus 1 and Pasteurella haemolytica; Yates WD et al.; Sixteen six to eight month old beef calves were exposed individually to a five minute aerosol of bovine herpesvirus 1, isolate 108 . Aerosol exposure to Pasteurella haemolytica (biotype A, serotype 1) was administered individually for five minutes at either four, ten, 20 or 30 days after the virus . Fibrinous pneumonia and pleuritis occurred in all four groups but were most extensive and severe in those exposed to the virus and bacterium four days apart (the positive controls) . Fibrinous pneumonia was associated with persistence of bovine herpesvirus 1 in the respiratory tract despite resolution of virus-induced necrotic lesions of the respiratory mucosa . The results presented here suggest that, although the severity of viral-bacterial synergism may be influenced by virus-induced morphological changes, the continued presence of viral antigens after the resolution of respiratory mucosal lesions may continue to exert some effect on host defenses and disease processes.

Can J Comp Med, 1983 Jul, 47(3), 250 - 6
Prevention of experimental bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis with an extract of Pasteurella haemolytica; Yates WD et al.; A total of 36 calves were used in three experiments to test the efficacy of a potassium thiocyanate extract of Pasteurella haemolytica in protecting against experimental pneumonia . In each of experiments A and B, 12 calves were divided into three equal groups . The first group was vaccinated with an aerosol of a potassium thiocyanate extract twice, two weeks apart; the second group was vaccinated subcutaneously once only with the same extract . The third group of calves in both experiments remained as unvaccinated controls . In experiment C, six calves were vaccinated intramuscularly and six were left as controls . Approximately one month after vaccination all calves were challenged with an aerosol of bovine herpesvirus 1 (isolate 108) followed in 4 d by an aerosol of P . haemolytica type A1 (the same strain from which the potassium thiocyanate extract had been made) . Varying degrees of protection against subsequent development of experimental pneumonic pasteurellosis in cattle were seen in vaccinated calves as compared to control calves in these experiments . The results indicate that protection of cattle against pneumonic pasteurellosis may prove possible with a sub-cellular extract of P . haemolytica.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1983 Jul, 71(1), 91 - 104
Malignant rabbit fibroma virus: observations on the culture and histopathologic characteristics of a new virus-induced rabbit tumor; Strayer DS et al.; The clinical, histopathologic, and cultural characteristics of a newly isolated poxvirus, malignant rabbit fibroma virus (MV), were investigated . MV was isolated from tumors induced by an uncloned stock of Shope fibroma virus (SFV) . MV, SFV, and rabbit myxoma virus were compared . Similarly to myxoma virus, MV grew to higher titer in vitro than did SFV and produced plaques rather than foci on rabbit kidney cell monolayers . Unlike the local, self-limited fibroblastic proliferations observed in SFV recipients, MV and myxoma caused a fulminant clinical syndrome characterized by malignant histology, metastases, and supervening fatal gram-negative infection with Pasteurella multocida . MV induced a large, protuberant local tumor and discrete metastases histologically resembling myxosarcomas . Draining lymph nodes contained metastases and showed diffuse cortical hyperplasia . Kupffer's cells were prominent in the liver, and macrophages were abundant in the splenic sinusoids . The lungs and trachea were spared, but the conjunctiva and nasal mucosa showed squamous metaplasia and atypia, with overlying Pasteurella infection and underlying tumor . Myxoma virus infection produced similar mucosal changes, but both of these as well as the epidermis overlying the myxomas showed cytoplasmic virus inclusions . Neither the skin nor the epithelial surfaces overlying MV-induced tumors nor the tumors themselves contained virus inclusions . Thus the tumor syndrome caused by MV differed from other known rabbit tumors . Endonuclease restriction digests showed that the MV genome resembled, but was distinct from, rabbit myxoma virus . Opportunistic infection associated with MV-induced disseminated tumor may be an experimental model for the infectious complications that often supervene in host-tumor relationships.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1983 Jul, 71(1), 105 - 16
Immunohistology of malignant rabbit fibroma virus--a comparative study with rabbit myxoma virus; Strayer DS et al.; Malignant rabbit fibroma virus (MV) causes a syndrome that consists of disseminated malignant tumors and immunosuppression complicated by severe Pasteurella multocida infection and death . Tissues from rabbits given MV and rabbit myxoma virus were examined by direct immunofluorescence with the use of antibody against virus antigens . Primary and metastatic tumors caused by MV and rabbit myxoma virus were composed of soft tissue cells containing virus antigens . Skin appendages and epidermis overlying the respective tumors showed scant MV but abundant myxoma virus antigen . Both viruses were present systemically in the reticuloendothelial system . Epithelial cells from the liver, kidney, and lung of myxoma virus-infected rabbits contained virus, whereas in MV tumor-bearing rabbits, these cells were uninvolved . However, nasal mucosal and conjunctival epithelia, the locations of Pasteurella infection, showed squamous metaplasia and contained large amounts of MV and myxoma antigens . By analogy to other respiratory tract pathogens, these epithelial changes were probably etiologically significant for development of pasteurellosis in rabbits bearing virus-induced tumors . Thus by immunopathologic as well as clinical examination, MV produces a syndrome distinct from that seen with rabbit myxoma virus . MV induced severe immunosuppression despite T-lymphocyte hyperplasia in the lymphoid tissues observed . The combination of a systemic virus infection, epithelial alterations that impaired clearance mechanisms, and immunologic dysfunction is likely to contribute to the inability of rabbits given MV to survive their gram-negative infection.

Lab Anim, 1983 Jul, 17(3), 227 - 9
Abnormality of an index of alveolar-capillary barrier permeability associated with respiratory tract infection in the rat; Royston D et al.; The study investigated the role of subclinical respiratory tract infection in producing an abnormality of lung function assessed by measuring an index of the permeability of the blood-gas barrier to 99mTcDTPA . Pasteurella pneumotropica was grown from throat swabs taken from 9 female rats age 10 weeks at the time of the experiment and housed under conventional husbandry conditions for 4 weeks previously . There was a significant association between the amount of bacteriological growth and an abnormality of the index of permeability . In contrast to this finding, there was no bacterial growth and no abnormality of function found in 12 female rats age 6 weeks, kept under strict barrier-maintained conditions . This finding emphasises the need for great care to be taken in the husbandry of animals used in scientific research.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Jun, 17(6), 1074 - 6
Serotyping of Pasteurella multocida isolated from swine lungs collected at slaughter; Pijoan C et al.; We serotyped 222 Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from swine lungs at slaughter . Capsular serotypes A and D were determined by the hyaluronidase sensitivity and acriflavin agglutination tests, respectively . Somatic antigens were determined by gel diffusion against standard antisera . Capsular serotype A was found in 97.3% of the strains and serotype D in the remaining 2.7% . The primary somatic antigen most commonly found was type 3 (86.0%) . Type 5 was also very common (88.7%), but was usually a secondary antigen . The most common overall serotype was A:3(5) (39.2%) . Other common serotypes were: A:3(4,5,12) (12.2%); A:3(4,5) (11.2%); A:3(5,12) (10.4%); A:3 (6.8%); and A:5 (6.8%) . Type D strains had a similar distribution of serotypes, but with a higher prevalence of D:5 (33.3%) and D:3(5) (33.3%).

Am J Vet Res, 1983 Jun, 44(6), 981 - 5
Prevalence of Pasteurella haemolytica in transported calves; Frank GH et al.; In 2 different years, calves from individual farms were sampled by nasal swab for Pasteurella haemolytica at the farm, at an auction barn, and at a feedyard after they had been transported 1,600 km . Serum antibody titers were determined and P haemolytica isolates were serotyped . The frequencies of P haemolytica isolations were low at the farm, greater at the auction barn, and markedly high at the feedyard . Serotype 2 was the predominant isolate at the farm, and serotype 1 was the predominant isolate at the feedyard and from the pneumonic lungs of the calves that died of acute respiratory tract disease . There was a significant farm-to-farm variation in the percentages of calves that developed respiratory tract disease.

Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 1983 Jun, 50(2), 101 - 4
The inefficacy of polivalent Pasteurella multocida vaccines for sheep; Cameron CM et al.; Immunity assays on sheep sera using passive mouse protection tests showed that vaccines containing more than 4 strains of Pasteurella multocida did not give a good immunity . The immune response was not enhanced by the use of an oil adjuvant, and high concentrations of bacteria had only a partial positive effect . Attempts to extract selectively the protection-inducing antigen(s) from P . multocida by veronal, phenol or potassium thiocyanate extraction were unsuccessful . Furthermore, it was found that sheep antisera to the recognized type strains of P . multocida afforded only limited protection against a number of field strains . We concluded from this that successful immunization against ovine pasteurellosis will depend on either the identification of a strain of P . multocida that gives a wide spectrum of immunity or the discovery of a live mutant suitable for vaccine production and the definition of cultural conditions that promote the expression of a common immunizing antigen.

Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 1983 Jun, 50(2), 97 - 9
The usefulness of the API 20 E classification system in the identification of Actinobacillus actinomycetem comitans, Actinobacillus seminis and Pasteurella haemolytica; Erasmus JA; The prepuces of lambs aged 6--8 months and semen of 2 adult rams were found to be infected with gram negative, non-motile, non-haemolytic, pleomorphic bacilli . These organisms were compared with those of known strains of actinobacillus actinomycetem comitans . Actinobacillus seminis and Pasteurella haemolytica, using the API 20 E classification system . Applying the principles of numerical taxonomy, the majority of suspected strains of A . seminis could be classified as A . actinomycetem comitans and 3 examples as Histophilus ovis . Although some of the suspected strains of A . seminis could be classified as P . haemolytica, obvious differences between the genera Actinobacillus and Pasteurella were evident.

Res Vet Sci, 1983 May, 34(3), 287 - 95
Virulence of Pasteurella multocida in atrophic rhinitis of gnotobiotic pigs infected with Bordetella bronchiseptica; Rutter JM; Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida have been impLicated in the aetiology of atrophic rhinitis of pigs but the precise cause and pathogenesis of field outbreaks have still to be clarified . The virulence of 11 strains of P multocida was investigated by intraperitoneal injection of culture filtrates in BALB/C mice, or by infection of gnotobiotic piglets given B bronchiseptica five days previously . Three of four type D strains of P multocida were lethal for mice and caused severe turbinate lesions and shortening of the snout with B bronchiseptica in gnotobiotic pigs; large numbers of P multocida and B bronchiseptica persisted for 64 days in the nasal cavity of these pigs . The fourth strain caused moderately severe turbinate lesions in gnotobiotic pigs infected with B bronchiseptica; small numbers of P multocida were found in these pigs and the lesions were attributed mainly to B bronchiseptica . Filtrates from seven strains of P multocida (four type A and three type D) were not lethal for mice and these strains with B bronchiseptica caused moderately severe turbinate lesions in gnotobiotic pigs; five of them colonised the nasal cavity reasonably well for 35 days but the lesions were attributed mainly to B bronchiseptica . The turbinate bones had regenerated by 64 days in pigs given type A strains of P multocida whereas the lesions persisted in pigs given type D strains . Antibodies to P multocida were detected in sera from infected gnotobiotic pigs by acid agglutination but not by indirect haemagglutination tests; neutralising activity to the mouse lethal toxin was detected in serum from one of five piglets at 64 days . The lethal toxin was inactivated at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes, by incubation with protease K for two hours and by 0.2 per cent formalin for 18 hours at 37 degrees C but not by trypsin; it was precipitated by 30 to 40 per cent saturation with ammonium sulphate and remained in the supernatant after centrifugation at 150,000 g . It was concluded that infection with virulent, type D strains of P multocida and B bronchiseptica could explain severe outbreaks of atrophic rhinitis; large numbers of both organisms persisted in the nasal cavity of gnotobiotic pigs with severe lesions; and that a soluble, heat-labile toxin may be an important virulence determinant in the type D strains of P multocida that cause severe atrophic rhinitis.

J Clin Pathol, 1983 May, 36(5), 591 - 4
A selective medium for Pasteurella multocida and its use with animal and human specimens; Knight DP et al.; A selective medium (CGT medium), containing clindamycin, gentamicin, potassium tellurite and amphotericin B in 5% horse-blood agar, allowed unimpaired growth of almost all strains of Pasteurella multocida, and P pneumotropica, while inhibiting other bacteria that might be encountered in upper respiratory tract secretions . With its use, P multocida was readily detected in oral swabs from four of 23 dogs, and 10 of 25 cats, but not detected in oral swabs from 47 human subjects . One of 500 sputum specimens yielded P pneumotropica.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1983 May, 45(5), 1419 - 22
Isolation of satratoxins from the bedding straw of a sheep flock with fatal stachybotryotoxicosis; Harrach B et al.; During a period of several weeks, more than 100 sheep died at a Hungarian farm . The animals exhibited fleece loosing, and hemorrhaging was the most important autopsy finding . Pasteurella haemolytica was cultured from various organs . The bedding straw was abundantly covered with Stachybotrys atra, and removal of the straw stopped the disease . Methanol extraction of the bedding straw followed by solvent partitioning, column chromatography, preparative thin-layer chromatography, and high-pressure liquid chromatography led to the isolation of satratoxins G and H, which were characterized by thin-layer chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, and mass spectroscopy . This is the first isolation and characterization of toxins from a field sample of material responsible for an outbreak of stachybotryotoxicosis.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1983 May, 23(5), 715 - 20
Susceptibility of bovid herpesvirus 1 to antiviral drugs: in vitro versus in vivo efficacy of (E)-5-(2-Bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine; Babiuk LA et al.; The relative efficacies of a variety of antiviral drugs against bovid herpesvirus 1 was investigated . (E)-5-(2-Bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine and trifluorothymidine were found to be inhibitory at doses of 0.01 micrograms/ml in in vitro yield reduction and plaque reduction assays . In contrast, acylovir was inactive even at concentrations as high as 1,000 micrograms/ml . Other drugs, including phosphonoformic acid, 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine, 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine, and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine were active at concentrations previously shown to inhibit herpes simplex virus . Oral administration of (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine to calves infected with bovid herpesvirus 1 had no effect on the level of virus shedding, clinical signs, or susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection with Pasteurella haemolytica . The reason for this lack of in vivo activity was that sufficient levels of the drug in blood were not achieved by oral administration.

Am J Vet Res, 1983 May, 44(5), 845 - 50
Immunity to pasteurellosis in compromised rabbits; Corbeil LB et al.; Pasteurellosis in the rabbit inoculated with a malignant variant of Shope fibroma virus (SFV-MV) is presented as a model for the study of immunosuppression and immunoprophylaxis in pasteurellosis . The rabbits, before the inoculation, were healthy carriers of Pasteurella multocida . They were intradermally inoculated with SFV-MV, and 3 to 6 days later, a primary tumor appeared at the site of inoculation . By postinoculation day (PID) 7 or 8, the rabbits had snuffles, conjunctivitis, and tumor metastases; death occurred on PID 10 to 14 . Rabbits given the nonmalignant Patuxent strain of SFV developed local primary tumors, but not pasteurellosis nor metastases . In SFV-MV-inoculated rabbits, there was decreased responsiveness of spleen lymphocytes to B and T cell mitogens by day 6, and of spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes by day 10 . In addition, SFV-MV antigen was detected (by immunofluorescence) in mononuclear phagocytes in all major organs and in epithelial cells of the conjunctiva and nasal mucosa . Both nasal and conjunctival epithelia showed squamous metaplasia as well . These changes did not appear in SFV-infected rabbits . With SFV-MV-inoculated rabbits, we obtained partial protection against pasteurellosis by immunization with heat-killed P multocida or a cross-protective core lipopolysaccharide mutant of Escherichia coli (J5) . Rabbits were immunized before the inoculation with SFV-MV which precipitated "spontaneous" pasteurellosis due to impaired defenses . Rabbits immunized with J5 or P multocida had less severe conjunctivitis and snuffles than nonimmunized controls, indicating that immunization with the J5 mutant may be useful as prophylaxis against pasteurellosis in compromised hosts.

Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1983 May, 4(4), 417 - 24
Replacement of sodium chloride with dextran or polyethylene glycol for immunoprecipitation of lipopolysaccharide with antibodies in chicken or turkey sera; Rimler RB; Dextran or polyethylene glycol could replace sodium chloride in agarose gels for inducing immunoprecipitation of Pasteurella multocida lipopolysaccharides with antibodies in chicken or turkey sera . Resolution of immunoprecipitates was best when 3% concentrations of either dextran or polyethylene glycol were used . Higher concentrations increased opacity of the gels . Nonspecific precipitation of serum or gamma-globulin fractions in gels was caused by the electrophoresis buffer, dextran, and polyethylene glycol . Dialysis of serum or gamma-globulin fractions against the electrophoresis buffer and soaking gels in buffers of pH greater than 7.0 that contained 3% polyethylene glycol reduced nonspecific precipitation . Incorporation of dextran or polyethylene glycol into gels enhanced immunoprecipitation in rocket immunoelectrophoresis but resulted in slower mobility of antigen.

J Wildl Dis, 1983 Apr, 19(2), 95 - 7
Outbreak of avian cholera on the wintering grounds of the Mississippi Valley Canada goose flock; Windingstad RM et al.; Avian cholera is reported for the first time in Canada geese, Branta canadensis, of the Mississippi Valley population . The disease was detected in weekly surveillance transects and was responsible for the loss of about 850 geese during the winter of 1978-1979 at localized areas in southern Illinois . Necropsies performed on 480 geese that died at Union County Conservation Area and on 133 birds at Horseshoe Lake Conservation Area during January and February 1979 revealed that the majority of losses (64%) were caused by avian cholera . Lead poisoning was responsible for the death of 14% of the geese analyzed and the remaining 22%, most of which were decomposed, were undiagnosed . Lethal lead levels and Pasteurella multocida occurred concomitantly in a few instances.

Avian Dis, 1983 Apr-Jun, 27(2), 539 - 41
Reaction of bobwhites, coturnix quail, guinea fowl, and mallards to avirulent and virulent Pasteurella multocida; Derieux WT; The CU strain of Pasteurella multocida was moderately virulent for coturnix quail by the oral route and highly virulent for bobwhites by stick-wing . The strain was avirulent for guinea fowl and provided protective immunity by oral or stick-wing routes . Mallards did not react to virulent P . multocida.

Am J Vet Res, 1983 Apr, 44(4), 715 - 9
Pasteurella haemolytica cytotoxin: production by recognized serotypes and neutralization by type-specific rabbit antisera; Shewen PE et al.; A sterile culture supernatant from each of the 12 recognized serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica was toxic to bovine alveolar macrophages when assayed by 51Cr release . Types appeared to differ in their ability to liberate cytotoxin, although this may have reflected strain variation rather than serotype-related differences . Toxicity was partially neutralized by type-specific rabbit antisera, with neutralization of the homologous toxin being more effective than that of the heterologous serotype.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Apr, (4), 98 - 103
{Discrete nature of the antibody affinity of immune sera and the importance of this factor for antigen binding}; Levi MI; After mixing an antibody immunosorbent with Pasteurella pestis monovalent capsular antigen the concentration of the antigen in the free and bound states was evaluated . In this study the test points on the graph were found to be located on the lines characterizing different groups of antibodies differing in their affinity . The verification of the discrete structure of antibody affinity in 10 lots of hyperimmune horse serum showed the truth of this suggestion . The analysis of the role played by different groups of antibodies in binding the antigen indicated the prevailing role of a high-affinity group, especially in the zone with the excess of antibodies.

Pediatr Clin North Am, 1983 Apr, 30(2), 405 - 13
Animal bites; Jaffe AC; Animal bites are an extremely common problem in the United States . Dogs are by far the most common offender, closely followed by cats, humans, and rats . Most injuries are trivial, but can become infected, and fatalities do occur . A wide variety of organisms cause a multitude of clinical problems, but cellulitis and lymphangitis caused by Pasteurella multocida are most common . Human bites, especially of the hand, present major problems in management, and staphylococci or streptococci are frequent pathogens . Penicillin is an effective first-line antibiotic for animal bites, while a penicillinase-resistant penicillin, a cephalosporin, or erythromycin should be used for human bites . Attention should always be paid to the potential problems of rabies and tetanus.

Am J Vet Res, 1983 Apr, 44(4), 606 - 9
Vaginal and uterine microflora of adult dogs; Baba E et al.; Aerobic and anaerobic microflora were identified and quantitated in 82 vaginal and 78 uterine samples obtained from mature bitches during different stages of the estrous cycle . The mean +/- SD of total bacterial counts/100 mg of vaginal contents of the 82 bitches was log 5.0 +/- 1.5, ranging from log 2.4 to log 8.8 . The count at the estrous stage (log 7.8 +/- 0.7) was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than that at the anestrus (log 4.4 +/- 1.0), pregnancy (log 5.9 +/- 1.3), and postpartum (log 5.1 +/- 1.5) stages . The common organisms isolated from the vaginas were Bacteroidaceae, streptococci, Pasteurella spp, and mycoplasmas . Organisms were isolated from 48 (68%) of 78 uterine samples . The range of total counts/100 mg of uterine contents was from log 1.6 to log 8.3 . Staphylococci and mycoplasmas were frequently isolated from the uterine contents . Although many uterine microfloras were similar to vaginal microfloras, some uterine culture had a single isolate identified . There were no pathologic findings in most of the uteri . Seemingly, vaginal bacteria frequently flow into the uterus, yet they rarely cause uterine infection.

Can J Comp Med, 1983 Apr, 47(2), 133 - 9
The effect of dose, route and virulence of bovine herpesvirus 1 vaccine on experimental respiratory disease in cattle; Jericho KW et al.; Three experiments were conducted with calves in which, following intramuscular or intranasal vaccination with virulent or attenuated bovine herpesvirus 1, calves were protected against bovine herpesvirus 1 -- Pasteurella haemolytica challenge . Calves receiving low doses of vaccine had lower levels of antibody and greater evidence of virus replication upon challenge than those receiving higher doses . In contrast 11/13 unvaccinated controls had fibrino-purulent pneumonia following challenge . The immune response developed later in younger calves and those given low doses of vaccine . Neutralizing antibodies to bovine herpes-virus 1 were not found in nasal secretions, but were present in serum seven days after vaccination . Bovine herpesvirus 1 was isolated before challenge from nasal secretions of calves vaccinated intranasally or intramuscularly with virulent virus but not those vaccinated intramuscularly with vaccine virus . It was concluded that both routes of vaccination with either virulent or attenuated bovine herpesvirus 1 provided protection from challenge with homologous or heterologous bovine herpesvirus 1 and that live vaccines should contain at least 10(3) plaque forming units/dose for effective immunization.

Vet Microbiol, 1983 Apr, 8(2), 199 - 205
Specificity of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies in the sera of specific pathogen-free lambs vaccinated with Pasteurella haemolytica antigens; Donachie W et al.; Pooled serum from specific pathogen-free (SPF) lambs vaccinated with sodium salicylate extracted (SSE) antigens of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A1 was shown to contain antibody to other A serotype SSE antigens when tested by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . Specific antibody to serotype A1 SSE antigens was demonstrated by absorption of the serum pool with heterologous serotype SSE antigens . The type-specific antigens of serotypes A1 and A9 were prepared by phenol--water extraction (PWE) of their respective SSE antigens . The PWE antigens were examined in a sandwich ELISA where rabbit IgG anti-P . haemolytica A1 cells or A9 cells was used as a coating layer to bind PWE antigens . The specificity of these antigens was demonstrated by marked reduction of reactivity between serum from SPF lambs vaccinated with SSE of serotypes A1 or A9.

Vet Microbiol, 1983 Apr, 8(2), 187 - 98
Antigenic relationships between the serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica demonstrable by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); Burrells C et al.; Mice and rabbits were immunised with sodium salicylate extracts (SSE) prepared from each of 12 serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica, and the antisera to each were used in cross-indirect haemagglutination (IHA) tests and cross-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to study antigenic relationships between the serotypes . An indirect micro-ELISA demonstrated common antigenic relationships which were not apparent by IHA . Antisera from both species revealed considerable shared antigenicity between all the serotypes . Rabbit antisera presented clearer differences between the A biotypes on one hand and the T biotypes on the other, the T biotypes exhibiting much less cross-relatedness than that shown between the A serotypes.

J Infect, 1983 Mar, 6(2), 175 - 7
Pasteurella multocida osteomyelitis caused by cat bite; Bjorkholm B et al.; A previously healthy 15-year-old girl was bitten by a cat in her left thumb . Despite initial treatment with penicillin she developed osteomyelitis after a period of four months . Pasteurella multocida was cultured from the necrotic bone . The infection showed low activity and was successfully treated with surgery combined with penicillin.

Am J Vet Res, 1983 Mar, 44(3), 428 - 32
Lysates of turkey-grown Pasteurella multocida: effects of solubilizing agents on the immunologic properties of membrane vesicles; Brogden KA et al.; Membrane vesicles from lysed suspensions of turkey-grown Pasteurella multocida were treated with various solubilizing agents to release protein that may contain cross-protection factor . Potassium thiocyanate, NaOH-glycine, lithium diiodosalicylate, guanidine hydrochloride, n-butanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, Triton X-100, and sodium lauryl sarcosinate were each tested as solubilizing agents . Vaccines made from combining solubilized membrane vesicles with complete lysate supernatant fluid produced various degrees of protection against challenge exposure with a heterologous serotype of P multocida in turkeys . Only vaccines prepared from membranes that were solubilized with potassium thiocyanate and sodium lauryl sarcosinate protected as well as complete lysate from turkey-grown P multocida . The amount of protein in each vaccine did not relate to protection . Distinct chemical differences were observed between lysates prepared from turkey-grown P multocida and lysates prepared from 41 C broth-grown P multocida . The external morphology of P multocida, after treatment with lysozyme and EDTA, was similar whether grown in broth or in turkeys.

Vet Microbiol, 1983 Feb, 8(1), 3 - 15
Cytotoxic effect of Pasteurella haemolytica on ovine bronchoalveolar macrophages in vitro; Sutherland AD et al.; Live Pasteurella haemolytica A1 was shown to have a cytotoxic effect on suspensions of sheep bronchoalveolar macrophages . Cytotoxic activity was also demonstrable in bacteria-free supernatants from suspensions containing P . haemolytica . Heat-killed and ultra-violet killed organisms of P . haemolytica and live Staphylococcus aureus were not toxic to sheep BAM . These results suggest that a bacterial cell-free cytotoxin is produced by metabolically active P . haemolytica . Guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages, McCoy and pig kidney epithelial cell suspensions were unaffected by live P . haemolytica and supernatant from P . haemolytica cultures, indicating that the cytotoxin may only affect phagocytic cells of ovine or bovine origin.

Infect Immun, 1983 Feb, 39(2), 779 - 84
Bactericidal activity of alveolar and peritoneal macrophages exposed in vitro to three strains of Pasteurella multocida; Collins FM et al.; Normal ICR mice were infected intravenously, intraperitoneally, or aerogenically with Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from a turkey (S68), calf (V90), or rabbit (J20) lung . Both the turkey and calf isolates were highly virulent for mice and multiplied logarithmically in the lungs, liver, and spleen, resulting in death of the animals in 18 to 36 h . The rabbit strain was avirulent for mice, but repeated passage in mice did result in some increased virulence . All three strains of P . multocida were inactivated rapidly by normal mouse peritoneal macrophages, provided that the organisms were opsonized with specific hyperimmune serum before being exposed to the macrophage monolayers . P . multocida was slowly inactivated by normal mouse alveolar macrophages when the organisms were preopsonized . However, the surviving organisms later multiplied extensively in vitro . Macrophages harvested from hyperimmunized mice were no better at inactivating opsonized P . multocida cells than were normal mouse cells . The relative importance of the different phagocytic cell populations in the uptake and killing of opsonized P . multocida cells is discussed in relation to immunity to this important animal pathogen.

Am J Vet Res, 1983 Feb, 44(2), 238 - 43
Effect of bacterial dose on pneumonia induced by aerosol exposure of calves to bovine herpesvirus-1 and Pasteurella haemolytica; Yates WD et al.; Sixteen crossbred Hereford range calves were used to study the effects of Pasteurella haemolytica aerosols of various concentrations administered 4 days after they were exposed to a uniform aerosol of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) . All calves were given BHV-1 on day 0 . On day 4, groups of 4 calves each were exposed to aerosols of P haemolytica generated from suspensions with the following concentrations: high (10(8)/ml)--group 1, moderate (10(5)/ml)--group 2, low (10(2)/ml)--group 3, or none (control)--group 4 . All calves developed clinical signs of respiratory infectious bovine rhinotracheitis . Those in group 4 (controls) and group 3 (low bacterial concentration exposure) were near complete recovery by day 8 . At necropsy, most calves in all groups had diphtheritic inflammation of the mucosal surfaces of the upper and lower respiratory tracts and lobular atelectasis of the lung parenchyma . Three of the group 2 calves (exposed to the moderate concentration of P haemolytica) and all group 1 calves became severely ill with fibrinous pneumonia; 3 in the latter group died by day 8 . For the conditions of this experiment, the 50% lethal dose was 1 X 10(7.1) bacteria/ml of suspension from which the aerosol was generated and 1 X 10(5.1) P haemolytica inhaled/calf . The 50% effective dose for fibrinous pneumonia was 1 X 10(4.1) P haemolytica/ml of suspension and 1 X 10(2.1) bacteria inhaled/calf . The term "inhaled" was used to mean the number of organisms estimated to be taken into the respiratory tract at the level of the nostrils . The results indicated that there is a positive relationship between degree of exposure to P haemolytica and severity of pneumonia in this disease model.

JAMA, 1983 Jan 28, 249(4), 508 - 9
Pasteurella multocida septicemia . Experience at a cancer hospital; Stein AA et al.; Pasteurella multocida most commonly infects patients with animal contacts . Life-threatening systemic disease is distinctly uncommon in otherwise healthy persons and usually occurs in patients with chronic predisposing disease . Two cases of sepsis occurred in a cancer hospital, and we surmise that specific predisposing factors existed in our patients as in prior reported cases of sepsis in patients without cancer . These factors include animal contact, open wounds, and, most important, advanced hepatic disease.

Vet Med Nauki, 1983, 20(2), 33 - 40
{Intrauterine bacterial and mycotic infections in cows}; Kolev V et al.; Bacteriologic, mycologic, and serologic investigations of cows and calves and three experiments with rabbits were carried out to shed light on the bacteriology and mycology of the intrauterine infections in cows . The following organisms were isolated from the investigated cows that exhibited disturbances in their reproduction, and had abortions, or gave birth to calves that were affected with diseases or died: Escherichia coli (17.84%), association of bacteria (7.64%); Vibrio genitalis (3.86%); Streptococcus sp . (2.78%); moulds (2.54%); Staphylococcus aureus (2.20%); Proteus sp . (1.62%); Staphylococcus epidermidis (1.39%); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.39%); Pasteurella multocida (0.11%) . The serologic investigation of a total of 231 blood samples from cows that miscarried, gave birth to dead calves, or failed to conceive revealed that in 15.58 per cent there was vibriosis, and in 6.06 per cent--leptospirosis . Demonstrated was the etiologic link between cows with reproductive disturbances and diseased calves with regard to vibriosis and leptospirosis . The tests with rabbits were indicative of bacterial carriers (with special reference to the genitalia) up to the 60th day following infection . There were abortions, sterility, and death cases and the birth of unviable bunnies in the case of reproduced coital infections with Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Dev Biol Stand, 1983, 53, 15 - 28
Stable, highly immunogenic mutants of "Salmonella" with two independent, attenuating markers as potential live vaccine and their validity for "Shigella" and other bacteria; Linde K; This paper presents for Salmonella sp . an easily realizable principle to develop high-immunogenic, stable live vaccines with two independent attenuating mutations, which is valid for Shigella sp . and Pasteurella s . too . To avoid overattenuation by the stepwise introduction of two attenuating markers, only those mutations are suitable which do not suppress pathogenic structures or essential metabolic functions, but only transduce them into a leaky function, as e.g.: mutagen induced auxotrophic phenotypes with diminished virulence by commutation; purine dependent strains, which hitherto erroneously were regarded as non-immunogenic and particularly distinct chromosomal resistant genotypes, in which the conformational change of the drug target simultaneously causes resistance and changes virulence behaviour (pathwaydrift-mutants) . Moreover, in Salmonella, an additional high sensitivity marker against ten sides and drugs possessing a permeation barrier in the outer membrane diminishes--without influence on virulence and immunogenicity--surviving in intestine (bile) and (detergent contaminated) environment . Therefore this hst-marker confers antiepidemic quality to vaccine strains and increases safety . To meet security demands for such vaccines with laboratory methods some easy and practicable tests for standardization are suggested, which include estimation of reversion frequency of pur- and hst marker and the proof of immunogenicity for mice . The safety and efficacy of such vaccine strains are pointed out by veterinarians in live-stock.

Avian Dis, 1983 Jan-Mar, 27(1), 283 - 91
Soluble fractions of Pasteurella multocida: their protective qualities against fowl cholera in turkeys; Kodama H et al.; Soluble fractions of Pasteurella multocida strain P1059 were extracted from a single source by four methods, and their immunogenicity was evaluated by challenge exposure in turkeys . The fractions were extracted by 1) heating in 2.5% NaCl, 2) 0.5M potassium thiocyanate, 3) 1.0M sodium salicylate, and 4) prolonged stirring in formalin solution followed by pelleting (LPS-protein antigen) . Eighty percent to 90% of infected turkeys were protected in two trials by vaccination with the saline extract or LPS-protein antigen, whereas less consistent protection was associated with the other two preparations . Endotoxin content was the highest in LPS-protein antigen, followed by KSCN, Na salicylate, and saline extract in that order . The four fractions contained at least one common antigen, which had previously been shown to be a surface-protective antigen.

Avian Dis, 1983 Jan-Mar, 27(1), 133 - 40
Immunization of turkey breeder hens against fowl cholera by combined oral and wing-web administration of attenuated (CU) pasteurella multocida; Ghazikhanian GY et al.; Turkey breeder candidates were exposed to attenuated Pasteurella multocida (Clemson University strain) via both mouth (one or three times) and wing-web stick (one or two times) . Significant protection lasting to 25-30 weeks post-vaccination was conferred under such immunization programs . The best protection with the fewest adverse effects of vaccination was established when orally vaccinated turkeys were subsequently vaccinated via wing-web at 20 and 25 weeks of age . High doses of attenuated P . multocida via wing-web produced lameness (synovitis and osteomyelitis) and severe wing lesions in growing turkeys.

J Comp Pathol, 1983 Jan, 93(1), 143 - 9
The effect of copper deficiency on the resistance of mice to infection with Pasteurella haemolytica; Jones DG et al.; Mice adjudged copper deficient on the basis of significantly decreased blood and tissue copper content and superoxide dismutase activity, but generally showing no clinical signs of deficiency, were infected intraperitoneally with Pasteurella haemolytica . In 3 separate experiments the LD50 for deficient animals was significantly depressed below that of copper-sufficient controls . Furthermore, in mice surviving challenge at doses near to the LD50, spleen weights were significantly increased and body temperatures depressed in the copper-deficient animals . These results indicate that subclinical copper deficiency in the mouse, is associated with an increased susceptibility to experimental infections with P . haemolytica.

Eur Neurol, 1983, 22(2), 138 - 41
Pasteurella ureae meningitis associated with endocarditis . Report of a case and review of the literature; Brass EP et al.; The first reported case of Pasteurella ureae meningitis associated with endocarditis is described . The patient pursued a fulminant deteriorating course despite appropriate antibiotic therapy begun within 24 h of presentation . Previous reports of Pasteurella ureae meningitis are reviewed . This organism should be considered in the differential diagnosis of gram-negative meningitis, since it is usually responsive to most antibiotics, including penicillin.

Vet Med Nauki, 1983, 20(9), 81 - 6
{Sensitivity of Pasteurella multocida strains to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents}; Karaivanov L; The disk diffusion method was employed to test the sensitivity of a total of 330 Pasteurella multocida strains to streptomycin and kanamycin, of 309 strains to erythromycin, of 315 strains to chloramphenicol, of 240 strains to tetracycline, of 213 strains to gentamycin, of 211 strains to ampicillin, of 209 strains to neomycin, of 199 strains to novobiocin, of 169 to spectinomycin, of 162 to borgal, and of 67 strains to furazolidon . All tested strains were isolated from birds with cholera and from mammals with pneumonia, showing 100 per cent sensitivity to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, gentamycin, and borgal, 88.2 per cent to spectinomycin, 86.6% to furazolidon, 74.2% to neomycin, 52.7% to kanamycin, 23.7% to streptomycin, 32.7% to novobiocin . 13.9 per cent of the P . multocida strains only were resistant to streptomycin . Strains of intermediate sensitivity were as follows: 67.3%--to novobiocin, 62.4%--to streptomycin, 47.3%--to kanamycin, 25.8%--to neomycin, 13.4%--to furazolidon, and 11.8%--to spectinomycin . Ninety-seven strains (42 from birds, 23 from pigs, and 32 from rabbits) were tested for sensitivity in solid media to lowest inhibiting concentrations of tetracycline--4 micrograms/cm3, gentamycine--6 micrograms/cm3, chloramphenicol--12.5 micrograms/cm3, kanamycin--6 micrograms/cm3, erythromycin--8 micrograms/cm3, ampicillin--8 micrograms/cm3, and imekil--0.8 microgram . All tested strains were sensitive to these concentrations . For the treatment and prophylaxis of birds (fowl cholera) and mammals (pasteurellosis) a wide set of antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents can be used.

Vet Med Nauki, 1983, 20(8), 85 - 92
{Passive hemagglutination test with capsular and somatic antigens of Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from birds}; Iurukov M et al.; Comparative investigations were carried out with the passive hemagglutination reaction in the serotyping of 14 reference and 34 P . multocida strains isolated from birds with three types of antigens obtained from one and the same bacterial mass: capsular extracts obtained by Carter's method (1), thermostable capsular extracts obtained after Carter and additionally heated at 100 C degrees for one hour (2), thermostable somatic extracts obtained after the additional heading of the depot of bacterial mass, treated after Carter at 100 C degrees for one hour (3) . The results obtained with the three extracts correlated fully with each other as established with the passive hemagglutination test . Out of 34 strains 76.47 per cent were typed with the use of two of the capsular extracts, and 97.05 per cent--with the thermostable somatic extracts . Thermostable somatic extracts obtained from reference and field strains of P . multocida showed type specificity according to the classification of Carter . Of the P . multocida strains isolated from birds that succumbed to acute or chronic form of fowl cholera 97.06 per cent were typed as serotype A, and 2.94 per cent--chiefly in the chronic form of the disease--as serotype B . It was found that immunodiffusion conducted with capsular extracts was the most suitable method for the detection of antibodies in the sera of rabbits against P . multocida prior to the animals' hyperimmunization with type cultures.

Ann Rech Vet, 1983, 14(3), 225 - 32
{Pathology and pathogenesis of ear and brain complications of pasteurellosis in rabbits bred for food}; Kpodekon M; Naturally occurring seropurulent rhinitis, often associated with bronchopneumonia or pleurisy, was examined by morphological, histological and bacteriological methods on 113 rabbits affected with pasteurellosis . These 63 dead and 50 slaughtered diseased rabbits were from different origins and included a variety of breeds and colours . In a high percentage (80% of cases), rhinitis induced by Pasteurella multocida is associated with seropurulent otitis media or otitis media and interna . Rarely in acute cases or often in chronic cases there is squamous metaplasia of the epithelium of the tympanic bulla and/or of the inner ear . Nervous symptoms like torticollis, falling down on the side or epileptiform fits are seen, in the case of pasteurellosis, only when the inner ear or the regions of the brain responsible for balance are affected . P . multocida can very often (in about 43% of examined cases) be the cause of encephalitis associated with rhinitis, otitis or neuritis . This can be: acute, focal serous or purulent leptomeningitis; serous leptomeningitis associated with focal purulent encephalitis; abscesses in various parts of the brain . In about 70% of examined cases there is neuritis or perineuritis of the trigeminal nerve . These lesions often associated with anatomically localised encephalitis suggest that, in the case of pasteurellosis, the three branches of the trigeminal nerve potentially represent a neurogenic "retrograde and ascendant" path of infection to the brain from nasal cavities, ear or other regions of the head.

Ann Rech Vet, 1983, 14(3), 217 - 24
{Experimental study of the pathogenesis of meningitis and encephalitis during pasteurellosis in rabbits}; Kpodekon M; Pathogenesis study of encephalic and trigeminal nerve lesions in the case of rabbit pasteurellosis was done by experimental infection with P . multocida on 15 rabbits . Eight animals were infected through infraorbital nerve, four by nebulisation, two intravenously; one was used as contact control . Clinical evolutions were followed and the animals were slaughtered 4, 24, 48 and 700 h after infection . Histopathological examinations of the nasal mucosa, lung, middle ear, meninges, trigeminal nerve and liver were completed with bacteriological and electronmicroscope studies . Whatever the infection mode P . multocida could induce a temperature rise in the rabbit, and in most cases the majority of the animals had otitis media and neural lesions . This fact is in keeping with the results of our previous investigations on rabbits spontaneously infected with pasteurellosis in farms . Just four hours after experimental infection of the infraorbital nerve, Pasteurellae could induce neuritis or perineuritis up to the trigeminal root . This nerve can also be infected from the nasal mucosa following rhinitis or by haematolymphatic mode following septicaemia . Nasal cavity infection by nebulisation was followed by rhinitis in 75% of cases . They were associated with diffuse perineuritis accompanied by meningitis, encephalitis and/or otitis in two thirds of cases . With regard to pathogenesis of brain affections, trigeminal nerve lesions provoked neural lymph stagnation which induces "retrograde" centripetal circulation of this lymph up to the brain, meningitis being the first consequence . When diffuse neuritis or perineuritis reached the cerebral parenchyma, there was sometimes anatomically localised focal encephalitis.

J Comp Pathol, 1983 Jan, 93(1), 73 - 82
Histological changes in the respiratory tract of calves exposed to aerosols of bovine herpesvirus 1 and Pasteurella haemolytica; Jericho KW; Histopathological changes in the respiratory tract of 19 calves exposed sequentially to aerosols of bovine herpesvirus 1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus) and Pasteurella haemolytica, either 4 or 5 days apart, are described . Tissues were examined 1.5 to 14 days following the bacterial aerosol . The salient features were hyperaemia of pharyngeal tonsils and lamina propria of air passages and alveoli; alveolitis associated with oedema and fibrin in lumen and septa; pneumocytes, mononuclear cells, granulocytes, oedema and fibrin in interlobular septa and pleura and lymphatic congestion and thrombosis . Initially, mononuclear eosinophilic granulocytes were numerous in turbinates, bronchi and lung in particular, but after day 3 polymorphonuclear leucocytes predominated . Bacterial colonies were seen in turbinate, tonsil, trachea and lung . Necrosis was present in the epithelium of nose, trachea and lung . Necropurulent changes due to viral-bacterial interaction were particularly evident in pharyngeal tonsils and alveoli . Blood vessels and walls of bronchioli and major air passages were generally free from inflammatory change . Healing was characterized by fibrosis of the alveolar and interlobular septa, and the lamina propria of the air passages and by proliferation of specialized septal cells surrounding micro-abscesses . It was concluded that the lesions were a feature of this experimentally produced synergistic viral-bacterial infection.

Can J Comp Med, 1983 Jan, 47(1), 57 - 63
Effect of viral dose on experimental pneumonia caused by aerosol exposure of calves to bovine herpesvirus 1 and Pasteurella haemolytica; Yates WD et al.; The effect of various aerosol doses of bovine herpesvirus 1, followed four days later by aerosol exposure to a constant level of Pasteurella haemolytica, was studied in 16 crossbred Hereford range calves . A Collision nebulizer was used to generate aerosols from virus suspensions with concentrations of 10(8.2) (high), 10(5.2) (moderate) or 10(2.2) (low) TCID50/mL . The bacterial suspension contained 10(7) colony forming units/mL . Control calves exposed only to P . haemolytica developed no pulmonary lesions . Calves in the low, moderate and high virus exposure groups developed lobular areas of atelectasis; in addition, one calf in the moderate and all four in the high virus exposure group developed fibrinous pneumonia . One of the latter calves died . The 50% effective dose for fibrinous pneumonia under these experimental conditions was 10(6.0) TCID50 bovine herpesvirus 1/mL of suspension in the nebulizer reservoir, and approximately 10(4.0) infectious units inhaled per calf.

J Immunol, 1983 Jan, 130(1), 399 - 404
Malignant rabbit fibroma virus causes secondary immunosuppression in rabbits; Strayer DS et al.; Shope fibroma virus (SFV) causes a localized, self-limited, fibroblastic proliferation in adult rabbits . Extracts of Shope fibroma tumors were found to contain a second virus that induces a rapidly progressive disseminated tumor . Dissemination of this malignant fibroma is associated with activation of commensal mucosal infection with Pasteurella multocida, causing purulent conjunctivitis and rhinitis and resulting in death from nasal obstruction . We have isolated this new agent by two cycles of plaque purification . It is a poxvirus that is antigenically virtually identical to SFV as measured by a plaque reduction assay, but behaves differently both in vivo and in vitro . We have called this virus malignant rabbit fibroma virus (MV) . Electrophoresis of restriction digests made with HIND III indicates that despite the antigenic similarity of SFV and MV, the locations of HIND III sites in the two viral genomes are quite different . These experiments have enabled us to determine that MV was present in small quantities in our initial uncloned stock of Patuxent strain SFV . Lymphocytes from rabbits bearing MV-induced tumors responded poorly to both B and T lymphocyte mitogens . This nonspecific immunologic dysfunction is evident at or before the time when metastases and Gram-negative infection develop, and it becomes more profound as the disease progresses . MV-induced tumors may provide a model for Gram-negative infection and decreased immunologic responsiveness associated with malignancies.

Infect Immun, 1983 Jan, 39(1), 202 - 7
Fate of Pasteurella hemolytica in conventionally raised and germfree mice; Campbell SG et al.; When Pasteurella hemolytica was introduced into conventionally raised ICR mice by a variety of routes (intraperitoneal, aerogenic, and oral), the inoculum was rapidly eliminated, and none of the mice died . Even when the inoculum was injected intraperitoneally into sublethally irradiated (600 rads) mice, the organisms were eliminated rapidly unless suspended in 10% hog gastric mucin . When germfree ICR mice were orally infected with P . hemolytica, the infection established itself in the intestinal tract and spread to the mesenteric lymph nodes but did not progress beyond this point . Despite the inability of P . hemolytica to establish itself systemically, the organism multiplied freely in mouse blood and a homogenate of normal mouse lung in vitro . Normal mouse peritoneal macrophages could phagocytose P . hemolytica in vitro, although not as efficiently as the control Listeria monocytogenes suspensions . The addition of hyperimmune bovine serum (opsonin) to the P . hemolytica suspension increased phagocytosis but did not greatly affect the subsequent bactericidal activity of the macrophages in vitro . The reason for the lack of pathogenicity shown by P . hemolytica in normal mice remains enigmatic.

Lab Anim Sci, 1982 Dec, 32(6), 666 - 71
Serology of Pasteurella multocida in laboratory rabbits: a review; Manning PJ; Current concepts of the structure of the capsule and cell wall of gram negative bacteria and the role of these substances on the serologic classification of bacteria were reviewed . Emphasis was placed on the methods used to serotype Pasteurella multocida as developed from studies on isolates from various animal species and the application of these methods in serotyping isolates of Pasteurella multocida from laboratory rabbits . Evidence was presented that the indirect hemagglutination test used to identify "capsular" types A, B, D, and E is based on the interaction of antibody with type specific lipopolysaccharide and is therefore a test for somatic rather than capsular materials . It also was observed that several rabbit isolates were not serologically typable by currently available reagents . Commonly used techniques to obtain relatively homogeneous bacterial extracts were discussed, and the need to characterize the extracts of Pasteurella multocida from rabbits both chemically and immunologically was emphasized.

J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Dec, 16(6), 1123 - 6
Demonstration of age-dependent capsular material on Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1; Corstvet RE et al.; Extracellular capsular material was demonstrated on early log-phase cells of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 by the fluorescent-antibody and several capsular staining techniques . The presence of this material was shown to be age dependent . Wide capsules were demonstrable on cells from 2- to 12-h cultures, whereas cells from 16- to 22-h cultures had very little cell-associated capsular material . The Maneval technique most clearly demonstrated the presence of capsules on cells from young (6-h) cultures when compared with other capsule staining techniques.

Am J Vet Res, 1982 Nov, 43(11), 2035 - 7
Serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica in sheep in the midwestern United States; Frank GH; Nasal secretions were collected from healthy lambs from flocks in Iowa and the surrounding states for 2 consecutive years . The 1st year, 322 lambs from 61 flocks yielded 202 Pasteurella haemolytica isolates, representing 9 established serotypes and 30 untypeable isolates . The 2nd year, 249 lambs from 49 flocks yielded 73 isolates, representing 9 established serotypes and 7 untypeable isolates . More isolates belonged to serotype 2 than to any other serotype . Serotypes 3, 4, and 10 (members of biotype T), were not isolated . Serotype 12 was also isolated and identified.

Can J Microbiol, 1982 Nov, 28(11), 1219 - 25
Immunogenicity of potassium thiocyanate extracted and electrofocused Pasteurella multocida X-73I antigens in chickens and mice; McKinney KL et al.; The immunogenicity of antigenic fractions obtained by the extraction of Pasteurella multocida strain X-73 (serotype 1) with potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) was determined in chickens and mice . The initial KSCN extract was centrifuged at 105 000 X g, and the antigens were separated into a particulate fraction (40p) and a soluble supernatant fraction (40s) . The ultracentrifuged fractions were further resolved by preparative electrofocusing . The 40p fraction was resolved into two subgroups having isoelectric points of 3.5-3.9 and 5.5-6.0; the 40s fraction was resolved into five subgroups ranging in isoelectric points from 4.4 to 9.0 . The 40p fractions were antigenically similar and contained lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and protein . The 40s fractions were antigenically distinct from the 40p fractions and from each other; they contained proteins and polysaccharides but no LPS . The 40p antigens were strongly immunogenic in mice and chickens, whereas the 40s antigens were weakly immunogenic in chickens and not immunogenic in mice . The incorporation of Freund's complete adjuvant increased the immunogenicity of the 40s antigens in chickens . The 40p antigens induced greater frequencies of serological responses in chickens than the 40s antigens as detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion . This suggested that the increased protection associated with the 40p antigens may have been the result of better antibody response . The toxicity of all the fractions was evaluated by determination of lethality for 10-day-old chicken embryos because of the sensitivity and reliability of the test . The 40p fraction had an LD50 = 0.38 micrograms, and the 40s fraction had an LD50 = 2.5 micrograms . Since the 40s fraction contained no detectable LPS, it is likely that two toxins are present, one which contains LPS and one which does not.

Am J Vet Res, 1982 Nov, 43(11), 2070 - 3
Extraction of capsular material from Pasteurella haemolytica; Gentry MJ et al.; Water and phosphate-buffered saline solution suspensions of early log-arithmic phase cells of Pasteurella haemolytica were incubated for 1 hour at various temperatures to remove capsular material with a minimum of cell lysis or death . Criteria used to determine capsular removal included change in agglutinability of the organism and disappearance of an antigenic component by the fluorescent antibody test and the agar-gel diffusion technique . The capsular material could be removed in a saline solution suspension at 41 C with little decrease in viability, thereby providing comparable cell populations with and without capsules for use in subsequent studies.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1982 Oct 15, 181(8), 805 - 7
Middle ear infection in feedlot lambs; Jensen R et al.; Of 133 feedlot lambs that died and were necropsied, 67 had normal lungs and 66 had pneumonic lungs . The middle ears of all lambs were opened by a specified technique . Of the 67, 8 (12%) had otitis media, and of the 66, 26 (39%) had otitis media . The difference in prevalence in the 2 groups was highly significant (P less than 0.005) . In acute stages, the mucosae of tympanic cavities and tympanic membranes were inflamed and the cavities contained fluid, whereas in later stages lumens were partially filled with exudate . In chronic stages, however, exudate remained in lumens and mucosae were thick and rough . None of the tympanic membranes was ruptured, and none of the external acoustic meatuses contained exudate . The infected ears of 24 lambs were cultured and Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated from 18, and P multocida from 3 . The infections probably ascended from the pharynx through the auditive tubes into the tympanic cavities.

Antibiotiki, 1982 Oct, 27(10), 770 - 4
{Biological activity of lysozymes of various origins}; Podboronov VM; The in vitro and in vivo studies showed that lysozymes obtained from O . papillipes, O moubata, A . lahorensis and H . asiaticum had bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects . The effect of the lysozymes obtained from the above ticks was studied in comparison to that of the egg lysozyme . Micrococci, staphylococci, streptococci, E . coli and C . diphtheriae proved to be the most sensitive . Salmonella, Listeria, Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis and Pasteurella tularensis were less sensitive . The comparison of the antibacterial effects of the lysozymes obtained from the ticks and the egg lysozyme showed that the lysozyme from O . moubata, O . papillipes and A . lahorensis had the most pronounced bactericidal effect . The lysozyme obtained from H . asiaticum had the lowest bactericidal activity.

Am J Vet Res, 1982 Oct, 43(10), 1879 - 81
Bovine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophil chemotactic response to Pasteurella haemolytica or zymosan-activated serum; Bruecker KA et al.; The chemotactic influence of Pasteurella haemolytica and of products of its growth was evaluated in vitro, using bovine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in an underagarose migration assay system . Pasteurella haemolytica was cultured, quantitated, killed, and lysed by freeze-thawing . The PMN directional migration toward P haemolytica lysate was not significantly (P less than 0.9) different from spontaneous random PMN migration . Also, there was no chemotactic effect of viable 6-hour cultures of P haemolytica when tested in the in vitro underagarose system . Directional migration (1.70 +/- 0.53 mm) of PMN to zymosan-activated pooled bovine serum was observed and determined to be significantly (P less than 0.001) greater than was spontaneous random PMN migration (0.84 +/- 0.21 mm).

Am J Vet Res, 1982 Oct, 43(10), 1781 - 5
Lysates of turkey-grown Pasteurella multocida: partial solubilization of the cross-protection factor(s); Brogden KA et al.; A lysate of turkey-grown Pasteurella multocida was treated to determine the nature of a cross-protection factor (CPF) . Complete lysate was treated with proteolytic enzymes and mild heat . Cross protection was not induced with pepsin-treated lysate, but 50% cross protection was induced with trypsin-treated lysate and 100% cross protection was induced in turkeys vaccinated with lysate heated at 56 C for 1 hour . Complete lysate was also fractionated by differential and sucrose density gradient centrifugation . After the lysate was centrifuged for 1 hour at 100,000 x g, the CPF was found in the supernatant and pellet fractions, indicating that the CPF was dispersed throughout; 84% of the lysate protein was in the supernatant and 14.7% of the protein in the pellet . After sucrose density gradient centrifugation, 100% cross protection was induced with the top and bottom gradient fractions and 60% with the middle fraction . Although the differential centrifugation pellet and bottom sucrose gradient fraction had protein that was disproportionately small when compared with the soluble portions of the whole lysate, they had the CPF equal in immunizing capacity.

Avian Dis, 1982 Oct-Dec, 26(4), 891 - 6
Serologic types and physiologic characteristics of 46 avian Pasteurella anatipestifer cultures; Brogden KA et al.; Forty-six strains of Pasteurella anatipestifer isolated from different avian species were examined to determine their serologic types and physiologic characteristics . Serologic types were determined by a gel-diffusion precipitin test . Antigens from 39 field isolates reacted with antisera prepared from seven P . anatipestifer reference strains representing serotypes 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7 . Antigens from five isolates did not react and could not be typed with available reagents . Gel precipitin reactions involving serotype 1 (43.6%) and serotype 2 (25.6%) were the most prevalent . Generally, the physiologic characteristics from 40 tests were typical for P . anatipestifer, and variations were observed among the strains in urease production, hemolysin production, litmus milk reaction, and gelatin liquefaction.

Avian Dis, 1982 Oct-Dec, 26(4), 842 - 6
Comparisons of the serologic response of chickens to Pasteurella multocida and its lipopolysaccharide; Rimler RB et al.; Chickens were inoculated with serotype 3 Pasteurella multocida cells or purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and their serologic responses to LPS and heat-stable antigens of 16 serotypes were compared . Chickens inoculated with cells or LPS had antibodies against LPS as determined by indirect hemagglutination tests; titers were highest 2-4 weeks after the initial inoculation . Sera from chickens inoculated with cells reacted with unheated and heated cell antigen in a tube-agglutination test . Sera from chickens inoculated with LPS reacted only with heated cell antigen in the tube-agglutination test . Nonspecific reactions with heat-stable antigens of other serotypes occurred in the gel-diffusion-precipitin test with sera from chickens inoculated with cells but not with sera from chickens inoculated with LPS . Antisera prepared against LPS could be used for serotyping field isolates of P . multocida.

Can J Comp Med, 1982 Oct, 46(4), 437 - 9
Capsular and somatic types of Pasteurella multocida from rabbits; Chengappa MM et al.; Capsular and somatic serotyping was performed on 79 cultures of Pasteurella multocida from rabbits . Of these isolates, 74 were capsular type A as determined by the staphylococcal hyaluronidase decapsulation test and five were type D by the acriflavine flocculation test . Somatic type 12 was the dominant serotype, and the remainder (type 1, 3, 4 and 11) were less frequent as determined by the gel diffusion precipitin test . This report is in general agreement with other recent reports with rabbit isolates and collectively they provide important serotype and epizootiological information that will be useful in the control and prevention of rabbit pasteurellosis.

Can J Comp Med, 1982 Oct, 46(4), 354 - 6
Antibody titers to Pasteurella haemolytica A1 in Ontario beef cattle; Shewen PE et al.; Indirect bacterial agglutination titers to Pasteurella haemolytica A1 were determined in serum, thoracic, pericardial, or peritoneal fluid from cattle necropsied as part of the Bruce County Beef Project in 1979-80 and 1980-81 . Antibody titers were also assayed in serum from 84 calves on entry to feedlots in the fall of 1979 . Titers on entry were low compared to antibody levels at necropsy . Cattle which died with pneumonia, in particular those dying of fibrinous pneumonia (shipping fever), had lower levels of antibody to P . haemolytica than did those dying of other causes.

Am J Vet Res, 1982 Oct, 43(10), 1776 - 80
Bovine herpesvirus-1 vaccination against experimental bovine herpesvirus-1 and Pasteurella haemolytica respiratory tract infection: onset of protection; Jericho KW et al.; The onset of protection offered by intranasal vaccination with attenuated bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) was studied in 18 calves given a virulent BHV-1 aerosol challenge inoculum and an aerosol challenge exposure to Pasteurella haemolytica . Calves challenge exposed with virus 3, 7, 11, 15, or 19 days after vaccination and challenge exposed 4 days later with Pasteurella haemolytica did not develop viral-bacterial pneumonia, whereas 2 of 3 control calves died of fibrinous bronchopneumonia 40 and 60 hours after the bacterial aerosol and the 3rd control calf had similar lesions . All vaccinated and control calves had detectable amounts of interferon at the time of viral challenge exposure . Protection was observed before detection of neutralizing antibodies to BHV-1 in nasal secretions or in serum . Protection was therefore present from day 3 through day 19 after vaccination, but the mechanism could not be explained completely by neutralizing antibody or interferon.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1982 Sep 1, 181(5), 477 - 9
Antimicrobial resistance among Pasteurella spp recovered from Missouri and Iowa cattle with bovine respiratory disease complex; Fales WH et al.; A retrospective study was conducted to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Pasteurella spp recovered from cattle with bovine respiratory disease complex . The study extended from January 1976 through May 1980, and included a review of the necropsy records of 386 beef cattle . Susceptibility or resistance of the Pasteurella isolants was determined by using the standard disk diffusion susceptibility test . Each isolant was tested for susceptibility with 15 different antimicrobial agents . A high prevalence of resistance (greater than 80%) was found when Pasteurella was tested with triple sulfonamides . For P haemolytica isolants, 57% to 70% were resistant to ampicillin (56/97), penicillin (58/101), and streptomycin (70/100); for unidentified Pasteurella spp isolants, 64% to 91% were resistant to ampicillin (83/129), penicillin (89/129), and streptomycin (118/129) . For P haemolytica (21/100) and P multocida (34/146) isolants, 21% to 23% were resistant to tetracycline . Most of the P multocida isolants did not show marked antimicrobial resistance to 9 of the 15 drugs tested . However, 58% of the P multocida isolants (84/145) were resistant to streptomycin and 88% of them were resistant to three combined sulfonamides (126/144).

Histochem J, 1982 Sep, 14(5), 803 - 10
A comparison of immunoferritin, immuno-enzyme and gold-labelled protein A methods for the localization of capsular antigen on frozen thin sections of the bacterium, Pasteurella haemolytica; Beesley JE et al.; The staphylococcal protein A-gold method was found to be superior to the enzyme-or ferritin-linked antibody techniques for locating capsular antigens on cryosections of Pasteurella haemolytica, and its sensitivity was similar to the enzyme-linked antibody method . The sensitivity of conventionally fixed and embedded material and cryosections of heavily fixed, lightly fixed and unfixed material were shown to be similar under routine laboratory conditions.

Can J Microbiol, 1982 Sep, 28(9), 1078 - 80
Serological types of Pasteurella multocida isolated from turkeys and chickens in Canada; Bhasin JL; Outbreaks of fowl cholera continue to plague the Canadian poultry industry despite widespread immunization against the causative agent, Pasteurella multocida . Fowl cholera bacterins currently employed by domestic poultry growers contain three serological types, namely, serotypes 1, 3, and 4 . In this study a total of 84 strains of P . multocida were isolated in Canada from outbreaks of fowl cholera in turkeys and chickens . Serotyping was accomplished using the gel diffusion precipitin test . Based on the gel diffusion precipitation patterns, 27 serotypes containing one to six antigenic determinants were recognized . The most prevalent serotype both in turkeys and chickens appeared to be type 3 . Significantly, greater than 20% of P . multocida isolates failed to react with antisera raised against serotypes 1, 3, and 4.

J Hyg (Lond), 1982 Aug, 89(1), 79 - 87
Isolation of Pasteurella pneumotropica from rodents in South Africa; Shepherd AJ et al.; Four thousand, five hundred and sixteen rodents of 27 species were captured in widely separated localities in South Africa over a period of ten years . Samples of spleen, lung, heart, liver and rectal tissue with faeces were tested for the presence of zoonotic bacteria and 109 isolations of Pasteurella pneumotropica were made from 11 species . Latent infection with the organism was found to be widespread although there were temporal fluctuations in prevalence . Field and laboratory evidence suggest that P . pneumotropica may be associated with, but not the primary cause of, rodent epizootics in the wild.

Vet Rec, 1982 Jul 31, 111(5), 97 - 9
Effect of oxytetracycline therapy on experimentally induced pneumonic pasteurellosis in lambs; Gilmour NJ et al.; Two groups of 10, specific pathogen free lambs were injected with a long acting oxytetracycline preparation at a dose rate of 20 mg/kg either 24 hours before or 24 hours after exposure to an aerosol of Pasteurella haemolytica . When compared with the response of similarly infected but untreated lambs, the effect of pretreatment was to postpone the appearance of clinical signs of pneumonia for four days and the deaths of five lambs for five to six days post infection, by which time seven untreated lambs had died . Treatment 24 hours after infection caused a rapid clinical recovery which persisted until six days after infection but two treated lambs died seven days after infection . Lung lesions in the group treated after infection were significantly less extensive than those in the untreated lambs.

Nord Vet Med, 1982 Jul-Sep, 34(7-9), 293 - 302
Effect on the incidence of atrophic rhinitis of vaccination of sows with a vaccine containing Pasteurella multocida toxin; Pedersen KB et al.; Combined experimental infections with Bordetella bronchiseptica and either a toxigenic or a non-toxic strain of P . multocida were carried out in newborn specific pathogen free piglets born to 25 sows . Pigs inoculated with B . bronchiseptica and toxin-producing P . multocida developed severe progressive atrophic rhinitis corresponding to the natural disease . The effect of vaccination of sows with a toxin-containing P . multocida vaccine on the incidence of nasal lesions in the offspring was studied.

Can J Comp Med, 1982 Jul, 46(3), 302 - 6
The pulmonary clearance of Pasteurella haemolytica in calves infected with bovine virus diarrhea or Mycoplasma bovis; Lopez A et al.; Based on current literature which commonly associates bovine virus diarrhea virus and Mycoplasma bovis with "pneumonic pasteurellosis," an investigation was conducted into the effect of these two pathogens on the capacity of bovine lung to clear inhaled Pasteurella haemolytica . There was no significant effect (p less than 0.05) of either bovine virus diarrhea virus or M . bovis on the mean clearance rate of P . haemolytica, nor did the time interval of three, five or seven days between the first inoculation and exposure to P . haemolytica and adversely affect the lung clearance rates . However, it was found that the left lungs and a higher bacterial retention (p less than 0.05) than the right lungs.

J Med Chem, 1982 Jul, 25(7), 868 - 70
Pyridoquinoxaline N-oxides . 2 . Synthesis and antibacterial activity of tricyclic lactams; Glazer EA et al.; A series of novel 3,4-dihydropyrido{3,4-b}quinoxalin-1(2H)-one 5,10-dioxides was synthesized using an intramolecular amidation reaction . The lactams were screened in vitro and in vivo against Salmonella choleraesuis, Pasteurella multocida, and Escherichia coli . An N-methyl analogue was the most potent member of this series, with antibacterial activity comparable to that of the commercially important quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide carbadox.

Am J Vet Res, 1982 Jul, 43(7), 1315 - 6
Cross-protection by a chemically altered vaccinal strain of Pasteurella multocida in mice and hamsters; Wong JC et al.; A chemically altered type A strain of Pasteurella multocida was used to vaccinate mice and hamsters . The vaccinated animals were challenge exposed with type A, B, and E isolated of P multocida . A degree of protection was afforded the vaccinated animals against homologous and heterologous challenge-exposure strains.

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1982 Jul, 23(1), 64 - 72
Epithelial abrasion precipitates stromal ulceration in the vitamin A--deficient rat cornea; Sendele DD et al.; Although the role of vitamin A deficiency in the development of xerophthalmia is well established, there is still some question as to whether the deficiency alone is sufficient cause for the development of keratomalacia . This article describes the clinical, histologic, and microbiologic changes occurring in eyes of vitamin A-deficient rats when keratomalacia-like stromal ulceration is induced by epithelial injury alone . The corneal epithelia of 21 severely vitamin A-deficient rats and 11 pair-fed controls were totally removed either by scraping or by n-heptanol . At 96 hr after epithelial removal, 93% of the deficient animals showed extensive epithelial defects and stromal ulceration . Histologically, an intense acute inflammatory response and abundant bacterial forms were consistently evident . Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus fecalis were the most frequent pathogens cultured from these ulcerating eyes . In contrast, the control corneas showed essentially complete re-epithelialization, with no ulceration, minimal inflammatory reaction, and an absence of morphologically demonstrable bacteria . Bacterial cultures from the control eyes showed abundant Pasteurella, with pathogens also present . These observations suggest that abnormal epithelial recovery, acute inflammation, and bacterial infection may be important factors for the development of keratomalacia-like corneal ulceration in experimental vitamin A deficiency.

Can J Comp Med, 1982 Jul, 46(3), 293 - 301
Respiratory disease in calves produced with aerosols of parainfluenza-3 virus and Pasteurella haemolytica; Jericho KW et al.; In four experiments, 22 calves were exposed to aerosols of parainfluenza-3 virus, followed by Pasteurella haemolytica at intervals of three to 13 days . The purpose of each experiment was to study viral-bacterial interactions in the respiratory tracts . Two experiments, in which the viral aerosols were diluted by the addition of air, produced sporadic temperature elevations while two experiments with undiluted viral aerosols produced consistent temperature elevations . Diluted viral aerosols produced lobular sized lesions in the lungs and hemagglutinating inhibition antibodies in sera, whilst undiluted aerosols produced a synergistic effect in the form of purulent pneumonia in ten of 14 calves when the interval between viral and bacterial aerosols was from three to ten days . Histopathological changes attributable to the virus only were seen in all experiments, and the histopathological changes due to mixed infection of parainfluenza-3 virus and P . haemolytica are described in detail . This is the first report of extensive purulent pneumonia in calves after parainfluenza-3 virus and P . haemolytica exposure . This was achieved using much smaller inocula than in experiments previously reported.

Can J Comp Med, 1982 Jul, 46(3), 287 - 92
Aerosol vaccination of calves with pasteurella haemolytica against experimental respiratory disease; Jericho KW et al.; Three experiments were conducted on calves in which the efficacy of vaccination with live Pasteurella haemolytica in aerosol was tested by challenge with sequential aerosol exposure to bovine herpesvirus 1 and P . haemolytica . Neither single nor multiple aerosol vaccinations protected against the experimental disease . Macroscopically recognizable rhinitis, tonsillitis, tracheitis and pneumonia occurred in both controls and vaccinates . In one experiment as many as three aerosol vaccinations with live P . haemolytica for up to 20 minutes failed to elicit clinical signs in exposed calves . Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated less frequently from tissues of vaccinated calves than from those of nonvaccinated calves . Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated from deep nasal swabs of 4/14 vaccinated calves five and six days after viral exposure . It was concluded that although bovine herpesvirus 1 vaccination has been shown previously to prevent the experimental disease produced by bovine herpesvirus 1-P . haemolytica, live P . haemolytica vaccination by aerosol will not provide the same protection.

Can J Comp Med, 1982 Jul, 46(3), 225 - 63
A review of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, shipping fever pneumonia and viral-bacterial synergism in respiratory disease of cattle; Yates WD; Unanswered questions on the etiology and prevention of shipping fever pneumonia have allowed this disease to remain one of the most costly to the North American cattle industry . Research in this area has indirected that while Pasteurella haemolytica and, to a lesser extent, P . multocida are involved in most cases, they seem to require additional factors to help initiate the disease process . Bovine herpes virus 1 has been shown experimentally to be one such factor . This review examines in some detail the topics of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, shipping fever, and viral-bacterial interactions in the production of respiratory disease in various species . It deals with history, definitions, etiologies, clinical signs and lesions, and considers exposure levels, transmission and various pathogenetic mechanisms that are postulated or known to occur.

Sem Hop, 1982 Jun 17, 58(24), 1502 - 3
{Pulmonary infection with Pasteurella multocida in an immuno-deficient patient (author's transl)}; Barrier J et al.; A seventy-seven-year-old woman, under intermittent treatment with chlorambucil for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, developed acute pneumonia (diffuse interstitial pneumonitis) due to Pasteurella multocida . No direct traumatism had been caused by her cat . Bacteriologic study material was obtained by guided transtracheal distal bronchial brushing and washing . Therapy with tetracyclin was rapidly successful . Pasteurella multocida is an opportunistic organism which can be responsible for severe infections in high-risk patients.

Lab Anim Sci, 1982 Jun, 32(3), 258 - 62
Pathogenicity of a serotype 12:A Pasteurella multocida in hydrocortisone treated and nontreated rabbits; Lu YS et al.; A Pasteurella multocida isolate of 12:A serotype from a rabbit caused typical pulmonary pasteurellosis and death in pasteurella-free rabbits by intranasal exposure . Rabbits stressed with hydrocortisone and inoculated with 12:A Pasteurella multocida organisms developed a higher prevalence of pneumonia than rabbits not treated with hydrocortisone . Typical 12:A Pasteurella multocida was isolated from nasal cavity, trachea, and lungs and was most prevalent in nasal cavities . Surviving rabbits developed serum agar gel precipitating antibody beginning 15 days post-inoculation . The data showed that the 12:A Pasteurella multocida isolate was pathogenic, caused mortality, colonized the respiratory tract, and stimulated systemic immune response by producing serum agar gel precipitating antibody.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1982 Jun, (6), 26 - 9
{Experience in the comparative evaluation of the population sensitivity of mammals to the plague microbe based on the results of an epizootiological survey}; Burdelov LA; An essentially new method for the evaluation of the population susceptibility of mammals to Pasteurella pestis without the experimental infection of the animals is proposed . This method consists in using the conjugate result of the mass bacteriological and serological survey of plague carriers (the ratio of the number of infected animals to that of the animals having had the disease) . The susceptibility of 12 rodent and Martes species has been studied with the use of this criterion on the basis of the data obtained in the epizootological survey of the plague foci in the vicinity of the Aral Sea in 1950-1979 . Among all studied animals, even those belonging to the species universally known as highly susceptible, a considerable prevalence of the animals having had the disease over the infected animals has been established.

Sem Hop, 1982 May 6, 58(18), 1135 - 40
{Bone and joint infection . Role of immune deficiences . Interest of serology and immunology in the diagnosis (author's transl)}; Peltier A; Although bone and joint infections do not seem to be more frequent in patients with immune deficiences than in normal subjects, it seems paradoxically that an immune deficiency is relatively frequent during fully diagnosed bone and joint infections : the discrepancy between the two types of data is not easy to explain . Serology and immunology laboratories give little information in the etiological diagnosis of bone and joint infections, with the exception of perhaps gonococcal infections (search for anti-gonococcal antibodies by immunofluorescence) . staphylococcal infections (pasteurella, yersinia, tularemia and brucella infections) . In most cases, although the abnormalities observed are due to infection of the organism by the germ, they have nothing characteristic of the bone and joint localisation itself.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1982 May, (5), 60 - 3
{Experience using fraction I of the plague microbe for revaccinating experimental animals}; Lebedinskii VA et al.; Experiments on guinea pigs have shown that a pronounced revaccination effect develops in the animals receiving the booster injection of fraction I of Pasteurella pestis 1.5--4 months after the primary immunization with live plague vaccine, while the booster injection of live plague vaccine produces a low revaccination effect due to the fact that this vaccine is badly adapted in the body after the primary immunization.

Can J Microbiol, 1982 May, 28(5), 511 - 21
Purification of Pasteurella multocida antigens by ultracentrifugation and isoelectrofocusing; McKinney KL et al.; A procedure was developed to purify Pasteurella multocida X-731 antigens extracted by potassium thiocyanate . The crude extract was centrifuged at 105 000 x g; the antigens were then separated into a particulate (40p) fraction and a soluble (40s) fraction consisting of proteins and polysaccharides . These fractions were antigenically different . The ultracentrifuged antigens were resolved further by preparative isoelectrofocusing . The 40p antigens focused in a pH range of 3.0 to 6.0; distinctive proteins focused at pH's of 3.5, 3.6, and 3.8 . The electrofocused 40p antigens were antigenically similar . The 40s antigens were initially electrofocused in a broad pH range and were found within a pH range of 4.6 to 9.0 . The process was repeated with a narrower pH range and antigens that were focused in a narrower pH range could be separated and unique antigenic activities identified . Specific antigens from defined pH ranges were pooled and examined further by immunoelectrophoresis, analytical electrofocusing, and sodium dodecyl sulphate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

J Clin Microbiol, 1982 May, 15(5), 752 - 6
Indirect hemagglutination test that uses glutaraldehyde-fixed sheep erythrocytes sensitized with extract antigens for detection of Pasteurella antibody; Sawada T et al.; Glutaraldehyde-fixed sheep erythrocytes (GA-SRBC) were used in the indirect hemagglutination test for the detection of Pasteurella antibody . GA-SRBC were stable for at least 6 months . Heat extract or potassium thiocyanate extract antigens of Pasteurella strains could be adsorbed onto GA-SRBC or tanned GA-SRBC, respectively . The indirect hemagglutination test reaction was capsular group specific with heat extract antigen-sensitized GA-SRBC but not potassium thiocyanate extract antigen-sensitized tanned GA-SRBC.

Am J Vet Res, 1982 May, 43(5), 764 - 7
Purification and partial characterization of a macrophage cytotoxin from Pasteurella haemolytica; Himmel ME et al.; A protein from Pasteurella haemolytica that was highly immunogenic and toxic toward bovine alveolar macrophages was partially purified . When isolated from culture supernatants of P haemolytica serotype 1 or serotype 6, the protein reacted on Ouchterlony immunodiffusion tests with antisera from 12 serotypes of P haemolytica, but did not cross-react with antisera to serotypes of P multocida . This indicated that the protein may be specific for P haemolytica . Bacteria were grown in dialysis culture in a brain-heart infusion and calf-serum growth medium . The protein was isolated from the medium by ultrafiltration and size-exclusion chromatography and has a molecular weight of approximately 150,000 daltons . The protein, which is highly immunogenic and has the characteristics of a virulence factor, is common to all serotypes of P haemolytica, and may be an effective agent for immunization against P haemolytica in cattle.

Infect Immun, 1982 Apr, 36(1), 123 - 8
Enhancement of host susceptibility to lethal endotoxin shock by staphylococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C; Schlievert PM; Staphylococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (PE) ty pe C enhanced the susceptibility of rabbits to lethal shock by endotoxin by as much as 50,000-fold . A graph of log PE type C dose used for pretreatment versus log 50% lethal dose of endotoxin gave a straight line with a slope of approximately -1 . Rabbits that received PE type C alone showed fevers only, but those given both PE ty pe C and endotoxin showed initial fever followed by hypothermia, labored breathing, diarrhea, evidence of vascular collapse, and finally death . When a PE type C dose of 3 micrograms/kg was used, pretreatment of the animals with PE for 2 h before giving the endotoxin was required to obtain maximal susceptibility . However, when 15 micrograms of PE type C per kg was utilized, the endotoxin could be given before, concurrently, or after PE type C . The capacity of PE type C to prepare rabbits for enhanced susceptibility to endotoxin was lost after 24 to 48 h . Animals could be protected from enhanced susceptibility to endotoxin by prior immunization with either PE type C or endotoxin . However, 30% of the rabbits which were immunized with PE type C failed to develop immunity, and after three injections of PE type C, these animals developed gram-negative bacteremia and succumbed . In addition, rabbits with diarrhea initially, possibly caused by Pasteurella infection, died less than 24 h after a single injection of PE type C.

J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Apr, 15(4), 731 - 2
Increased indole detection for Pasteurella multocida; Clemons KV et al.; A supplemented 2% peptone broth is described for the detection of indole production by Pasteurella multocida . The 96 isolates of P . multocida that were utilized in this evaluation were indole positive within 18 to 24 h.

Sci Total Environ, 1982 Apr, 23, 185 - 8
Opposite effects of inhaled cadmium microparticles on mouse susceptibility to an airborne bacterial and an airborne viral infection; Bouley G et al.; An experimental study on 489 mice is reported . The test animals were submitted to a single 15-mn exposure to atmosphere containing about 10 mg of cadmium microparticles (CdO) per m3 of air and the controls to an equivalent amount of aluminium microparticles (Al2o3) . At the 48th hour after exposures, the test and control mice were submitted to a bacterial (Pasteurella multocida) or to a viral (Orthomyxovirus influenzae A) challenge, via the respiratory route . The exposure to cadmium significantly increased the death-rate of mice submitted to the bacterial challenge, but it significantly decreased the death-rate following the viral challenge.

Am J Vet Res, 1982 Mar, 43(3), 417 - 22
Distribution of Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida in the bovine lung following vaccination and challenge exposure as an indicator of lung resistance; Newman PR et al.; Experimental calves were vaccinated with virulent strains of Pasteurella haemolytica or Pasteurella multocida or with phosphate-buffered saline solution either by an aerosol method or by subcutaneous injection . Calves were subsequently challenge exposed by intrapulmonic inoculation of the homologous virulent Pasteurella species . Sections obtained from the resulting pulmonic lesion were stained, using a fluorescent antibody technique, to determine relative number, location, and integrity of the challenge organism . The resistance of the calf to challenge exposure, as determined by other factors, was compared with the capacity of the components of the lung to engulf or destroy pasteurellae . Calves vaccinated with an aerosol of the bacterium were most resistant to challenge exposure; most bacteria were engulfed or degraded by the phagocytic cells . Vaccination by subcutaneous injection was less effective in inducing resistance . Tissue sections from these calves contained many more extracellular intact bacteria and fewer intracellular intact or degraded bacteria than were seen in the sections of calves vaccinated by the aerosol method . The control calves were the least resistant; bacteria seen in tissue sections from these calves were numerous, predominantly extracellular, and intact . A group of nonvaccinated calves experimentally inoculated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus 5 days before intrapulmonic challenge exposure with P haemolytica developed severe pulmonic lesions . The lesions were larger and more invasive and contained many more extracellular bacteria than did the lungs of calves in control groups . As in other nonvaccinated calves, there were few intracellular bacteria; however, unlike in other calves, the extracellular bacteria were seen in large numbers, particularly in alveolar lumens.

Infect Immun, 1982 Mar, 35(3), 1103 - 9
Adhesion of type A Pasteurella mulocida to rabbit pharyngeal cells and its possible role in rabbit respiratory tract infections; Glorioso JC et al.; Pasteurella multocida serotype A was found in association with the mucosal epithelium of the nasopharynges of rabbits with respiratory tract infections . The bacteria specifically attached to squamous epithelial cells of the pharyngeal mucosa both in vivo and in vitro and to some tissue culture cell lines such as HeLa . All strains with serotype A capsules were adhesive . With the exception of one serotype D strain, strains with capsular serotypes B, D, and E were at least 10-fold less adhesive . Bacterial adhesiveness was much reduced after pronase digestion, heat treatment, and homogenization, but removal of the hyaluronic acid capsule increased adhesion . Electron microscopy revealed that fimbriae were produced by an adhesive pasteurella strain, but not by two nonadherent strains . The attachment of the former strain to pharyngeal and HeLa cells was inhibited by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine . Together, these findings suggest that this amino sugar may be a component of the receptor on both animal cell surfaces and that the fimbriae may be the adhesions . It is proposed that bacterial attachment has a role in colonization and infection of rabbit upper respiratory mucosae.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1982 Mar, (3), 82 - 6
{Monthly dynamics of the antitoxic immunity against diphtheria and tetanus and of normal antibodies to fraction I of the plague microbe in adults}; Basova NN et al.; Monthly characteristics of antitoxic immunity to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids in 3,334 adults in Ryazan were determined . As a result, the following differences were established: the characteristics of antidiphtheria immunity were somewhat higher in the autumn-winter period and dropped to the minimal level in the winter-spring period; the maximal characteristics of antitetanus immunity clearly coincided with the hot season, its minimal characteristics with the cold season . For the first time the frequency and titers of normal antibodies to fraction I of Pasteurella pestis in humans were determined . Their monthly dynamics proved to be parallel to the curve indicating the characteristics of antitetanus immunity, but on a lower level: 1-10% . The presence of normal antibodies was accompanied by higher titers to tetanus toxoid, but not to diphtheria toxoid . According to the results of earlier studies, normal antibodies were shown to be the sign of homologous reactivity in inbred animals . Our data indicate that these antibodies can serve as the indirect sign of heterologous reactivity in humans.

Med J Aust . 1982 Feb 6;1(3):137.
Septic arthritis caused by Pasteurella multocida; Mitchell H et al.; A patient with rheumatoid arthritis developed an infection in the right hand after she administered an antibiotic capsule to her cat . Two weeks after this, septic arthritis developed in her right knee . The organism isolated was Pasteurella multocida, which is part of the feline normal oral flora . The infection was treated with penicillin and drainage.

Am J Vet Res, 1982 Feb, 43(2), 285 - 8
Cytotoxic effect of Pasteurella haemolytica on bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes and impaired production of chemotactic factors by Pasteurella haemolytica-infected alveolar macrophages; Markham RJ et al.; Pasteurella haemolytica exerted a cytotoxic effect on bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes . This effect was less than that seen with cultured alveolar macrophages or peripheral blood monocytes . When alveolar macrophages were cultured with Pasteurella haemolytica, macrophages produced less chemotactic factors for polymorphonuclear leukocytes than did noninfected controls . This effect was reversible, in that removal of the bacteria permitted remaining macrophages to elaborate more chemotactic factors than was seen in controls . The possible consequences of this impairment of function of alveolar macrophages are discussed.

Am J Vet Res, 1982 Feb, 43(2), 236 - 40
Experimental infection of lambs with bovine respiratory syncytial virus and Pasteurella haemolytica: clinical and microbiologic studies; Al-Darraji AM et al.; Four-week-old lambs were inoculated transtracheally with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Pasteurella haemolytica, or RSV and P haemolytica . When given in combination, RSV administration preceded P haemolytica by 3 or 5 days . Lambs inoculated with P haemolytica or RSV developed a mild respiratory tract disease accompanied by a transient pyrexia in a few lambs . By 24 hours after inoculation of bacteria, all lambs inoculated with RSV and P haemolytica were listless, reluctant to move, and exhibited hyperpnea and dyspnea . Most lambs had pyrexia and a few coughed and had serous nasal discharge . These clinical signs persisted for 3 to 4 days and were more pronounced in those inoculated with P haemolytica 5 days after RSV than in those inoculated with P haemolytica 3 days after RSV . Respiratory syncytial virus was isolated from 8 of 15 inoculated lambs and P haemolytica was isolated from 12 of 15 inoculated lambs . All lambs responded serologically to RSV, but none responded to P haemolytica.

Am J Vet Res, 1982 Feb, 43(2), 224 - 9
Experimental infection of lambs with bovine respiratory syncytial virus and Pasteurella haemolytica: pathologic studies; Al-Darraji AM et al.; Nineteen 4-week-old, colostrum-deprived lambs were transtracheally inoculated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A serotype 1, or RSV and P haemolytica . Pneumonic lesions were more frequent, more extensive, and more severe in lambs inoculated with RSV and P haemolytica than in lambs inoculated with either agent alone . Lesions were seen in 2 of 4 lambs inoculated with P haemolytica alone, in 3 of 4 lambs inoculated with RSV alone, and in 11 of 11 lambs inoculated with RSV and P haemolytica . Grossly, lambs given P haemolytica alone had fibrinous pleuritis and pneumonic lesions with hemorrhagic and necrotic centers which involved approximately 14% of the lung surface . Lambs inoculated with RSV alone had multifocal areas of consolidation and hemorrhage that involved 5% of the lung surface . Lambs in 2 groups inoculated with RSV and P haemolytica had lesions characteristic of both agents over 15% to 21% of the lung surface . Histologically, P haemolytica alone caused acute fibrinous pneumonia with necrosis of the lung parenchyma and fibrinous pleuritis; RSV alone caused interstitial pneumonitis, bronchiolitis, and hemorrhage . In combination, the agents caused interstitial pneumonitis and severe exudative pneumonia with focal necrosis and hemorrhage . Lesions seen in lambs given RSV and P haemolytica or in lambs given P haemolytica alone were grossly and histologically similar to those seen in naturally occurring cases of acute pneumonic pasteurellosis . Seemingly, the virus caused a lesion that compromised the lungs and thus permitted P haemolytica to become established and to produce a more severe pneumonic lesion than it could produce alone.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {B}, 1982 Feb, 90(1), 59 - 67
Isolation and characterization of some previously unreported taxa from poultry with phenotypical characters related to Actinobacillus-an Pasteurella species; Bisgaard M; Cultural, morphologic, and biochemical characteristics of previously unreported taxa isolated from poultry and tentatively assigned to genus Actinobacillus Brumpt 1910 were compared to those of Actinobacillus lignieresii, A equuli, A . seminis, A . suis, avian haemolytic Actinobacillus sp., A.salpingitidis, avian Pasteurella haemolytica-like strains, P haemolytica biovar T, P, ureae . P . multocida, P . pneumotropica, P . gallinarum and P . anatipestifer . Evidence as obtained to indicate that taxon 1--3 was closely related to genus Actinobacillus Brumpt 1910, but sufficiently different from established species within that genus to constitute new distinct species . Taxon 4 had the cultural and biochemical characters of strains previously described by Clark and Godfrey . Strains designated P haemolytica-like could not be separated from A . salpingitidis on the basis of phenotypical characters . The final taxonomical position of taxon 1-4 in addition to strains designated avian haemolytic Actinobacillus sp . and P . haemolytica-like, however, has to await further taxonomical investigations including determination of mol % G + C in DNA and DNA hybridization, for which reason species names have been omitted.

Am J Vet Res, 1982 Feb, 43(2), 363 - 4
Evaluation of seven commercial oxidase test products with Pasteurella; Weaver N et al.; Seven commercial oxidase reagents were tested with 50 isolates each of Pasteurella multocida and P haemolytica . Each group of organisms consisted of a variety of serotypes from many locations and animal sources . Pasteurella multocida and P haemolytica were expected to be 90% oxidase-positive; however, only 2 commercial reagents were positive for greater than 90% of P multocida isolates . These were the Taxo N Dics and the Bacto-Differentiation Discs Oxidase . Only the Taxo N Discs were positive for greater than 90% of P haemolytica isolates . The 5 other commercial reagents demonstrated a variety of results . Pathotec Cytochrome Oxidase Strips were not positive with any of the 100 isolates tested . Correlation was not observed between dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine vs tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine and the percentage of positive reactions.

Am J Vet Res, 1982 Feb, 43(2), 304 - 9
Lysates of turkey-grown Pasteurella multocida: examination of vaccine preparations by electron microscopy; Brogden KA et al.; The effects of differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, freeze-thawing, and chemical lysis on the morphology of Pasteurella multocida from the blood of infected turkeys were examined by electron microscopy . Morphologic differences were not seen between thin-section preparations of P multocida after differential and density gradient centrifugation procedures . The internal ultrastructure of in vivo-grown cells was different from that observed previously for P multocida grown in vitro . Large membranous blebs were also observed on the surface of negative-stained preparations of organisms from the plasma, but not in thin sections of cells from the same preparation . Freeze-thaw of bacterial suspensions in sucrose resulted in partial lysis, revealing bacteria in different phases of degradation . Complete lysis (but not solubilization) was enhanced by treatment with EDTA, lysozyme, and Triton X-100 . Centrifuged lysate pellets were thin-sectioned or negative-stained . Pellets consisted of vesicles, ranging in size from 0.05 to 1.0 micrometer, that had a characteristic trilaminar membranous appearance similar to those reported from other gram-negative bacteria grown in vitro and treated similarly.

Am J Vet Res, 1982 Feb, 43(2), 230 - 5
Experimental infection of lambs with bovine respiratory syncytial virus and Pasteurella haemolytica: immunofluorescent and electron microscopic studies; Al-Darraji AM et al.; Colostrum-deprived lambs were inoculated transtracheally with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Pasteurella haemolytica, or RSV and P haemolytica . Multiple tissues were examined by immunofluorescence to localize viral and bacterial antigens, and lungs were examined by electron microscopy for cytopathologic changes . Using immunofluorescence, viral antigen was detected only in the respiratory tract, mainly in the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium and in the alveolar wall . Lesser amounts of viral antigen were detected in the surface epithelium of the nasal turbinates and trachea . Bacterial antigen was not detected . Ultrastructurally, the lambs inoculated with P haemolytica or with RSV and P haemolytica had increased numbers of type II pneumocytes, necrotic epithelial cells, neutrophils, and macrophages and excessive cellular debris in multiple foci in the lungs . Bacterial were seen only infrequently; they were within phagocytic vacuoles of neutrophils and macrophages and were free within pulmonary septa . In lambs inoculated with RSV or with RSV and P haemolytica, cells in the epithelium were multinucleated . Viral buds were seen on cytoplasmic membranes of ciliated and nonciliated cells of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium . Isolated epithelial cells were necrotic . Viral nucleoprotein was prevalent in a few alveoli, free or within vacuoles of phagocytic cells . Necrotic debris and phagocytic cells were more prominent in the alveoli of lambs inoculated with RSV and P haemolytica than in those of lambs inoculated with either agent alone.

Vet Rec, 1982 Jan 2, 110(1), 13 - 4
Pasteurella multocida infection of cats on poultry farms; Curtis PE et al.; Eight cats on six poultry farms, four of which had a history of recent turkey pasteurellosis were examined for Pasteurella multocida infection . Nine strains were recovered and serotyped and of these five were tested for virulence in chickens and mice . By comparison with a strain from a field outbreak in turkeys three cat strains were considered capable of causing poultry disease . These findings are discussed epidemiologically.

Miner Electrolyte Metab, 1982, 7(5), 250 - 6
Urinary excretion of zinc and iron following injection of bacteria in the unanesthetized rabbit; Kirby KA et al.; The effects of injection of bacteria (Pasteurella multocida) on the urinary excretion of zinc and iron (during the period when plasma concentrations of these trace metals were falling) were determined in unanesthetized New Zealand white rabbits . During the initial 2 h following injection with bacteria there was a trend towards an increased urinary excretion of zinc and iron . This short-term increase in zinc and iron excretion, however, could only account for a small percentage of the reduction in plasma concentrations of these trace metals that occurs during infection . We conclude that most of the reduction in plasma iron and zinc that occurs during infection is attributable to a redistribution within the body and not to increased excretion.

Vet Med Nauki, 1982, 19(1), 26 - 32
{Isolation, selection and characteristics of Pasteurella multocida}; Karaivanov L; Bacteriophages of 2 and AV signature were isolated from lysogenic P . multocida strains . spontaneous mutation of bacteriophage 32 of various indicator Pasteurella strains led to the isolation of 6 new bacteriophages with signature of the indicator strain 10, 55, 168, 895, 994 . Bacteriophages 3,4, and 115 served to isolate bacteriophages with signature 3/10, 4/10, and 115/10 of a phage-resistant 3/10 strain . Phages TH and VL were selected from AV phage, and phage 1 was selected from phage 10 . A total of 14 new P . multocida bacteriophages were obtained in all, which were reproduced on one and the same indicator strain No 10 . The newly isolated phages 1, 2, 10, 895, 3/10, 4/10, 115/10, AY, VL, and TH were neutralized by antisera 2, 10, 4/10, AY, and TH in 99 to 100 per cent, and belong to a common serologic group (IVth group) . Bacteriophages 55, 168, 994, and 995 were not neutralized by these sera . By the effect of chemicals and sodium citrate the AY and VL phages were found to be stable to inactivation, while tetracycline inactivated 50 per cent of them . Bacteriophages 10, and 3/10 survived at pH 9 and 11 . By these indices the mentioned 10 bacteriophages were referred to the new P . multocida IVth group phages . Spontaneous mutations in the P . multocida phage populations are likely to occur . Such mutations could belong to various phage types . The genetic changes in the phage populations appear as a base in the production of P . multocida bacteriophages of various types which could be used in the phage typing of the P . multocida species.

Avian Dis, 1982 Jan-Mar, 26(1), 200 - 3
Outbreaks of fowl cholera in quail; Panigrahy B et al.; Acute fowl cholera causing high mortality was diagnosed in three flocks of quail, one involving pharaoh quail (Coturnix coturnix) and two involving bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) . The causative organism, Pasteurella multocida, was identified as type 3.

J Hand Surg {Am}, 1982 Jan, 7(1), 47 - 52
Pasteurella multocida--the major cause of hand infections following domestic animal bites; Arons MS et al.; Pasteurella multocida is a common cause of infection following bites or scratches caused by dogs and (especially) cats . It is rarely reported, however, and apparently often overlooked as a pathogen . The typical clinical manifestation is a rapidly developing cellulitis at the site of injury . The infection is potentially dangerous and can cause a chronic local infection of deep tissues and osteomyelitis . It responds well to several antimicrobials, with penicillin being drug of choice . Fifty-five patients are reported--72% with cat bites and/or scratches and 28% with dog bites . Ninety-two percent of the wounds went deeply through the skin . All patients presented for treatment 12 to 72 hours after receiving the animal wounds to their hands . Drainage from all wounds was serosanguineous or purulent, and cultures taken were positive for P . multocida . All of the wounds responded to surgical drainage and penicillin . One patient developed osteomyelitis . The acute onset of cellulitis, lymphangitis, and serosanguineous or purulent drainage from hand wounds 12 to 24 hours after cat or dog bites should suggest P . multocida as the predominant etiologic agent . Immediate surgical drainage and penicillin therapy is the treatment of choice.

Infect Immun, 1982 Jan, 35(1), 91 - 4
Cytotoxin of Pasteurella haemolytica acting on bovine leukocytes; Shewen PE et al.; The toxicity of Pasteurella haemolytica culture supernatant for bovine and porcine cells was evaluated by 51Cr release . Sterile bacterial culture supernatant was toxic for bovine pulmonary lavage cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes and neutrophils, and cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells, resulting in marked 51Cr release . Only slight release was induced from cultured Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells, porcine pulmonary lavage cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, lymphocytes, or neutrophils . No release was detected with primary bovine spleen cell cultures, bovine erythrocytes, or porcine erythrocytes . The demonstrated specificity of this cytotoxin for bovine leukocytic cells may be important in the pathogenesis of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis.

Vet Med Nauki, 1982, 19(9), 34 - 9
{Effect of specific vaccinal antigens and preparations on general resistance in growing experimental and domestic animals}; Dimov I; Studied was the effect of some viral and bacterial antigens as well as of a preparation obtained by Filatov's method (modified by the author) on the general resistance in growing laboratory and domestic animals . It was found that in infantile albino mice the best protection against challenge with Escherichia coli and Pasteurella avicida was provided through the treatment with a biostimulator and a killed culture of a strongly proteolytic, unidentified strain of the 'T3' bacterium . The vaccines against Newcastle disease, hog cholera+erysipelas, and anthrax were shown to have a weaker action . It was also established that the treatment of fattening calves and sucking pigs with a biostimulator raised the general resistance of animals . This was demonstrated with the higher resistance to diseases caused by occasionally pathogenic organisms, the better general state, and the higher weight gain . Sucking pigs treated twice with a biostimulator at an interval of twelve days showed 13.27 per cent lower mortality rate as compared with the controls.

Surg Neurol, 1982 Jan, 17(1), 4 - 8
Otogenic pasteurella multocida brain abscess and glomus jugulare tumour; Whittle IR et al.; We report the occurrence of a Pasteurella multocida temporal lobe abscess in an elderly woman who had a history of neglected chronic purulent otitis and in whom an extensive ipsilateral glomus tumour invading the petrous bone was found . We believe this is the first report in the literature of an otogenic cerebral abscess associated with a glomus jugulare tumour and the fifth report of a Pasteurella multocida brain abscess . The synergistic pathogenesis of the otitis and the glomus tumour in the evolution of the abscess is hypothesized.

Nord Vet Med, 1981 Dec, 33(12), 513 - 22
The aetiological significance of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida in atrophic rhinitis of swine; Pedersen KB et al.; Experimental infection with either pure culture of Bordetella bronchiseptica or B . bronchiseptica and a toxin-producing strain of Pasteurella multocida was studied in newborn piglets from 26 sows . Pigs inoculated with B . bronchiseptica alone got mild lesions, whereas pigs inoculated with both organisms showed clinical and pathological signs of atrophic rhinitis, corresponding to the progressive natural diseases . The effect of vaccinating sows against B bronchiseptica during pregnancy was studied.

Infect Immun, 1981 Dec, 34(3), 1018 - 24
Protection of rabbits against experimental pasteurellosis by a streptomycin-dependent Pasteurella multocida serotype 3:A live mutant vaccine; Lu YS et al.; Pasteurella multocida (serotype 3:A) was isolated from a rabbit with clinical signs of suppurative rhinitis . This P . multocida strain was mutagenized with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine to obtain a genetically stable streptomycin-dependent mutant, from which a life vaccine was prepared . Pasteurella-free rabbits were inoculated intranasally three times at weekly intervals and challenged intranasally with a virulent serotype 3:A rabbit P . multocida isolate 2 weeks after the third vaccination . The rabbits were killed 2 to 3 weeks later . The vaccine did not cause clinical disease, death, or gross or microscopic lesions . Furthermore, the vaccine protected the challenge rabbits from developing clinical disease, death, and gross lesions . However, mild focal lung lesions were noted in several of the vaccinated-challenged animals . In contrast, nonvaccinated-challenged rabbits developed pyrexia and anorexia . Furthermore, three of four of these rabbits died with severe gross lesions including pyothorax, suppurative pericarditis, and fibrinopurulent pneumonia . Microscopically, the four nonvaccinated rabbits had moderate to severe suppurative pneumonia and mild to moderate suppurative rhinitis, and two had mild tympanitis . The mutant vaccine did not appear to colonize the nasal cavities . The vaccine prevented the colonization of the virulent challenge organism in lungs, liver, spleen, genital tracts, and blood, but not the nasal cavities.

Am J Vet Res, 1981 Dec, 42(12), 2134 - 8
Purification and biological characterizationof endotoxin fractions from Pasteruella haemolytica; Rimsay RL et al.; A sequential extraction procedure was used to provide 3 endotoxin fractions from Pasteurella haemolytica with distinct biological and solubility properties . After acetone dessication, extraction with phenol, chloroform, and petroleum ether (2:5:8) provided a fraction designated rough lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . Subsequent extraction of the cells with 45% phenol at 68 C yielded a fraction designated smooth LPS, which was further divided into smooth precipitate and smooth supernatant, based on sedimentation at 105,000 x g for 4 hours . Yields of the 3 fractions were 1.5%, 3%, and 5.5% of the dry weight of the cells . The polysaccharide moieties of the rough LPS amd smooth precipitate fractions were obtained by partial acid hydrolysis followed by chloroform extraction . Biological activities of all 5 fractions were compared with activities of standard LPS fractions from Serratia marcescens and Salmonella typhimurium . Results of chicken embryo lethality, the local Shwartzman's phenomenon, nonspecific resistance enhancement ot challenge exposure by S typhimurium pyrogenicity, and the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay were reported.

Am J Vet Res, 1981 Dec, 42(12), 2117 - 21
Lysates of turkey-grown Pasteurella multocida: protection against homologous and heterologous serotype challenge exposures; Rimler RB et al.; Pastereulla multocida organisms were separated from the blood of experimentally infected turkeys by differential centrifugation . An average of 92% of the residual host-cell contamination was removed from the pasteurellas by density gradient centrifugation in sucrose . Sucrose suspensions of the turkey-grown pasteurellas partially lysed after freezing and thawing . Treatment of freeze-thawed suspensions with DNAse, hyaluronidase, lysozyme, EDTA, and Triton X-100 did not influence their ability to induce protection against homologous and heterologous serotype challenge exposures . Lysozyme, EDTA, and Triton X-100 completely lysed the pasteurellas and rendered the cross-protection factor(s) filterable . Addition of adjuvant to completely lysed P multocida did not appear to enhance protection in turkeys against heterologous serotype challenge exposure . Adjuvant added to the pellet or supernatant fraction of centrifuged complete lysate enhanced protection in turkeys . Vaccines prepared from different serotypes of turkey-grown P multocida protected chickens and mice against homologous and heterologous serotype challenge exposures.

Res Vet Sci, 1981 Nov, 31(3), 272 - 7
Inhibition of the blastogenic response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to mitogen and antigens by bovine pulmonary macrophages and their culture supernatants; Bendixen PH et al.; Bovine pulmonary macrophages were shown to inhibit blastogenic response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to high and low level stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin P . The blastogenic response of cells from calves sensitised to Pasteurella haemolytica or BCG, when stimulated with the corresponding antigen, was also suppressed by the addition of autologous pulmonary macrophages . Twenty-four-hour-old macrophage culture medium was likewise inhibitory to the blastogenic response . Determination of the arginine content of culture medium before and after 24 and 48 hours' incubation with macrophages showed a progressive decrease in arginine content . Dilution of the arginine deficient medium 1:16 with fresh culture medium did not reverse the inhibition, thus making arginine deficiency unlikely to account for the inhibition.

Am J Vet Res, 1981 Nov, 42(11), 1920 - 6
Interaction of Pasteurella haemolytica with bovine neutrophils: identification and partial characterization of a cytotoxin; Baluyut CS et al.; Timed cultures of Pasteurella haemolytica 12296 strain in RPMI 1640 medium (with L-glutamine, pH 7.4) were used to determine the correlation between cytotoxin production and the age of the culture . Cytotoxic activity was measured by a 51Cr-release assay and trypan blue exclusion test with bovine neutrophils as target cells . Results demonstrated that optimal cytotoxin production occurred during the logarithmic phase (peaked at 6 hours) and decreased during the stationary phase of bacterial growth . The cytotoxin was concentrated by sequential ultrafiltration on Diaflo XM 50, XM 100, and XM 300 membranes . The cytotoxin was retained on an XM 300 membrane . These studies indicated that the molecular weight of cytotoxic substance was 300,000 or more . The cytotoxin was heat labile, oxygen stable, and susceptible to extremes of pH and killed bovine neutrophils and mononuclear leukocytes . It was not hemolytic to bovine or ovine RBC . The cytotoxic activity was inactivated by trypsin and did not contain any detectable endotoxin . Bovine fetal serum and serum collected before immunization from neonatal calves did not neutralize the cytotoxic effects of toxin on neutrophils . However, adult bovine serum from 6 cows and an antiserum (against the cytotoxin) neutralized the cytotoxin, as revealed by both the 51Cr-release assay and the trypan blue exclusion test . This was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy . These results indicated that the cytotoxin may be antigenic in cattle . The significance and implications of these findings to bovine pasteurellosis are discussed.

Lab Anim Sci, 1981 Oct, 31(5 Pt 1), 513 - 5
A modified barrier system for maintenance of Pasteurella-free rabbits; Scharf RA et al.; A modified barrier system for maintaining Pasteurella multocida-free rabbits in an animal facility also housing Pasteurella multocida-infected rabbits was implemented . All research and laboratory animal technical personnel performed their duties involving non-infected rabbits prior to working with infected rabbits housed in separate rooms of the facility . Bacterial culture data involving mature rabbits indicated a 17% infection rate when Pasteurella-free rabbits were housed in a conventional manner for 3-6 months prior to institution of the modified barrier . No transmission of Pasteurella multocida from infected to non-infected rabbits housed in separate rooms was observed during 6 months of maintenance after initiation of the modified barrier system.

J Wildl Dis, 1981 Oct, 17(4), 511 - 4
Avian cholera in common crows, Corvus brachyrhynchos, from the central Texas panhandle; Taylor TT et al.; An epornitic of avian cholera involving approximately 150 birds is described from a flock of common crows, Corvus brachyrhynchos, on a single playa lake utilized as a roost in Castro County, Texas, during early spring of 1980 . There was a concomitant epornitic of avian cholera involving several hundred ducks and geese of several species on adjacent lakes in he same area . Crows scavenged extensively on waterfowl carcasses . Gross and histopathologic lesions in waterfowl were typical of acute avian cholera . Crows had a more chronic form of the disease, especially neurological involvement with the most common lesion consisting of a hemorrhagic meningitis . Other endemic species from which Pasteurella multocida was isolated included the short-eared owl, Asio flammeus, and cottontail rabbit, Silvilagus sp . The role of crows in the dissemination and maintenance of avian cholera is discussed.

Poult Sci, 1981 Oct, 60(10), 2221 - 5
Influence of prior hauling on pathogenesis of Pasteurella multocida in turkeys; Simensen E et al.; Turkeys were hauled in a truck and exposed to Pasteurella multocida in the drinking water . The clinical course of fowl cholera was modified in hauled turkeys as compared to unhauled turkeys by delaying the onset of depression and reducing the severity of the disease . In unhauled turkeys, there was a marked increase in mortality in the first experiment and a marked increase in depression at the end of the second experiment . In both experiments average cloacal temperature was higher during the first 5 days after inoculation in unhauled than in hauled turkeys . On the day after hauling, plasma corticosterone concentration decreased in both hauled and unhauled turkeys.

Am J Vet Res, 1981 Oct, 42(10), 1838 - 41
Immunogenicity of capsular antigens of Pasteurella multocida in turkeys; Kodama H et al.; Capsular antigens were isolated from Pasteurella multocida, strain P-1059 and their immunogenicity was tested in turkeys . The crude capsular antigen (CCA) was extracted from bacterial cells grown on membranes by heating at 56 C in a 2.5% NaCl solution . The purified polysaccharide antigen (PPA) was obtained by precipitation of CCA by cetylpyridinium chloride . Young adult turkeys were inoculated at 0 and 14 days and were challenge exposed at 28 days by IM inoculation of a live culture of P-1059 . The turkeys were observed for 2 weeks and mortality was recorded; bacterial isolation was done at the time of necropsy . In 3 trials, CCA provided 80% to 100% protection; in 1 trial, PPA failed to provide protection . Freund's incomplete adjuvant and aluminum hydroxide gel were effective as potentiating agents when higher than 280 microgram of CCA was used . The CCA showed significant (P less than 0.05) protection after treatment with heat (100 C, 5 min), chloroform, or trypsin, but lost its immunogenicity completely by acid hydrolysis . The CCA was not toxic to mice at 2 mg . The limulus lysate test showed that CCA contained endotoxin in less than or equal to 5% of the total solids . These results indicate that the surface antigen isolated from P multocida by saline extraction was immunogenic in young adult turkeys.

Am J Vet Res, 1981 Oct, 42(10), 1769 - 74
Failure of ribosomes from nonencapsulated Pasteurella multocida to protect CF-1 mice; Phillips M et al.; Monomeric ribosomes (70S) were isolated from nonencapsulated Pasteurella multocida strain X-73 by mechanical disruption and by chemical lysis . Contamination of the initial preparations by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was evident by gel immunodiffusion . Gel filtration chromatography of the 70S ribosomes resulted in ribosomes with LPS contamination below the concentration that was detected by gel immunodiffusion, but chickens vaccinated with these preparations responded serologically to LPS by producing a detectable titer of passive hemagglutination antibody . Washing the 70S ribosomes through 0.5 M NH4Cl and 30% sucrose rendered them virtually free of contamination by LPS as evidenced by lack of passive hemagglutination titer . Ribosomes were evaluated as protective immunogens in CF-1 mice . Two inoculations (14 days apart) at each dosage level of 0.4, 40.0, and 400 microgram/mouse were given . At 21 days after vaccination, the mice were challenge exposed with encapsulated P multocida X-73 cells . None of the ribosomal preparations (crude or purified) protected against challenge exposure . Killed whole nonencapsulated cells did protect against challenge exposure . In contrast to numerous reports on the effectiveness of ribosomes as protective immunogens, ribosomes from nonencapsulated P multocida cells were not protective immunogens in mice challenge exposed with encapsulated cells under these conditions.

Am J Vet Res, 1981 Oct, 42(10), 1760 - 8
Resistance of Pasteurella multocida to rabbit neutrophil phagocytosis and killing; Rush HG et al.; The susceptibilities of several Pasteurella multocida strains to serum bactericidins and to killing by rabbit polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) were investigated, using in vitro assays . Strain Bunia II (serotype 5,12:E) was killed by both immune and normal rabbit sera containing active complement, and strains R1 (serotype 3,12:A) and 656 (serotype 12:B) were serum resistant . Strain R1 opsonized with immune or normal rabbit serum with complement or with immune antibody alone was phagocytized by neutrophils, and strain 656 was ingested only after opsonization with immune antibody in the presence or absence of complement . Complement alone was ineffective as an opsonin for the last 2 serotypes . Neither isolate was resistant to PMN killing . Growth of strain R1 in subcutaneously implanted chambers in rabbits did not increase the resistance of this organism to PMN . Comparison of phagocytosis and killing of this isolate with 2 virulent rabbit strains of P multocida--strains L-A (serotype 12:A) and 7228 (serotype 14:D)--demonstrated that strain L-A was resistant to destruction by neutrophils, whereas strains 7228 and R1 were killed . Resistance of strain L-A was not associated with the hyaluronic acid capsule.

Avian Dis, 1981 Oct-Dec, 25(4), 964 - 71
Use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure antibody responses in turkeys against Pasteurella multocida; Marshall MS et al.; AN enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a microtiter agglutination (MA) test were used in a comparative study to measure the humoral antibody responses of turkeys receiving oral vaccination against fowl cholera . The ELISA was sensitive and measured antibody titers as high as 1:4,409, whereas the highest titers the MA test measured were 1:128 . A close correlation was seen between ELISA antibody titers and protection against oral challenge with virulent Pasteurella multocida, whereas a poor correlation was seen between antibody titers measured by MA tests and protection . ELISA substrate reactions from a single serum dilution, measured with a spectrophotometer, could be converted directly from absorbance to antibody titers using a linear regression plot.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 Sep, 20(3), 415 - 7
Conjugal transfer of an R-plasmid in Pasteurella multocida; Hirsh DC et al.; A strain of Pasteurella multocida isolated from turkeys during an outbreak of septicemic disease (fowl cholera) was shown to possess the ability to transfer streptomycin and sulphadiazine resistance to P . multocida and to Escherichia coli by conjugation . The genes necessary for the transfer of the resistance genes appeared to be associated with a plasmid of molecular weight 28.5 x 10(6) . The resistance genes were shown to be associated with a second plasmid of molecular weight 7.2 x 10(6).

Antibiotiki, 1981 Sep, 26(9), 687 - 9
{Response, to polymyxin, of plague microbe strains isolated from various natural foci and of their mutants with a decreased requirement in nutritional factors}; Martinevskii IL et al.; Investigation of the response to polymyxin of 65 strains of Pasteurella isolated from various foci and 46 their back mutants showed that all of them were usually highly resistant to polymyxin (MIC 200--500 micrograms/ml) . The Pasteurella strains isolated in the Gissaro-Darvaz natural focus, Turkey and Congo were highly sensitive to polymyxin (MIC 10--25 micrograms/ml) . Single cultures highly sensitive to the antibiotic were detected among the polymyxin-resistant strains . Polymyxin-sensitive mutants of these cultures with lowered requirements in the growth factors were obtained.

Lab Anim Sci, 1981 Aug, 31(4), 382 - 5
Pasteurella associated rhinitis of rabbits: efficacy of penicillin therapy; Jaslow BW et al.; Thirty adult New Zealand white rabbits with chronic rhinitis were obtained from a commercial breeding colony . Penicillin sensitive strains of Pasteurella multocida were isolated from the upper respiratory tract of 28 (93%) of these rabbits . The diseased rabbits were treated with either intramuscular penicillin or penicillin nasal spray for 10 days and monitored for clinical signs of rhinitis and for the presence of Pasteurella multocida in the nasal passages . Rabbits receiving penicillin therapy by either route showed significant remission of the clinical signs of rhinitis during the study period; however, following treatment there was not significant difference in the prevalence of rhinitis between the treated groups and the untreated group . This was due in part to the considerable but non-significant improvement shown by the untreated group . This improvement which was not due to penicillin therapy may have been due to stabilization of environmental factors . The prevalence of Pasteurella multocida in the upper respiratory tracts of either the treated or untreated rabbits did not change significantly during the study period.

Am J Vet Res, 1981 Aug, 42(8), 1383 - 8
Cytotoxic effects of Pasteurella haemolytica on bovine neutrophils; Berggren KA et al.; The interaction of logarithmic- and stationary-phase organisms of Pasteurella haemolytica with bovine neutrophils was evaluated by an opsonocytophagic assay . Only 5% to 8% of the logarithmic-phase P haemolytica 12296 organisms opsonized with normal bovine serum or antiserum were phagocytized . Results from cytotoxicity assays, using the 51Cr-release technique and the trypan blue exclusion test, indicated that the logarithmic-phase organisms liberated a soluble material that was cytotoxic to neutrophils and destroyed their phagocytic capabilities . This hypothesis was verified by transmission electron microscopy studies . Opsonized stationary-phase organisms were completely phagocytized and degraded when exposed to neutrophils at a bacteria/neutrophil ratio of 10:1 . However, at a high bacteria/neutrophil ratio of 100:1, only 31% of the bacteria were phagocytized . Prolonged incubation of this mixture resulted in cytotoxic changes in the neutrophils . Seemingly, excess unphagocytized bacteria liberated a soluble substance that was toxic to neutrophils . These findings were confirmed by cytotoxicity assays and transmission electron microscopy studies.

Brain Res Bull, 1981 Aug, 7(2), 175 - 80
Effects of antipyresis on bacterial numbers in infected rabbits; Vaughn LK et al.; A previous investigation demonstrated that infusion of an antipyretic drug into the preoptic anterior hypothalamus (PO/AH) of rabbits reduced the fever usually seen during the initial stages of infection . This was followed by an increased fever and an increased mortality rate {32} . The work reported here investigated the hypothesis that the increased mortality was the result of decreased killing and/or increased multiplication of bacteria during the initial, attenuated phase of the febrile course in the antipyretic-treated rabbits . Rabbits were injected intravenously with Pasteurella multocida and either sodium salicylate or a control solution was infused directly into the PO/AH . Infusion of sodium salicylate reduced the mean fever 4 hours after injection of bacteria from 2.07 +/- 0.28 degrees C (S.E.M.) to 0.62 +/- 0.43 degrees C . Rabbits with reduced fevers had decreased blood leucocyte counts and greater numbers of bacteria in lung and liver samples . No differences were seen in reticuloendothelial clearance of carbon, hematocrit, or intracellular viability of bacteria when antipyretics were administered . This increase in bacterial numbers corresponds well to the increased mortality found in previous studies in animals with reduced fevers.

Jikken Dobutsu, 1981 Jul, 30(3), 313 - 6
Carrier state of Pasteurella pneumotropica in mice and rats; Saito M et al.; Localization of Pasteurella pneumotropica was investigated in the respiratory tract, conjunctiva and vagina of 5-week-old, 10-week-old and retired asymptomatic mice and rats . The highest isolation rate of the organisms was obtained in the pharyngolarynx, showing 85 to 97.5% in carrier mice and 100% in carrier rats . Numbers of the organisms in this site were 10(3-5) and 10(7-8) organisms/g tissue in 4-week-old mice and rats, respectively . Isolation rates in the nasal cavity and trachea of the both animals were not so high as those in the pharyngolarynx, but usually higher than those in the external nares . The organisms were rarely isolated from the lung . Isolation of the organisms from the conjunctiva was common in rats, especially in young ones, but rare in mice . About 30% of carrier mice and 50 to 100% of carrier rats harbored the organisms in their vaginas.

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