Am J Vet Res, 1985 Feb, 46(2), 342 - 7 Effect of vaccination with live or killed Pasteurella haemolytica on resistance to experimental bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis; Confer AW et al.; Using 6- to 8-month-old beef calves, 3 experiments were conducted to compare the effect of vaccination with live or killed Pasteurella haemolytica on resistance to a transthoracic challenge exposure with the organism and to correlate serum antibody response with resistance . In each experiment, calves were vaccinated twice at 1-week intervals and were challenge exposed 21 days after the first inoculation . Lung lesions were evaluated by a system, such that higher scores indicated the more severe lesions . In each experiment, calves immunized with live P haemolytica had lower lesion scores than calves vaccinated with saline solution or bacterin . In 2 of the experiments, the differences were significant (P less than 0.05) . In all experiments, calves vaccinated parenterally with a commercial P haemolytica/P multocida bacterin or with a formalin-killed P haemolytica bacterin had lesion scores that were not significantly different (P greater than 0.05) than for control calves vaccinated with saline solution . Live and killed bacterial preparations induced a significant serum antibody response to P haemolytica as measured by a quantitative fluorometric immunoassay . The antibody response to vaccination was not affected by preexisting titers to P haemolytica . Serum antibody titers were not consistently as high for calves vaccinated with bacterins as for calves vaccinated with live organisms . Although high antibody titers correlated with low lesion scores when calves vaccinated with saline solution or live organisms were analyzed collectively, there was not a significant correlation between the 2 variables when calves, vaccinated with saline solution or with bacterin, were analyzed collectively . These data indicate that, although bacterins may induce a detectable serum antibody response, they do not induce protection against transthoracic challenge exposure to P haemolytica. Am J Vet Res, 1985 Feb, 46(2), 336 - 41 Production of superoxide anion by bovine pulmonary macrophages challenged with soluble and particulate stimuli; Dyer RM et al.; The effects of opsonized zymosan, phorbal myristate acetate, and live Pasteurella haemolytica on superoxide anion production by bovine pulmonary macrophages were determined . The anion responses were dose-dependent for all stimuli, except for unopsonized P haemolytica . The effect of viable P haemolytica on macrophage viability was related to bacterial dosage and the presence of opsonizing antibody . Superoxide responses varied directly with the dose of opsonized live P haemolytica, but indirectly with macrophage viability. J Basic Microbiol, 1985, 25(9), 559 - 67 {Demonstration of iron transport activity in Pasteurella multocida cultures}; Flossmann KD et al.; It has been established that Pasteurella multocida cultures possess pronounced iron transport activities to accumulate the iron necessary for growth . Experiments with Fe-59 confirmed that the bacterial cells are able to acquire iron without direct contact from high molecular iron substrates, such as iron dextrane, ferritine or transferrine . Microbial siderophores of the hydroxamate and phenolate types, such as desferrioxamin B and enterobactine as well as other iron chelators (phenanthroline, citrate and nitrilotriacetate) decrease the bacterial cell growth or iron incorporation and are not relevant for iron transport in P . multocida . The direct analytical identification of siderophores using the reactions by Csaky (hydroxamate type) and Arnow (phenolate type) has proved unsuccessful . The importance of the mannan cell wall polysaccharide is discussed with respect to the iron transport . Thus in terms of iron accumulation, P . multocida is similar to Yersinia, which also possess an efficient transport system for iron not involving siderophores. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 1985, 8(1), 65 - 71 {Respiratory diseases of swine: some epidemiologic aspects}; Kobisch M et al.; Epidemiological surveys enable to know better the aetiology of respiratory diseases . The surveys carried out in slaughter-houses in Brittany (France) in 1980 and 1981, show a worrying situation concerning porcine respiratory diseases . Microbiological studies brought out the preponderance of the isolation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Streptococcus suis and Actinobacillus suis . Some patterns of experimental infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Bordetella bronchiseptica are exposed. Can J Comp Med, 1985 Jan, 49(1), 99 - 103 Comparison of serological techniques to measure antibody to Pasteurella haemolytica A1; Filion LG et al.; Analysis of 45 sera was performed employing five techniques which are currently in use in three laboratories to measure anti-Pasteurella haemolytica antibodies . The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, passive hemagglutination, complement fixation and direct and indirect bacterial agglutination assays were employed and a relationship between tests in the measurement of anti-P . haemolytica antibodies was demonstrated . Regression analysis together with prediction and confidence intervals were tabulated also . The conclusion drawn from statistical analysis was that all five tests are similar in their ability to detect immune responses (antibody and antigen(s) interactions) to Pasteurella haemolytica. Avian Dis, 1985 Jan-Mar, 29(1), 256 - 7 Safety testing of Pasteurella multocida vaccines and bacterins in turkeys; Nervig RM et al.; When U.S . Department of Agriculture-licensed Pasteurella multocida vaccines and bacterins were administered to healthy turkeys under controlled laboratory conditions, they did not cause an increase in death loss. Avian Dis, 1985 Jan-Mar, 29(1), 214 - 7 Atypical Pasteurella haemolytica type A from poultry; Addo PB et al.; Atypical strains of Pasteurella haemolytica that failed to ferment maltose were isolated from nodular necrosis in the liver and heart blood of domestic fowl (Gallus domestica) . These strains did not typically behave like either of the two well-known biotypes of P . haemolytica . The strains utilized trehalose and produced hydrogen sulfide (H2S), thus behaving like P . haemolytica type T, and produced acid in xylose but not in salicin, thus behaving like P . haemolytica type A . Most of the properties of the strains, however, conformed closely to those of P . haemolytica type A . Detailed characteristics of the isolates are described and discussed. Avian Dis, 1985 Jan-Mar, 29(1), 145 - 9 Studies on the use of a long-acting oxytetracycline in turkeys: serum levels and tissue residues following injection; Skeeles JK et al.; Forty 6-week-old large white commercial turkeys were injected subcutaneously with a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation (69 mg/lb) . The turkeys were divided into four groups of 10 birds each, and the birds in each group were bled twice at different times between 4 and 144 hours postinjection (PI) to determine serum levels of oxytetracycline . Two additional groups of turkeys were also given the long-acting oxytetracycline formulation mixed with either neomycin or a bacterin for Pasteurella multocida to determine if either of these compounds interfered with absorption of the oxytetracycline . Serum levels of oxytetracycline were 5.38 micrograms/ml, 1.59 microgram/ml, and 0.93 microgram/ml at 24, 48, and 72 hours PI, respectively, following an average dose of 69 mg/lb of body weight . These levels are all considered therapeutic . There appeared to be no interference with absorption of oxytetracycline when mixed with either neomycin or the bacterin . Tissue residues of oxytetracycline in the muscle, liver, and kidney were within tolerance levels by 3 weeks PI. Avian Dis, 1985 Jan-Mar, 29(1), 128 - 35 Laboratory and field trials with formalin-inactivated Escherichia coli (O78)-Pasteurella anatipestifer bacterin in white pekin ducks; Sandhu TS et al.; A combination Escherichia coli serotype O78 and Pasteurella anatipestifer bacterin was developed and tested in white pekin ducks in laboratory and field trials . Inoculations with bacterin at 2 and 3 weeks of age provided significant protection against challenge with virulent E . coli O78 and Pasteurella anatipestifer serotypes 1, 2, and 5 . No significant cross-protection was observed against heterologous E . coli serotypes, although there was a slight reduction in mortality in ducklings challenged with E . coli serotypes O2a and O119 . In field trials, the E . coli-P . anatipestifer bacterin produced significant reduction of mortality in commercial white pekin ducks compared with P . anatipestifer bacterin. Pediatr Neurosci, 1985-86, 12(2), 96 - 100 Animal bites causing central nervous system injury in children . A report of three cases; Steinbok P et al.; Three cases of animal bites causing central nervous system injury in children are reported . Two infants suffered compound depressed skull fractures as a result of dog bites to the head . An older child suffered direct injury to the spinal cord from a tiger bite . In 2 cases, Pasteurella meningitis occurred . Pitfalls in the management of this type of problem are discussed. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 1985, 8(1), 29 - 33 {Diagnostic problems posed by respiratory infections of dogs}; Chappuis G; The following viruses as well as bacteria and mycoplasma have been isolated from dogs with contagious respiratory disease: canine distemper virus; Canine adenoviruses (type 1 and 2); Parainfluenza type 2 (SV5); Reovirus type 1; Canine Herpesvirus; Bordetella bronchiseptica, Streptococcus, Pasteurella, Staphylococcus and Mycoplasma . The occurrence of these agents can be in direct relationship with: the evolution of a systemic disease; respiratory disorders being a regular or inconsistant symptom of this disease; the evolution of a disease restricted to the respiratory tract; the tropism of the bacterial or viral agent is exclusively respiratory; secondary bacterial complications to a primary viral infection; saprophyte state or latency without pathologic significance . These various infectious agents are implicated alone or in mixed infections and the wide variety of clinical symptoms don't allow to precise a clinical diagnosis . We will try to bring some bases allowing, by the help of laboratory an etiologic diagnosis . This diagnosis is essential for providing an efficient prevention . We will approach some parameters which we have been confronted with as regards Canine Distemper and Canine Adenovirosis . Our purpose is, through these examples of the canine pathology, to confirm and complete some other similar situations which can appear in other animal species. Am J Vet Res, 1985 Jan, 46(1), 193 - 201 Experimental reproduction of septicemic pasteurellosis in feedlot lambs: bacteriologic and pathologic examinations; Suarez-Guemes F et al.; Septicemic pasteurellosis (SP) was induced in feedlot lambs . Twenty-eight lambs, randomly allotted into 7 groups, were given combinations of 3 treatments: (i) immunosuppression using hydrocortisone solubilized in dimethyl sulfoxide, (ii) rapid changes in feed, from 100% roughage to 90% concentrate, and (iii) oral inoculation of Pasteurella haemolytica biotype T . Feed changes and immunosuppression by hydrocortisone were needed for the production of SP . Pasteurella haemolytica inoculation was not necessary for induction of SP in all cases, indicating an endogenous source of infection . Clinical pathologic, bacteriologic, and gross and microscopic pathologic findings of induced SP were similar to those described for naturally occurring SP in lambs . Infection of lambs with P haemolytica biotype T via the gastrointestinal tract is discussed as a possible step in the pathogenesis of SP in feedlot lambs. Am J Vet Res, 1985 Jan, 46(1), 151 - 3 Comparison of the pneumopathogenicity of two strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus; Potgieter LN et al.; The pneumopathogenicity in calves of 2 strains of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus, isolate 2724 (a noncytopathogenic virus) and isolate 72 (a cytopathogenic virus), was compared . All calves were inoculated endobronchially, using fiberoptic bronchoscopy . Two calves were given Pasteurella haemolytica, 2 calves were given the noncytopathogenic BVD virus, and 2 calves were given cytopathogenic BVD virus . Five calves were inoculated sequentially with BVD virus and, 5 days later, with P haemolytica . Two of these calves were inoculated with the noncytopathogenic BVD virus and the other 3 with the cytopathogenic strain . Both BVD virus strains caused marked respiratory tract disease in the calves sequentially inoculated with P haemolytica and also impaired pulmonary clearance of P haemolytica . However, the effect of the cytopathogenic strain was more severe than the noncytopathogenic strain, indicating that strains of BVD virus may vary in their pneumopathogenicity for calves. Rev Argent Microbiol, 1985, 17(1), 15 - 9 {Response of guinea pigs to vaccination with parainfluenza virus 3}; Sadir AM et al.; An inactivated vaccine was prepared with Parainfluenza-3 virus strain LQ-514 and strains of Pasteurella hemolytica and P . multocida, suspended in oil adjuvant . The virus had been isolated from 30-60 day old calves during an epidemic of Pneumonia . The vaccine was tested in guinea pigs aged 1 to 2 months . The antibody response and the virus titres in organs after the challenge were the parameters studied . Hemagglutination inhibition antibodies were first detected 14 days after vaccination and reached maximum titres at day 28 . The challenge was done at day 34, and a secondary antibody response was observed 72 hours later, which reached its peak the following day . Virus could be isolated from lung samples of control animals at day 3, 4 and 5 after infection . Moreover, viral antigens and particles were observed in the same samples by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, respectively . In contrast, all three methods failed to demonstrate the presence of virus in organs of immunized guinea pigs after the challenge. Vet Rec, 1984 Dec 15, 115(24), 615 - 9 Epidemiological study of Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica in atrophic rhinitis; Rutter JM et al.; An epidemiological study of atrophic rhinitis was carried out in four pig herds . Observations were made of (i) infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida, (ii) the presence of brachygnathia superior (BS score), (iii) the extent (grade) of turbinate atrophy and pneumonia at slaughter and (iv) growth rates from two to 16 weeks of age and average daily weight gains to slaughter . In two of the herds with no history of atrophic rhinitis, B bronchiseptica and non-toxigenic strains of P multocida were isolated; only one of 47 pigs (2 per cent) had a BS score greater than +10 mm and the most severe turbinate atrophy observed in 21 pigs at slaughter was grade 3 . In contrast, from two herds with atrophic rhinitis, toxigenic strains of P multocida were isolated as well as B bronchiseptica and non-toxigenic P multocida . BS scores of greater than +10 mm were present in six of 47 pigs (13 per cent) of which five were infected with toxigenic P multocida and had severe turbinate atrophy of grade 4 or 5 . There was no significant reduction in growth rates in the affected compared with the unaffected herds nor in the affected compared with the unaffected pigs in the same herd . Neither was there a correlation between progressive disease and the extent of pneumonia found at slaughter . It was concluded that in field cases of the disease, high BS scores plus severe turbinate atrophy were associated with infection by toxigenic type-D strains of P multocida. Vet Microbiol, 1984 Dec, 10(1), 43 - 55 A protective antigen for turkeys purified froma type 1 strain of Pasteurella multocida; Kajikawa O et al.; A protective antigen was purified from a saline extract of a Type 1 strain of Pasteurella multocida by chromatographic methods, and its chemical and immunological characteristics were studied . Three proteins peaks were obtained from crude extract by gel filtration with Sephadex G-200 . A bacteria-specific antigen was detected only in the first peak fraction, which, after passing through an immunoabsorbent column to remove any components originating from the growth medium, was absorbed onto DEAE-cellulose followed by elution with a gradient of NaCl . From the first peak fraction of the gel filtration, 4 protein peaks were obtained, the second and third peaks being the major ones . Carbohydrate/protein ratios of the peak fractions varied from 0.06 to 1.0 . Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that 2 proteins of molecular weights 44 000 and 25 000 were present in all the fractions . The 4 DEAE-cellulose fractions (DP-1 to DP-4) contained a single antigenically identical material, and induced protective immunity in turkeys against challenge exposure . The second peak fraction from DEAE-cellulose (DP-2) protected turkeys when subcutaneously injected as 2 doses of 10 micrograms protein with a 14-day interval between doses . The DP-2 fraction induced antibodies in rabbits which formed a single precipitin line against the crude extract . The purified antigen (DP-2) from a Type 1 strain was antigenically distinct from a similar antigen purified from a Type 3 strain; there was no significant cross protection in turkeys between the 2 antigens . These results indicate that protective antigens purified from soluble extracts of a Type 1 or Type 3 strain possess similar physicochemical properties, but that they are immunologically distinct from each other. Am J Vet Res, 1984 Dec, 45(12), 2622 - 4 Effect of prior natural exposure to Pasteurella haemolytica on resistance to experimental bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis; Confer AW et al.; The effect of prior natural exposure to Pasteurella haemolytica, as determined serologically, was studied with respect to resistance to experimental pneumonic pasteurellosis in 20 calves from 3 experiments . Resistance to challenge exposure was measured using a lesion-scoring system . As measured by a quantitative fluorometric immunoassay, naturally acquired serum antibody titers to the organisms were 0 to 228 . There was a significant correlation (P less than 0.05) between high naturally acquired antibody titers and resistance to transthoracic challenge exposure with P haemolytica. Am J Vet Res, 1984 Dec, 45(12), 2543 - 5 Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis: effect of culture age of Pasteurella haemolytica used as a live vaccine; Confer AW et al.; Five experiments were conducted that compared aerosol immunization of calves with live Pasteurella haemolytica from logarithmic (6 hour) or stationary (20 to 22 hour) phase cultures . Calves were challenge exposed by transthoracic injection with P haemolytica . In 4 experiments, calves inoculated with 6-hour cultures had slightly lower mean lesion scores (indicating greater resistance to challenge exposure) than those inoculated with 20- to 22-hour cultures . High antibody titers, as detected by a quantitative fluorometric immunoassay or the indirect hemagglutination test, correlated directly with lung resistance (based on lesion scores) regardless of the age of the culture used as the immunogen. Am J Vet Res, 1984 Dec, 45(12), 2538 - 42 Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis: effect of vaccination with live Pasteurella species; Panciera RJ et al.; Experimental bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis was induced in beef calves by a transthoracic challenge exposure with Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 or P multocida type 3 . Challenge exposure lesions were quantified by a lesion scoring system based on size and extension of lesions with larger scores assigned to the more severe lesions . Calves inoculated with live Pasteurella sp by aerosol or parenteral routes developed high serum antibody titers to the homologous organism, as determined by a quantitative fluorometric procedure . Mean lesion scores were approximately 2 to 20 times higher in control than those in vaccinated calves . There was a significant correlation (P less than 0.05) between high serum antibody titers at the time of challenge exposure and a low lesion score in 4 of 6 experiments. Am J Vet Res, 1984 Dec, 45(12), 2532 - 7 Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis: model for Pasteurella haemolytica- and Pasteurella multocida-induced pneumonia in cattle; Panciera RJ et al.; Pneumonic lesions in calves were induced with Pasteurella haemolytica or P multocida . The inoculum, consisting of a suspension of either organism, was administered by transthoracic intrapulmonic injection to 23 calves . Three died of septicemia; the 20 remaining, killed 96 hours after inoculation, had an expanding unifocal pneumonia qualitatively comparable with that of acute pneumonic pasteurellosis (shipping fever) . The concentration of bacteria that consistently produced a lesion was a 5-ml volume containing 10(9) colony-forming units of bacteria; a concentration of 10(6) colony-forming units inconsistently produced lesions . Bacteria, except in calves that developed septicemia and died, remained localized at the injection site . The inflammatory process spread within the lungs, not only through airways, but through the interlobular and interalveolar septa as well. Infect Immun, 1984 Nov, 46(2), 429 - 34 Purification of dermonecrotic toxin from a sonic extract of Pasteurella multocida SP-72 serotype D; Nakai T et al.; A procedure was developed to purify dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) from a sonic extract of a serotype D strain of Pasteurella multocida . Sonic extract containing DNT was applied to a DEAE-Sephacel column and eluted by a linear gradient of NaCl . Upon rechromatographing, fractions with dermonecrotic activity for guinea pigs were applied on a second Sephacel column, and a pooled fraction with the toxic activity was filtered through a Sephadex G-200 column . Pooled fractions with the toxic activity were subjected to polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and the toxic substance was eluted from each sliced gel . Eluted fractions with the toxic activity were rechromatographed on a second Sephadex G-200 column, and a pooled fraction with high dermonecrotic activity was referred to as a purified DNT . The activity of purified DNT was increased by 1,000 times, and the average yield was about 1.8% . The purified DNT was homogeneous as determined by Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion, crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and thin-layer isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels and gave a single band on PAGE and sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE . The molecular weight of the toxin was ca . 160,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE . The isoelectric point of the toxin was ca . 4.7 to 4.8 . Amino acid analysis of the purified DNT revealed that the toxin was composed of characteristically high proportions of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine, proline, alanine, and leucine . The minimal necrotizing dose of the toxin was about 1 ng of protein, and the 50% lethal dose per mouse was 0.2 micrograms . The purified DNT was heat labile and sensitive to inactivation by trypsin, Formalin, and glutaraldehyde. Nord Vet Med, 1984 Nov-Dec, 36(11), 337 - 45 Influence of vaccination of sows with Bordetella-Pasteurella vaccines on the occurrence of atrophic rhinitis among their offspring after experimental infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica and toxigenic Pasteurella multocida; Barfod K et al.; Experimental infections with Bordetella bronchiseptica and a toxigenic strain of Pasteurella multocida were carried out in newborn piglets from 25 sows . Severe progressive atrophic rhinitis corresponding to the natural disease was produced . The effect of vaccination of sows during pregnancy with two vaccines containing antigens from B . bronchiseptica and toxigenic P . multocida on the incidence of nasal lesions in the offspring was studied. Am J Vet Res, 1984 Nov, 45(11), 2227 - 30 Serum and colostrum antibody to Pasteurella species in dairy cattle; Gresham CN et al.; A survey of antibody to Pasteurella haemolytica and P multocida, using a fluorometric immunoassay, was conducted on sera collected from 264 dairy cattle from 3 herds . Serum antibody titers to P haemolytica were 0 to 270 with low titers (less than 25) seen in 48.1% of the cows and heifers . Serum antibody titers to P multocida were 0 to 380 and the frequency of distribution of these titers were more even than for P haemolytica . Mean serum antibody titers to P haemolytica were significantly (P less than 0.005) higher in cattle from an open dairy herd when compared with those from 2 closed herds . Antibody titers to these organisms was determined in 7 colostrum samples . Pasteurella haemolytica antibody titers varied, depending on the whey separation technique used . Passive transfer of colostrum-derived antibody in 5 neonatal calves resulted in a maximum mean serum antibody titer at 20 hours after birth for P haemolytica and at 8 hours after birth for P multocida . Serum titers were higher overall for P multocida than for P haemolytica . Serum titers for P haemolytica declined rapidly . A significant (P less than 0.05) increase in antibody to P multocida was observed at 5 days of age. Ann Emerg Med, 1984 Nov, 13(11), 1065 - 7 Pasteurella multocida: bilateral septic knee joint prostheses from a distant cat bite; Orton DW et al.; We report a case of septic arthritis and bacteremia caused by the Gram-negative rod, Pasteurella multocida . The patient was superficially bitten by her cat, and within two years infection necessitated removal of both of her artificial knee prostheses . P multocida is found in the mouths of cats, dogs, and other domestic animals . The pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of infections caused by this organism, and the question of prophylactic antibiotics are discussed. Am J Vet Res, 1984 Nov, 45(11), 2410 - 3 Characterization of dermonecrotic toxin produced by serotype D strains of Pasteurella multocida; Nakai T et al.; Dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) produced by serotype D strains of Pasteurella multocida, isolated from pigs, was characterized and compared with DNT produced by Bordetella bronchiseptica . The DNT prepared by sonication from P multocida or B bronchiseptica had dermonecrotic activity and lethal toxicity for guinea pigs and mice, and also induced marked atrophy of spleens in the mice . Toxicity of P multocida or B bronchiseptica DNT was completely inactivated by heating at 70 C for 30 minutes, and was reduced by treatment with trypsin, formalin, or glutaraldehyde, indicating that the DNT may be a protein . Although biologic and toxic properties of P multocida DNT were similar to those of B bronchiseptica DNT, cross-neutralization tests between P multocida and B bronchiseptica indicated that DNT from the 2 bacterial species were serologically distinct. Res Vet Sci, 1984 Nov, 37(3), 374 - 5 Susceptibility of specific pathogen-free lambs to concentrations of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A2 in aerosols; Gilmour NJ et al.; A 100-fold reduction in the numbers of organisms in an aerosol of Pasteurella haemolytica used to infect specific pathogen-free lambs did not alter the number of cases of pneumonia which resulted . In a separate experiment a further 10-fold reduction in the number of organisms in the aerosol did not cause fewer cases of pneumonia. Avian Dis, 1984 Oct-Dec, 28(4), 1086 - 95 Efficacy of broth-grown Pasteurella multocida bacterins in ducklings; Layton HW; Pasteurella multocida (PM) isolates produced dense growth in tryptic soy broth and modified tryptose broth (MTB) when the media were continuously shaken or aerated . In carboys containing 15 liters of aerated MTB, the growth exceeded an absorbance of 0.9 and contained about 10(10) colony-forming units per ml . Bacterins prepared from PM isolates grown in MTB were injected subcutaneously into ducklings at 2 and 3 weeks of age . Such ducklings experienced significantly less mortality than unimmunized controls following homologous challenge at 4, 5, or 6 weeks of age . Similar protection was provided against challenge by a heterologous isolate (same serotype) . Six-week-old ducklings given a single injection of an oil-emulsified PM bacterin developed immunity that lasted for 8 weeks. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1984 Oct, 258(1), 80 - 93 {Effect of iron on Pasteurella multocida}; Flossmann KD et al.; Iron is an important factor for growth, virulence and immunogenicity of the species Pasteurella multocida . This has been demonstrated in numerous experiments with bacterial cultures in vitro and immunized and not immunized animals in vivo (mice, piglets, calves) . Iron substrates or iron chelators affect in different manner the virulence of P . multocida in vivo, depending on chemical character of the given compounds, their dose, route and time of application, and also depending on the host . P . multocida has an up to time unknown iron transport system, which can acquire the essential iron from physiological substances, such as heme, ferritine, transferrine, lactoferrine etc . This conclusion results from in vitro experiments with growing cultures, with insertion of radioactive iron (Fe-59) from different sources, and with iron solubilization in neutral pH ranges . In the same way, the iron of iron dextran and low molecular iron compounds is available for P . multocida . Iron of unphysiological complexes, potassium ferrocyanide, and ferrocene is unavailable . On the other side such iron chelating agents as nitrilotriacetate, tirone, ferrocene, citrate, EDTA, and apotransferrine do not or only a little affect growth, and such chelators as alpha, alpha'-dipyridyle, phenanthroline and the microbial siderophores deferrioxamin B and enterobactin are inhibitory substances for multiplication of P . multocida . This substances also inhibit the insertion of Fe-59 into the bacterial cell . The conclusion is drawn that neither enterobactin nor deferrioxamine B as typical representatives of phenolate or hydroxamate siderophores take part in Fe-transport of P . multocida. Vet Microbiol, 1984 Oct, 9(6), 543 - 8 Experimental infection of sheep with Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Pasteurella haemolytica; Buddle BM et al.; A group of Caesarian-derived, colostrum-deprived lambs was inoculated intranasally and intratracheally with a virulent Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae isolate selected from ovine mammary studies and propagated in an ovine mammary gland . Other groups of lambs were inoculated with M . ovipneumoniae in combination with Pasteurella haemolytica type Al or P . haemolytica alone . The M . ovipneumoniae isolate alone did not induce any specific pneumonic lesions in the lambs and when combined with P . haemolytica type Al did not increase the severity of the P . haemolytica-type lesions . Fifty percent of lambs inoculated with P . haemolytica developed a purulent and exudative bronchopneumonia with pleurisy and high titres of P . haemolytica were recovered from these lesions. Am J Vet Res, 1984 Oct, 45(10), 1944 - 6 Serologic analysis of isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica and Staphylococcus aureus from mastitic ewes; Shoop DS et al.; Milk samples (10 ml) were collected aseptically from infected and healthy mammary glands of 20 range ewes in the early stages of unilateral acute mastitis . The ewes were on 5 different ranches in the Northern Rocky Mountain region of the United States . The samples were plated on tryptose blood agar and examined for bacteria of possible etiologic significance . Twelve of the 20 ewes were infected with Pasteurella haemolytica, 4 ewes with Staphylococcus aureus, and 1 ewe with both bacteria . Twelve of the P haemolytica infections were in pure culture as were 4 S aureus infections . The 13 isolates of P haemolytica represented 6 different serotypes . Isolates of P haemolytica from ewes on the same ranch were as serologically diverse as were isolates from ewes in different herds . The 5 isolates of S aureus were similar antigenically . Bacterial isolates were not obtained from the milk of clinically healthy mammae. J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Oct, 20(4), 660 - 3 Comparison of indirect hemagglutination and rapid plate agglutination tests with counterimmunoelectrophoresis for typing Pasteurella haemolytica; Chengappa MM et al.; A rapid, simple, and accurate counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) technique was developed and compared with the indirect hemagglutination and rapid plate agglutination techniques for serotyping cultures of Pasteurella haemolytica . The CIE test had 100% correlation with the conventional indirect hemagglutination test and, after serum absorption, correctly identified cultures representing the 12 established serotypes and 49 field isolates of P . haemolytica with reasonable rapidity . Cross-reactions were observed in the CIE and rapid plate agglutination tests but not in the indirect hemagglutination test with antisera prepared from the 12 established serotypes . These cross-reactions were eliminated from the CIE test but not from the rapid plate agglutination test by absorption of antisera with cells which possessed the cross-reacting antigens . Avian isolates of P . haemolytica did not type with antisera to the 12 established serotypes by any of the methods . Both homologous and heterologous reactions were observed with these strains in the rapid plate agglutination and CIE tests with antisera prepared from six selected cultures . These results support the previous finding that the taxonomic relationship of these avian strains to P . haemolytica is questionable. Infect Immun, 1984 Oct, 46(1), 48 - 54 Atrophic rhinitis in swine: correlation of Pasteurella multocida pathogenicity with membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide patterns; Lugtenberg B et al.; Cell envelope proteins and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Pasteurella multocida strains associated with atrophic rhinitis in swine were compared by using sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis . Among 34 strains, three different types of cell envelope protein patterns, named I (16 strains), II (3 strains), and III (15 strains), could be distinguished . These differences were based on the electrophoretic mobility of the major protein, designated as protein H . Comparison of cell envelope protein type and pathogenicity of the strain, the latter property predicted by the guinea pig skin test, revealed that all type I strains, 6 of 15 type III strains, and none of the type II strains were pathogenic . Although pathogenicity has been correlated with extracellular toxin activity, no protein could be detected in either the cell envelopes or in the extracellular fluid that absolutely correlated with pathogenic strains . Electrophoretic analysis of the LPS revealed that all strains possessed low-molecular-weight LPS, which is inconsistent with the presence of a classical O antigen . The method allowed the detection of at least six types of LPS, which often coincided with a certain cell envelope protein type and with the presence or absence of the pathogenic character of the strain . These results strongly suggest that the sampled swine carry a limited number of P . multocida clones, in each of which the patterns of cell envelope proteins and LPS, as well as the presence or absence of the ability to produce extracellular toxin, are well conserved . Therefore, the possibility is discussed that sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of cell envelope proteins and LPS may be used for the prediction of the pathogenic character of part of the strains . Finally, the typing of strains based on cell envelope protein patterns might contribute to the development of vaccines containing outer membrane proteins as protective antigens. Avian Dis, 1984 Oct-Dec, 28(4), 984 - 9 Comparisons of serologic responses of white Leghorn and New Hampshire red chickens to purified lipopolysaccharides of Pasteurella multocida; Rimler RB; White leghorn and New Hampshire red chickens were inoculated with purified lipopolysaccharides of 14 serotypes of Pasteurella multocida to determine their ability to produce serotype-specific antisera for somatic antigen typing . Specific antisera were made by both breeds of chicken to lipopolysaccharides of serotypes 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 16 . No specific antisera were made against lipopolysaccharides of serotypes 2, 5, 7, 12, and 14 . Lipopolysaccharides of serotypes 10 and 11 failed to stimulate antibody production . White leghorns were more responsive than New Hampshire red chickens . White leghorn antisera had higher titers to lipopolysaccharides in passive hemagglutination tests and produced more intense precipitin reactions with heat-stable antigens in the gel-diffusion-precipitin test. Carbohydr Res, 1984 Oct 1, 133(1), 83 - 94 The effect of formalin-killing of Pasteurella multocida on the antigenicity and extractability of its lipopolysaccharide; Rebers PA et al.; The extraction of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from formalin-killed (FK) Pasteurella multocida strain X-73 and from cells not exposed to formalin (NF) were compared by the Westphal and phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether (PCP) extraction procedures . The LPS was determined by: (1) serologic analyses with antiserum specific for LPS; (2) analyses for toxicity; and (3) chemical analyses for components expected to be in LPS (such as hexoses, heptoses, amino sugars, 3-deoxyoctulosonic acid, and fatty acids) . Strain X-73, the strain most virulent for chickens, was markedly affected by formalin killing . Unlike many strains, which readily yield LPS into the aqueous phase when extracted with phenol at 68 degrees by the Westphal procedure, strain X-73 did so only with FK and not with NF cells . With the NF cells, LPS was extracted by EDTA from the precipitate obtained during the Westphal procedure . With the PCP procedure, LPS was extracted readily from NF cells, but not from FK cells . The change in extractability of LPS as a result of formalin-killing was the same for both the encapsulated form of X-73 and a nonencapsulated variant derived from it . Although formalin-killing affected the extractability of LPS, no antigenic differences could be detected by immunodiffusion . However, the chick-embryo toxicity of LPS extracted from NF cells was greater than that of LPS from FK cells. Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 1984 Sep, 51(3), 189 - 91 Formulation of an effective Pasteurella multocida vaccine for sheep; Cameron CM et al.; An effective vaccine for the immunization of sheep against Pasteurella multocida infection was prepared from P . multocida Strain D4 (Type D) and a selected strain of P . multocida Type A . Provided an adequate concentration of bacteria was used, the vaccine thus formulated induced antibodies in sheep that protected mice not only against the vaccine strains but also against infection by a number of heterologous Type A and Type D strains as well as untypable strains . A locally prepared A1(OH)3 gel was found to be an effective adjuvant. Can J Microbiol, 1984 Sep, 30(9), 1141 - 8 Morphology of Pasteurella multocida bacteriophages; Ackermann HW et al.; Twenty-one tailed phages with icosahedral heads belong to the Myoviridae, Siphoviridae, and Podoviridae families and to four morphological types . Type AU, with 10 phages, has a contractile tail and is morphologically identical with coliphage P2 . Lysates contain contracted tail sheaths assembled end-to-end and abnormal structures with long tails and multiple tail sheaths . Types C-2 and 32, with one and three phages, respectively, have long, noncontractile tails . Type 22 includes seven phages, has a short tail, and resembles coliphage T7 . Our results agree with previous biological data and suggest that types AU, C-2, 32, and 22 correspond to four different phage species. Res Vet Sci, 1984 Sep, 37(2), 194 - 8 Bacteria associated with calf pneumonia and their effect on gnotobiotic calves; Houghton SB et al.; Samples of pneumonic lung tissue from 140 calves with subclinical pneumonia and 65 calves with fatal pneumonia were examined bacteriologically . Sixty-eight (48 per cent) of the lungs from the subclinical cases and 27 (41 per cent) of the lungs from the fatal cases contained bacteria at more than 10(4) colony forming units (cfu) per gram of tissue . Pasteurella haemolytica was associated more with fatal cases than subclinical cases (P less than 0.001) . Of the seven species of bacteria inoculated endobronchially into gnotobiotic calves only P haemolytica produced severe respiratory disease, although some strains of P multocida produced a fatal septicaemia. J Gen Microbiol, 1984 Sep, 130 ( Pt 9), 2415 - 26 Purification, characterization and immunological properties of the serotype-specific capsular polysaccharide of Pasteurella haemolytica (serotype A1) organisms; Adlam C et al.; The serotype-specific capsular polysaccharide from two strains of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A1 organisms was purified and characterized by chemical analysis and NMR spectroscopy . The polymer has the structure----3)-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-acetyl-beta-D-mannopyranos yluronic acid)-(1----4)-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-mannopyranose)-(1---- . The polysaccharide was immunogenic (able to evoke production of antibodies) for sheep but not for rabbits . Immuno electron-microscopy studies using the Protein A-gold technique showed the polysaccharide to be peripherally located on the bacterial surface . Reduction, oxidation and de-O-acetylation of the polymer did not appear to alter its immunological precipitability with specific antiserum, but all three treatments destroyed its ability to adhere to sheep erythrocytes at neutral pH . De-N-acetylation of the polymer destroyed both immunological precipitability and erythrocyte adherence. Am J Vet Res, 1984 Sep, 45(9), 1764 - 70 Interactions of cold stress and Pasteurella haemolytica in the pathogenesis of pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves: changes in pulmonary function; Slocombe RF et al.; Thirteen healthy neonatal Holstein calves were cold stressed twice by hosing with cold water for 20 minutes, 12 hours between hosings . Measurements of the pattern of ventilation {tidal volume (VT), respiratory frequency (f), minute ventilation (VMIN), and functional residual capacity (FRC)}, gas exchange properties of the lungs {alveolar ventilation (VA), oxygen uptake (VO2), CO2 production (VCO2), dead space ventilation (VD), dead space/tidal volume ratio (VD/VT), arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) and alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (AaDO2)} and of the mechanical properties of the pulmonary system {dynamic compliance (Cdyn), pulmonary resistance (RL), and total respiratory system resistance (RRS)} were taken . Calves responded to chilling by increasing VO2 and VCO2 necessitating an increase in VA . This was accomplished by increasing VT with reciprocal decreases in f so that VMIN remained constant . There was no change in Cdyn, RL, or AaDO2 . Seven of these 13 calves were then exposed to intratracheal inoculation of 2 X 10(9) organisms of Pasteurella haemolytica, the remaining calves serving as controls . Within 1 hour, calves exposed to P haemolytica had increased VMIN, f, VD/VT, and VD . There was a decrease in PaO2 associated with increased AaDO2, but no change in PaCO2, Cdyn or RL . By 3 hours after inoculation, there were pronounced changes in PaO2 and AaDO2, and Cdyn was reduced below base-line values . By 12 hours after inoculation, calves infected with P haemolytica had increased RL and RRS and PaCO2, in addition to the previously mentioned changes . Data from Pasteurella-exposed calves indicate that gas exchange impairment and peripheral lung injury occur rapidly and that increases in airway resistance develop relatively late in the disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Am J Vet Res, 1984 Sep, 45(9), 1757 - 63 Interactions of cold stress and Pasteurella haemolytica in the pathogenesis of pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves: method of induction and hematologic and pathologic changes; Slocombe RF et al.; Six healthy neonatal calves were chilled with cold water and had focal tracheitis induced by spraying 5% acetic acid into the tracheal lumen . Subsequently, 20 ml of sterile saline solution was injected intratracheally . The effects of these interventions on total and differential white cell counts, plasma cortisol, histamine, and bradykinin, hematocrit, total plasma solids, and indices of the erythrocyte size and hemoglobin content were determined over the subsequent 12 hours . Cold stress increased plasma cortisol levels for less than 1 hour, but did not alter any other variable . This group of calves served as a control group for a second series of neonatal calves which were given 2 X 10(9) organisms of Pasteurella haemolytica intratracheally immediately following an identical period of chilling and acetic acid exposure . Calves given P haemolytica became neutropenic . There were increased numbers of circulating band neutrophils by 12 hours after exposure, and serum cortisol values were maintained at the same or greater than cold stress concentrations for all measurement periods subsequent to exposure . Infected calves had acute fibrinous pneumonia from which P haemolytica was isolated . Contrary to previous reports, these data may indicate a role for the neutrophil in the pathogenesis of early lesions of pasteurellosis . Although the association of circulating corticosteroids with stress and subsequent infection is clear, our data provide no evidence to indicate that circulating histamine or bradykinin are involved in the pathogenesis of the acute lesions of Pasteurella pneumonia. Vet Microbiol, 1984 Sep, 9(5), 503 - 8 A test in vero cell monolayers for toxin production by strains of Pasteurella multocida isolated from pigs suspected of having atrophic rhinitis; Pennings AM et al.; Monolayers of Vero cells showed a morphological change after exposure to supernatants of certain porcine Pasteurella multocida cultures . It appeared possible to screen Pasteurella multocida isolates for their ability to produce toxin and to cause atrophic rhinitis in pigs . A close correlation with the guinea pig skin test was demonstrated. J Laryngol Otol, 1984 Sep, 98(9), 939 - 40 Opportunistic pasteurella multocida meningitis; Permezel JM et al.; Pasteurella multocida bacteraemia and meningitis followed elective surgery on the sinuses . The organism is thought to have been derived from close contact with dogs, and the infection responded to appropriate antimicrobial drugs, the patient making a complete recovery. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1984 Sep 1, 185(5), 522 - 3 Isolation of toxigenic strains of Pasteurella multocida from lungs of pneumonic swine; Pijoan C et al.; Lungs from 113 pneumonic pigs were examined for Pasteurella multocida . The lungs were smeared directly onto blood agar and homogenized in brain-heart infusion broth and then inoculated intraperitoneally in mice . Pasteurella multocida isolates were typed for serotypes A (by hyaluronidase inhibition of capsule) and D (by acriflavine autoagglutination) . Strains were tested for toxin production by intradermal injection of 0.2 ml of filtered 24-hour culture supernatants into guinea pigs . Most lungs (70.8%) yielded isolations . Most isolants (87.5%) were type A and 12.5% were type D . Of the type D strains, 80% were toxigenic . Of the type A isolants, 18.2% were toxigenic. Res Vet Sci, 1984 Sep, 37(2), 188 - 93 Studies on strains of Pasteurella haemolytica not typable by the indirect haemagglutination test; Donachie W et al.; Thirty strains of Pasteurella haemolytica which were untypable by the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test were examined serologically by rapid plate agglutination (RPA), agar gel diffusion (AGD), crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and counter current immunoelectrophoresis (CCIE) tests . Nine serogroups were identified by CCIE . Serogroup specificity, dependent on two antigens, was present in heated saline extracts of cells . Single representative strains from two serogroups were not pathogenic for specific pathogen-free lambs. Res Vet Sci, 1984 Sep, 37(2), 154 - 66 Experimental production of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis; Gibbs HA et al.; Pneumonic pasteurellosis has been reproduced in conventional, weaned, Friesian-cross calves using a strain of Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A, serotype 1 (P haemolytica A1) isolated from a pathologically confirmed incident of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis . The major clinical findings were pyrexia, hyperpnoea, tachypnoea, nasal discharge and reduced appetite . Fibrinous pneumonia was present in the lungs of animals at necropsy on days 2 and 3 after initial infection while by days 9 and 10 after initial infection many of the areas of fibrinous pneumonia were confined by a fibrous capsule forming well defined nodules . During the experiment natural transmission of the infecting strain of P haemolytica A1 occurred in two control calves which developed a condition identical to that in the artificially infected calves . P haemolytica A1 was repeatedly recovered from the nasopharynx of infected calves and at necropsy throughout the upper and lower respiratory tracts . Seroconversion, as measured by indirect haemagglutination, to the organism developed in all infected calves by days 9 and 10 after initial infection . The clinical, microbiological and pathological findings were identical to those seen in field incidents of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis involving recently housed, weaned, single-suckled calves. Am J Vet Res, 1984 Sep, 45(9), 1785 - 9 Protection of chickens by ribosomal vaccines from Pasteurella multocida: dependence on homologous lipopolysaccharide; Phillips M et al.; Chickens were protected against fowl cholera by ribosomal vaccines prepared from noncapsulated Pasteurella multocida . Passive hemagglutination (PHA) titers to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the degree of protection conferred by ribosomal vaccines were diminished or abolished when ribosomes were chromatographed on an immunoadsorbent column . Addition of subimmunogenic amounts of serotype 1 (homologous) LPS to highly purified ribosomes resulted in vaccines that protected against challenge exposure and produced PHA titers to homologous LPS . Addition of serotype 5 LPS to highly purified ribosomes did not protect chickens against challenge exposure with serotype 1 P multocida, but produced PHA titers to serotype 5 LPS . Combinations of serotype 1 ribosomal RNA and serotype 1 (homologous) LPS did not protect chickens or produce PHA titers to LPS . Purified ribosomes from Brucella abortus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and chicken liver were combined with LPS from P multocida and were evaluated as vaccines . Brucella abortus and A fumigatus ribosomes combined with LPS protected chickens as well as did bacterin made from whole cells of P multocida . Chicken liver ribosomes combined with LPS did not provide protection . To determine whether a protein carrier would substitute for ribosomes, methylated bovine albumin (MBA) was combined with LPS and evaluated as a vaccine . A serologic response to LPS was induced by MBA-LPS vaccine, but the vaccine offered no better protection than when LPS was used alone as vaccine . Ribosome-LPS vaccines produced serologic responses to LPS that were at least 5-fold greater than those produced by MBA-LPS vaccine. Infect Immun, 1984 Sep, 45(3), 667 - 73 Identification and extraction of Pasteurella haemolytica membrane proteins; Squire PG et al.; The inner and outer membranes of Pasteurella haemolytica were separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation after plasmolysis of the cells in 20% sucrose and fragmentation in a French pressure cell . Assays of the two membrane fractions for 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, succinate dehydrogenase, and NADH dehydrogenase and by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that each of the two membrane fractions was purified fivefold relative to the other . The outer membrane fraction contained two major proteins of molecular weights 30,000 and 42,000 (30K and 42K proteins), and the inner membrane fraction contained five proteins in approximately equal amounts . Intact bacteria as well as membrane fractions were extracted by procedures used by others for vaccine preparation to determine whether the outer membrane proteins were released . Extraction of the isolated membranes with 0.5 M potassium thiocyanate in 0.425 M NaCl with or without EDTA or with M sodium salicylate failed to release more than traces of the outer membrane proteins . Sodium dodecyl sulfate extracted essentially all of the proteins of both membranes, but the products of this procedure were of low solubility and presumably denatured . The inner membrane proteins were extracted with 0.5% Sarkosyl in 0.02 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) . The 42K outer membrane protein, most of the lipopolysaccharide, and some of the 30K outer membrane protein were extracted with 1% Zwittergent 3-16 in 0.25 M NaCl (pH 8), and the remaining 30K outer membrane protein was extracted with 1% deoxycholate in 0.25% NaCl (pH 8) . Extraction of membranes in this sequence yielded partially purified membrane proteins that were soluble in dilute buffers. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {B}, 1984 Aug, 92(4), 201 - 7 Comparative investigations of Pasteurella haemolytica sensu stricto and so-called P . haemolytica isolated from different pathological lesions in pigs; Bisgaard M; During the present investigation evidence was obtained to indicate that porcine Pasteurella haemolytica-like strains were sufficiently different from P . haemolytica sensu stricto to constitute a new taxon within the family Pasteurellaceae Pohl 1981 . Thirteen strains formed a homogenous group tentatively designated taxon 15 . The final taxonomical position of taxon 15, however, has to await further taxonomical investigations, including determinations of mol% G+C in DNA and DNA: DNA hybridizations . A species name has not been suggested, for the same reasons. Vet Res Commun, 1984 Aug, 8(3), 211 - 6 Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the lungs of sheep with acute and chronic pneumonia; Milne EM et al.; Total lactate dehydrogenase and the absolute and percentage levels of its isoenzymes were measured in lung lesions and macroscopically normal areas of lung from lambs with chronic proliferative exudative pneumonia and acute pasteurella pneumonia . Lung lesions had a higher total enzyme activity which was associated mainly with increases in the activity of the LDH4 and LDH5 isoenzymes, particularly in chronic pneumonia, and gave lung lesions a considerable potential for altering the serum isoenzyme distribution . Thus, the nature of any changes in the serum isoenzyme distribution will depend on whether the isoenzymes are released from abnormal or normal areas of lung . This appears to be the first report on lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in ovine pneumonia. Am J Vet Res, 1984 Aug, 45(8), 1671 - 8 Interaction of bovine respiratory syncytial virus and Pasteurella haemolytica in the ovine lung; Trigo FJ et al.; The potential synergistic effect of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Pasteurella haemolytica in the production of pneumonia after aerosol/intranasal infection of conventionally reared lambs was evaluated . A mild clinical response was observed in lambs given virus and/or bacteria . Gross pulmonary lesions were seen in 3 of 6 lambs given RSV and then P haemolytica 3 or 6 days later, respectively (groups D and E), and in 1 lamb of 5 given virus and bacteria simultaneously (group G) . Gross lesions were not seen in control sheep (group A), in lambs given virus or bacteria alone (groups B and C), or in lambs exposed to bacteria and then virus 3 days later (group F) . Bovine RSV and P haemolytica were recovered from the lungs of 5 of 7 lambs with macroscopic lesions . Gross pulmonary lesions were cranioventral firm areas of red consolidation . Microscopically, the predominant lesion was a suppurative bronchopneumonia . Bovine RSV was recovered from the nasal cavity of 8 of 27 (30%) lambs given RSV during days 3 to 6 after viral inoculation, including 1 lamb in group B, 2 in groups D, E, and F, and 1 in group G . Pasteurella haemolytica was recovered from the nasal cavity of 9 of 28 (32%) inoculated lambs, including 2 lambs from groups C and E, 3 in group D, and 1 in groups F and G . Viral antigen, as determined by immunofluorescence, was concentrated mainly in individual cells in alveolar walls, some alveolar macrophages, and a few bronchiolar epithelial cells . In vitro alveolar macrophage assays indicated decreased numbers of Fc receptors on those macrophages collected from lambs given RSV 6 days before P haemolytica infection, as compared with that in the other groups . These cellular defects disappeared after 24 hours of culture . Seemingly, bovine RSV does facilitate P haemolytica pulmonary infection in conventional, immuno-competent lambs and provides evidence for decreased Fc receptors on alveolar macrophages. J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Aug, 20(2), 191 - 4 Serological analysis of five serotypes of Pasteurella multocida of rabbit origin by use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with lipopolysaccharide as antigen; Cary CJ et al.; The serological relationships among five Pasteurella multocida strains, representing five somatic serotypes most commonly isolated from rabbits (serotypes 1, 3, 4, 12, and 15), were studied with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . Lipopolysaccharides from the five serotypes were used as antigens in the assay . Antisera against serotypes 1 and 15 reacted only with their homologous lipopolysaccharides . Significant cross-reactivity was found between serotypes 4 and 12 . Serotype 3 antisera showed minimal reactivity with both homologous and heterologous lipopolysaccharides . The feasibility of detecting antibodies to each of several lipopolysaccharide antigens combined in the same assay cell well was demonstrated. Am J Vet Res, 1984 Aug, 45(8), 1582 - 5 Experimental production of bovine respiratory tract disease with bovine viral diarrhea virus; Potgieter LN et al.; Five 6-month-old calves were inoculated with bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus (n = 3) or Pasteurella haemolytica (n = 2) endobronchially with a fiberoptic bronchoscope . Five additional calves were inoculated sequentially with BVD virus followed by P haemolytica at a 5-day interval . Blood samples were collected daily from the calves for bacterial isolation . Clinical signs of respiratory tract disease in calves were recorded daily . If the calves survived, they were killed for necropsy 3 or 4 days after inoculation with P haemolytica (or 8 days after inoculation with BVD virus) . The extent and nature of pulmonary lesions in the calves were determined, and the lower portion of the respiratory tract (lungs and trachea) was examined for both these organisms . The 3 calves, inoculated with BVD virus only, developed mild clinical signs mainly manifested as fever, nasal discharge, and occasional cough . Approximately 2% to 7% of the total lung capacity of these calves was pneumonic . Mild clinical signs and localized lesions involving about 15% of the lung volume developed in the 2 calves exposed to P haemolytica only . However, severe fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia and pleuritis involving 40% to 75% of lung volume developed in the 5 calves inoculated sequentially with BVD virus and P haemolytica . The possible role BVD virus may have in bovine respiratory tract disease is discussed. J Infect, 1984 Jul, 9(1), 83 - 6 Pasteurella multocida infections in West Suffolk; Fell HW; During the 3-year period 1980-1982, Pasteurella multocida was isolated from 19 patients, each with a history of animal contact . One patient, a slaughterman, whose exposure was occupational, developed meningitis . These case reports illustrate unusual features of human infections with this zoonotic pathogen. Avian Dis, 1984 Jul-Sep, 28(3), 718 - 26 Protection of ducklings with a broth-grown Pasteurella anatipestifer bacterin; Layton HW et al.; Pasteurella anatipestifer (PA) serotypes 1, 2, and 5 grew to high densities in tryptic soy broth and tryptose broth (TB) when the media were continuously shaken or aerated . Growth in 100 ml to 15 liters of TB exceeded an absorbance of 1.0 at a wavelength of 525 nm (about 0.7 for a 1/3 dilution) and contained more than 10(10) colony-forming units per ml . A bacterin was prepared from the three serotypes of PA grown in aerated TB . Two subcutaneous injections of this bacterin protected 70% to 85% of ducklings against experimental challenge with each of the three PA serotypes, which killed 90% to 100% of unimmunized controls . The bacterin could be diluted 1/5 without decreasing protection below 80% . Field studies on Long Island duck farms in 1980 and 1981 demonstrated significant reductions in mortality with the use of the broth-grown PA bacterin. Can J Comp Med, 1984 Jul, 48(3), 268 - 74 The possible role of stress in the induction of pneumonic pasteurellosis; Filion LG et al.; Five groups of range bred calves (four calves per group) were used to investigate the effect of stress on susceptibility to aerosol exposures with bovine herpesvirus-1 or Pasteurella haemolytica . Twelve calves were weaned, transported, processed at a commercial feedlot and transported to isolation facilities three days later . An aerosol challenge of either 10 colony forming units of P . haemolytica or 10 plaque forming units of bovine herpesvirus-1 virus was given to two groups of calves and the third group was not challenged . The fourth group was transported directly to the isolation facilities after weaning and aerosol challenged with P . haemolytica . The fifth group remained at the farm after weaning and was not challenged . All transported animals had elevated plasma cortisol levels which remained above normal for at least three days postchallenge . The blastogenic response of all calves was depressed after leaving the farm and remained depressed throughout the experiment . The suppression correlated well with elevated serum cortisol levels . Calves processed through the feedlot encountered bovine herpesvirus-1 because eight out of 12 animals seroconverted to this antigen . Most calves seroconverted to P . haemolytica whether they were experimentally challenged or not . Where the unchallenged calves encountered P . haemolytica is unknown . Calves challenged with bovine herpesvirus-1 but not with P . haemolytica, had significant clinical signs of pneumonia and two animals died due to bovine herpesvirus-1 infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Am J Vet Res, 1984 Jun, 45(6), 1230 - 4 Growth phase-dependent phagocytosis of Pasteurella haemolytica by bovine pulmonary macrophages; Walker RD et al.; The ability of the bovine pulmonary macrophage (PM) to phagocytize Pasteurella haemolytica in its logarithmic and declining phases of growth was characterized . Pulmonary macrophages were harvested from bovine lungs before and after their in vivo exposure to P haemolytica . The PM from each lavage period phagocytized P haemolytica in the declining phase of growth . However, P haemolytica in the log phase of growth was not phagocytized by PM from any of the lavage periods . Instead, PM exposed to P haemolytica in the log phase of growth had altered cellular morphologic features and were cytolytic . Pasteurella haemolytica in the log phase also inhibited phagocytosis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by PM . This inhibition of phagocytosis, as well as morphologic alterations, was evident in PM cultures exposed to P haemolytica for less than 1 minute. Am J Vet Res, 1984 Jun, 45(6), 1193 - 8 Strain differences in the susceptibility and resistance of Pasteurella multocida to phagocytosis and killing by rabbit polymorphonuclear neutrophils; Anderson LC et al.; The interactions of 2 capsular serotype A and 4 serotype D strains of Pasteurella multocida with rabbit polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) were compared in vitro, using a PMN phagocytic and bactericidal assay . Bacteria and rabbit PMN were incubated for 15 minutes . The suspensions were subjected to differential centrifugation and the percentage of phagocytosis (cell association) was determined from the number of viable noncell-associated bacteria . The cell pellets and the associated bacteria were resuspended and PMN bactericidal activity was calculated from the number of remaining viable cell-associated bacteria at 45 and 75 minutes after the start of the assay . Test bacteria were not opsonized or were opsonized with immune serum containing active complement . One type A strain was ingested and killed by PMN in the presence and absence of opsonins . The 5 remaining strains were resistant to PMN killing, but only the type A strain resisted phagocytosis . Resistance of the type A strain was attributed to the hyaluronic acid capsule, since pretreatment of the bacteria with hyaluronidase rendered opsonized bacteria susceptible to ingestion and killing . The pattern of resistance of the 4 type D strains was different from that of the resistant type A strain . Both opsonized and nonopsonized type D bacteria became cell associated, but none were killed by PMN . The mechanism of resistance of these 4 strains to PMN bactericidal activity is currently unknown. Poult Sci, 1984 Jun, 63(6), 1110 - 4 Oral absorption of chlortetracycline in turkeys: influence of citric acid and Pasteurella multocida infection; Pollet RA et al.; Plasma and tissue concentrations, following the oral administration of the antibiotic chlortetracycline (CTC) alone or with citric acid, were determined in healthy and infected (Pasteurella multocida) turkeys . The principal results were: 1) The dose (of CTC) versus plasma level relationship was nearly linear . 2) Addition of citric acid to an oral preparation produced significantly higher plasma levels when divalent cations Ca2+ (.3 g/liter) and Mg2+ (.1 g/liter) were present in the drinking water and dosage solution than when citric acid was omitted . 3) The concentration of CTC was considerably higher in the liver and kidney than in the muscle and brain . 4) Birds infected with P . multocida had significantly higher plasma levels than healthy birds . 5) Oral administration of CTC increased the survival rate of the birds infected with P . multocida. Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 1984 Jun, 51(2), 97 - 102 Factors affecting the immunogenicity of Pasteurella haemolytica in mice; Cameron CM et al.; An appreciable level of immunity from intraperitoneal infection with Pasteurella haemolytica was established in mice by using a vaccine prepared in a conventional bacteriological culture medium, with aluminium hydroxide gel as adjuvant . The level of immunity could not be elevated by using bacteria grown in tissue culture media, enriched brain heart infusion broth, the addition of serum to the media or by using bacteria that had been harvested in the logarithmic growth phase . Although various extracts of the bacteria elicited a distinct immunity, the immunogenicity of vaccines containing bacteria could not be enhanced by augmentation with those products . The potential application of the vaccine in cattle and sheep is discussed. J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Jun, 19(6), 926 - 7 Pasteurella pneumotropica isolated from bone and joint infections; Gadberry JL et al.; Pasteurella pneumotropica is a normal inhabitant of the oropharynx of mice, rats, cats, and dogs . We describe here the first reported case of joint and bone involvement in a human . The need for culturing and adequate prophylactic treatment is discussed. Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Jun, 3(3), 258 - 60 Pasteurella multocida septicemia not associated with primary liver disease; Grehn M et al.; Although systemic infections with Pasteurella multocida rarely occur in humans, liver cirrhosis associated with septicemia due to this organism has been frequently reported . Two cases of elderly women with Pasteurella multocida septicemia are described who had diabetes mellitus and breast cancer, respectively . Underlying diseases other than liver cirrhosis as well as factors hitherto unknown in otherwise healthy persons also enhance the risk of Pasteurella multocida septicemia. Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1984 Jun, 3(3), 225 - 9 Phenotypic differentiation of Pasteurella sensu stricto and the Actinobacillus group; Mutters R et al.; The current classification of recognized actinobacilli and pasteurellas does not allow differentiation of the two genera by their phenotypic features . Recent investigations of their genetic relationships have shown that several species hitherto assigned to the genus Pasteurella are more closely related to the actinobacilli . Moreover, some recently described taxa were located by DNA-DNA hybridization in one or the other of the two genera . On the basis of the genetic system, improved identification keys have been devised which separate the taxonomic groups on the genus and species levels according to an appropriate set of biochemical characteristics. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1984 May, 179(2), 139 - 50 {Tenacity of bacteria in the airborne state . III . Model studies on the epidemiology of Pasteurella multocida influenced by a tropical climate}; Dinter PS et al.; The viability of airborne P . multocida in a static aerosol chamber was determined at temperatures of 21, 24, 28, 34, 40 and 42 degrees C and relative humidities of 44, 70 and 87% . The greatest viability with 35.49 min half-life time was at 24 degrees C and 70% relative humidity . There was no separate influence of one of the climatic components temperature and relative humidity to the airborne viability of the germs . The lowest resistance of P . multocida in the airborne state was as they were solitary germs, but as agglomerates (1.5-3.5 micron) they survived also worse environmental conditions. Vet Res Commun, 1984 May, 8(2), 117 - 30 Immunogenicity of a soluble antigen against Pasteurella haemolytica-associated pneumonia in calves; Matsumoto M et al.; Three experiments were performed to evaluate the immunogenic potency of a soluble fraction of Pasteurella haemolytica against pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves . A soluble antigen was extracted by a 2.5% saline solution from P . haemolytica . Weaned Holstein bull calves, seronegative for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus ( IBRV ) and the pasteurella antigen, were vaccinated either by repeated subcutaneous (SC) vaccination, or by exposure 3 times to the aerosol of P . haemolytica antigen . Challenge exposure to aerosol of P . haemolytica was preceded by infection with IBRV , or in experiments 2 and 3, the virus exposures were combined with a stress treatment . The lung lesions were examined at necropsy 3 to 8 days post infection . In the first experiment, all the vaccinated calves produced specific antibody response to the pasteurella antigen, and none of the calves including controls showed significant lesions in the lung . In the second experiment 2 aerogenically vaccinated calves had no lesions . One of the two SC-vaccinated calves had mild consolidated lesions . Two control calves, one of which died 3 days following the challenge, developed severe fibrinous pneumonia with consolidation of 50% or more of the lung surfaces . P . haemolytica was isolated only from the 2 control animals . In the third experiment, 2 of the 3 control calves developed moderate to severe consolidation, but P . haemolytica was isolated only from one of them . Two of the three aerosol-vaccinated calves also developed significant lesions and one of them yielded the bacteria from the lung . Three SC-vaccinated calves had slight lesions and the organism was not isolated from their lungs . The results did not consistently indicate an immunogenic potential of the soluble antigen against P . haemolytica-related pneumonia . The effect of stress on the pathogenesis of bovine viral pneumonia and correlation between pneumonic lesions and antibacterial resistance in situ are discussed. Am J Vet Res, 1984 May, 45(5), 1015 - 9 Use of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in experimental production of bovine respiratory tract disease; Potgieter LN et al.; Fourteen 6-month-old calves were infected with Pasteurella haemolytica or infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus . Four calves were inoculated sequentially with IBR virus followed by P haemolytica at a 5-day interval . Calves were inoculated by allowing them to inhale an aerosol of the organism or by placing an inoculum in the right lung, using fiberoptic bronchoscopy . Clinical signs of infection were recorded, and the calves, if they survived, were killed and necropsied 3 days after inoculation with P haemolytica (or 8 days after inoculation with IBR virus) . The extent of pulmonary lesions was determined, and the lower respiratory tract (lungs and lower trachea) was examined for both organisms . Inoculation of the calves by aerosolization with IBR virus alone resulted in mild respiratory tract disease . Mild-to-moderately severe respiratory tract disease developed as a result of sequential inoculations by aerosolization with IBR virus and P haemolytica . However, respiratory tract disease did not develop in calves exposed by aerosol to P haemolytica alone . Large numbers of these organisms were recovered from the lower respiratory tract of the dually inoculated calves, only indicating delayed pulmonary clearance . Mild clinical signs of disease but substantial, though localized, pneumonic lesions developed in calves inoculated with P haemolytica by fiberoptic bronchoscopy . Calves inoculated with IBR virus by the latter procedure developed moderately severe respiratory tract disease involving 25% to 30% of the total lung volume . Lesions occurred mainly in the right lung, but the left lung also had marked lesions in these calves.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Infect Immun, 1984 May, 44(2), 502 - 7 Naturally occurring pasteurellosis in laboratory rabbits: chemical and serological studies of whole cells and lipopolysaccharides of Pasteurella multocida; Manning PJ; Whole cells and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of 10 isolates of Pasteurella multocida from laboratory rabbits were subjected to chemical and serological analysis . LPS of most of these isolates possessed pyrogenic potency comparable to LPS from Salmonella minnesota 9700, although their average ketodeoxyoctonate content was only 18% of that of salmonella . A gel diffusion precipitin test for somatic antigens extracted in a formal-saline solution demonstrated several isolates with three to four somatic antigens, with some variation in the major somatic type from one test to another . Conversely, the use of LPS as antigen in the gel diffusion precipitin test (i) eliminated cross-reactivity with reference antisera and (ii) often resulted in the organism being typed as serotype 12 even when the type 12 antigen was a minor antigen in the formal-saline extracts . Antisera from specific pathogen-free rabbits immunized with either whole cells or LPS of two isolates were tested against whole cells of LPS of the 10 isolates by enzyme immunoassay and indirect hemagglutination . Both whole cells and LPS of one of the isolates (isolate 2) were serologically specific, whereas those of the other isolate (isolate 1) were moderately to strongly cross-reactive with other isolates . The data indicate that although LPS is the major antigen responsible for typing based on the gel diffusion precipitin test, substances other than LPS (probably capsular polysaccharide) are responsible for the type specificity that forms the basis for the A, B, D, or E classification of this organism. Arch Intern Med, 1984 May, 144(5), 1081 - 2 Pasteurella multocida lung abscess . A case report and review of the literature; Steyer BJ et al.; A 65-year-old man was seen with an asymptomatic solitary pulmonary nodule of at least five months' duration . Culture of a percutaneous needle aspirate yielded Pasteurella multocida . Surgical resection of the lesion showed an acute and chronic lung abscess histologically, and culture again yielded P multocida . The potential for this rare human respiratory tract pathogen to cause indolent, necrotizing parenchymal pulmonary infection in an asymptomatic patient is thus documented . The roentgenographic appearance of the lesion mimicked a primary carcinoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 1984 May, 108(5), 401 - 2 Pasteurella multocida urinary tract infection; Warren JS et al.; Most Pasteurella multocida infections in humans have been associated with animal bites or scratches . While a variety of infections involving P multocida, unassociated with animal trauma, have been described, infections of the urinary tract are rare . We studied a case in which P multocida was isolated from the urine of a woman with advanced uterine cervical cancer . In most of the cases in which P multocida has been isolated from urine, the patients have had anatomic defects of the urinary tract, as well as an underlying chronic illness . These host-related characteristics appear to be important in the pathogenesis of P multocida urinary tract infection. J Gen Microbiol, 1984 May, 130 ( Pt 5), 1209 - 16 Comparison of cell surface antigen extracts from two serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica; Donachie W et al.; Cells of Pasteurella haemolytica serotypes A1 and A6 were extracted with sodium salicylate and the chemical and antigenic composition of both extracts determined . The extracts were concentrated by ultrafiltration and the serotype antigen, measured by the indirect haemagglutination test, was estimated to have a molecular weight between 100 000 and 300 000 . The chemical composition of sodium salicylate extracts (SSEs) from both serotypes was similar, having protein, carbohydrate, fatty acid and phosphorus present in the ratio 10:1:0.5:0.1 . SDS-PAGE of both SSEs gave similar profiles with at least 48 bands present . These results suggest that sodium salicylate removes the outer membrane of P . haemolytica . Crossed immunoelectrophoresis indicated that a major serotype-specific antigen was present in SSEs of both strains . This antigen was extracted from the SSE with hot phenol/water and analysed by gas chromatography . The sugar composition of A1 and A6 phenol/water extract (PWE) was qualitatively identical although some differences in proportions were observed . A1 and A6 PWE antigens protected mice against homologous serotype challenge and A6 PWE protected against heterologous (A1) challenge. Am J Vet Res, 1984 May, 45(5), 972 - 5 Effect of aztreonam on the growth of Pasteurella multocida in the lung; Collins FM; Specific-pathogen-free ICR mice were infected aerogenically with Pasteurella multocida and, beginning 1 hour later, were treated with aztreonam (50 mg/kg of body weight) . The number of viable bacilli in the lungs, liver, and spleen were determined at intervals for up to 36 hours . Aztreonam was bactericidal for growing bacilli in vitro and, when injected 1 and 5 hours after aerogenic exposure, provided greater than 80% protection after dosage at the level of 12.5 mg/kg . Below this dosage level, viable organisms persisted in the lungs and the spleen and many of the minimally treated mice eventually died of pasteurellosis . The survivors developed active immunity as a result of the continued sublethal infection . Aztreonam protects mice against an aerogenic infection with highly virulent P multocida and may be useful in the prevention and treatment of pasteurellosis in cattle. Medicine (Baltimore), 1984 May, 63(3), 133 - 54 Pasteurella multocida infections . Report of 34 cases and review of the literature; Weber DJ et al.; Pasteurella multocida, a small, gram-negative coccobacillus , is part of the normal oral flora of many animals, including the dog and cat . P . multocida is the etiologic agent in a variety of infectious disease syndromes . We have reported 34 cases of infection caused by P . multocida and have reviewed the English literature . P . multocida infections may be divided into three broad groups: 1 . Infections resulting from animal bites and scratches : The most common infections caused by P . multocida are local wound infections following animal bites or scratches . Cats are the source of infection in 60 to 80% of cases and dogs in the great majority of the remainder . Local infections are characterized by the rapid appearance of erythema, warmth, tenderness, and frequently purulent drainage . The most common local complications are abscess formation and tenosynovitis . Serious local complications include septic arthritis proximal to bites or scratches , osteomyelitis resulting from direct inoculation or extension of cellulitis, and the combination of septic arthritis and osteomyelitis, most commonly involving a finger or hand after a cat bite . 2 . Isolation of P . multocida from the respiratory tract: The isolation of P . multocida from the respiratory tract must be interpreted differently than its isolation from other systemic sites . Most commonly P . multocida found in the respiratory tract is a commensal organism in patients with underlying pulmonary disease, but serious respiratory tract infections including pneumonia, empyema, and lung abscesses may develop . Most patients with respiratory tract colonization or infection have a history of animal exposure . 3 . Other systemic infections: P . multocida is recognized as a pathogen in a variety of systemic infections including bacteremia, meningitis, brain abscess, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and intra-abdominal abscess . P . multocida often acts as an opportunistic pathogen with a predilection for causing bacteremia in patients with liver dysfunction, septic arthritis in damaged joints, meningitis in the very young or elderly, and pulmonary colonization or invasion in patients with underlying respiratory tract abnormalities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Res Vet Sci, 1984 May, 36(3), 385 - 6 Promotion of Pasteurella haemolytica infection in mice by iron; Al-Sultan II et al.; Mice given 60 micrograms iron, as aqueous ferric ammonium citrate, intravenously were more susceptible than untreated controls to intraperitoneal infection with T serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica as shown by significant reductions in LD50 values . Iron injection has advantages over administration of bacteria suspended in mucin for studies of P haemolytica infection in mice. Vet Rec, 1984 Apr 21, 114(16), 393 - 6 Cell culture assay for toxigenic Pasteurella multocida from atrophic rhinitis of pigs; Rutter JM et al.; A toxin produced by strains of Pasteurella multocida isolated from pigs with atrophic rhinitis caused a cytopathic effect in cell cultures derived from embryonic bovine lung . The toxin was produced during the late logarithmic phase of bacterial growth and inactivated by heating for 30 minutes at 56 degrees C . The cell culture assay was reproducible and 10(3) to 10(4) times more sensitive than a lethal assay in BALB/c mice . There was complete agreement between results in the two tests with 76 isolates of P multocida . Neutralising activity was demonstrated in both assays with sera from infected gnotobiotic piglets . It was concluded that embryonic bovine lung cell cultures provided a sensitive in vitro test for the differentiation of toxigenic from non toxigenic isolates of P multocida . The assay could be used in diagnostic laboratories and for characterisation of the toxin. J Wildl Dis, 1984 Apr, 20(2), 90 - 4 Persistence of Pasteurella multocida in Nebraska wetlands under epizootic conditions; Price JI et al.; Gleason Basin, a marsh located in the western part of the Rainwater Basin in Nebraska, was selected during the 1980 spring waterfowl migration as a study site to determine the presence and persistence of virulent Pasteurella multocida . Avian cholera mortality in migratory waterfowl using the Basin increased during a 2-wk period of a die-off beginning the first week of March when 2,409 carcasses were collected from the marsh . Study sites within the marsh were established for sampling water associated with and not associated with intact and scavenged carcasses . Isolations of virulent P . multocida were made from five of six study sites associated with either intact or scavenged carcasses for 3 days and from three of five non-carcass-associated study sites for 2 days . Recovery of these bacteria from this environment suggested a possible source of infection for susceptible waterfowl using the contaminated site. J Comp Pathol, 1984 Apr, 94(2), 203 - 14 The pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis in pigs induced by toxigenic Pasteurella multocida; Pedersen KB et al.; The pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis was studied in an experiment in which piglets were infected with a toxigenic type D Pasteurella multocida strain in the right half of the nasal cavity . Two days before inoculation the nasal mucosa on the right side had been subjected to mild irritation by intranasal instillation of a weak solution of acetic acid . The untreated (left) half of the nasal cavity served as an intrinsic control . Macroscopically, changes in the turbinates were already appreciable at 3 days p.i., and pronounced turbinate atrophy was noted at 7 days p.i . At 14 days p.i . deviation of the snout and almost complete turbinate atrophy was observed . The turbinates in the untreated half of the nasal cavity developed normally . Histologically, the changes were initially characterized by bone resorption mediated by an increased number of osteoclasts . Later osteoclasts were sparse, and there was an apparent disruption of osteoid synthesis . Ultrastructurally, the osteoblasts showed nuclear indentations and dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum . Since no inflammatory reaction was observed, the hypothesis is advanced that atrophic rhinitis in pigs is caused by a P . multocida-produced factor which will stimulate bone resorption and suppress osteoid synthesis. Am J Vet Res, 1984 Apr, 45(4), 759 - 63 Lipopolysaccharides of the Heddleston serotypes of Pasteurella multocida; Rimler RB et al.; Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were extracted from 13 of the 16 Heddleston serotypes of Pasteurella multocida by phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether (PCP) . Serotypes 3, 9, and 13 were extracted only by phenol-water (PW) . After extraction of LPS of serotype 9 by PW, an additional LPS was isolated by PCP . All LPS contained glucose, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, and heptose . Two isomers of heptose, D-glycero-D-mannoheptose and L-glycero-D-mannoheptose, were found in serotypes 2 and 5 . Antisera made against purified LPS of serotypes 2 and 5 reacted with both heat-stable antigens and LPS from serotypes 2 and 5 in the gel-diffusion precipitin test . Antisera against serotype 2 LPS protected turkeys against challenge with capsulated serotype 5, indicating that a structural relationship exists between LPS of strains that cause hemorrhagic septicemia and fowl cholera . Rhamnose was a component of serotype 9 LPS, and galactose was found in all LPS, except for serotype 11 . The LPS of serotype 13 contained an isomer of heptose that has not been identified . The LPS had buoyant densities in CsCl of 1.40 +/- 0.0148 g/ml, and all hemagglutinated chicken and turkey, but not sheep or horse, RBC. Can J Comp Med, 1984 Apr, 48(2), 162 - 5 Characterization of Pasteurella multocida isolated from rabbits in Canada; Percy DH et al.; In a survey for the somatic and capsular serotypes of Pasteurella multocida present in domestic rabbits in Canada, but mainly in Ontario, samples were obtained from research facilities, commercial rabbitries and from abattoir and necropsy specimens . Sources of isolates were upper respiratory tract infections, localized bronchopneumonias , acute fibrinous pneumonias, abscesses and otitis media . Of 59 isolates obtained, 47.0% were type 12:A, 30.5% 3:D and 12.0% were 3:A . Less common types were 12(4):A, 12:D, 4(12):A and 3:untypable . Somatic group 3 was most commonly isolated from acute pneumonic disease, while serogroup 12:A was most commonly found in upper respiratory tract infections and in localized chronic bronchopneumonia . Two serotypes of P . multocida were isolated from four pneumonic lungs collected from abattoir specimens . Most isolates were susceptible to the commonly used antibiotics. Environ Res, 1984 Apr, 33(2), 343 - 52 Oil and related toxicant effects on mallard immune defenses; Rocke TE et al.; A crude oil, a petroleum distillate, and chemically dispersed oil were tested for their effects on resistance to bacterial infection and the immune response in waterfowl . Sublethal oral doses for mallards were determined for South Louisiana crude oil, Bunker C fuel oil, a dispersant--Corexit 9527, and oil/Corexit combinations by gizzard intubation . Resistance to bacterial challenge (Pasteurella multocida) was significantly lowered in mallards receiving 2.5 or 4.0 ml/kg of Bunker C fuel oil, 4.0 ml/kg of South Louisiana crude oil, and 4.0 ml/kg of a 50:1 Bunker C fuel oil/Corexit mixture daily for 28 days . Ingestion of oil or oil/Corexit mixtures had no effect on mallard antibody-producing capability as measured by the direct spleen plaque-forming assay. Can J Comp Med, 1984 Apr, 48(2), 151 - 5 Anticytotoxin activity of bovine sera and body fluids against Pasteurella haemolytica A1 cytotoxin; Cho HJ et al.; Toxin neutralizing activity of bovine sera and body fluids against Pasteurella haemolytica type A1 cytotoxin was evaluated by 51Cr release assay using bovine peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes as the target cells . Sera collected from precolostral calves did not exert anticytotoxin activity at 10(-1) or higher dilutions, whereas randomly selected complement fixing antibody-negative sera neutralized on average over 90% of cytotoxin activity at the 10(-1) dilution and less than 50% of the toxin activity at 10(-2) or higher serum dilutions . Nasal secretions and lung washings of some of the cattle tested also contained cytotoxin neutralizing activity . The antibody nature of the cytotoxin neutralizing activity was demonstrated by its neutralization with bovine immunoglobulin G2 purified from pooled seropositive sera . Sera from a group of cattle which were vaccinated with a potassium thiocyanate extract of P . haemolytica, but which subsequently developed fibrinous pneumonia after aerosol challenge with bovine herpesvirus 1 and P . haemolytica, had significantly lower anticytotoxin activity than sera from another group of cattle which did not develop the disease after similar vaccination and challenge . Cattle which survived a natural outbreak of shipping fever had higher anticytotoxin activity than those having fibrinous pneumonia in the aforementioned experimental group, although there was no statistical difference between them and a randomly selected CF seronegative group . It is probable that this cytotoxin neutralizing antibody exerts a beneficial effect in protection of cattle against pneumonic pasteurellosis. Can J Comp Med, 1984 Apr, 48(2), 156 - 61 Production of cattle immunotolerant to bovine viral diarrhea virus; McClurkin AW et al.; Inoculation of bovine virus diarrhea virus into 58 to 125 day old fetuses of bovine virus diarrhea virus seropositive pregnant cows, or inoculation of bovine virus diarrhea virus into seronegative cows 42 to 114 days pregnant, may produce clinically normal calves which are persistently infected with the specific isolate of bovine virus diarrhea virus yet seronegative to the homologous and heterologous isolates . Reinoculation of these persistently infected cattle with their homologous isolate produced no neutralizing antibody response to bovine virus diarrhea virus . These persistently infected cattle were immunocompetent as they developed neutralizing serotiters to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza-3 viruses and agglutinating serotiters to Pasteurella hemolytica . Jikken Dobutsu, 1984 Apr, 33(2), 187 - 92 Antigenic characterization of Pasteurella pneumotropica isolated from mice and rats; Nakagawa M et al.; Antigenic characterization of P . pneumotropica derived from mice and rats were serologically investigated by use of hyperimmune rabbit sera against mouse strain M 1 and rat strain R 1 and absorbed sera m-1 and r-1 which were prepared by absorbing anti-M 1 serum with strain R 1 and anti-R 1 serum with strain M 1, respectively . All of 13 mouse strains employed were agglutinated with both anti-M 1 and anti-R 1 sera, but their agglutination titers with anti-M 1 serum were usually higher than those with anti-R 1 serum . Agglutination test of 13 rat strains with two antisera showed results converse to those of mouse strains . On the other hand, all the mouse strains were agglutinated with absorbed serum m-1 but not with absorbed serum r-1, while quite converse results were obtained with all the rat strains . Antigens reactive with the absorbed sera were remarkably destroyed by heating at 100 degrees C for 1 hour and treating with 1 N HCl, suggesting to be capsular antigens of bacterial cells. Vet Rec, 1984 Mar 17, 114(11), 266 - 9 Development of a combined clostridial and Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine for sheep; Wells PW et al.; The efficacy of a multicomponent clostridial vaccine containing Pasteurella haemolytica antigens was tested in specific pathogen free or conventionally reared lambs exposed to experimental infection with P haemolytica serotypes A1, A2 or A6 . In four experiments assessment was based upon the findings of clinical, pathological and bacteriological examinations . Three experiments carried out in conventionally reared lambs demonstrated protection against challenge infection with P haemolytica serotypes A1, A2 and A6 in vaccinated lambs . However, the inconsistency of the disease induced in these experiments emphasised the need to perform definitive studies in specific pathogen free conditions . The final experiment was carried out with specific pathogen free lambs and confirmed the efficacy of the multicomponent clostridial vaccine containing P haemolytica antigen in protecting against the effects of infection with P haemolytica serotype A6 . In addition, this experiment indicated that the inclusion of several components in a vaccine did not affect the efficacy of an individual antigenic component. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1984 Mar-Apr, 135A(2), 203 - 18 Biological characterization of Actinobacillus species and Pasteurella ureae; Bercovier H et al.; Forty-seven strains of Actinobacillus and eleven strains of Pasteurella urea were studied using 119 morphological, physiological and biochemical characters . The resulting data were subjected to numerical analysis using the complement of Gower's coefficient excluding negative matches . Clustering was by unweighted pair group average linkage . At distance level 0.30, seven phenons and five isolated strains (including one strain of "A . seminis ") were obtained . The seven phenons correspond to Actinobacillus lignieresii , A . suis, A . equuli , A . capsulatus, "A . salpingitidis ", Actinobacillus sp . (Ross) and P . ureae . The characteristics allowing identification of the seven phenons are tabulated. Res Vet Sci, 1984 Mar, 36(2), 225 - 30 Cell-mediated immune protection in chickens against Pasteurella multocida; Baba T; Immune protection by cellular immunity in chickens against Pasteurella multocida was investigated by in vivo and in vitro experiments using spleen cells and culture supernatants of immunised chickens . Intraperitoneal or intravenous transfer of immune splenic cells into normal chickens induced transmission of an as effective protection as that exhibited in immunised chickens . Immune protection was also obtained by intravenous treatment of chickens with culture supernatant fluid from immune splenic cells of hormonally bursectomised chickens . The in vitro experiment showed that intracellular bacterial proliferation was inhibited in peritoneal macrophages from immunised chickens, or from normal chickens sensitised with culture supernatant fluid of immune splenic cells, and the macrophages were protected from disruption by infection . Peritoneal macrophages sensitised with culture supernatant fluid from unimmunised splenic cells, or peritoneal macrophages from unimmunised chickens, allowed considerable intracellular proliferation of bacteria with almost complete breakdown of the macrophages within 24 hours after bacterial challenge . These data suggest that the protective immunity of chickens against P multocida was dependent on cell-mediated immunity by mediators such as the macrophage activating factor from T lymphocytes. Ann Emerg Med, 1984 Mar, 13(3), 155 - 7 Evaluation of prophylactic oxacillin in cat bite wounds; Elenbaas RM et al.; A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was undertaken to determine the influence of prophylactic oxacillin on the frequency of infection in cat bite wounds . Adult patients with uninfected full-thickness wounds presenting within 24 hours of injury were considered . Emergency department management consisted of cleansing, irrigation, debridement, and closure as indicated; no topical antibiotics were applied . Patients were randomly assigned to receive oxacillin 500 mg qid for five days or identically appearing placebo . Home wound care was standardized and patients were observed at least every two days for a minimum of five days, or until wounds were sufficiently healed to allow discharge from the study . Clinical assessment of infection was confirmed microbiologically when possible . Twelve patients were admitted and 11 completed the study . Oxacillin (n = 5) and placebo (n = 6) groups were identical in sex, age, number of wounds per patient, wound location and type, delay to emergency department presentation, length of follow-up observation, medication compliance, and adequacy of home wound care . Four of six patients receiving placebo, but none of the five receiving oxacillin, developed a wound infection (P = .045) . Material obtained from three of these four patients yielded Pasteurella multocida as the responsible organism . Prophylactic oxacillin was thus associated with a significant reduction in the frequency of infection following cat bites . We recommend such therapy in the care of these wounds. Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 1984 Mar, 51(1), 41 - 6 A study for the differentiation of Actinobacillus seminis, A . actinomycetem-comitans, Histophilus ovis and Pasteurella haemolytica; Swanepoel ML; By using well-defined techniques under optimum conditions it is possible adequately to define the biochemical characteristics of typical A . seminis strains . A . seminis can be distinguished from Histophilus ovis on the latter's distinctive colony morphology, but it cannot be distinguished from Actinobacillus actinomycetem-comitans . These organisms, however, can be differentiated from Pasteurella haemolytica on serological grounds and the latter's greater pathogenicity for mice . It is appreciated, however, that intermediate forms occur which cannot as yet be satisfactorily allocated to any of the above-mentioned genera. Rev Infect Dis, 1984 Mar-Apr, 6 Suppl 1, S177 - 83 Role of anaerobic bacteria in bite-wound infections; Goldstein EJ et al.; The etiologic agents usually involved in wound infections due to human or animal bites are the aerobic skin flora of the victim, e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, and/or the aerobic oral flora of the biter, e.g., Pasteurella multocida . While anaerobic bacteria are predominant in the normal oral flora of humans and animals, their importance in the pathogenesis of bite-wound infections has not been stressed . Most investigators in this field have either not cultured these wounds for anaerobic bacteria or not utilized optimal culture techniques . In a series of studies on human and animal bite wounds, methods that are optimal for recovery of anaerobic bacteria were used . Anaerobes were found in significant quantities in 39% of animal bite wounds, 50% of human bite wounds, and 56% of clenched-fist injuries . Several species of anaerobes usually were present in the wounds and always were present in mixed culture with aerobic oral flora . The anaerobes most commonly isolated included Bacteroides asaccharolyticus, Bacteroides bivius, Bacteroides disiens, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Bacteroides oralis, Bacteroides ruminicola, Bacteroides pneumosintes, Bacteroides ureolyticus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Fusobacterium russii, Peptococcus species, Peptostreptococcus species, and Veillonella species . Initial, empiric antimicrobial therapy for bite wounds should be directed against potential anaerobic as well as aerobic pathogens. Vet Microbiol, 1984 Feb, 9(1), 83 - 93 Lack of evidence for the occurrence of Pasteurella ureae in rodents; Mutters R et al.; The taxonomy of five typical human isolates of Pasteurella ureae, one strain of Actinobacillus hominis, and three murine isolates which had been designated as Pasteurella ureae in published reports were re-examined . Their taxonomic relationships were investigated by both conventional phenotypic characterization and by DNA/DNA hybridization using the renaturation method . The human Pasteurella urea strains were highly homogeneous in their phenotypes and in their DNA reassociation . The strain of Actinobacillus hominis studied was genetically distinct from Pasteurella ureae, but was located, like Pasteurella ureae, in the Actinobacillus group . The remaining strains exhibited only low DNA relatedness with Pasteurella ureae and each other; this agreed with their phenotypic divergence . Two of the murine isolates were identified as indole-negative variant strains of Pasteurella pneumotropica sensu stricto (i.e., type Jawetz), or of the type Heyl of Pasteurella pneumotropica, respectively . The remaining murine isolate appears to represent a hitherto unrecognized species of Pasteurellaceae . So far, there is no evidence for the occurrence of Pasteurella ureae outside the human host. Postgrad Med J, 1984 Feb, 60(700), 145 - 6 Pasteurella multocida pneumonia complicated by Staphylococcus aureus; Martyn V et al.; A 71-year-old woman presented with acute non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema . She proved to have a Pasteurella multocida pneumonia, with blood stream invasion by the organism, and required positive pressure ventilation for 53 days . Penicillin G., the drug of choice for this infection, failed to reverse the steady decline in her arterial oxygen-tension, and it was only after treatment with chloramphenicol and prednisolone that she began to improve . Serological tests strongly indicated the presence of a Staphylococcus aureus infection and the delay in giving antibiotics appropriate to this second pathogen may have been the reason for the patient's initial downhill course. Histochem J, 1984 Feb, 16(2), 151 - 63 An evaluation of the conditions necessary for optimal protein A-gold labelling of capsular antigen in ultrathin methacrylate sections of the bacterium Pasteurella haemolytica; Beesley JE et al.; The protein A-gold (PAG) probe is a particulate immunocytochemical probe that is eminently suitable for quantification . In order to obtain critical results from the technique, a specific and reproducible probe is needed . To this end, the concentration of probe, the variation of labelling on different sections within a single grid, the effect of washing procedures, the variation of labelling with time and temperature and the effect of different storage conditions on the probe have been investigated using PAG labelling of capsular antigen on ultrathin methacrylate sections of the bacterium Pasteurella haemolytica . The results indicate that in this antigen-antibody system, and using a 20 nm probe, optimal results are achieved with 2 X 10(12) particles/ml, a labelling time of 60 min at room temperature and the PAG probe, which will have been stored at 4 degrees C, should be between 1- and 5-weeks-old . The efficiency of the probe is tested by evaluating different primary antibody concentrations, by evaluating cross reactions of the primary antibody and by evaluating the relative amounts of antibody against internal components of the bacterium present in different antisera. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1984 Feb, 175(2), 233 - 6 Low-molecular-weight substance in peritoneal exudate is antibacterial at febrile temperature; Scales WE et al.; Peritoneal exudate was collected from rabbits 18 hr after ip injection of shellfish glycogen . The fluid was centrifuged and the peritoneal exudate supernatant (PES) retained for use in growth studies . The growth of Pasteurella multocida in PES was inhibited at 41 degrees C (febrile temperature for rabbits) as compared with 39 degrees C (afebrile temperature), suggesting the presence of an antibacterial agent active at febrile temperature . Further studies indicated that this antibacterial substance has a molecular weight less than 5000 Da . Heat treatment (70 degrees C, 1 hr) had no influence upon the activity of the inhibitory factor. Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1984, 24(4), 231 - 7 {Modification of virulence and immunogenicity of Pasteurella multocida by iron in vitro}; Flossmann KD et al.; The virulence of Pasteurella multocida strains in experimental infections of mice has been shown to depend on the iron contents of the cultivation media . Frequent passages of bacteria on iron-deficient growth media result in drastic decrease of virulence . In the case of one strain also immunogenicity was lowered . The results with nutritional media differing in their iron contents show that iron probably exhibits a regulatory effect on the production of a not yet identified virulence. Avian Dis, 1984 Jan-Mar, 28(1), 289 - 94 Evaluation of the microagglutination test in the diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens; Lin MY et al.; The sensitivity and specificity of the microagglutination (MA), serum-plate-agglutination (SP), and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test for Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) were compared in groups of chickens infected with MG, M . synoviae, or Pasteurella multocida or inoculated with bacterins prepared from Staphylococcus aureus or Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae . Of the three tests evaluated, the HI test had the highest specificity, but it was the least sensitive . Both the MA and SP tests were more sensitive than the HI test but lower in specificity . The MA test was less sensitive than the SP test in detecting antibodies against heterologous MG strains. Avian Dis, 1984 Jan-Mar, 28(1), 281 - 4 Response of broiler-type chickens to live Pasteurella multocida--duration of immunity and minimum dose; Derieux WT; Broiler-type chickens were exposed to avirulent Pasteurella multocida by stick-wing once or twice, and groups were challenged with pathogenic P . multocida at 20, 50, or 80 weeks postexposure . Immunity was not lower when chickens were challenged at 80 weeks rather than at 20 and 50 weeks postexposure . Various doses of avirulent P . multocida were administered by stick-wing or subcutaneously in the back of the neck . Results of challenge at 20 weeks postexposure indicated that protection was reduced when exposure dose by either route was lower than 6.1 X 10(4) viable organisms. Avian Dis, 1984 Jan-Mar, 28(1), 208 - 15 An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibodies to Pasteurella multocida in chickens; Briggs DJ et al.; An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect the humoral antibody response in chickens receiving subcutaneous injections of the CU vaccine strain of Pasteurella multocida . Serum samples were collected twice weekly for 3 weeks, and chicken antibody responses were monitored using ELISA . The positive/negative ratio method of analysis was used to determine the antibody titer of vaccinated chickens . After a loge transformation of the ELISA titer, a linear relationship was confirmed between ELISA titer and positive/negative ratio . Regression analysis was used to construct a standard curve and derive an equation from this relationship . Using this equation, only one dilution was needed to determine the antibody titer of any unknown serum sample . The ELISA technique was used to monitor the mean antibody titer of vaccinated chickens over the 3-week period . A classic primary response curve occurred when titer was plotted against time. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1984 Jan, 5(3), 259 - 71 Evidence for defective neutrophil function in lungs of calves exposed to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus; McGuire RL et al.; Calves were exposed to an aerosol of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus followed five days later by an aerosol of Pasteurella haemolytica . The animals were subjected to bronchoalveolar lavage before IBR and four days after, and again at 0, 4, 24, and 48 hours following Pasteurella haemolytica challenge . The results of these experiments suggest that neutrophil infiltration into the lung, in response to the presence of the bacteria was delayed thereby allowing the bacteria to become established in the lung . Neutrophils in infected animals displayed little random migration in vitro and did not respond to a chemotactic stimulus . It was also found that alveolar macrophages from virus-infected animals were not able to produce neutrophil chemotactic factors . These data suggest that the decrease in neutrophil chemotaxis and the lack of chemotactic factor production by the alveolar macrophage following infection with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus may predispose infected cattle to a secondary bacterial infection. Infect Immun, 1984 Jan, 43(1), 66 - 71 Effect of t