Antibiotics

Ann Chir Gynaecol, 1977, 66(3), 160 - 163
Management of injuries of the large intestine; Kairaluoma MI et al.; Blunt trauma accounted for 1/3 of the 32 patients operated upon for injuries of the large intestine and penetrating wounds for 2/3 . Most of the blunt injuries (9/10) were caused by traffic accidents, and more than half of the penetrating ones (12/22) were stab wounds . The transverse colon was most commonly affected, followed by the ascending, descending and sigmoid colon, rectum and mesentery . Perforation of the small intestine was the most frequent associated intra-abdominal injury, occurring in 11 patients (34%) . Most patients (22/32) underwent simple suture, 6 patients suture with proximal colostomy, 3 primary resection and one exteriorization, combined in all cases with broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage and drainage of the abdominal cavity . Injuries to the right and transverse colon were managed mainly with simple suture, and those to the left colon and rectum with suture and proximal colostomy . 50% of the patients had complications, most frequently wound infection and intra-abdominal abscess . The patients with simple suture had fewer complications than the others . In the absence of complicating factors injuries to the colon are best managed with simple suture, whereas in the presence of complicating factors and in injuries of the rectum, suture or resection with proximal colostomy, especially in cases of severe tissue destruction, remains the treatment of choice.

J Int Med Res, 1977, 5(2), 139 - 46
A clinical assessment of locabiotal in the treatment of infections of the nose and throat; Osman MF; One hundred and twenty patients suffering from diseases of the nose and throat were admitted to an open clinical trial of the aerosol inhaler Locabiotal which contains the antibiotic fusafungine . The patient population was derived from three sources--out-patients, patients subjected to surgery and emergencies . The aerosol was administered five times daily to the throat or into the nose . The aerosol was highly effective in controlling infection and in relieving the various symptoms of the diseases treated . Variation in particle size was considered to be an advantage in penetrating various parts of the upper respiratory tract . Thirty-three patients experienced minor side-effects . These were thought to be misuse of the inhaler, or possible allergy to the antibiotic . This form of medication is recommended for a variety of diseases of the nose and throat.

Antibiotiki, 1977, 22(2), 99 - 102
{Effect of mineral phosphorus on mycoheptin biosynthesis}; Koroleva TA et al.; The effect of mineral phosphorus in doses of 22.8 to 684 gamma/ml in a synthetic medium on biosynthesis of mycoheptin, an antifungal antibiotic was studied . It was found that the maximum productivity of the mycelium was at the phosphorus concentration in the medium equal to 22.8--45.6 gamma/ml and the concentration of 91.2 gamma/ml was optimal for the growth of the antibiotic-prodicing organism . The phosphorus optimal concentrations for the growth and antibiotic synthesis phases did not coincide that provided consideration of phosphorus as a limiting factor useful in control of the antibiotic biosynthesis . The content of pphosphorus in the medium 6 times higher than the optimal concentration did not inhibit the biomass accumulation and had no significant effect on the colony morphology.

Z Erkr Atmungsorgane, 1977, 147(1), 57 - 72
{Unilateral aplasia and hypoplasia of pulmonary artery in childhood (author's transl)}; Rupprecht E et al.; In the light of 8 observations, made by the authors, vasoanomalies underlying the syndrome of the unilateral hyperlucent lung are discussed in their correlation to homolateral bronchial lesions . There were 3 cases with unilateral aplasia of the pulmonary artery in which the unilateral hyperlucency was found always on the healthy side . In these cases there was a normal bronchogram on both sides . The vascularization by the bronchial arteries causes characteristic changes both in the X-ray-picture and endoscopy . Hypoplasia of the pulmonary artery occurring simultaneously with hyperlucency of the affected side of the lung was found in five cases, 4 times in connection with homolateral, severe, diffuse deforming bronchitis and bronchiectases and 1 case with congenital bronchus stenosis . There is the opinion that besides a congenital form of the hypoplasia of the pulmonary artery a (virus?) --pneumonia, acquired in early childhood, can lead to a pulmonary hypoplasia and a bronchopulmonary dysplasia . The diagnosis can be made only after several special examinations performed in a multi-step system . The significance of the lung scintigraphy within the scope of this complex diagnostics is especially emphasized . Indication for surgery should be made very cautiously . Antibiotic long-term therapy and dsipensary care are considered to be essential.

Acta Chir Iugosl, 1977, 24(1 Suppl), 519 - 23
{Our experiences with total hip prosthesis model "St . George"}; Smiljanic B; The advantages of the total prosthesis of the hip in the treatment of some degenerative diseases and single traumatic impairments of the hip are described, and the main characteristics of the St . Georg model total prosthesis of the hip are discussed . The results obtained in 92 cases of total prosthesis of the hip have been satisfactory . Special attention has been paid to measures for the prevention of infections . Among the patients treated only one developed infection . The author points to the fact that it is possible to replace an infected prosthesis and achieve complete cure by using bone cement mixed with an antibiotic . The functional results obtained are good: pain is either completely relived, or significantly diminished on walking and movement . During the author's five-year experience signs of wear of the prosthesis have not been recorded in any case.

Biofizika, 1977 Jan-Feb, 22(1), 48 - 53
{Dimeric mechanism of the work of nigericin in bilayer lipid membranes}; Markin VS et al.; The electric properties of the bilayer lethitin membranes have been studied in the presense of the antibiotic nigericin . When the antibiotic concentration is about 10(-6) M the condactivity of the BLM is increased upto 10(-7) ohm-1cm-2 . The potassium ion concentration gradient gives rise to a transmembrane potential of the order of 40 mV per 10--fold concentration gradient with the side of the higher potassium concentration negative . The transmembrane potential produced by the hydrogen ion gradient is a function of the potassium ion concentration which is equal on both sides of the membrane . In order to account for the experimental results obtained, a theoretical approach has been developed based on the assumption that charge is transported across the membrane by nigericin dimers.

J Toxicol Environ Health, 1977 Jan, 2(3), 713 - 25
Intermediate-duration toxicity study of patulin in rats; Dailey RE et al.; The toxicity of patulin was studied in two generations of Sprague-Dawley rats over a period of approximately 10 months . Patulin in 1 mM citrate buffer was administered by gavage to FO generation rats at a dose level of 0, 1.5, 7.5, or 15.0 mg/kg a body weight five times a week for 10-14 wk; females were treated seven times a week during pregnancy . High mortality and insufficient progeny in the groups given 7.5 and 15.0 mg/kg made it impossible to continue those two regimens into the second generation . The study was continued for 20-23 wk with F1A generation animals given 1.5 mg/kg and controls . The only lesion found at necropsy that could be attributed to patulin administration was gaseous distention of the gastrointestinal tract, which was probably the result of the antibiotic effect of this mycotoxin on the normal intestinal flora . A decreased weight gain in male rats of the FO generation was dose-related . An impairment in growth rates of F1A and F2A progeny of both sexes was statistically significant at the 1.5 mg/kg dose level . Fetuses taken from patulin-treated females on day 20 of pregnancy were noticeably smaller than controls fetuses and the difference was significant for F2A males . No other teratological abnormalities related to patulin dosing at the 1.5 mg/kg level were observed consistently in either F1A or F2A fetuses . Patulin did not appear to produce dominant lethal effects at dose levels up to 15.0 mg/kg when given by gavage to the males five times a week for 10 or 11 wk.

Antibiotiki, 1977 Jan, 22(1), 56 - 60
{Characteristics of streptomycin distribution and binding in the body of rabbits depending on their immunobiological state}; Ambartsumian LA et al.; Some regularities of distribution and binding of streptomycin in the blood, organs and tissues of immunized rabbits werer studied . The leveles of the bound and free antibiotic in ther were determined . It was found that the immunobiological state of the rabbits had a definite effect on the distribution character and binding of streptomycin with proteins and cells in the animal organs and tissues . These changes were most pronounced in the organs and tissues of lymphoid and hematopoietic systems, the cells of which are indirect active participants of the immunity formation . As a result of proliferation of these cells the antibiotic was accumulated in higher amounts and bound more actively especially in the thymus gland and bone marrow, the central organs of the immunological reconstruction of the host . The studies are indicative of the presence of interaction between immunogenesis, distribution and binding of streptomycin in immunized animals.

Res Vet Sci, 1977 Jan, 22(1), 68 - 71
Effects of concurrent drug therapy and of feeding on plasma chloramphenicol levels after oral administration of chloramphenicol in dogs; Watson AD; On separate occasions, five fasted adult greyhounds were dosed orally with 50 mg chloramphenicol/kg, both alone and in conjunction with other drugs . The same five dogs were later given 50 mg chloramphenicol/kg when fed ad lib . Chloramphenicol levels in plasma were determined at intervals after dosing . The intial plasma chloramphenicol levels were higher when the drug was administered concurrently with calcium lactate tablets (50 mg/kg) or a proprietary enteric mixture containing kaolin, pectin, aluminium hydroxide and belladonna extract . Lower plasma levels resulted when the antibiotic was given with dry extract of belladonna (20 mg/dog) or intravenous chlorpromazine (2 mg/kg) . There was no significant effect with coated ferrous gluconate tablets (30 mg/kg) . Feeding ad lib increased the initial chloramphenicol levels, but produced lower levels subsequently.

J Clin Pathol, 1977 Jan, 30(1), 1 - 12
Pseudomembranous colitis; Price AB et al.; Three basic histopathological patterns which may be seen in rectal biopsies from patients with pseudomembranous colitis are described, based on a study of 29 cases . The spectrum of change is illustrated and the problems of differential diagnosis are discussed--from a non-diagnostic proctitis at one extreme to acute ischaemia at the other . In the differential diagnosis of the acute colitic, the importance of urgent rectal biopsy and a carefully taken drug history is stressed . The association of pseudomembranous colitis with pre-existing disease and antibiotic therapy is confirmed . It is suggested that these cause local mucosal damage and may trigger the first part of a local Shwartzman reaction . Capillary microthrombosis may then paly a part in producing the mucosal necrosis seen later in the disease.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1977 Jan, 30(1), 106 - 10
Biosynthesis of streptolidine moiety of streptothricins by Streptomyces noursei JA 3890b; Grafe U et al.; The incorporation of uniformly 14C-labeled compounds into the streptothricin-type antibiotic nourseothricin was studied with a strain of Streptomyces noursei JA 3890b . 6.5% of radioactivity from U-14C-L-arginine was incorporated into the antibiotic, while glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, proline, glycine and leucine displayed much lower incorporations . Furhtermore, 95% of the activity incorporated from arginine was located in the streptolidine moiety supporting the suggestion that this subunit of streptothricin antibiotics is formed via the dehydroarginine pathway.

J Int Med Res, 1977, 5(1), 65 - 7
A general practice assessment of Locabiotal in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections; Valle-Jones JC; An open clinical trial of Locabiotal, in which the antibiotic, fusafungine, is presented in a micronized aerosol was performed in general practice . One hundred and ten patients suffering from upper respiratory infections without associated hyperpyrexia or toxic symptoms were treated for 7 days . There was a marked improvement in the symptoms rated during the first 48 hours . After the full course of treatment 37 patients regarded its effect as excellent and 48 as good.

Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 1977 Jan-Feb, 34(1), 117 - 28
{Neonatal meningoventriculitis}; Calderon E et al.; Clinical and autopsy data indicate that ventriculitis persists despite parenteral and intralumbar antibiotic therapy . In the present study, ventriculitis was documented as postmortem examination in nine newborns . These studies indicate that ventriculitis occurs commonly in neonates with meningitis, particularly when there is delayed sterilization of CSF culture, A clinician has to bear in mind the diagnosis of ventriculitis when: 1) There is poor clinical and/or laboratory response to the usual therapy . 2) He has a critically ill patient with lethargy, convulsions and bulging fontanels . 3) He culture an unusual organism . 4) He faces a suspected complication of meningitis: subdural effusion, ventriculitis or abscess . 5) A CSF from ventricular puncture with more than 150 WBC, glucose less than 50 mg . and protein more than 200 mg.

Johns Hopkins Med J, 1977 Jan, 140(1), 9 - 14
The characteristics and mortality of outpatient-acquired pneumonia; Moore MA et al.; One-hundred fifty-four cases of pneumonia occurring over a 6-month period were analyzed . Population characteristics, admission diagnoses, causative pathogens, frequency of associated illnesses, antibiotic usage and mortality were evaluated . Despite population characteristics known to predispose to a poor clinical outcome, the mortality was low, probably because of rapid institution of a single, appropriate antibiotic.

J Trauma, 1977 Jan, 17(1), 74 - 6
Steering wheel rupture of the pharyngoesophagus . A solitary injury; Gulbrandson RN et al.; A unique case of a high posterior vertical linear laceration of the pharyngeosophagus secondary to steering wheel trauma without concomitant injury is presented . Diagnosis of this lesion is dependent upon frequently repeated physical examinations combined with appropriate laboratory and roentgenologic evaluations . Early institution of antibiotic therapy combined with early operative drainage and repair when feasible is advocated as the treatment of choice for this unusual entity.

J Gen Microbiol, 1977 Jan, 98(1), 239 - 52
Genetic determination of methylenomycin synthesis by the SCP1 plasmid of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2); Kirby R et al.; Evidence is presented that genes determining the pathway of methylenomycin A synthesis are carried on the SCP1 plasmid . All 16 mutations (mmy) leading to lack of antibiotic synthesis were SCP1-linked . Phenotypic classification, by co-synthesis and other criteria, suggested that they fell into at least five classes . When the wild-type SCP1 plasmid was transferred to Streptomyces lividans or Streptomyces parvulus, material that was chromatographically and biologically indistinguishable from methylenomycin A was produced . Recombination between some pairs of mmy mutations was detected . In crosses of mmy mutants of NF (integrated SCP1 donor) strains with SCP1-, a very high frequency of chromosomal recombination occurred; thus methylenomycin production appears not to be an important cause of the ultra-fertility normally associated with NF X SCP1- crosses.

J Gen Microbiol, 1977 Jan, 98(1), 155 - 66
The effect of nalidixic acid on the cell cycle of synchronous Rhodopseudomonas palustris cultures; Westmacott D et al.; The influence of the DNA synthesis inhibitor, nalidixic acid, on the properties of synchronous cultures of selected Rhodopseudomonas palustris swarmer cells was examined . There was little alteration in the changes in morphology, extinction, volume distribution and leucine incorporation up to bud development, and photosynthetic membrane lamellae were still synthesized de novo in the bud . However, there was no subsequent division, or flagellum or holdfast synthesis . Instead cells elongated by continued outgrowth of the abortive bud . Since DNA synthesis was also inhibited, this suggested a dependence of cell division, and flagellum and holdfast synthesis, on the completion of chromosome replication . By addition or removal of nalidixic acid at various times in the cell cycle, periods were demonstrated when the organism was insensitive to the antibiotic indicating that there was a pre-synthetic and post-synthetic gap in the pattern of DNA synthesis in R . palustris swarmers.

Chemotherapy, 1977, 23 Suppl 1, 281 - 6
Fosfomycin in puerperal infections and its elimination in lochia; Ruiz Garcia A et al.; 31 patients suffering from puerperal endometritis, 16 of whom with other concomitant infections (sepsis, infection of episiotomy, pyelonephritis) were treated with fosfomycin . 86% of the germs isolated were sensitive to fosfomycin . The results obtained have been excellent in 26 patients (84%) and null in 5 (16%) . Fosfomycin showed to be an antibiotic of wide-spectrum, and it acted very rapidly, since apirexia of the patients was achieved after 2-3 days of treatment . The antibiotic had perfect tolerance . No disagreeable secondary effects nor changes in the haematological data were observed . We have also carried out a study on the elimination in lochia of fosfomycin in a group of 21 patients with normal birth and puerperium . The concentrations of the antibiotic in lochia, although variable, are sufficient to achieve the desired bactericide action.

Chemotherapy, 1977, 23 Suppl 1, 200 - 3
Renal insufficiency and fosfomycin; Gobernado M et al.; After the parenteral injection of 1 g sodium salt of fosfomycin the serum levels of the antibiotic are detected in a series of eight adult patients with different degrees of chronic renal insufficiencies four of them submitted to periodical dialysis . The results obtained reveal that the levels as well as the time of elimination of fosfomycin maintain an obvious relation to the degree of renal insufficiency in the patients.

Chemotherapy, 1977, 23 Suppl 1, 175 - 9
New studies on placental transfer of fosfomycin; Ferreres L et al.; Passage of fosfomycin across the placental barrier and the dynamics of maternal and fetal levels were determined in a group of ten mothers in active labor . To obtain a series of intrauterine fetal samples the Saling technique was used . There exists a clear relation between the levels reached in the mother and in the fetus and in function of time, as well as between the amount of antibiotic in the fetal blood 90 min after injection, and the weight of the placenta.

JACEP, 1977 Jan, 6(1), 16 - 20
Cutaneous and subcutaneous complications of calcium infusions; Roberts JR; Five infants with hypocalcemia experienced complications after treatment with calcium gluconate intravenously . Inadvertent soft tissue extravasation resulted in erythema, subcutaneous calcification, tissue necrosis, skin slough, and transient radial nerve damage with wrist drop, the latter previously unreported . The soft tissue lesions may be mistaken for cellulitis, abscess, calcified hematoma, or osteomyelitis, resulting in unnecessary antibiotic therapy or surgical intervention . Initially, no clinical abnormality may be apparent . The lesions appear from days to weeks following extravasation . Radiographs are initially negative but soft calcification appears in one to three weeks . Follow-up x-ray films show complete resorption of the calcium over several months . Skin sloughs heal in four to six weeks without skin grafting . Extreme care in the parenteral use of calcium gluconate and conservative treatment of the complications is advocated.

Chemotherapy, 1977, 23(1), 50 - 7
Sinusitis in paediatrics; Herz G et al.; The authors discuss the problem of the diagnosis of sinusitis in children from the viewpoint of the practising paediatrician, on the basis of 106 children and adolescents aged between 6 and 17 years, and suffering from sinusitis . Maxillary sinusitis (56.5%) and a combination of maxillary and ethmoidal sinusitis (24.5%) were commonest, and pan-sinusitis occurred in about 10% of cases . The commonest complaints in the history were cough, headache, pyrexia and rhinitis . The commonest clinical findings were pharyngitis, retropharyngeal drip, tenderness to pressure over the sinus points, otitis media, a deterioration in the general condition, enlarged tender angular lymph nodes, bronchitis and rhinitis . The result of treatment of sinusitis in childhood with the antibiotic used here, doxycycline, are assessed . A successful result was obtained in 94.3% of cases; cure in 77 patients (72.6%) and marked improvement in 23 (21.7%) . There were six failures (5.7%) . In the majority of children - 72 cases (68%), the duration of treatment was 15-21 days . It was 10-14 days in 18 children (17%) and more than 3 weeks in 16 children (15%) . Rapid subjective improvement was seen in 65 cases (61.3%), and rapid objective improvement in 80 (75.5%) . The tolerance of doxycycline was very good in nearly all patients . Mild symptoms of gastrointestinal intolerance were seen in two cases.

Jugosl Ginekol Opstet, 1977, 17(5-6), 337 - 9
{Acute edema of the uterine cervix in pregnancy}; Ilic V et al.; A case of the acute edema of the uterine cervix in a woman in the ninth lunar month of pregnancy is described . The cervix was the size of a fist, livid, succulent, with a slightly bloody discharge . No other objective or subjective disorders were obserevd . The swelling disappeared after seven days of rest and antibiotic therapy.

Monogr Pathol, 1977, (18), 50 - 94
Colo-rectal biopsy in inflammatory bowel disease; Yardley JH et al.; The term inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is viewed as all-inclusive, covering the full panoply of intestinal disorders in which inflammatory changes are a prominent feature, including those of infectious, toxic, and intrinsic origin as well as the idiopathic entities ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease . This chapter describes and discusses those aspects of colo-rectal biopsy in IBD which can help pathologists make optimal interpretations . The areas covered are: 1) methods used to prepare biopsy specimens for study, 2) normal histologic findings and common artefacts, 3) basic pathologic changes occurring in IBD, 4) a general approach to differential diagnosis in IBD, and 5) discussion of the various individual forms of IBD . The importance of full and reliable information exchange between the endoscopist and pathologist is stressed . Special attention is given to features in biopsy specimens which help in differentiating between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease . Other entities discussed are bacterial dysenteries; gonococcal proctitis; tuberculosis; Whipple's disease; amebiasis; balantidiasis; schistosomiasis; cryptosporidiosis; lymphopathia venereum; cytomegalovirus infection; histoplasmosis; antibiotic colitis; IBD due to cytotoxic drugs (5-FU), heavy metals, and foodstuffs; irradiation colitis; ischemic colitis; solitary ulcer syndrome; diverticulitis; and colitis secondary to obstruction . The term pseudomembranous enterocolitis is also considered.

Vet Med Nauki, 1977, 14(10), 73 - 7
{Absorption and retention of ampicillin in calves and sheep}; Chaleva E; Ampicillin-sodium and ampicillin-trihydrate were used in the experiments as an active substance at the rate of 800 IU/mg . Ampicillin-sodium was applied in the form of 5 per cent solution, and ampicillin-trihydrate--in the form of a 5 per cent water suspension prepared extempore prior to their administration . Both forms of ampicillin were used once, muscularly, at rates of 0.01 and 0.025 g/kg body weight with calves and sheep . The results of these comparative studies showed that the levels of the serum concentrations of ampicillin and the time of their deposition in both species of animals correlated with the dose, the chemical composition, and the species of animal . The period of retaining the antibiotic in the blood varied in calves and in sheep . Parallel to these studies the excretion of ampicillin from the body was also followed up--in the ewes' milk at muscular administration, rated 0.025 g/kg body weight . It was found that ampicillin-sodium and ampicillin-trihydrate quickly penetrate in the udder, and are observed in the milk at the 30th minute (0.25 microgram--0.38 microgram/cm3).

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1977, 17(7), 543 - 7
{Physiology and biochemistry of streptomycetes . XIII . Biosynthesis of paromomycin by Streptomyces albus var . metamycinus nov . var . supplied with 14C-glucose, 14C-glucosamine, 14C-2-desoxystreptamine and 14C-ribose}; Reuter G et al.; Distribution of radioactivity in paromomycin ascertained after application of 14C-D-glucose, 14C-D-glucosamine, 14C-2-deoxystreptamine, respectively, 14C-D-ribose is taken as basis for a biosynthesis scheme: While ribose bound in the antibiotic originates from glucose by oxidation and following decarboxylation, glucosamine is formed via fructose-6-phosphate . Paromose I arises from glucosamine, but not the cyclohexan derivative 2-deoxystreptamine, whose biosynthesis pathway is directly branching off glucose.

Gastroenterol Jpn, 1977, 12(4), 316 - 20
Acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis in a man with an enlarged inferior pancreaticoduodenal lymphnode; Yamamoto H et al.; A case report of a 55-year-old male, who was seen with epigastric pain and hyperamylasemia, is to be presented . He failed to respond to the intensive antibiotic therapy, and subsequently acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis fully developed . At laparotomy, an inflammatory enlarged inferior pancreaticoduodenal lymphnode, which apparently compressed the common bile duct, was found . To our knowledge, no prior case of acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis provoked by an enlarged lymphnode has been reported . A plea is made for attention to lymphnodes involved by inflammatory or neoplastic disorders, as well as common provoking agents such as calculi.

Chemotherapy, 1977, 23 Suppl 1, 1 - 22
Fosfomycin: Laboratory studies; Woodruff HB et al.; Fosfomycin, a nontoxic broad-spectrum antibiotic, different in structure from all previously described antibiotics, acts selectively by inhibiting cell wall formation . It was overlooked during many years of screening because of antagonism by culture medium ingredients and frequent occurrence of resistant mutants . It is effective in many because the neutralizing substances are not present and resistant mutants of most species are avirulent . Fosfomycin has favorable pharmacologic characteristics . It is not cross resistant, does not show antagonism, and has been used successfully in combinations . An insoluble calcium salt is used in oral formulation and a sodium salt for parenteral administration . Overall success rates of 86% were reported with 1,000 patients in Spain and 79% in Japan.

Ontogenez, 1977, 8(2), 170 - 5
{Effect of actinomycin D and sibiromycin on 3H-thymidine incorporation into the early developmental stages of Nereis virens Sars}; Donua AK et al.; The Nereis virens embryos at the stages of 2, 8, 16 and 32 blastomeres end of cleavage and beginning of rotation were placed in the actinomycin D or sibiromycin solutions and the effect of antibiotics on 3H-thymidine incorporation during cleavage, at the beginning of rotation and in trochophore was determined by means of autoradiography after careful washing the embryos off . Under the effect of actinomycin D the intensity of 3H-thymidine incorporation during cleavage decreased insignificantly, at the gastrula stage somewhat exceeded that in the control, and at the stages of trochophore formation decreased twice . At the later stages it approached the normal level . In the experiments with sibiromycin which proved to have more distinct inhibitory effect, the stage of trochophore formation was also found to be the most sensitive to the antibiotic.

Pflugers Arch, 1977, 372(3), 259 - 68
Chlorotetracycline induces calcium mediated shape changes in human erythrocytes . Is Ca asymmetrically distributed in the red cell membrane?
Behn C, Lubbemeier A, Weskamp P.
Calcium was localized in the red cell membrane by light microscopy using chlorotetracycline hydrochloride (CTC) as chelate probe . Treating human erythrocytes with CTC dissolved in saline free of divalent cations, leads to a 530 nm fluorescence emission in the cell border and to characteristic cell shape changes which were evaluated to assess intramembrane calcium distribution . CTC prevented and reverted erythrocyte crenation induced either by washing or superfusing the cells with saline . The ionophore A23187, EGTA and glucose depletion depressed the shape modifying effect of CTC . Thus, CTC appears to act on red cell shape by complex formation with membrane associated calcium . This is further confirmed by the failure of degraded CTC, devoid of metal binding capacity, to modify the crenated shape . The CTC effect can be reverted by superfusing the erythrocytes with CTC-free medium . Thus, calcium binds more tightly to the membrane than to CTC and is not displaced by the antibiotic . If the bilayer couple hypothesis {Sheetz, M.P., Singer, S.J., Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . USA 71, 4457-4461 (1974)}applies, crenation is reverted by expansion of the inner membrane half relative to the outer membrane half . Expansion of the inner membrane half results from intercalation of CTC which binds to calcium . Thus, calcium in the red cell membrane preferentially occupies the inner leaflet of the bilayer.

Antibiotiki, 1977, 22(2), 146 - 9
{Correlation between the 'active' and 'passive' mechanisms of chlortetracycline penetration in the cells of a sensitive and resistant strains of mycobacteria}; Plakunov VK et al.; The value of chlortetracycline physical diffusion into the cells of the strains of Mycobacterium citreum sensitive and resistant to tetracyclines was estimated . Exclusion of the active transport was achieved with the use of 4 per cent formalin . It was shown that the scale of the 'passive' penetration of chlortetracycline into the cells of the sensitive and resistant strains was the same . Because of the physical diffusion up to 1/3 the absorbed antibiotic appeared to be transferred into the cells of the sensitive strain . When the sensitive strain was grown on the glucose medium, partial repression of formation of the transport system common for chlortetracycline and oxalacetic acid observed . In case of resistant strains the 'glucose effect' was absent.

Antibiotiki, 1977 Jan, 22(1), 29 - 32
{Characteristics of fucidin biosynthesis by a Fusidium coccineum 257 A strain}; Penzikova GA et al.; The physiological features of Fusidium coccineum, strain 257 A, an organism producing fusidin were studied . It was found that increased concentrations of the carbon sources in the medium stimulated production of fusidin, while an increase in the content of various forms of nitrogen differently affected the level of the antibiotic viosynthesis: high concentrations of the amino acid-peptide form of nitrogen of corn-steep liquor decreased, while the protein form of nitrogen was associated with consumption of the significant part of carbon in the medium for formation of the fungus mycelium . Therefore, the concentration of the easily mobilizing forms of nitrogen may be considered as a regulator of the growth process of F . coccineum 257 A and production of fusidin by it.

Microbios, 1977, 19(77-78), 181 - 90
Studies on the modes of action of azaserine in Escherichia coli . Mechanism of resistance to azaserine; Williams MV et al.; Growth of wildtype Escherichia coli was inhibited by azaserine . There was an inverse relationship between the initial rate of uptake of phenylalanine and the azaserine concentration . Moderately azaserine-resistant mutants exhibited an initial rate that was similar to that of an aroP mutant, but highly azaserine-resistant mutants exhibited little, if any, uptake of phenylalanine . All of the azaserine-resistant organisms tested harboured a mutation in the aroP+ gene . However, resistance to the antibiotic was not due solely to this lesion.

Genetika, 1977, 13(12), 2221 - 4
{Supersensitivity to levorin and amphotericin B in several Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants resistant to nystatin}; Levchenko AB et al.; 104 mutants resistant to nystatin were isolated after UV-treatment of two haploid marked strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . The analysis of resistance to three polyene antibiotics allowed to determine 8 phenotype classes of mutants including those resistant to nystatin but in various combinations showing hypersensitivity to levorin and (or) amphotericin B . The analysis of UV absorption spectra of sterolic extracts prepared from cells of different mutants showed that similar quality changes in sterol composition could be associated both with polyresistant an supersensitive phenotype . New type of mutants resistant to nystatin and supersensitive to levorin and (or) amphotericin B seems to be promising for studies on the mechanisms of action of polyene antibiotics, the bases of resistance to them and also in consideration of the possibility to increase the efficiency of antimycotic antibiotic therapy.

Gene, 1977, 2(2), 95 - 113
Construction and characterization of new cloning vehicles . II . A multipurpose cloning system; Bolivar F et al.; In vitro recombination techniques were used to construct a new cloning vehicle, pBR322 . This plasmid, derived from pBR313, is a relaxed replicating plasmid, does not produce and is sensitive to colicin E1, and carries resistance genes to the antibiotics ampicillin (Ap) and tetracycline (Tc) . The antibiotic-resistant genes on pBR322 are not transposable . The vector pBR322 was constructed in order to have a plasmid with a single PstI site, located in the ampicillin-resistant gene (Apr), in addition to four unique restriction sites, EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI and SalI . Survival of Escherichia coli strain X1776 containing pBR313 and pBR322 as a function of thymine and diaminopimelic acid (DAP) starvation and sensitivity to bile salts was found to be equivalent to the non-plasmid containing strain . Conjugal transfer of these plasmids in bi- and triparental matings were significantly reduced or undetectable relative to the plasmid ColE1.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1977, 17(6), 459 - 64
{Effect of violamycin BI on the process of excision repair in Escherichia coli K 12 following UV irradiation}; Storl K et al.; The influence of violamycin B I on the process of excision repair of DNA-damages after UV-irradiation has been studied by observing the capacity to rejoin single-strand breaks introduced in the DNA at the beginning of the repair process . The number of single-strand breaks remaining unrepaired in the DNA was higher in presence of violamycin B I . Sedimentation analysis of the DNA of unirradiated cells showed in presence of violamycin B I only a small change in the molecular weight . As a possible reason for the lower capacity of the cells to accomplish repair steps following incision in presence of violamycin B I an inhibition of the function of repair enzymes by interaction of the antibiotic with the DNA-template is discussed.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1977 Jan, 27(1B), 177 - 81
{IS-elements and transposons: new linkage of genes within bacteria (author's transl)}; Starlinger P; IS-Elements are unique DNA sequences occurring in the DNA of E . coli and its chromosomes . They can be transposed within or between chromosomes in the same cell . Integration into a gene causes mutations and polar effects on adjacent genes . IS-Elements are integration sites for plasmids into chromosomes . IS-Elements also serve as parts of transposons (DNA structures capable to be transposed from one chromosome to another and carrying a gene for the resistance to an antibiotic or heavy metals).

Eur J Biochem, 1977 Jan, 72(2), 323 - 30
Inhibition of translation in eukaryotic systems by harringtonine; Fresno M et al.; The Cephalotaxus alkaloids harringtonine, homoharringtonine and isoharringtonine inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells . The alkaloids do not inhibit, in model systems, any of the steps of the initiation process but block poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis as well as peptide bond formation in the fragment reaction assay, the sparsomycin-induced binding of (C)U-A-C-C-A-{3H}Leu-Ac, and the enzymic and the non-enzymic binding of Phe-tRNA to ribosomes . These results suggest that the Cephalotaxus alkaloids inhibit the elongation phase of translation by preventing substrate binding to the acceptor site on the 60-S ribosome subunit and therefore block aminoacyl-tRNA binding and peptide bond formation . However, the Cephalotaxus alkaloids do not inhibit polypeptide synthesis and peptidyl{3H}puromycin formation in polysomes . Furthermore, these alkaloids strongly inhibit {14C}trichlodermin binding to free ribosomes but hardly affect the interaction of the antibiotic with yeast polysomot interact with polysomes and therefore only inhibit cycles of elongation . This explains the polysome run off that has been observed by some workers in the presence of harringtonine.

Am Surg, 1977 Jan, 43(1), 45 - 51
Factors involved in disruption of intestinal anastomoses; Nahai F et al.; Bowel anastomoses, as performed on 181 dogs, were studied: (1) by interposing segments of colon into small bowel and vice versa, (2) by comparing clean anastomoses to those contaminated by feces before and after suturing, (3) with and without parenteral preoperative antibiotic, and (4) with and without coaptation of an inverted serosa . All animals with a timed sacrifice as well as an unexplained death had careful autopsy . Results demonstrated no difference in the healing capacity of large (91%) versus small (92%) intestine under identical circumstances . Intraluminal bacteria were of importance only if spillage caused contamination during operation and thereby subsequent infection of the peritoneal surface of the suture line . Peritonitis preceded all 28 leaks, yet the converse never occurred . Likelihood of a complicating peritonitis (67%) and thus an anastomotic leak (24%) was significantly reduced through the preoperative administration of prophylactic cefazolin (19 and 4%, respectively) . A "serosal seal" also appeared important in obviating suture line disruption . Our data emphasize the value of an inverted and serosal lined anastomosis, bowel preparatory measures, prophylactic antibiotic, and the disruptive action of local bacterial peritonitis.

Zentralbl Chir, 1977, 102(5), 305 - 13
{Results of surgical treatment of peptic ulcer in old age (author's transl)}; Erichsen J; The poor results of surgical treatment of peptic ulceration in old age can only be improved if both internal medicine and surgery will find guiding principles for operative indications . 1 . Chronic ulcer is an indication of operative treatment even in old age . - 2 . Conservative treatment of phyloric stenosis caused by peptic ulceration is only permissable, if a florid ulcer in evident . - 3 . The evidence of a chronic bleeding ulcer indicates surgical treatment . Suitable short-time conservative treatment gives better conditions for any type of surgery.-4 . The perforated ulcer in old age should only be treated by the smallest surgical procedure . Antibiotic therapy should begin immediately after establishing the diagnosis.

J Clin Invest, 1977 Jan, 59(1), 143 - 8
Immunoinhibition of ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation; Nachman RL et al.; Human platelets washed and fixed in paraformaldehyde aggregate in the presence of the antibiotic ristocetin and normal plasma . This aggregation response is abolished after digestion of the fixed platelets with chymotrypsin . Antisera to fixed washed platelets were produced in rabbits and absorbed with chymotrypsin-treated, fixed washed platelets . Monovalent Fab fragments obtained from the isolated gamma-globulin fractions of the antisera blocked ristocetin-induced aggregation of fixed washed platelets in buffer and normal platelets in platelet-rich plasma . By double-antibody immunoprecipitation, it was shown that the antibody which blocked the ristocetin reaction interacted with a platelet membrane surface protein of mol wt 155,000 . The results suggest that the glycoprotein I complex on the surface of the human platelet mediates ristocetin-induced von Willebrand factor-dependent platelet aggregation.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1977 Jan, 30(1), 82 - 93
{The fundamental and clinical studies on clindamycin-2-phosphate in the otorhinolaryngologic field (author's transl)}; Iwasawa T; Fundamental and clinical investigation with a new antibiotic, clindamycin-2-phosphate, were performed with the results which may lead to following conclusions . 1) Concentration in blood: The blood level of clindamycin-2-phosphate in healthy adults who were given 300 mg by intramuscular injection reached a peak level of 4.3 mug/ml one hour after injection . Even after 6 hours, clinically effective serum concentration of 0.5 mug/ml was still demonstrable . 2) Concentration in tissues: Clindamycin-2-phosphate activity was demonstrable at the concentrations of 1.6 approximately 2.3 mug/g in human palatine and mucous membrane of maxillary specimen one hour after the intramuscular injection of 300 mg . Further the concentration was 2.9 approximately 5.4 mug/ml . 3) Results of clinical treatment: When clindamycin-2-phosphate was injected intramuscularly in 30 cases of representative infections in the otorhinolaryngolgic field, it was excellent in 12 cases, good in 12 cases, fair in 4 cases and poor in 2 cases . Excellent and good results were obtained in 24 cases, being the effectiveness 80 per cent . 4) Side effect: No side effect was shown with the intramuscular injection of clindamycin-2-phosphate . The comparative examination of hepatic function, electrolyte and auditory acuity before and after injection showed no significant disturbance.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1977 Jan, 74(1), 115 - 9
Synthesis of a 19-residue peptide with alamethicin-like activity; Gisin BF et al.; This paper describes the chemical synthesis of a compound with voltage-gating characteristics similar to those observed in nerve membranes . For alamethicin (ALA), a natural antibiotic that induces such properties in lipid bilayer membranes, there are two proposed structures, one a cyclic and the other an open chain peptide . The open chain sequence (ALA-o) proposed by Martin and Williams {(1976) Biochem . J . 153, 181-190} was synthesized by stepwise solid-phase condensation of four fragments prepared by solid-phase synthesis . The product, purified to homogeneity, was not identical with the main component of natural ALA . Nevertheless, in lipid bilayer membranes the exponential dependence of conductance on voltage and the dependence of conductance on a high power of the peptide concentration were qualitatively similar for ALA-o and for natural ALA . Like ALA, ALA-o showed the characteristics of a channel-former, although the single-channel conductances were less well defined for the synthetic compound . This work establishes that a cyclic structure is not a necessary condition for a peptide to induce voltage-dependent conductances in membranes and that ALA-o possesses all the structural elements required for such an activity.

Morphol Embryol (Bucur), 1977 Jan-Mar, 23(1), 49 - 51
Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with centrofollicular PAS-positive inclusions; Serban A et al.; The authors describe the clinical and histopathologic picture of immunoblastic lymphadenomegaly in a 66-year-old patient with allergic antecedents . The condition of the patient ameliorated following cortisone and antibiotic therapy, but adenomegalia relapsed after several months . PAS-positive granular inclusions were found in the macrophage cells in the germinative centres of the follicles, showing the aspect of a blockade with nuclear significance.

Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 1977 Jan, 6(1), 1 - 4
Protein synthesis and amnesia: studies with emetine and pactamycin; Dunn AJ et al.; Two antibiotic inhibitors of protein synthesis, emetine and pactamycin, have been tested for their effects on cerebral and peripheral protein synthesis and amnesia . Peripherally administered emetine but not pactamycin inhibited cerebral protein synthesis, although this inhibition was lower than that observed with cycloheximide or anisomycin . Pactamycin had a lesser effect on adrenal protein synthesis than emetine . This was reflected in the ability of emetine but not pactamycin to block ACTH-induced corticosteroidogenesis . Anisomycin and cycloheximide caused amnesia in a passive avoidance task, whereas pactamycin and emetine did not . These results are inconsistent with the amnesia being due to inhibition of protein synthesis in a peripheral organ . They are also inconsistent with the amnesia being due to the suppression of an adrenocortical response as previously suggested . No obvious correlation between amnesia and the mechanism of protein synthesis was observed . The most parsimonious explanation is that inhibition of cerebral protein synthesis is necessary for amnesia.

J Virol, 1977 Jan, 21(1), 375 - 85
Tunicamycin inhibits glycosylation and multiplication of Sindbis and vesicular stomatitis viruses; Leavitt R et al.; Tunicamycin (TM), an antibiotic that inhibits the formation of N-acetylglucosamine-lipid intermediates, thereby preventing the glycosylation of newly synthesized glycoproteins, inhibits the growth of Sindbis virus and vesicular stomatitis virus in BHK cells . At 0.5 mug of TM per ml, the replication of both viruses is inhibited 99.9% . Noninfectious particles were not detected . All the viral proteins were synthesized in the presence of TM, but the glycoproteins were selectively altered in that they migrated faster than normal viral glycoproteins when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, suggesting defective glycosylation . Within 1 h after TM addition, {14C}glucosamine incorporation into glycoproteins was inhibited 20%, whereas {35S}methionine incorporation was unaffected . By 2 to 3 h after TM addition, glucosamine incorporation had fallen to 15% of control value, with methionine incorporation being 60% of normal . TM did not affect the growth of the nomenveloped encephalomyocarditis virus in BHK cells, demonstrating that TM is not a general inhibitor of protein synthesis . These data demonstrate that TM specifically inhibits the glycosylation of viral glycoproteins and that glycosylation may be essential for the normal assembly of enveloped viral particles.

J Immunol, 1977 Jan, 118(1), 21 - 7
Inhibition of the mitogenic response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mouse spleen cells by polymyxin B; Jacobs DM et al.; The addition of low doses of the cationic polypeptide antibiotic, polymyxin B (PB), to cultures of mouse spleen cells inhibits lipopolysaccharide-(LPS) induced DNA synthesis but not that stimulated by PPD, PHA, or Con A . Inhibition is stoichiometric; the mitogenic response is suppressed by 50% at a weight ratio of PB:LPS of 0.055 to 1 . Furthermore, PB-LPS complexes have a much reduced mitogenic capacity . These complexes inhibit the mitogenic response of spleen cells to unmodified LPS but not to PPD, Con A, or PHA . The inhibitory activity of PB is less effective when added after LPS is mixed with responding cells, achieving 50% inhibition when addition is made at 4 to 6 hr . Time course experiments indicate that partial inhibition is a reflection of a lower rate of DNA synthesis . Thus, PB inhibition of LPS mitogenesis apparently occurs as a result of formation of PB-LPS complexes with reduced mitogenic capacity . Specific inhibition by the complexes of mitogenesis induced by native LPS suggests that the inactive complex may bind to B cells but is unable to trigger them.

Comp Biochem Physiol B, 1977, 57(4), 275 - 80
Effect of puromycin on synthesis, processing, and nucleocytoplasmic translocation of rRNA in Tetrahymena pyriformis; Eckert WA; 1 . Treatment of Tetrahymena pyriformis with various concentrations of puromycin results in a more pronounced inhibition of {3H}uridine accumulation in stable RNA than of protein synthesis . 2 . At a concentration of 500 micrograms/ml, which is almost completely inhibitory to {3H}uridine incorporation in vivo, puromycin has no influence on the incorporation of {3H}UTP into RNA in isolated macronuclei . Pretreatment of the cells with the antibiotic, however, reduces the activity of RNA polymerases in isolated nuclei to less than 30% . 3 . In puromycin-treated cells a small amount of pre-rRNA is synthesized but not processed into cytoplasmic rRNAs . 4 . Puromycin reduces the nucleocytoplasmic translocation of pre-existing RNA to about 25% of the control rate within 5 min, resulting in an accumulation of relatively stable rRNA precursor molecules in the macronucleus.

Cytobios, 1977, 20(77), 43 - 70
Electron microscopic detection of phleomycin during different waves of replication in regenerating skeletal muscle of mice following staining with mercuric chloride; Pietsch P et al.; Phleomycin has devastating effects on regeneration of skeletal muscle when applied during an early wave of replication in the pre-myotube (new fibre) period of the reaction . The effect cannot be explained from the contribution of dividing cells to myotubes . Phleomycin's effects on regeneration are much less severe when the challenge coincides with a later wave of pre-myotube proliferation, effects that can be explained from the contribution of such cells to new muscle . An attempt has been made, by means of electron microscopy, to explain how phleomycin distributes early versus late wave cells, using a mercury substitution stain to detect the antibiotic . Cells of the two periods showed conspicuous differences in the staining characteristics of their chromatin . Positive staining reactions outside the nucleus were confined mainly to ribosomes . Exceptions included materials in transit across nuclear and cytoplasmic membranes.

Acta Derm Venereol, 1977, 57(5), 373 - 8
Bleomycin: effects upon mammalian epidermal DNA synthesis; Gilmartin ME et al.; The effects of bleomycin upon epithelial DNA synthesis have been evaluated in a keratinizing tissue culture line and following topical application on intact mouse epidermis . In both models, bleomycin inhibited epithelial DNA synthesis after prolonged exposure of the tissue to large doses of the polypeptide antibiotic . The effect is probably limited by the penetration of bleomycin through epithelial cell membranes . Inhibition of epidermal DNA synthesis was also observed in non-treated animals subjected to restraint and/or partial starvation . These conditions, which are commonly associated with studies of topical therapeutic agents, must, therefore, be carefully controlled.

Radiology, 1977 Jan, 122(1), 179 - 82
Comparison of I-bleomycin prepared by two methods stability and pharmacokinetics in tumor-bearing mice; Krohn KA et al.; Bleomycin, a chemotherapeutic antibiotic agent, was radio-iodinated by the ICI and chloramine-T methods; the radiochemical stabilities and pharmacokinetics of the two I-bleomycins in tumor-bearing mice were compared . The ICI preparation was more stable with respect to deiodination in vitro . Both products were sufficiently stable in vivo that high body background due to free isotope, a disadvantage of 111In- and 99mTc-bleomycin, was not encountered . Tumor uptake of the ICI preparation was constant from 2 to 24 hrs., and the tumor/blood ratio increased with time; with chloramine-T, this ratio decreased, and was less than that for ICI . The two preparations are chemically and biologically different; the ICI product is the superior tumor radiodiagnostic agent.

Infection, 1977, 5(1), 46 - 8
Osteomyelitis caused by mycobacterium fortuitum; Ohry A et al.; A case of osteomylitis of the foot and ankle bones with subsequent complications is presented . Antibiotic therapy was unsuccessful and a below-knee amputation was performed . A comparison of the various Mycobacteria species and their role as etiologic agents in osteomyelitis follows.

Biochemistry, 1976 Dec 28, 15(26), 5783 - 92
Disruption of Escherichia coli outer membranes by EM 49 . A new membrane active peptide; Rosenthal KS et al.; A new peptide antibiotic, EM 49, is shown to disrupt the structure of Escherichia coli outer membranes and release outer membrane fragments into the surrounding media . Evidence supporting this conclusion indludes EM 49 stimulated release of outer membrane phospholipids, lipopolysaccharide, and membrane fragments having a phospholipid and polypeptide composition similar to outer membranes . The density of the membrane fragments released by EM 49 was 1.22 g/cm3, which was identical to isolated outer membranes . Approximately 10 to 15% of the E . coli lipopolysaccharide was released upon treatment with EM 49 . Both scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the antibiotic caused the formation of numerous protrusions or blebs on the surface of E . coli with apparent release of membrane vesicles from the cells . Direct interaction between EM 49 and outer membranes was demonstrated using outer membranes labeled with the fluorescent dye diphenylhexatriene . Treatment of the fluorescent-labeled outer membranes with EM 49 increased fluorescence intensity and decreased polarization, indicating that the peptide perturbed outer-membrane structure . In addition, strong interactions between EM 49 and purified E . coli phospholipids were detected using the Hummel and Dreyer technique . Association constants between the peptide and phospholipids were approximately 10(5) M-1 . A model for the disruptive effect of EM 49 on outer-membrane structure is proposed in which the fatty acid chain of the antibiotic is inserted into the hydrophobic core of the membrane . This orientation would allow the polycationic, peptide portion of the antibiotic to disrupt the antibiotic to disrupt the normal electrostatic interactions between divalent cations and components of the outer membrane . Evidence supporting this conclusion includes specific protection of E . coli from EM 49 by Mg2+ and Ca2+ and inhibition of EM 49 stimulated phospholipid release by these cations . Disruption of the antibiotic to penetrate to the inner membrane, which is probably the primary killing site of EM 49.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Dec 13, 454(3), 389 - 96
Rifampicin and chloramphenicol effects on DNA replication in ultraviolet-damaged Escherichia coli B/r WP2 thy trp; Doudney CO; The antibiotic rifampicin, which blocks specifically RNA synthesis, limited DNA replication in Escherichia coli strain B/r WP2 thy trp after an increase of about 50%, when added to the incubation medium at the time of replication initiation after ultraviolet fluences of 20 J/m2...

Hosp Pract, 1976 Dec, 11(12), 43 - 50
Influenza: the disease and its complications; Douglas RG Jr; Among the complications (fortunately relatively few), pneumonias are by far the most common, with about one half resulting from pneumococcal invasion . In the acutely ill, multiple antibiotic therapy may have to be initiated pending definitive etiologic diagnosis . Also, in epidemic or pre-epidemic situations, special measures are advocated for hospitals, since influenza so rapidly becomes the dominant nosocominal infection.

Thorax, 1976 Dec, 31(6), 757 - 64
Degenerative changes in aortic root allografts placed in the right ventricular outflow tract of growing puppies; Jeong UG et al.; Differently prepared aortic root allografts were implanted in the right ventricular outflow tract of growing puppies to determine the site of origin and progress of degenerative changes in these conduits . The three preparations assessed were as follows: group A, fresh and sterile grafts; group B, antibiotic sterilized grafts in nutrient medium; and group C, beta-propiolactone sterilized grafts . Although calcification of the aortic wall occurred in all groups, the aortic leaflets were minimally affected . A correlation between viability and lack of calcification and between viability and long-term function is emphasized.

MMW Munch Med Wochenschr, 1976 Dec 3, 118(49), 1583 - 6
{Prognosis of purulent meningitis with particular reference to the beginning of treatment and age of the patient (author's transl)}; Wegmann T; The relatively high lethality of meningitis is due to the delay in beginning treatment (usually caused by nonrecognition of the disease) and to the greater age of the patient (associated diseases) . New aspects of the improvement of the prognosis were not obtained by comparison of various patient collectives a decade apart in our clinic, although an improvement in additional measures such as artificial respiration occurred . The reason lies in veiling by antibiotic premedication . Before beginning antibiotic therapy an exact etiological diagnosis should be made . This objective can only be attained by better training of the physician, including neurology.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Dec 2, 455(2), 452 - 65
Freeze-fracture ultrastructural alterations induced by filipin, pimaricin, nystatin and amphotericin B in the plasmia membranes of Epidermophyton, Saccharomyces and red complex-induced membrane lesions; Kitajima Y et al.; The effects of chemically different polyenes on fungal membranes (Epidermaphyton floccosum, a human pathogenic fungus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and human red blood cell membranes were studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy in order to elucidate the interaction of these antibiotics with ergosterol . Each type of neutral, small amphoteric and large amphoteric polyenes produces a distinct morphoneutral, small amphoteric and large amphoteric polyenes produces a distinct morphological effect on the fungal membranes: (1) Pit formation type . Filipin, a neutral polyene, produces 250-300 A diameter "pits" or "invagination" both in ergosterol-containing fungal plasma membranes and cholesterol-containing red blood cell ghost membranes . (2) Network particle aggregation type . The small amphoteric polyene, pimaricin, produces a network of membrane particle aggregation which encloses 1000 A diameter particle-free areas in fungal membranes . These areas are slightly elevated toward the outside of the cell . (3) Random particle aggregation type . The large amphoteric polyenes, amphotericin B and nystatin, cause a random segregation of the fungal plasma membrane and the red blood cell ghost membranes into particle-free and aggregated areas . It is concluded that these morphological differences are due to different mechanisms of polyene-sterol interactions in which the different size of the mocrolide ring in the antibiotic structure may be involved . Since all of these antibiotics, except filipin, cause no alterations on whole red blood cells detectable by negative staining and freeze-fracture electron microscopy, it is possible that they have a higher affinity to ergosterol than cholesterol in membranes.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Dec, 21(12), 1066 - 72
{Pleiotropic effect of the mutation of streptomycin resistance in Micromonospora purpurea var . violacea}; Vladimirov AV et al.; Variation of different features of populations of streptomycin-sensitive and streptomycin-resistant forms of M . purpurea var . violacea, an organism producing gentamicin was studied . The population of the initial streptomycin-sensitive culture was characterized by high homogeneity with respect to the cultural, morphological and some physiological properties . The variation of the features, such as the colony size, pigment formation, auxotrophic mutations, antibiotic production significantly increased in populations grown on media with streptomycin . Mutants differing from the initial strain by a complex of cultural, morphological and physiological features and in particular the antibiotic production were isolated from populations of the streptomycin-resistant variants.

Biochem J, 1976 Dec 1, 159(3), 819 - 22
Metabolism of daunorubicin by a barbiturate-sensitive aldehyde reductase from rat liver; Turner AJ et al.; A barbiturate-sensitive aldehyde reductase was purified to homogeneity from rat liver and shown to metabolize the cancer-chemotherapeutic antibiotic daunorubicin . The aldehyde reductase may have important roles in the metabolism of exogeneous drugs as well as the aldehyde derivatives of the biogenic amines.

Biochem J, 1976 Dec 1, 159(3), 601 - 6
The role of the pseudo-disaccharide neamine as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of neomycin; Pearce CJ et al.; By using wild-type and deoxystreptamine-negative mutants of Streptomyces fradiae grown in media containing {6(-3)H}glucose or {U-14C}glucose, and by subsequent hydrolysis of the labelled neomycin produced, neamines labelled with 3H in both rings I and II, but with 14C in ring I only, were prepared . A mixture of these two forms of neamine was converted by deoxystreptamine-negative Streptomyces rimosus forma paromomycinus into neomycin (not paromomycin) with a 30% yield . The3H: 14C ratio in this neomycin was the same as the measured in neamine produced by hydrolysis of the neomycin, and in unused neamine reisolated from the incubation medium . The 3H:14C ratio in the neomycin was not affected by the presence of unlabelled deoxystreptamine during the incubation . The radioactivity in the neomycin was associated with rings I and II only . It is concluded that the added neamine is incorporated into antibiotic intact, without initial hydrolysis, and that the probable first step in the subunit assembly of neomycin is the formation of neamine.

Arch Dermatol, 1976 Dec, 112(12), 1749 - 52
Cutaneous protothecosis . Successful treatment with amphotericin B; Mayhall CG et al.; A patient had cutaneous protothecosis because of the alga-like organism, Prototheca wickerhamii . In vitro sensitivity tests showed that the organism was sensitive to amphotericin B, and was treated successfully with this polyene antibiotic . As with treatment of some fungal infections, a clinical response was achieved when therapy with low doses of amphotericin B was given during a short period of time . The basis of the amphotericin B response may have been due to a combination of its immunostimulatory and antibiotic properties.

Am J Med, 1976 Dec, 61(6), 832 - 40
Candida peritonitis . Report of 22 cases and review of the English literature; Bayer AS et al.; Thirty-one patients with Candida isolated from peritoneal fluid were examined . Twenty-two were considered to have Candida peritonitis . The data on these 22 patients, plus 12 additional patients described in the literature, were reviewed . This infection was observed as a complication of peritoneal dialysis, gastrointestinal surgery or perforation of an abdominal viscus . Recent antibiotic administration seemed to be an important predisposing factor . The disease usually remained localized intra-abdominally, although disseminated candidiasis was also noted in three cases . Clinically significant infection could be differentiated from peritoneal contamination with Candida by the presence and persistence of fever, peritoneal signs, peripheral leukocytosis, positive peritoneal cultures for Candida, abnormal films of the abdomen and purulent ascitic fluid . Surgical interventions and removal of infected peritoneal fluid were the cornerstones of therapy . Short-term, low-dose systemic and/or intraperitoneally administered amphotericin B appeared promising in the treatment of unremitting infection . Mortality in treated patients was low and was comparable to that in patients with bacterial peritonitis.

Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm, 1976 Dec, 14(4), 313 - 8
Distribution and elimination kinetics of intravenously and intramusculary administered tobramycin in man; Pechere JC et al.; The pharmacokinetic profile of Tobramycin, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, has been determined in man following intravenous and intramuscular administration . The serum elimination of the antibiotic obeys two-compartment open model kinetics after intravenous injection . The fast (alpha) and slow (beta) disposition rate constants averaged 0.1169 min-1 and 0.0099 min-1 respectively . The volume of distribution at the steady-state averaged 0.123 liter kg-1 and the plasma clearance 0.8 ml min-1 kg-1 . Calculation of the intrinsic absorption rate of an intramuscular dose according to the two-compartment open model indicates that absorption increases during the first 40 minutes, then decreases and is virtually complete 90 minutes after administration in all subjects . The absolute physiological availability of the intramuscular dose averaged 84.9% . A method of administration compatible with the kinetic properties of the drug is proposed.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1976 Dec, 29(12), 1070 - 92
{A clinical evaluation of the effect of cephacetrile on bacterial pneumonia . A comparative test with cefazolin by a double blind method (author's transl)}; Matsumoto K et al.; The therapeutic efficacy of cephacetrile (CEC) in bacterial pneumonia was evaluated in contrast with that of cefazolin (CEZ) by a double blind method . Both drugs were administered via intravenous route at a dose of 1 g twice daily for 14 days . 1) Of 81 patients, each 2 from both groups were eliminated from the study because of unknown results . In CEC group, 36 out of 38 obtained a slightly effective or better results (94.7% of effectiveness) . In CEZ group, 31 out of 39 showed a similar result and there was no significant difference between the two groups . 2) In more detail, CEC achieved significantly better results in AaDo2 and cardiac insufficiency than CEZ, and this trend was also seen in dyspnea . 3) Regarding background factors, pretreatment severity was slightly in favor of CEC . However, so long as supplementary analysis is concerned, we could not find any relation between the pretreatment severity of symptom and drug efficacy or improvement of symptom . 4) Since there was a slight bias in the background factors, it is difficult to conclude that CEC is better than CEZ in terms of effectiveness . However, we consider CEC is superior to CEZ if compared in details . 5) Both drugs had the same incidence of side effect (6.25%, 3/48 in both groups) . When clinical efficacy of CEC in bacterial pneumonia is evaluated together with the incidence of side effect, we may consider that CEC is an effective antibiotic agent equal to or better than CEZ.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Dec, 21(12), 1104 - 6
{Mechanism of action of tetracycline on the functional state of the adrenal cortex}; Polosova RG et al.; The mechanism of stimulation of the adrenal cortex function by tetracycline was studied on albino rats . It was shown that tetracycline administered orally in a dose of 200 mg/kg regularly induced an increase in the corticosterone levels in the peripheral blood of the animals by the 15th day of the antibiotic use . It was shown on the animals with an experimentally suppressed function of the hypophysis by prolonged administration of hydrocortisone acetate that tetracycline primarily stimulated the hypophysis function resulting in production and excretion of increased amounts of the adrenocorticotropic hormone into the blood . The hormone increased the production of corticosterone in the adrenal glands which resulted in its higher levels in the peripheral blood.

Can J Biochem, 1976 Dec, 54(12), 1047 - 54
Effects of alkylation by dimethyl sulfate, nitrogen mustard, and mitomycin C on DNA structure as studied by the ethidium binding assay; Hsiung H et al.; The extent of alkylation of DNA by dimethyl sulfate, nitrogen mustard, and the antibiotic mitomycin C is related to the resulting decrease in the fluorescence of intercalated ethidium . The fluorescence losses due to the first two types of reagents show a marked pH dependence, with greater losses of fluorescence being observed at alkaline pH values . At pH 11.6 the fluorescence shows a slow recovery, so that with low levels of methylation (4% deoxyguanosine residues modified) one observes complete return of fluorescence . We postulate that these phenomena are due to conversion of 7-methyldeoxyguanosine to the zwitterionic form, and partial denaturation of the DNA duplex with loss of ethidium binding sites . Hydroxide-ion-catalyzed imidazole ring opening, and the removal of the positive charge permits reannealing with concomitant return of the ethidium intercalation sites . This conclusion is substantiated by enzymatic hydrolysis of 14C-labelled methylated DNA and identifiions of the ethidium assay . The distinctly different behavior of mitomycin C confirms previous conclusions that its alkylation, preferentially on guanine, does not take part at the N-7 position.

Langenbecks Arch Chir, 1976 Nov 15, 342, 511 - 2
{Septic complications in vascular surgery: operative treatment and results (author's transl)}; van Dongen RJ; The treatment of infection after vascular operations depends on the severity and extent of this complication . In infections of low virulence an attempt to prevent progression of the infectious involvement should be made with the help of antibiotics and immobilization . Suppurating infection involving a vascular graft but not yet causing bleeding can be treated successfully by drainage and antibiotic irrigation . In case of bleeding at the site of an infected anastomosis it is sometimes possible to prevent further bleeding and to cure the infection by wrapping omentum round the anastomactic lines . Severe infection and repeated hemorrhage require sacrifice of the reconstructed vessel to prevent loss of limb and even life: arteries reconstructed with the use of autogenous material must be ligated; any implanted synthetic material has to be removed . In these cases limb salvage can be accomplished using a remote bypass (axillo-femoral bypass, obturator-bypass, crossed bypass, etc.).

MMW Munch Med Wochenschr, 1976 Nov 5, 118(45), 1461 - 4
{Problems of bacterial infections of the sinuses (author's transl)}; Theopold HM; Mechanisms of bacterial infections as well as problems of antibiotic therapy are discussed with particular reference to the human sinuses . Infectious diseases lost their importance as a result of modern chemotherapy . Wrong handling or misunderstanding of antibiotic agents, however, may give rise to new important problems in antibiotic therapy as a result of increasing resistance.

Laryngoscope, 1976 Nov, 86(11), 1714 - 7
Quinsy tonsillectomy; Yung AK et al.; The usual treatment for peritonsillar abscess in the United States is incision, drainage and antibiotic therapy followed by tonsillectomy several weeks later . Why this treatment began is not clear but it probably originated from fear of complications which might arise from operating during the acute stage . This therapy requires two hospitalizations and tonsillectomy after previous abscess can be difficult . Tonsillitis or peritonsillar abscess can recur any time after the initial abscess is treated . A series of 50 cases of peri-tonsillar abscesses treated by immediate tonsillectomy is presented and evaluated . The results show this operation has a low morbidity and no significantly greater complication rate than elective tonsellectomy.

Cell, 1976 Nov, 9(3), 431 - 8
Dictyostelium 17S, 25S, and 5S rDNAs lie within a 38,000 base pair repeated unit; Maizels N; Mapping with the restriction enzymes Sal 1 and R1 has generated a picture of the organization of Dictyostelium ribosomal DNA . The DNA which codes for 17S and 25S ribosomal RNAs is located within a stretch of repetitive DNA at least 38,000 base pairs long . This repeated unit includes 5S DNA, linked to 25S DNA . Two techniques were especially useful in the mapping: "cloning" 14S + 25S DNA on the plasmid pMB9 to amplify individual R1 fragments, and digesting DNA with R1 in the presence of the antibiotic distamycin A to produce specific partial digestion products.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Nov, 21(11), 1000 - 2
{Pharmacokinetics of penicillins in the blood of dogs administered the combination preparation, ampiox, internally}; Vasil'ev VK; The pharmacokinetics of penicillins in the blood of dogs treated with ampiox, a combination of ampicillin and oxacillin at a ratio of 1 : 1 was studied . The drug was administered orally in single or repeated doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg . The maximum levels of ampicillin in the blood serum were observed 1 hour after a single administration of the drug . The therapeutic concentrations of the antibiotic were preserved for 6 hours, its value being depended on the dose used . The maximum concentration of oxacillin was detected 1 hour after the drug administration in various doses and it was preserved in the blood at the therapeutic levels for 3 hours . The dynamics of circulation of ampicillin and oxacillin administered separately did not differ from that established for the use of ampiox . The regularities of the pharmacokinetics of ampiox on its repeated use remained practically unchanged.

South Med J, 1976 Nov, 69(11), 1477 - 81
Postoperative infection of lumbar intervertebral disk space; Ford LT; Sixteen cases of postoperative intervertebral disk space infection are reviewed . Most occurred after diskectomy, but one followed an unsuccessful attempt at a spinal anesthetic and two followed diskography . Treatment varied from aggressive surgery, either by a posterior, lateral, or anterior approach, to drain the infected disk space or spaces, to more conservative immobilization . Antibiotics were used in all cases . Needle biopsy is valuable in establishing diagnosis and identifying the organism and its antibiotic sensitivities . In some cases fusion occurred spontaneously from the infection; in others, fusion was a result of surgical fusion preceding or following the infection.

Mikrobiologiia, 1976 Nov-Dec, 45(6), 1035 - 9
{Morphofunctional changes in the mycelium of active and inactive variants of Actinomyces parvullus during growth and biosynthesis of actinomycin D}; Zaslavkaia PL et al.; The structure and function of the mycelium were studied with active and inactive variants of Actinomyces parvillus producing actinomycin D . Changes in the morphology were found in the hyphae of the active variant during its growth and production of the antibiotic: the cell wall became first thicker in the course of growth and then thinner with aging; the ribosomes aggregated prior to intensive synthesis of actinomycin but disintegrated later into fine-granular regions; electron-trasnparent bodies of irregular shape appeared in the cytoplasm, and their content was liberated into the medium upon lysis of the cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall . These changes were not detected in the mycelium of the inactive variant . The disintegrated mycelium of the active variant was studied by differential ultracentrifugation, and the electron-transparent bodies in the cells were presumed to be of the antibiotic nature . A capsule is formed around the hyphae at the beginning of the antibiotic synthesis, and thickens in the course of growth . Intrahyphal hyphae are very often encountered in the culture . Possible mechanisms protecting cells in unfavourable conditions are discussed.

Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 1976 Nov-Dec, 33(6), 1235 - 46
{Perforation of the esophagus . Diagnosis and treatment . Analysis of 20 cases}; Rodriguez Taboada J et al.; The experience on perforation of the esophagus at the Hospital Infantil de Mexico is reviewed . Between 1961 and 1975, 20 cases were attended . The most frequent perforation is the iatrogenic subsequent to dilatations or to esophagoscopy . Esophageal perforation is the most serious of the digestive tube perforations and must be considered as a real medicosurgical emergency . The clinical picture is analyzed and the necessity to take chest x-rays and esophagogram as urgent measures is emphasized at the slightest clinical doubt . The different treatment methods are mentioned and it is stressed that the best results are obtained with an urgent thoracotomy, closure of the perforation, full canalization and antibiotic therapy at high doses . According to the literature referred and to the results obtained from the present study, mortality is higher in cases where treatment is delayed . The clinical and radiological pictures are described together with the therapeutic behavior in spontaneous perforation in the newborn . The theories to explain this etiology are set forth . At present, mortality is still high; therefore, in order to bring down this high percentage, it is concluded that an early diagnosis together with an agressive surgical treatment are necessary.

Lab Invest, 1976 Nov, 35(5), 425 - 9
Golgi complex alterations induced by X537A in chief cells of rat parathyroid gland; Ravazzola M; Electron microscopic examination of chief cells of rat parathyroid glands incubated with the antibiotic ionophore X537A showed selective alterations of the Golgi complex . The changes were dependent on the duration of X537A exposure . After 50 minutes of incubation, the cisternae and vesicles of the Golgi complex appeared highly swollen and disorganized . Because of its selective action, X537A might be a useful tool in the investigation of the role of Golgi apparatus in parathormone secretion.

J Nutr, 1976 Nov, 106(11), 1591 - 9
Metallothionein and its relationship to the metabolism of dietary zinc in rats; Richards MP et al.; Metallothionein (MTN), a low molecular weight cytoplasmic metalloprotein has previously been implicated in the metabolism of Zn . Experiments were conducted with rats to determine the effect of feeding varying levels of dietary Zn for short periods on the increase or decrease in MTN-bound Zn . The results indicated that MTN-Zn in both liver and intestinal mucosal cytosol responded rapidly to an altered dietary Zn level and that serum Zn was directly related to the appearance of MTN . 65Zn absorption also responded rapidly to a change in dietary Zn and was inversely correlated with intestinal mucosal MTN-Zn . Hepatic 65Zn uptake appeared to be directly correlated with liver MTN-Zn . A 24 hour fast increased MTN-Zn in rats fed two different levels of Zn except in those rats that were previously treated with actinomycin D . The antibiotic, which blocks DNA-dependent RNA synthesis, appeared to block Zn uptake from blood to the liver . These findings offer support for the involvement of MTN in zinc metabolism.

Infect Immun, 1976 Nov, 14(5), 1179 - 83
Bacterial decontamination and antileukemic therapy of AKR mice; Srivastava KK et al.; Four nonabsorbable antibiotics (streptomycin, neomycin, bacitracin, and amphotericin B) and a germicidal dip solution (Zephiran chloride/water) were used to eliminate all the detectable bacteria from conventional AKR mice . Control mice were not decontaminated and were used as such . When antibiotic-decontaminated and control mice developed clinical manifestations of spontaneous lymphatic leukemia, each was treated for the disease with an antitumor drug (cyclophosphamide {CP}) at weekly intervals . With the decontamination procedure, mice of each of the two groups became bacteria-free after 16 weeks of continuous oral administration of the antibiotics and two separate germicidal dippings . All decontaminated mice remained free of bacteria throughout the experiment . The bacterial flora of the control mice remained unaltered . With CP therapy, the mean survival time of the female decontaminated mice was 65 days, whereas that of male mice was 218 days . The average survival time of the CP-treated control leukemic mice was 51 days . Untreated decontaminated or control mice usually died of leukemia within 7 days after the onset of symptoms of leukemia . Although CP therapy was not curative, it did prolong the life expectancy of the decontaminated mice significantly.

Gastroenterology, 1976 Nov, 71(5), 814 - 20
Lincomycin-induced cholecystitis and gallstones in guinea pigs; Scott AJ; Guinea pigs given lincomycin 60 mg per kg per day showed a striking increase in the renewal of epithelial cells in the gallbladder . This was detectable after only 24 hr of treatment . By 48 hr a precipitate consisting predominantly of calcium and bilirubin had formed in the gallbladder . Gallbladder bile glycoprotein concentrations rose progressively . At 8 days epithelial dysplasia was marked . Treatment was discontinued at 9 days . The guinea pigs that survived beyond 34 days showed that new tubuloalveolar glands had formed focally in the body and fundus of the gallbladder . Multiple calcium-containing stones were present . The failure to culture bacteria from bile, the failure of the bile salt pattern to change, and the progressive nature of the epithelial injury suggested that the changes resulted from a direct toxic effect and were not dependent on the antibiotic activity of this drug . It was concluded that damage to the epithelium of the gallbladder preceded the formation of a precipitate and initiated histological changes which culminated, at the time that the precipitate became organized into stones, in impressive glandular metaplasia.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Nov, 21(11), 1022 - 5
{Substantiation for the kanamycin treatment of certain diseases, taking into account its concentration at the sites of localization of the causative agent (an experimental study)}; Finogeev IuP et al.; Kanamycin concentration in the inflammatory foci was studied on experimental models of pneumonia, maxillary sinusitis and acute dysentery . The kanamycin levels in the sites of the pathogen localization were lower than those in the same tissues of healthy animals . The antibiotic dose should be chosen with the account of its concentration in the focus of the pathogen localization rather than in the blood serum.

Acta Paediatr Scand, 1976 Nov, 65(6), 725 - 31
Septicaemia of the newborn, associated with ruptured foetal membranes, discoloured amniotic fluid or maternal fever; Knudsen FU et al.; The incidence of neonatal septicaemia associated with prolonged rupture of foetal membranes, discoloured amniotic fluid and/or maternal fever was investigated . A total of 807 blood cultures were performed on 329 neonates, the placental end of 239 umbilical cords and on 239 mothers . The study showed that in 97% of the neonates with a complicated delivery there was no evidence of septicaemia . Septicaemia was verified in 3% of the infants, and was intimately associated with low birth weight (p equals 0.02), neonatal asphyxia (p less than 10(-4)), clinical evidence of septicaemia (p less than 10(-4) and maternal fever (p equals 0.002) . The incidence was particularly high in premature infants with neonatal asphyxia (27%) and in neonates born to febrile mothers (20%) . None of the mothers showed any evidence of septicaemia, and haematogenous, transplacental spread of infection to the child was not seen . Routine prophylactic antibiotic therapy in neonates with a complicated delivery should therefore be reserved, in our opinion, for those infants at high risk of infection.

Medicine (Baltimore), 1976 Nov, 55(6), 477 - 86
Candida meningitis . Report of seven cases and review of the english literature; Bayer AS et al.; Seven patients with Candida meningitis are reported . These 7, plus 21 previously cited cases, were reviewed . This infection arose by two distinct mechanisms: hematogenous dissemination and direct inoculation . Recent antibiotic therapy, corticosteroid administration and severe underlying diseases were important predisposing factors . Fever, meningismus, elevated CSF pressures and localizing neurologic signs were commonly noted . Organisms were seen on gram-stain of CSF in only 43% of cases . Mortality rate in patients receiving inadequate or no antifungal therapy was high (greater than 90%), while those patients given appropriate antifungal drugs, especially intravenous amphotericin B, had a significantly lower mortality rate (38%) . Several factors associated with poor prognosis were delineated in this study: diagnostic interval after symptomatic onset longer than two weeks, CSF glucose levels below 35 mg/100 ml and presence of intracranial hypertension and focal neurologic deficits.

Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg), 1976 Nov, 55(11), 927 - 31
{Experiences gained in the treatment of oto- and rhinogenic meningitides, 1965-1975 (author's transl)}; Mitschke H et al.; The studies permit the conclusion that morbidity and mortality due to purulent oto- or rhinogenic meningitides have not essentially changed over the past eleven years despite antibiotics that are more effective and can be given in higher doses than so far . Resistent strains of bacteria, allergies and insufficient antibiotic therapy are probable causes for that fact . Under certain circumstances a sufficient and specific antibiotic therapy may delay surgical intervention or make it even unnecessary . Advanced age and additional diseases seem neither to influence operability nor to increase morbidity.

Ann Med Interne (Paris), 1976 Nov, 127(11), 797 - 806
{Sarcoidosis and Whipple's disease . Association? Relation?}; Pequignot H et al.; On the basis of a personal case in which two successive diagnoses of sarcoidosis and Whipple's disease were made at an interval of four years, the authors discuss the possible association or relationship between these two disorders, both diffuse, affecting the reticulo-histiocytic system and diagnosed on a histological basis . Review in the literature of 54 cases of Whipple's disease with pleuro-pulmonary lesions makes it possible on the one hand to associate with the latter numerous examples of extra-intestinal involvement, the histological appearance of which of a non-specific epithelioid granuloma does not indicate the diagnosis during the long pre-intestinal phase, and on the other hand to explain that during this period, the presence of pleuro-pulmonary lesions leads to an initial diagnosis of the probability of sarcoidosis . The practical consequences are as follows: The appearance of intestinal signs during "sarcoidosis" should lead to intestinal or mesenteric node biopsy to seek the macrophages with highly PAS positive cytoplasm characteristic of Whipple's disease . Their discovery necessitats long term antibiotic therapy which has recently transformed the outlook in this disease, invariably fatal in the past.

Medicine (Baltimore), 1976 Nov, 55(6), 467 - 76
Neurologic disease in patients with treated Whipple's disease; Knox DL et al.; Four patients with Whipple's disease which had responded to antibiotic therapy, later developed neurologic disease identical to that seen in patients with Whipple's disease who died without treatment . Dementia, myoclonus, ataxia, and supranuclear ophthalmoplegia were the main neurologic features . Restarting antibiotics has been followed by stabilization of disease in all four . Two have improved . In three, the previously diagnosed and treated Whipple's disease was not considered as a possible cause of the neurologic disease until the symptoms and signs were far advanced . It is advisable to periodically evaluate all patients with Whipple's disease, even after successful treatment . Signs of neurologic disease should be considered a possible recurrence of Whipple's disease and antibiotics restarted.

Med Klin, 1976 Oct 29, 71(44), 1907 - 9
{Experiences with cephradine (Sefril) in septical-surgery (author's transl)}; Zalaudek G et al.; 100 patients with septic-surgical diseases were treated with the cephalosporine-derivate Cephradine (Sefril) . 79 patients were treated by surgical intervention in advance of the antibiotic therapy, 21 by Sefril in combination with conservative therapy only . The continuance of medication amounted to two weeks in 94% . A complete healing of the pyogenic infection was obtained in 86 patients . Complications occured in 6%.

JAMA, 1976 Oct 11, 236(15), 1700 - 3
Infection control in small hospitals . Prevalence surveys in 18 institutions; Britt MR et al.; In prevalance surveys of 18 small hospitals in the intermountain region, 20.4% of the patients had community-acquired infections and 7.2% had infections acquired in the hospital . The types of nosocomial infections and patterns of antibiotic usage were similar to those encountered in large hospitals . In the small hospitals, 49% of the suspected bacterial infection were cultured, whereas at a nearby large hospital 77% were cultured . Seventeen of these small hospitals had an infection-control committee but these committees were unable to assess adequately the extent of their nosocomial infection problems . Monitoring of the environment with bacterial cultures was a frequent practice; overall, a ratio of one environmental culture was performed to each three diagnostic cultures . These results indicate the need to develop and evaluate nosocomial infection control programs in small hospitals.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1976 Oct 2, 106(40), 1369 - 70
{Granulocyte transfusions . Technical data, granulocyte function and results}; Medenica R et al.; A new method called "repetitive filtration leukopheresis" is described for granulocyte transfusion therapy . 23 patients received a total of 91 transfusions . All patients presented neutropenia of less than 300/mm3 and various kinds of infection resistant to antibiotic therapy . A favorable result was observed in 18 cases following these transfusions, which did not produce the secondary effects noted by others (chills, rash, fever, dyspnea) . It was felt that this remarkable tolerance was a result of the collection procedure (elution at pH 7.4 ommission of centrifugation, thus securing the functional integrity of the cells) . This impression was confirmed by the results of a battery of tests performed on the collected granulocytes, which included evaluation of their phagocytic and bacteriolytic functions and of their ability to break down a phagocytized antigen, together with measurements of lysosomial enzymes released in the supernatant.

Aust N Z J Med, 1976 Oct, 6(5), 470 - 3
Scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis) with severe bowel involvement . Treatment by extensive resection of the small intestine; Barnett AJ et al.; A 48-year-old man with previously diagnosed scleroderma with bowel involvement was admitted to hospital with severe malnutrition attributed to malabsorption . Shortly after this, he developed features of intestinal obstruction followed by paralytic ileus . Due to failure to respond to medical treatment, operation was carried out . On two occasions adhesions were divided, but the bowel failed to function . At a third operation the proximal half of the small bowel below the duodeno-jejunal flexure was excised . Following this the patient made a good recovery . Small bowel involvement in scleroderma is discussed . Malabsorption is probably related to bacterial proliferaiton in the small bowel secondary to stasis and may be helped by antibiotic drugs . Other disturbances resulting in inability of the bowel to propel its contents may comprise syndromes of obstruction and paralytic ileus . Although management of scleroderma bowel involvement is usually medical, surgical treatment may be indicated under certain circumstances . It may be life-saving.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1976 Oct, 73(10), 3599 - 602
A potassium ionophore (valinomycin) inhibits lymphocyte proliferation by its effects on the cell membrane; Daniele RP et al.; Valinomycin is a depsipeptide antibiotic which selectively translocates potassium across biologic membranes . This potassium ionophore was observed to inhibit phytohemagglutinin-stimulated blastogenesis and proliferation in human lymphocytes . The effect was not due to toxicity to the cells, nor appeared to be due to the effects of valinomycin as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation . Furthermore, the inhibitory effect on phytohemagglutinin stimulated lymphocytes was prevented by increasing the potassium concentration of the external media . These results suggest that the interaction of mitogens with specific receptors at the cell membrane may involve mechanisms affecting cation fluxes and membrane potential . These ionic events may play a role in the transduction of membrane signals for lymphocyte stimulation.

Wien Klin Wochenschr, 1976 Oct 1, 88(78), 588 - 90
{Diagnostic and differential diagnostic considerations in osteopmyelitis}; Musil HE; A report is drawn up of the available diagnostic procedures in the detection of the different forms of osteomyelitis . Special reference is made to the problems involved in the clinical diagnosis of the mitigated and non-typical forms of haematogenous osteomyelitis which occur more frequently in the present antibiotics era . Early diagnosis of haematogenous osteomyelitis is of the greatest importance, since, in our experience, a cure can only be expected with very early initiation of antibiotic therapy . In regard to the differential diagnosis, abortive manifestations of haematogenous osteomyelitis must be differentiated from rheumatoid arthritic diseases and soft-part inflammations of all kinds, whilst caution must be taken to avoid a mistaken diagnosis of osteosarcoma.

Br J Vener Dis, 1976 Oct, 52(5), 337 - 40
Prolonged eradication of urogenital mycoplasmas after administration of tetracycline to men in the Antarctic; MacLeod AD et al.; Meatal swabs were obtained at intervals over 1 year from 23 men in the Antarctic . A 5-day course of tetracycline was given to twelve of them . In retrospect it was found that the antibiotic had been received by two men who were harbouring ureaplasmas, one of whom also had M . hominis . After treatment, these organisms were not found in any of the swabs taken over the next year, except in a swab from one of the men following sexual contact after this time . One of the twelve men developed N.S.U . just before arriving in the Antarctic . He responded clinically to a shorter course of tetracycline and ureplasmas were not recovered from a meatal swab immediately thereafter . However, without further sexual contact, ureaplasmas and disease recurred about a month later . This time, after a 5-day course of tetracycline, disease was not seen, and ureaplasmas were not isolated, over the next year . In contrast, ureaplasmas were isolated consistently over a year from two men who were not given the antibiotic . The evidence strongly suggests that, under natural conditions, the most likely cause of mycoplasmas, particularly ureaplasmas, recurring in the genital tract after apparently adequate tetracycline therapy, is re-infection as a result of sexual re-exposure.

JACEP, 1976 Oct, 5(10), 779 - 81
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction . Case report; Meislin HW et al.; The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction is a response to the treatment of syphilis . The most common findings are fever, malaise, headache, and exacerbation of cutaneous lesions . The reaction is thought to be due to the effects of treponema breakdown products, and it should not be confused with an allergic reaction to the antibiotic employed . Thus, further therapy must not be withheld . Treatment is symptomatic.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Oct, 21(10), 933 - 6
{Comparative kinetics of oxytetracycline and oxyglucocycline cotent in tissues of the ENT organs}; Pluzhnikov MS et al.; The kinetics of oxytetracycline and oxyglucocycline levels (calculated for oxytetracycline) was studied on 80 patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory organs, the antibiotics being administered intramuscularly . After a single injection of oxytetrachcline hydrochloride in a dose of 1500 Units/kg body weight its levels in the blood serum and certain tissues of the ENT organs were rather low . When the dose was 3000 Units/kg the maximum antibiotic level in the blood level reached 1 Unit/ml . The drug was detected in the bacteriostatic concentrations in the blood serum and tissues within 12 hours . When the dose of oxyglucocycline was 1500 Units/kg the rate of its absorption was 4 times higher than that of oxytetracycline absorption . However, the character of its distribution in the blood and tissues of the ENT organs did not differ from distribution of oxytetracycline as dependent on the duration of the injection period . The both pharmaceutical forms had a tendency to some retention of the drugs in the tissues of the palatine tonsils . Because of better absorption and retention in the tonsils tissue oxyglucocycline may be recommended for therapy of inflammatory processes in the lymphadenoid apparatus of the pharynx.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Oct, 21(10), 924 - 7
{Use of Edman's method for splitting actinoidin peptides and aglycone}; Berdnikova TF et al.; Phenylthiohydantoins of amino acids isolated from actinoidine (n-oxyphenylglycine, 3-chlor-4-oxyphenylglycine, actinoidinic amino acid) were prepared . Their spectral and chromagraphic properties were studied . Splitting of the aglycone of actinoidine and the prodlcts of its incomplete acid hydrolysis (peptides Y-Phe and B-Y-Phe) was achieved with the Edman method . Parital structure of tripeptide B-Y-Phe (4NH2-group) was proposed . Tripeptide B-Y Phe constitutes about 80 per cent of the antibiotic aglycone part.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Oct, 21(10), 902 - 4
{Effect of lincomycin on a cell culture}; Iakimenko LN et al.; Cumulative and toxic properties of lincomycin evident from increased numbers of pathological mitosis were found on three-fold treatment of various cell lines with the antibiotic in concentrations of 100 or 200 Units/ml for 1.5 years . The toxicity level was not high since the other indices of the mitotic regimen remained unchanged.

Br J Surg, 1976 Oct, 63(10), 754 - 8
Complications of supraduodenal choledochotomy: a comparison of three methods of management; Keighley MR et al.; The complications of elective choledochotomy in a prospective study of 116 patients with suspected intraduct calculi are reported . Management included T tube drainage (n = 59), primary closure of the bile duct (n = 29) and choledochoduodenostomy (n = 28) . Septicaemia occurred in 12 patients (10%), with 1 death, and was unrelated to the type of operation . Thirty patients (26%) developed wound infection; this complication was more common after T tube drainage than the other procedures . Intra-abdominal abscess occurred in 3 patients only . Thrombo-embolism was recorded in 10 patients (9%), 7 of whom had an intraduct drain . Postoperative pancreatitis occurred in 5 patients (4%), with 2 deaths; a third of the patients in whom sphincteroplasty had been combined with supraduodenal choledochotomy developed this complication . Reoperation for stones was required in 3 patients with T tube; 3 patients developed a temporary biliary fistula after choledochoduodenostomy . The hospital stay was 9-5 days after primary closure, 14-0 days after choledochoduodenostomy and 16-8 days after T tube drainage . Wound sepsis (32%) and thrombo-embolism (12%) were more common in patients with bacterbilia than in patients where the bile was sterile at operation (13 and 3% respectively) . Furthermore, wound sepsis, septicaemia and thrombo-embolism were reduced in patients who were given effective antibiotic cover.

South Med J, 1976 Oct, 69(10), 1356 - 7
Agranulocytosis secondary to methimazole therapy: report of two cases; Luther AL et al.; Seventy-three cases of thyrotoxicosis were treated at Lloyd Noland Hospital with methimazole, propylthiouracil or both . Two cases of agranulocytosis occurred (2.7%) secondary to methimazole . Both responded to hospitalization, reverse isolation, and antibiotic coverage with complete recovery of the peripheral blood picture . The toxicity of methimazole is noted . The need for careful monitoring of blood counts during therapy and immediate discontinuance of the drug at the first clinical sign of granulocytopenia is stressed.

Br J Clin Pharmacol, 1976 Oct, 3(5), 891 - 5
Serum and lung tissue levels of cephradine in thoracic surgery; Kiss IJ et al.; Serum and lung tissue levels in fifteen patients who underwent thoracic surgery were determined by the agar-diffusion plate method after i.m . administration of cephradine (500 mg) . The mean value of the serum level 30 to 120 min after administration was 6.5 mug/ml, the mean lung tissue level was 2.6 mug/g . The lung tissue levels reached 40% of the simultaneous serum level . Four patients received cephradine for the treatment of post-operative chest infections . This antibiotic has an important therapeutic role in cases of thoracic-surgical infections.

Arch Intern Med, 1976 Oct, 136(10), 1154 - 6
Tuberculosis of the skull; Scoggin CH et al.; Because tuberculosis of the skull is relatively unusual occurrence, it may not be immediately recognized . It responds readily to chemotherapy and should be suspected in disseminated tuberculosis or in any draining lesion of the skull that is sterile or fails to respond to conventional antibiotic therapy.

Laryngoscope, 1976 Oct, 86(10), 1503 - 15
Recurrent meningitis secondary to idiopathic oval window CSF leak; Parisier SC et al.; Bacterial meningitis remains a life-threatening infection even in the present antibiotic era; thus, any abnormality which predisposes a patient to a recurrence of this serious disease, must be identified and corrected . This report describes the histroy of a 12-year old boy with a profound neurosensory hearing loss, a related absence of vestibular function and a Mondini-type of temporal bone dysplasia who developed recurrent episodes of meningitis which were due to an idiopathic cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea . Even though the meningitis was labyrinthogenic in origin, the patient did not experience the associated symptoms of hearing loss and/or vertigo since the affected inner ear was clinically unreactive . By surgically exploring the middle ear, the presence of a cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea was confirmed . The leak was observed to be coming from a defect in the stapes footplate, and it was controlled by firmly packing the inner ear vestibule with muscle . A remarkable similarity exists between the patient described above and the 15 previously reported cases of meningitis due to a spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea . Generally, the problem occurred in young children, the average age being 6.4 years; male and female were equally afflicted . All 15 previously reported cases had a severe neurosensory hearing loss which was unilateral in 10 individuals and bilateral in the other five . In 11 of the case reports, the vestibular function was evaluated, and the labyrinth was noted to be unreactive in the affected ear . An associated congenital abnormality of the inner ear was described in 11 of the patients reviewed . Anatomically, in 13 cases, the leak was observed to be coming from the oval window area . Other affected sites included one report of a fissure of the promontory and one report of a defect in the roof of the eustachian tube . Multiple surgical procedures were required in 11 of the 15 patients in order to identify the exact source of the otorrhea and to seal it permanently . In three cases, the successful procedure was a middle ear exploration with stapedectomy and packing of the inner ear vestibule . Overall, a total of 36 operations was performed in the 15 patients reviewed . In conclusion, when the physician is confronted by a case of meningitis in a patient with a unilateral or bilateral total loss of hearing and vestibular function, the possible presence of an idiopathic cerebrospinal fluid leak should be considered, expecially if radiographic studies demonstrate a temporal bone dysplasia . In these selected cases, if the etiology of the meningitis is obscure, a middle ear exploration should be performed both for diagnostic purposes as a means to ascertain definitely the presence of a leak and for therapeutic purposes to seal it effectively.

Cancer, 1976 Oct, 38(4), 1750 - 6
Fungemia due to Torulopsis glabrata in the compromised host; Valdivieso M et al.; Ten episodes of Torulopsis glabrata fungemia occurring in nine patients with terminal illnesses are described . Eight patients had underlying malignancies and one patient had a plastic anemia . Two episodes of fungemia were considered transient since they were clearly related to the administration of intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH) . Most patients were adult women and had solid tumors of the genitourinary tract . Contributory factors were: antibiotic therapy (100%), immunosuppressive drugs (75%), abdominal surgery (63%), IVH (50%), neutropenia (38%), and diabetes mellitus (13%) . The clinical course was indistinguishable from a severe bacterial infection . However, endotoxic shock was not observed . The infection was rapidly fatal in four patients . In the remaining five patients, the infection was altered favorably by the discontinuation of infected intravenous hyperalimentation catheters . However, tissue invasion by T . glabrata was found in two of these patients who died shortly thereafter from tumor progression . At autopsy, T . glabrata was identified in tissue sections of the lungs, kidneys, and mucosas of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts . In all cases there was tissue necrosis with a minor inflammatory response consisting of mononuclear cells . To our knowledge, this is the single largest series of T . glabrata fungemia ever reported.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Oct, 21(10), 872 - 6
{2 mechanisms of tetracycline resistance in bacteria}; Plakunov VK et al.; Two mechanisms of resistance to chlortetracycline stipulated by retarded transport of the antibiotic or decreased sensitivity to it of the translation apparatus were studied using clinical bacterial strains and strains obtained under laboratory conditions . No strict proportion between the population resistance to the antibiotic and the level of a decrease in its absorption by the bacterial cells was observed in most of the clinical and laboratory strains of Staph . aureus . Apparently the resistance level observed in the bacteria cannot be entirely explained by the retarded transport of the antibiotic in these cases . Direct experiments showed that sensitivity to chlortetracycline in the protein-synthesizing apparatus of some resistant strains of Staph . aureus 209 was decreased 10 times . On the other hand correlation between the level of the decrease in the absorption of the antibiotic and the level of the bacteria resistance to it was observed in resistant strains of E . coli . The protein-synthesizing apparatus of the resistant strains in this case preserved its sensitivity to chlortetracycline . Sensitivity of the protein-synthesizing apparatus to the antibiotic did not change in the process of the resistance induction by incubation of the baceria in the presence of low concentrations of the antibiotic.

Eur J Biochem, 1976 Oct 1, 69(1), 233 - 41
Activities of protein-deficient particles derived from 50-S ribosomal subunits by NH4Cl/ethanol treatment; Bernabeu C et al.; Protein-deficient ribosomal particles obtained by treatment of 50-S subunits from Escherichia coli ribosomes with 1 M NH4Cl and 50% ethanol contain less than 3% of proteins L7 and L12 and about 7% of proteins L10 and L11 . Proteins L1, L5, L8/9 and L25 are also released during the treatment but in amounts accounting for less than 40% . The particles are able to form peptide bonds in different systems, such as 'fragment reaction', puromycin reaction and formation of dipeptides . They also bind N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA and phenylalanyl-tRNA non-enzymically but are unable to support any of the elongation-factor-dependent reactions tested . However, when methanol is present, they display up to 20% of the control EF-G-dependent GTP activities such as GTP hydrolysis and formation of the ternary complex EF-G-GuoPP(CH2)P-ribosome . The first activity is totally sensitive to the antibiotic thiostrepton while the formation of the ternary complex is unaffected by the drug . When measured by equilibrium dialysis the core particles are shown to be able to bind radioactive thiostrepton . The results show that protein L11 is not an absolute requirement either for peptidyl transferase activity or for the binding of thiostrepton, although in the last case the protein strongly enhances the ribosome affinity for the antibiotic.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1976 Oct, 10(4), 509 - 13
{Enteropathogenic E . coli strains isolated in our laboratory within the last 8 months}; Kihcturgay K et al.; 63 E . coli strains were isolated and typed seriologically from feces samples sent to our laboratory from infants suffering from diarrhea in March-October 1975 . 5 out of these strains were typed as 0111 : B4, one as 055 : B5 and another one as 0125 : B15, which are generally regarded as enteropathogenic E . coli . Also sensitivity test were carried out and many of these strains were found to be multiple antibiotic resistant.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1976 Oct, 10(4), 459 - 71
{Comparison of various aspects of normal and filament forms of S . enteritidis IV}; Baykal M; Induced filament formation of S . enteritidis by means of sodium chloride was previously reported . In this study various aspects of normal and filament forms of S . enteritidis are compared . Filament forms had lost some of their biochemical activities when compared with the normal forms of S . enteritidis . There was no serological difference between the two forms . We were unable to show any difference in antibiotic sensitivity, because concentrated sodium chloride inhibited cell growth . No difference was observed between the two forms in pathogenity against mice . The resistance to heat was decreased in filament forms . In addition to these, staining and spreading of nuclear elements showed some variations in the young and old filaments.

J Bacteriol, 1976 Oct, 128(1), 401 - 12
Septum formation-defective mutant of Escherichia coli; Normark S et al.; Mutants of Escherichia coli defective in septum initiation, as well as in septum formation were obtained spontaneously, without mutagenic treatment, by selection of rifampin-tolerant mutants of an antibiotic-permeable strain carrying the envA mutation . The disturbed phenotype was in all mutants aggrevated the low incubation temperatures . One allele, sefA1, was studied in detail . Septum initiation, as well as septum formation, was promoted by high cell densities or by the addition of low concentrations of certain antibiotics, e.g., rifampin and chloramphenicol, to low-density cultures . The observed rifampicin depencence was studied in detail . These experiments indicated that a very modest shift-down situation suppressed the phenotype and enabled constrictions to proceed to cell separation . The rifampicin sensitivity of the partially purified deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase was not affected by the sefA1 allele, which is located close to proA and is thus distinct from envA . Growth parameters during the shift to 25 degrees C were followed in a transductant carrying HE SEFA1 allele . This constriction was characteristically blunt and did not lead to cell separation . At the time of formation of these frozen constrictions, clear zones representing a separation of wall from cytoplasmic membrane appeared . These polar tips did not inhibit expansion of the cell envelope . The phenotype of cells carrying the sefA1 allele suggests a disturbed relationship among protoplasm expansion, envelope growth, and septum formation . It is thought that the blunt constrictions observed are caused by an inability of the two septal peptidoglycan layers to fuse during an early stage of septation.

Surgery, 1976 Oct, 80(4), 411 - 6
Closure of abdominal incisions with subcutaneous catheters; McIlrath DC et al.; Five hundred patients who underwent a variety of major abdominal operations had primary closure of their abdominal incisions . The technique of closure included the use of catheters in the subcutaneous space with suction, except when an antibiotic solution was being instilled every 8 hours of the first 9 days after operation . The rate of postoperative wound infection in these 500 patients, a group which included 140 patients who had contaminated or dirty wounds, was 0.8 percent . Infection developed in only one (0.47 percent) of the 211 patients who underwent major colon procedures . No significant side-effects of treatment were observed.

Farmaco {Sci}, 1976 Oct, 31(10), 705 - 13
The effect of distamycin A on some biochemical functions of tissue cultures infected with Herpes simplex virus; Verini MA et al.; The antibiotic distamycin A displays no inhibition of protein synthesis in HeLa cell cultures . In HSV infected HeLa cell monolayers the drug exerts a partial inhibition of virus induced thymidine kinase synthesis but is devoid of inhibitory effect on the increase of activity of DNA polymerase and on total DNA synthesis . The antiviral activity of distamycin A is based on a mechanism which appears to be different from that displayed by other drugs such as actinomycin and IUD.

J Bacteriol, 1976 Oct, 128(1), 248 - 56
Properties of Escherichia coli mutants with alterations in Mg2+-adenosine triphosphatase; Adler LW et al.; A mutant Escherichia coli, selected for resistance to the antibiotic neomycin, was unable to utilize nonfermentable carbon sources for growth . Two strains were selected from this mutant on the basis of their ability to grow utilizing succinate as a carbon source . All three strains had approximately equal amounts of the Mg2+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) (EC 3.6.1.3) protein, but the activity of the enzyme differed in each strain . The Mg2+-ATPase from each of the three strains lost activity upon solubilization and appeared to undergo rapid dissociation once solubilized . This dissociation is similar to that described for the wild type after cold exposure.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Oct, 29(10), 1096 - 101
Action of bleomycin on proliferating plant cells; Fernandez-Gomez ME et al.; Bleomycin (10-(6) M) has been tested in Allium cepa L . meristems which are formed by a proliferating cell population growing under steady state conditions . Chromosome breaks were apparently induced by the antibiotic in cells in G2 period since anaphases with chromatid breaks were formed at a time shorter than G2 + prophase duration . Stimulation of entrance of G2 cells into mitosis is suggested both by an increase in the frequency of early prophases and by the study of waves of prophases in a synchronous subpopulation labelled by caffeine . Progression of other mitotic phases was unaffected . Nucleologenesis rate was increased by the antibiotic in a fashion resembling protein synthesis inhibitors . Protein synthesis is inhibited by 10-(6) M bleomycin to the same extent as 4 X 10(-6) M anisomycin . Both facts suggest that bleomycin has a direct inhibitory effect on protein synthesis in meristems . Given the nucleologenesis sensitivity to nucleolar RNA inhibition it is suggested that the antibiotic activity on nucleolar transcription is mediated through DNA.

Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic, 1976 Oct, 43(10), 565 - 73
{Joint manifestations of Whipple's disease}; d'Eshougues JR et al.; Of all the signs of Whipple's disease, the joint manifestations are among the most constant and the earliest to indicate the enteropathy, appearing long before the digestive and general signs . Essentially they consist of painful, peripheral joint manifestations: either simple arthralgia, or true arthritis differing in the degree of pain, the degree of the clinical signs accompanying the pain, the mode of evolution, and the number and the grouping of the joints affected, thus occurring in numerous clinical forms of which the two principal ones are subacute oligoarthritis with a tendency to migrate and chronic polyarthritis that gives rise to few definitive deformations . The radiographic appearance is usually normal . There is nothing specific about the laboratory aspects of the inflammatory syndrome . Synovial histology may in some cases clarify the diagnosis by demonstration of histiocytes with positive PAS granulations . The axial joint manifestations, which are always associated with the preceding ones, are infrequent and practically limited to unilateral or bilateral sacro-iliac lesions, with little or no clinical expression, that are discovered by standard radiology . Jejunal biopsy can be the key to early diagnosis . The pathogenesis remains obscure . The treatment is the same as for Whipple's disease, long-term antibiotic therapy.

J Chromatogr, 1976 Sep 29, 125(1), 369 - 74
Quantitative determination of low levels of daunomycin and daunomycinol in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography; Hulhoven R et al.; A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the measurement of daunomycin and its main metabolite, daunomycinol, at low concentrations in plasma is described . Quantitative determinations were obtained by the use of adriamycin, another cystostatic anthracycline antibiotic, as an internal standard . The separations were carried out on a 5-mum silica microsphere column with a quaternary solvent mixture as eluent . The components in the eluted peaks were detected by visible absorption at 490 nm and there were no interfering peaks . The advantages of the method are specificity, sensitivity, minimal pre-analysis sample work-up and small sample size . The method is sensitive for plasma levels of daunomycin and daunomycinol above 10 ng/ml . Experimental animal data are presented to illustrate the application of the method.

JAMA, 1976 Sep 20, 236(12), 1376 - 7
Immunological impairment and susceptibility to infection after splenectomy; Likhite VV; Asplenic patients or those who have undergone splenectomy are prone to overwhelming and often fatal sepsis, which is sometimes associated with disseminated intravascular coagulopathies . Although several pathogens are involved, the most common organism found in these subjects is the pneumococcus, and the infections respond poorly to antibiotic therapy.

J Chromatogr, 1976 Sep 15, 124(2), 343 - 9
{High-performance liquid chromatography of penimocycline (author's transl)}; Chevalier G et al.; Penimocycline is an antibiotic obtained by Mannich reaction between tetracycline and ampicilline . Separation of penimocycline from tetracyclines and other impurities has been studied by high-performance liquid chromatography . The most effective method is liquid-liquid partition on a Micropak CH column (non-polar hydrocarbon bonded on porous silica microparticles) and gradient elution with water-methanol, 0.02 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.6) and 1 mM EDTA . Some results on hydrolysis of penimocycline are given.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1976 Sep 15, 169(6), 610 - 3
Diagnosis and surgical treatment of cystlike lesions of the equine paranasal sinuses; Cannon JH et al.; Development of cysts in the equine paranasal sinuses is probably a congenital disease; however, signs may not appear for several years . In 4 cases, clinical signs were observed when fluid accumulation within the cysts resulted in nasal discharge or facial swelling, or when secondary infection occurred . Treatment required surgical removal of the lining membrane and other involved tissues . Postoperative care included lavage of the sinuses and systemic antibiotic therapy.

Experientia, 1976 Sep 15, 32(9), 1109 - 11
The chemical structure of capreomycin; Shiba T et al.; The chemical structure of capreomycin, antituberculous peptide antibiotic, was revised from the results of NMR-analysis in comparison with tuberactinomycins . Capreomycin IA and IB were concluded to possess the similar amino acid sequences in their cyclic peptide moieties to those of tuberactinomycins.

J Trauma, 1976 Sep, 16(9), 704 - 12
Tetanus: 2,449 cases in 68 years at Charity Hospital; Faust RA et al.; The 68-year Charity Hospital experience with tetanus has been reviewed with particular emphasis on the past 8 years . There were 2,449 cases treated at Charity Hospital from 1906 through 1974 . The mortality rate has remained high . There were 24 cases in the past 8 years, with a 58% case fatality rate . Clues to our high mortality rate could be: 1) many cases with a short period of onset, 2) none of our 24 cases received treatment at time of injury, and 3) there were more severe cases, as judged by the high rate of need for tracheostomy . The method of management emphasizes: 1) wound care, 2) neutralization of the toxin, 3) antibiotic therapy, 4) supportive measures including good nursing care with control of convulsions and seizures, and 5) completion of active immunization . Prophylaxis is stressed, with particular emphasis on wound debridement and toxoid . The decreasing incidence of the disease is encouraging, probably related directly to proper immunization . However, the mortality rate remains high and the solution to the problem of tetanus is still prophylaxis . Epidemiologic considerations were discussed with particular emphasis on tetanus in the five Gulf States, the South in general, and the decreasing incidence in endemic areas.

Scott Med J, 1976 Sep, 20(5), 255 - 8
Comparative biliary concentrations of cephazolin and cephalothin in patients with biliary tract disease; Madhavan T et al.; The concentration of cephazolin in the serum, gall bladder bile, common duct bile, and gall bladder wall were consideredably higher than cephalothin especially with IV administration and indicate that cephazolin should be a useful antibiotic in the surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis.

Am J Dis Child, 1976 Sep, 130(9), 937 - 40
Hypokalemia in children with leukemia in relapse; O'Regan S et al.; Eight children with acute leukemia in relapse were hypokalemic during their hospital course . All had accompanying hypophosphatemia, and three had mild metabolic alkalosis . Potassium chloride supplementation in each case resulted in resolution of the electrolyte and acid-base disturbances . These findings were not present in patients with conditions newly diagnosed or those in remission . The pathogenesis of the electrolyte and acidbase disturbances was not evident and was not related to antibiotic or cytotoxic drug therapy, but may have been related to the patients' poor nutritional status . Seven of the eight patients died within six months of the hypokalemic episode . Hypokalemia may be a common accompaniment of terminal leukemia.

Ateneo Parmense Acta Biomed, 1976 Sep-Oct, 47(5), 561 - 72
{Prevention and treatment of infections in open heart surgery (author's transl)}; Saccani S et al.; The incidence of bacterial infections in 207 patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass surgery is reported . The effectiveness of various prophylactic antibiotic therapies is debated on the basis of performed antibiograms and the results are compared with that obtained by other Authors using different treatments.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Sep, 21(9), 787 - 91
{Makeup of the tubular structures of a stock culture of Act . roseoflavus var . roseofungini}; Pozharitskaia LM et al.; The methods of spectral analysis, spectrophotometry, fluorescence and thin-layer chromatography were used for the study of the composition of the tubular structures of the initial culture of Act . roseoflavus var . roseofungini . It was found that they contained a complex of antibiotics (roseofungin and its analogs), Ca, Mg, Na, K, Si and a significant amount of the third non-identified component in the antibiotic complex.

Cancer Res, 1976 Sep, 36(9 pt.1), 3212 - 6
The effect of adriamycin and radiation on G2 progression; Kimler BF et al.; The effect of the DNA-intercalating antibiotic adriamycin on the progression of Chinese hamster ovary cells into mitosis, and on the delay induced by ionizing radiation, was studied using the mitotic cell selection procedure to monitor the rate of cell division . Following the addition of adriamycin, the mitotic rate remained unaltered for a refractory period and then decreased to zero . This effect was concentration dependent with transition points between the S-G2 boundary for 0.1 mug/ml and late G2 for 250 mug/ml . Cells treated with either a 10- or 30-min pulse of 1.0 mug adriamycin per ml exhibited a refractory period identical to that observed for continuous treatment . However, after a delay of congruent to 3.5 or congruent to 5 hr, respectively, cell division resumed . The mitotic rate of cells that received 150 rads of X-ray at the oneset of an adriamycin pulse declined coincident with that of radiation only, but resumed coincident with those receiving adriamycin only . This implies that radiation-induced division delay (congruent to 3 hr) was repaired before cells recovered from adriamycin-induced division delay and that the two agents were not additive . This lack of synergism is in contrast to that observed for cell lethality.

Nucleic Acids Res, 1976 Sep, 3(9), 2293 - 301
Protection of particular cleavage sites of restriction endonucleases by distamycin A and actinomycin D; Nosikov VV et al.; It is shown here that distamycin A and actinomycin D can protect the recognition sites of endo R.EcoRI, EcoRII, HindII, HindIII, HpaI and HpaII from the attack of these restriction endonucleases . At proper distamycin concentrations only two endo R.EcoRI sites of phage lambda DNA are available for the restriction enzyme--sRI1 and sRI4 . This phenomenon results in the appearance of larger DNA fragments comprising several consecutive fragments of endo R.EcoRI complete cleavage . The distamycin fragments isolated from the agarose gels can be subsequently cleaved by endo R.EcoRI with the yield of the fragments of complete digestion . We have compared the effect of distamycin A and actinomycin D on a number of restriction endonucleases having different nucleotide sequences in the recognition sites and established that antibiotic action depends on the nucleotide sequences of the recognition sites and their closest environment

Am J Surg, 1976 Sep, 132(3), 392 - 3
Idiopathic perforation of the colon in a newborn; Cacioppo PL et al.; Although infrequent, idiopathic perforation of the colon in the newborn is a surgical emergency . Etiology remains obscure . Diagnosis of a pneumoperitoneum, prompt operative intervention, and the use of antibiotic therapy are essential to the survival of these infants.

J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1976 Sep, 58(6), 845 - 9
Pyogenic arthritis of the sacro-iliac joint . Long-term follow-up; Coy JT 3rd et al.; Nine cases of sacro-iliac pyarthrosis are presented . The difficulty in localizing the infection is attributable mostly to failure to appreciate the posteriorly situated physical findings . This, and the difficulty with early roentgenographic demonstration of the lesion, may lead to unnecessary abdominal exploration (as in two of our patients) or to prolonged delay in diagnosis and hence spread of the infection . Awareness of the usual physical findings and prompt use of radioisotope scanning to localize the infection led to earlier diagnosis and avoidance of surgery in three patients seen recently . Antibiotic therapy, with or without surgery, led to cure in all patients, with minimum sequelae.

Geriatrics, 1976 Sep, 31(9), 77 - 80
Outpatient management of chronic bronchitis and emphysema; Speir WA Jr; Proper treatment relieves the symptoms of chronic bronchitis and emphysema to a large extent and helps patients remain active and useful until the last stages of the disease . Not much can be done to halt the natural course, since the disease is well advanced by the time that symptoms appear . Respiratory infections pose a constant threat . They are the primary cause of increased morbidity and mortality in these patients and may well accelerate the disease process . Annual prophylaxis against influenza is recommended, and antibiotic suppression should be considered for patients who have repeated bouts of acute bronchitis . Airways obstruction in emphysema is irreversible, but oral bronchodilators may remedy bronchospasm in chronic bronchitis and in emphysema with a bronchitic component . If sputum is thick and tenacious, postural drainage and chest physiotherapy may be helpful . Corticosteroids should be used only as a last resort . Patients tend to become inactive as the disease progresses . Exercise is important to increase exercise tolerance and overall physical fitness, and the physician should prescribe a specific daily program within the patient's limitations.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Sep, 29(9), 944 - 9
Studies of etamycin biosynthesis employing short-term experiments with radiolabeled precursors; Kamal F et al.; The biosynthesis of etamycin by Streptomyces griseoviridus was investigated with the precursors, 14C-L-leucine and 14CH3-L-methionine, during short-term incubations . Both radiosotopes are rapidly incorporated into the antibiotic without significant lag . D-Leucine,but not L-leucine,inhibits etamycin formation . The kinetics of incorporation of 14C-L-leucine as well as the inhibitor studies suggest that L-leucine is the direct precursor of theD-enantiomerpresent in the antibiotic peptide . Chloramephenicol has been shown to inhibit protein synthesis by S . griseoviridus without reduction of etamycin formation, indicating that a non-ribosomal mechanism of synthesis is involved in etamycin biogenesis . When L-ethionine was employed, both the formation of antibiotic and protein were blocked.

Clin Orthop, 1976 Sep, (119), 202 - 5
The split-heel technique in the management of calcaneal osteomyelitis in children . Report of three cases; Broudy AS et al.; Three cases are reported in which the split-heel technique was successfully used in the management of calcaneal osteomyelitis in children . Antibiotic therapy and debridement when necessary through medial or lateral incisions will usually eradicate the infection . Gaenslen's technique is recommended for refractory cases or patients with a draining sinus centrally located on the plantar aspect of the heel . An excellent functional result can be obtained . In general, excision of the calcaneus for chronic osteomyelitis in children is not necessary.

J Virol, 1976 Sep, 19(3), 782 - 91
Suppression of glycoprotein formation of Semliki Forest, influenza, and avian sarcoma virus by tunicamycin; Schwarz RT et al.; Tunicamycin, a new antibiotic, halts the formation of physical particles of Semliki forest and fowl plague virus, whereas avian oncornavirus particles which show a reduction in infectivity and do not contain detectable labeled glycoprotein are released in the presence of the drug . In Semliki forest virus-infected cells only the protein moieties of the glycoproteins could be labeled . In cells infected with fowl plague and avian sarcoma virus neither intact glycoproteins nor their protein moieties could be detected . By using a protease inhibitor (N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysin chloromethyl ketone, TLCK) it could be shown, however, that the carbohydrate-free hemagglutinin precursor of influenza virus is synthesized but is presumably degraded by intracellular proteases in the absence of TLCK as a consequence of the lack of carbohydrate.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1976 Sep, 29(9), 771 - 82
{Ototoxicity of spectinomycin (author's transl)}; Akiyoshi M et al.; Spectinomycin is an aminocyclitol antibiotic, but different in chemical structure from other aminocyclitol antibiotics such as streptomycin, kanamycin and gentamicin . Spectinomycin clinically has been proven to be highly effective in the intramuscular single-dose treatment of gonorrhea . According to NOVAK et al . (1974), all evidence from pharmacological and clinical efficacy studies to date indicates that spectinomycin is free from ototoxic effects at the dose levels recommended for single-dose treatment of gonorrhea (2 or 4 g) or repeated i.m . or i.v . doses, 8g/day . The present experimental study has been made to evaluate the ontoxocic effects of spectinomycin in Hartley strain guinea pigs given i.m . a single-high dose (800 mg/kg or 1,600 mg/kg) and repeated-slightly higher dose (80 mg/kg or 160 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks) respectively . Differential frequency pinna reflex test in frequency range from 20 KHz to 500 Hz revealed that no animals showed disappearance of pinna reflex in the frequencies tested . Histologic examination in serial celloidin sections of the cochlea and vestibulum disclosed that a few animals given a single-high dose of spectinomycin (800 mg/kg or 1,600 mg/kg) and repeated-slightly higher dose or spectinomycin (80 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks) respectively showed limited mild damage of outer hair cells in the spiral organ and of hair cells in the vestibular organ . There were histologically a few focal necrosis in the liver and scattered interstitial cell infiltration around the proximal convoluted tubules which are lined with regenerated epithelial cells in some animals given the single-high dose (800 mg/kg or 1,600 mg/kg) or repeated-slightly higher dose (80 mg/kg or 160 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks) of spectinomycin . Positive correlation between the extent of the hair cell damage and the injury of the liver and kidney was not confirmed . The present study suggests that administration of spectinomycin at the dose levels recommended for single-dose treatment of gonorrhea (2 or 4 g) most probably is free from ototoxic effect.

Biochemistry, 1976 Aug 24, 15(17), 3778 - 82
Coumerimycin A1: A preferential inhibitor of replicative DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli . II . In vivo characterization; Ryan MJ et al.; In vitro inhibitions by coumermycin A1 of DNA and RNA synthesis in toluenized cells were studied . In a sensitive strain, 50% inhibitions of replication and transcription were observed at 0.035 and 0.600 mug/ml, respectively . DNA synthesis in a toluenized-resistant mutant was 50% inhibited at 0.140 mug/ml of coumermycin A1, whereas RNA synthesis was unaffected at all concentrations tested . Studies with a mixture of toluenized-sensitive and -resistant bacteria ruled out the presence of a diffusable activator or inhibitor of coumermycin A1 action . Density label studies with toluenized pol A+ and pol A- strains indicated that replicative DNA synthesis was specifically inhibited, in agreement with the in vivo studies in the preceding paper of this issue (Ryan, M . J . (1976), Biochemistry 15) . Highly purified Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III and RNA polymerase both were inhibited by this antibiotic . However, the high concentrations necessary for these inhibitions suggest that they are not biologically relevant . No interaction between DNA and coumermycin A1 was observed with the following analytical procedures: ultraviolet difference spectra, DNA absorbance-temperature transitions, equilibrium buoyant density centrifugation, and DNA cross-linking determinations.

Biochemistry, 1976 Aug 24, 15(17), 3769 - 77
Coumermycin A1: A preferential inhibitor of replicative DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli . I . In vivo characterization; Ryan MJ; Coumermycin A1, an antibiotic related to novobiocin, inhibited nucleic acid synthesis in intact Escherichia coli with replication being slightly more sensitive to this drug than transcription . The ultraviolet-induced repair synthesis of DNA was only partially inhibited under conditions where replication was eliminated by coumermycin A1 . Inhibition of protein synthesis was a secondary effect . Coumermycin A1-resistant E . coli were isolated and the mutation was mapped near dnaA . Chromatography of crude protein extracts of sensitive and resistant bacteria on drug affinity columns implicated a soluble protein of approximately 37,000 molecular weight as the target site for coumermycin A1 . Depending on the medium used, this antibiotic had either a bacteriocidal or a bacteriostatic effect on E . coli . Results showed that the effect of coumermycin A1 cannot be explained by the degradation of DNA under bacteriocidal growth conditions.

Biochem J, 1976 Aug 15, 158(2), 355 - 9
Effects of hormones on protein and amino acid metabolism in mammary-gland explants of mice; Anderson LD et al.; The effects of insulin, cortisol and prolactin on amino acid uptake and protein biosynthesis were determined in mammary-gland explants from mid-pregnant mice . Insulin stimulated {3H}leucine incorporation into protein within 15 min of adding insulin to the incubation medium . Insulin also had a rapid stimulatory effect on the rate of aminoiso{14C}butyric acid uptake, but it had no effect on the intracellular accumulation of {3H}leucine . Cortisol inhibited the rate of {3H}leucine incorporation into protein during the initial 4h of incubation, but it had no effect at subsequent times . {3H}Leucine uptake was unaffected by cortisol, but amino{14C}isobutyric acid uptake was inhibited after a 4h exposure period to this hormone . Prolactin stimulated the rate of {3H}leucine incorporation into protein when tissues were exposed to this hormone for 4h or more; up to 4h, however, no effect of prolactin was detected . At all times tested, prolactin had no effect on the uptake of either amino{14C}isobutyric acid or {3H}leucine . Incubation with actinomycin D abolished the prolactin stimulation of protein biosynthesis, but this antibiotic did not affect the insulin response . A distinct difference in the mechanism of action of these hormones on protein biosynthesis in the mammary gland is thus apparent.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Aug 2, 442(1), 98 - 108
NMR studies of the structure and stability of the 1 : 2 actinomycin D-d-pG-C complex in aqueous solution; Patel DJ; We describe NMR studies at superconducting fields which characterize aspects of the structure and stability of the 1 : 2 actinomycin-d-pG-C complex in solution as monitored at the Watson-Crick base pairs and backbone phosphate groups . Two guanine N1H resonances (12.17 and 11.66 ppm) are observed in the 360 MHz proton NMR spectra of the complex in water at -4 degrees C . These slowly exchangeable resonances, which demonstrate the presence of two Watson-Crick G + C base pairs in the complex, broaden in a sequential manner with increasing temperature . The terminal and internucleotide phosphates of both d-pG-C molecules are observable in the 145.7 MHz 31P spectra of the 1 : 2 actinomycin-d-pG-C complex at 0 degrees C . The internucleotide phosphate resonance at 1.905 ppm broadens prior to that at 2.385 ppm with increasing temperature, consistent with a sequential breakage of the G + C base pairs in the complex . The lifetime of the complex (4.5 +/- 0.5 X 10(-4) s, 33 degrees C) was deduced from the variation of the d-pG-D internucleotide 31P resonance line width on gradual addition of the antibiotic in solution.

JAMA, 1976 Aug 2, 236(5), 448 - 9
Letter: Bacterial shock; Zide NR; PIP: This letter makes the point that when obtaining blood cultures prior to initiation of antibiotic therapy, 3 venipunctures from the same site are of no greater value than 1 single blood culture . A further point made about therapy of bacteremic shock is that the use of corticosteroids is still controversial . Properly controlled studies in humans have not yet been performed which would permit significant conclusions about the value of these agents in shock therapy; indeed, when the use of steroids is contemplated, some may use as much as 10 times the doses recommended normally . The author of the original review of therapy in shock replies to these 2 points, noting that 3 blood cultures taken in sequence increase the statistical likelihood that recovery of the organism will be obtained .

Jpn J Pharmacol, 1976 Aug, 26(4), 419 - 26
Effects of chronic administration of kanamycin on conditioned suppression to auditory stimulus in rats; Chiba S et al.; The conditioned suppression technique was employed to study the ototoxic effects of chronic administration of the antibiotic, kanamycin . Lever pressing behavior for food reinforcement of rats was suppressed in the presence of an auditory stimulus (sound) or visual stimulus (light) that had been previously paired with electric shocks . Repeated administration of kanamycin at the dose of 400 mg/kg/day for more than 50 days significantly attenuated the conditioned suppression to auditory stimulus but did not attenuate the conditioned suppression to visual stimulus . This finding suggests that the attenuating effect of chronic administration of kanamycin on conditioned suppression to auditory stimulus can be interpreted in terms of the selective action of the drug on the auditory system.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Aug, 21(8), 722 - 5
{Pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in experimental animals}; Koroleva VG et al.; Rifampicin is rapidly absorbed when administered orally . Its high levels were detected during 1 to 3 hours after administration . The antibiotic was preserved in the blood serum in therapeutic concentrations for at least 24 hours depending on the dose used . When used repeatedly, it did not cumulate . Rifampicin easily penetrated into the organs and tissues of the animals, the highest concentrations being observed in the liver and kidneys . The antibiotic was mainly excreted with the bile . The drug pharmacokinetics depended on the animal species.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Aug, 21(8), 704 - 9
{Nystatin biosynthesis by inactive mutants of Act . noursei when cultured together}; Toropova EG et al.; Inactive mutants of the nystatin-producing organism Act . noursei were selected . When 2 of them were cultivated together, nystatin biosynthesis was restored . The substance or substances restoring the antibiotic biosynthesis was excreted into the culture broth . It had non-protein nature and was stable on storage . Reduction of the nystatin biosynthetic chain proceeded without changes in the cultivation conditions.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Aug, 21(8), 679 - 85
{Nystatin and amphotericin B sorption complexes with polyvinyl-pyrrolidone in nonaqueous solvent systems}; Vainshtein VA et al.; Complexes of polyenic antibiotics with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) can be used for preparing effective pharmaceutical forms soluble in water and consisting of fine dispersions . Studies were carried out; they are of great importance for revealing the mechanism of polyen interaction with neutral polymers, as well as for development of the technological processes for production of the pharmaceutical forms . The sorption isoterms of PVP with the molecular weight of 10 000 and 35 000 on nystatin and amphotericin B were obtained in the process of precipitation in the system of dimethylformamide-ethylacetate . The constants of the strength of the antibiotic binding with the polymer in a complex were calculated . It was shown that the complex strength increased with a rise in the relative amount of the precipitant in the system . The temperature dependence of the binding strength constant was studied . The process of the complex forming was shown to be exothermic, the activation energy of the complex being 26-30 kcal per a mole of the antibiotic . No significant differences in the binding strength of nystatin and amphotericin B were observed . On the basis of the experimental data, a scheme of the complex structure explaining the binding process by formation of a number of hydrogen bonds between the antibiotic hydroxyl groups and the PVP tertiaryamide groups is proposed.

Immunology, 1976 Aug, 31(2), 287 - 301
Rosette plaques with lymphoid cells from heterozygous rabbits . Ani-hapten antibody-forming cells displaying either one or both b locus surface allelic markers; Wolf B et al.; A rosette-plaque model was employed to test for the expression of b locus allelic markers at the surface of lymph node lymphocytes (LNL) from heterozygous (b4,6) rabbits, 5 days after immunization with NIP-diphtheria toxoid . Before immunization, in all animals examined, LNL displaying both b4 and b6 determinants at the surface (range 5-20 per cent) were detected, the remainder consisting of cells exhibiting only one or the other determinant . After immunization, five of the thirteen heterozygotes apparently had gone into allelic exclusion as LNL from these animals showed only b4 or b6 rosettes which secreted anti-NIP antibody in the plaque . The eight remaining rabbits remained in allelic inclusion . Since cytophilic uptake of allotype might have contributed to double expression, LNL from immunized animals were treated with pronase to remove surface immunoglobulin . When the stripped cells were cultured overnight in serum-free medium, reappearance of b4, b6, and b4 plus b6 expressing cells was seen . When pronase-stripped cells were incubated in cycloheximide (20 mug/ml) for 5 hr, no allotype synthesis was found but inhibition was relieved when the cells were washed free of the antibiotic . Regrowth resulted in rosette levels similar to those found originally in the three allotype-bearing populations . Stripping the cell surface allotype with pronase, and allowing regrowth of allotype overnight also resulted in one of four animals regaining the ability to express both allotypes at the surface in the plaque-forming situation . Lymphocytes from homozygous controls (b4,4 and b6,6) displayed their own individual allelic markers either when the cells from each were tested alone or in combination, unimmunized or immunized . An additional finding was the apparent lack of allelic preference for NIP in the heterozygotes as approximately similar numbers of cells were found bearing the b4 and b6 marker at the surface in the NIP plaque.

J Infect Dis, 1976 Aug, 134 Suppl, S170 - 4
Tobramycin and cephalothin sodium in treatment of infected patients with acute leukemia; Vincent PC et al.; Tobramycin has been shown to be safe and effective when given intravenously in combination antibiotic therapy for infected patients with acute leukemia or other profound pancytopenic states . Tobramycin in combination with one or more antibiotics (usually cephalothin) produced satisfactory clinical results in 21 of 30 episodes of fever . Toxic effects were minimal and were limited to occasional mild thrombophlebitis.

J Infect Dis, 1976 Aug, 134 Suppl, S118 - 24
Pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered tobramycin in normal volunteers and in renal-impaired and hemodialyzed patients; Pechere JC et al.; The pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered tobramycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, were studied in 16 volunteers with normal renal function and 10 patients with different degrees of renal impairment . In all subjects, the disappearance of tobramycin from serum followed first-order kinetics, and the elimination rate constant decreased proportionally with increasing degree of renal impairment . The half-life average 82 min in normal subjects (endogenous creatinine clearance, greater than 80 ml/1.73 m2 per min) and was 33.7 hr in a totally anephric subject . Linear relations were defined between the half-life of tobramycin in serum and the reciprocal of the endogenous creatinine clearance and between the half-life of the drug and the concentration of serum creatinine . These relations may be used for dosage adjustment in patients with renal impairment . In hemodialyzed patients, the half-life decreased six- to ninefold during dialysis for 6 hr . The extent of tobramycin elimination by hemodialysis may be predicted from relations established between the elimination of tobramycin and that of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen . Dosage schedules must be compatible with the pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic properties of the antibiotic.

J Infect Dis, 1976 Aug, 134 Suppl, S114 - 7
Intravenous injection of gentamicin and tobramycin without impairment of hearing; Dobbs SM et al.; The aminoglycoside antibiotics gentamicin and tobramycin were given to six healthy volunteers by intravenous injection . A dose of 80 mg was injected within 1 min . The curves relating serum concentration to time did not differ significantly for the two drugs . The maximal serum concentrations of drug exceeded 10 mug/ml on seven of 12 occasions . Despite these high concentrations, loss of hearing was not significant at any frequency (1,000-8,000 Hz) up to one month after injection . It is suggested that the aminoglycoside antibiotics penetrate into the inner ear lymph very slowly and that the concentration at that site is relatively unaffected by transient high concentrations of antibiotic in the blood plasma.

Aust N Z J Med, 1976 Aug, 6(4), 321 - 8
Growth and immune function in Aboriginal children during recovery from malnutrition and infection; Ford GW et al.; The clinical, nutritional progress and immunological changes of 30 Aboriginal children admitted to the Alice Springs Hospital with malnutrition and infection, and 11 adequately nourished children admitted with acute infection were studied . The initial toxic phase of infection lasted from six to 21 days during which the mean weight velocity of malnourished children averaged 8-8 g/kg/day . The subsequent period of nutritional rehabilitation was accompanied by a slower weight velocity of 3-7 g/kg/day up to a body weight at discharge of approximately 80% standard weight for age . The principal clinical form of malnutrition was moderate protein calorie malnutrition of marasmic type . All children showed laboratory evidence of persistent immunological stimulation with leukocytosis, elevated numbers of T and B lymphoid cells, raised erythrocyte sedimentation rates and hyperimmunoglobulinaemia . These findings were not significantly changed by short-term antibiotic therapy and nutritional rehabilitation and may indicate an underlying defect resulting in the high rate of reinfection and readmission of these children.

Genetics, 1976 Aug, 83(4), 667 - 73
Mapping of trichodermin resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a genetic locus for a component of the 60S ribsomal subunit; Grant PG et al.; Resistance to the protein synthesis inhibitor trichodermin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been studied . A single recessive nuclear gene was responsible for resistance . The resistance locus, tcm1 was found to be closely linked (1 centi-morgan) to the locus pet 17 on the right arm of chromosome XV . The mutation to trichodermin resistance conferred resistance to other 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes and to the structurally unrelated antibiotic anisomycin.

Br J Vener Dis, 1976 Aug, 52(4), 269 - 75
Non-specific urethritis . A placebo-controlled trial of minocycline in conjunction with laboratory investigations; Prentice MJ et al.; The results of a double-blind therapeutic trial on 81 men suffering from non-specific urethritis (NSU) show that minocycline was more effective than a placebo . Before treatment Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 31 per cent . of the men, ureaplasmas from 58 per cent., and Mycoplasma hominis from 7-5 per cent . There is evidence that chlamydiae are a cause of urethritis . However, after minocycline therapy improvement in the clinical response of patients from whom only ureaplasmas were isolated was less significant, so that the evidence that these organisms are pathogenic is less convincing . Possible reasons for this are discussed, as are the implications of finding minocycline-resistant ureaplasmas in at least 6 per cent . of the patients who harboured these organisms . The symptoms and signs of patients from whom micro-organisms were not isolated also improved after minocycline therapy, implying that the aetiological agents in this group of patients are antibiotic-sensitive . However, the results do not exclude the possibility that a minocycline-resistant agent is the cause of urethritis in a minority of patients.

Chest, 1976 Aug, 70(2), 231 - 8
Clinical course of 91 consecutive near-drowning victims; Modell JH et al.; Hospital records of 91 consecutive near-drowning victims were studied retrospectively . Eight-one (89 percent) of these patients survived . Patients who were alert on arrival at the emergency room survived, but those who were comatose and had fixed dilated pupils died . Other states of consciousness were unreliable predictors of survival . All patients with a normal chest roentgenogram on admission survived; however, values for arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) did not necessarily correlate with the chest roentgenograms . Values for arterial blood gas tensions and pH varied widely, as follows; PaO2, 25 to 465 mm Hg; arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2), 17 to 100 mm Hg; pH, 6.77 to 7.50; and arterial bicarbonate level, 6.6 to 29.7 mEq/L . The ratio of PaO2 to the fractional concentration of oxygen in the inspired gas (FIo2), which was calculated to standardize PaO2 data for varying concentrations of inspired oxygen, ranged from 30 to 585 mm Hg . Only one patient with a ratio of PaO2/FIo2 greater than 150 mm Hg on admission subsequently died; this was a neurologic rather than a pulmonary death . Serum electrolytic concentrations and values for hemoglobin level and hematocrit reading neither predicted survival nor indicated that a threat to life existed . Steroid and prophylactic antibiotic therapy did not appear to increase the chance of survival . Observations on these patients are discussed in light of previous experiments in animals, and an approach to therapy is suggested.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1976 Aug, 29(8), 721 - 4
{Effect of continuous bleomycin treatment and of oil-suspended bleomycin on experimental tumor growth (author's transl)}; Urano M et al.; Effects of continuous administration of bleomycin solution and of intralesional injection of sesame oil-suspended bleomycin on tumor growth were studied . Experimental animal tumors were 3 rd generation isotransplants of a spontaneous C3H mouse mammary carcinoma . Bleomycin treatments were started when transplanted tumors reached 8 mm in diameter and the measurement of tumor volume was followed . Dose administered was fixed as 100 mg/kg in all the groups . Bleomycin solution was given intralesionally in a single or 4 daily doses, or intraperitoneally by continuous infusion . The latter method inhibited tumor growth most effectively, while the single injection was the last effective . Intralesional injection of oil-suspended exhibited similar effectiveness as the continuous infusion, and it was independent of the number of fractions . These results were interpreted by the several features in the response of mammalian cells to the antibiotic.

Cancer Res, 1976 Aug, 36(8), 2768 - 74
Synthesis and the lethality of bleomycin in bacteria; Cohen SS et al.; The bleomycins are antitumor agents composed of various cationic amides of a common inactive bleomycinic acid . At 1 mug/ml at 37 degrees, the naturally occurring spermidine derivative of bleomycin (A5) was far more lethal to Escherichia coli than were several other bleomycins tested . An exponential loss of viability was produced for 2 hr in various strains of E . coli growing in a synthetic medium . In the stringent E . coli, strain 15 TAU (thymine-arginine-uracil) rel A+ (arginine), withholding thymine did not affect the rate of killing . However, uracil starvation completely blocked killing by the antibiotic . Arginine deprival partially inhibited bleomycin killing in the stringent cell but had little effect on the lethality of the antibiotic in a relaxed isogenic strain actively synthesizing RNA . Similar results were obtained with another isogenic pair, stringent CP78 and relaxed CP79 . Thus, the lethality of the antitumor agent, bleomycin, which is reported to produce breaks in bacterial and animal cell DNA in vivo and in vitro appeared totally dependent on RNA synthesis in E . coli . Nevertheless, chloramphenicol, which blocks protein synthesis and relaxes RNA synthesis in the stringent strains, also significantly inhibited the lethal action of the antibiotic, reducing the exponential rate of killing.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Aug, 21(8), 688 - 91
{Stability of 6-beta-{(hexahydro-1H-azepin-l-yl)methyleneamino}-penicillanic acid in aqueous solutions}; Veinberg GA et al.; Stability of acqueous solutions of 6-beta-{(hexahydro-IH-azepin-I-yl)methylenamino} penicillanic acid at various values of pH and temperature was studied . It was found that inactivation of the antibiotic in both the acid and the alkaline medium proceeded according to the equation of the 1st order . At pH 1.3 and a temperature of 35 degrees the half life of the antibiotic was 7 hours . The activation energy calculated according to the Arrenius equation was 13.5 kcal/mol at pH 1.3 and 22.2 kcal/mol at pH 10.5 . The antibiotic was inactivated in glycol and phosphate buffers . Its qualitative analysis was performed according to an improved iodometric method.

J Trauma, 1976 Aug, 16(08), 662 - 8
Bacterial infection and the asplenic host: a review; Dickerman JD; The risk of bacterial sepsis in the surgically or functionally asplenic host is reviewed . The lowest morbidity occurs in patients splenectomized because of trauma to the spleen; the highest morbidity occurs in patients splenectomized for thalassemia . There is approximately a 50% mortality associated with sepsis secondary to asplenia and the pneumococcus is responsible for over 50% of the cases . Normal spleen function and alteration in host defense occurring as a consequence of asplenia is discussed . Finally, alternatives to and indications for splenectomy as well as prophylactic measures are considered . It is concluded that, at the present time, antibiotic coverage for an indefinite period of time may be indicated for surgically or functionally asplenic patients.

Med J Aust, 1976 Jul 17, 2(3), 95 - 7
Lincomycin-clindamycin-associated psuedomembranous colitis; Munk JF et al.; Five cases of lincomycin-clindamycin-associated acute pseudomembranous colitis, demonstrating a spectrum of clinical, histological and radiological severity, were encountered over a five-months period . All patients presented with watery diarrhoea without the passage of macroscopic blood or pus . Two patients were seriously ill with fulminant colitis, but responded rapidly to corticosteroids given parenterally and supportive therapy . The diagnosis of acute colitis should be considered in all patients developing diarrhoea during or up to three weeks after beginning therapy with lincomycin or clindamycin and can be confirmed by sigmoidoscopic examination . Withdrawal of the antibiotic and symptomatic treatment is appropriate for mild cases of colitis, but our experience suggests that corticosteroid therapy is safe and effective in severe cases . Indiscriminate use of these antibiotics should be avoided.

Eur J Biochem, 1976 Jul 15, 66(3), 623 - 6
Biosynthesis of gramicidin S with the aid of dipeptides by gramicidin S synthetase; von Dungen A et al.; Dipeptides L-phenylalanyl-proline, D-phenylalanyl-proline, prolyl-valine, valyl-lysine, lysyl-leucine and leucyl-phenylalanine, derived from the sequence of gramicidin S, are substrates of the gramicidin S synthetase . When any of these dipeptides are used to replace the two corresponding amino acids in the reaction assay, cyclodecapeptide antibiotic synthesis occurs, and requires the whole multienzyme system . Active esters, like the thiophenyl and p-nitrophenyl esters of D-phenylalanyl-proline are unable to promote gramicidin S biosynthesis with the gramicidin S synthetase system or with the heavy enzyme alone.

J Biol Chem, 1976 Jul 10, 251(13), 3881 - 6
Action of ionophore A23187 at the cellular level . Separation of effects at the plasma and mitochondrial membranes; Babcock DF et al.; Bovine epididymal spermatozoa incubated aerobically in vitro in the presence of 0.1 to 0.2 mM CaCl2 accumulate 25 to 50 nmol of calcium/10(8) cells . The addition of low concentrations of the ionophore A23187 (0.01 to 0.5 nmol/mg of sperm protein) induces efflux of this accumulated calcium . At high ionophore concentrations (0.5 to 5.0 nmol/mg of sperm protein), calcium release is followed by an influx of up to 25 nmol of calcium/10(8) cells that is not dependent on mitochondrial energization . A selective increase in the permeability of the sperm plasma membrane produced by treatment with the polyene antibiotic, filipin, results in the release of that calcium which is accumulated in the presence of high concentrations of A23187 . Sperm first treated with filipin possess the ability to accumulate and retain calcium (in the presence of an oxidizable substrate) but release Ca2+ without subsequent reaccumulation after the addition of 3 nmol of A23187/mg of protein . These observations are explained by the existence of competing calcium pumps operating within the mitochondrial and plasma membranes of the spermatozoan . Treatment with high concentrations of A23187 allows calcium influx into a non-mitochondrial compartment of the sperm cell as a consequence of the equilibration of this cation across both mitochondrial and plasma membranes . The amount of calcium uptake and its sensitivity to filipin indicate that calcium binding to soluble, intracellular components is also involved . The ability of low concentrations of A23187 to induce calcium efflux is explained as a result of the continued operation of the plasma membrane pump coincident with ionophore-induced decay of the concentration gradient across the mitochondrial membrane . This hypothetical action of low levels of the ionophore on the mitochondria is supported by the observation of net movements of calcium with filipin-treated cells and the respiratory responses and movements of phosphate and membrane-associated calcium with intact sperm . It is suggested that the basis of this apparent selectivity of ionophore action lies in the relative activities and kinetic properties of the competing calcium pumps in the plasma and mitochondrial membranes of these cells . Ionophore-induced influx of calcium into the extramitochondrial space results in a stimulation of respiration and kinetic activity of the sperm . This activation of motility is observed also with cells made entirely dependent upon glycolysis (by treatment with respiratory inhibitors) and suggests a direct involvement of calcium in the regulation of flagellar function.

Circulation, 1976 Jul, 54(1), 91 - 6
Echocardiographic evaluation of the stent mounted aortic bioprosthetic valve in the mitral position . In vitro and in vivo studies; Horowitz MS et al.; Echocardiograms were performed on 20 clinically stable patients following mitral valve replacement with glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine aortic heterografts and three patients with antibiotic sterilized aortic homografts mounted in the mitral position . Such valves were evaluated in a test chamber at varied flow rates resulting in improved understanding of movements seen with the echocardiogram in vivo . The technique for recording the valvular stent and leaflets is described and a method for measuring several parameters is demonstrated . Initial diastolic slope averaged 2.4 +/- 0.5 cm/sec (range 1.9 to 3.3 cm/sec) . Left ventricular outflow tract measured from the anterior portion of the stent to the interventricular septum averaged 1.5 +/- 0.5 cm at end-diastole and 1.3 +/- 0.6 cm at end-systole . Leaflet excursion averaged 1.5 +/- 0.3 cm (with a range from 1.0 to 2.1 cm) . The ratio of internal to external stent diameters averaged 0.66 +/- 0.05 (with a range from 0.56 to 0.74).

Ann Sclavo, 1976 Jul-Aug, 18(4), 541 - 4
{Observations on the sensibility of many chemical antibodies on the blocks of the Mimeae isolated during the acute respiratory affections (author's transl)}; Stornello C et al.; The AA . studied the sensibility of 7 stocks of Mimeae isolated from subjects with acute respiratory affections against numerous chemical antibodies . The observed that the examined stocks were sensibility resistent to usual antibiotic employed but with a great variability of antwort among the single stocks.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1976 Jul, 57(1), 221 - 4
Induction of DNA degradation in vivo by adriamycin; Lee YC et al.; The anthracycline antibiotic adriamycin (Ad) induced degradation (single-strand breaks) of cell DNA in vivo in murine L1210 leukemia cells . Measurement was made by alkaline sucrose gradient methods . Exposure of isolated DNA to Ad had little effect; the in vivo DNA strand breaks were probably due to the action of nucleases on DNA distorted by bound Ad . Toxicity of Ad to postmitotic cells such as cardiac cells could be mediated by this mechanism, since it could be demonstrated in periods substantially shorter than the cell generation time and thus could be responsible for interphase death.

Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther, 1976 Jul, 222(1), 149 - 56
Neurotoxicity and CSF level of three penicillins; Kolb R et al.; The electrocortical activity and the antibiotic concentration in serum and CSF were investigated in rabbits after i.v . administration of benzylpenicillin, ampicillin and oxacillin . In contrast to ampicillin and oxacillin, benzylpenicillin induced a pronounced epileptogenic activity . The different epileptogenic activity of the three penicillins cannot be explained by the difference in the CSF level of these agents only . The intensity of the epileptogenic activity and the CSF level after benzylpenicillin administration were markedly influenced by the experimental procedure in that curarized animals exhibited both higher CSF levels and more intense seizure activities than non-curarized animals . Factors are discussed which may be responsible for the different neurotoxic potency of the three penicillins and for the dependence of the benzylpenicillin-induced seizure intensity on the experimental procedure.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Jul, 21(7), 587 - 91
{Production of tubular structures from the aerial mycelium of Actinomyces roseoflavus var . roseofungini}; Taptykova SD et al.; Tubular formations analogous by their structure to those found on the surface of the outer sheath of the hyphae of the aerial mycelium of Actinomyces roseoflavus var . roseofungini were reconstructed in vitro from the mycelium acetone extract on addition of water . A polyenic antibiotic was shown to be present in the composition of the "tubes" . A possible role of the antibiotic in the genesis of the secondary structures of the actinomycete is discussed.

Arch Surg, 1976 Jul, 111(7), 822 - 5
Neomycin toxicity revisited; Masur H et al.; Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity represent the most hazardous side effects of the clincial use of neomycin sulfate . Despite therapeutic restriction of the latter compound to topical, irrigant, and bowel sterilization use, serious toxicity is still encountered . A 69-year-old patient was recently treated by us for acute renal failure and total deafness induced as a result of intermittent seven-day lavage of a surgical cavity with neomycin . Peritoneal dialysis reduced the serum concentration of the antibiotic and promoted complete recovery of renal function . The patient, however, remained deaf . This case serves as a reminder that neomycin can be absorbed systemically following its use as an irrigant solution . In such cases, it may produce an unsuspected form of "high output" renal failure and concomitant hearing loss . The renal failure is usually reveesible, but the hearing loss is frequently permanent.

Am J Ophthalmol, 1976 Jul, 82(1), 114 - 6
Cloxacillin penetration; Uwaydah MM et al.; We investigated the intraocular penetration of cloxacillin in 14 patients undergoing surgery for senile cataract after intramuscular and subconjunctival injections of the drug . No antibiotic level was detected in the aqueous humor when cloxacillin was administered intramuscularly in a dose that ranged between 1 and 4 g . With subconjunctival injection, therapeutically effective cloxacillin activity was detected in the aqueous humor only after a dose of 250 mg.

Pediatrics, 1976 Jul, 58(1), 67 - 71
Hypoglycorrhachia in pediatric patients; Silver TS et al.; Hypoglycorrhachia (abnormally low cerebro spinal fluid glucose content) eludes exact numerical definition, largely because of the dynamic equilibrium between blood and CSF glucose . A group of 181 pediatric patients with a CSF glucose less than 50 mg/100 ml or a CSF/blood glucose ratio less than 0.50 were studied . Hypoglycorrhachia was present in patients with bacterial meningitis, aseptic meningitis, meningeal carcinomatosis, subarachnoid hemmorrhage, and hypoglycemia . Markedly diminished CSF glucose values were seen primarily in patients with bacterial meningitis . Higher CSF/blood glucose ratios predominated in those with hypoglycemia and neonates with low-normal blood sugars . Following bacterial meningitis and hypoglycemia, aseptic meningitis (including five children with documented enterovirus meningitis and one with documented mumps meningitis) was the third most common cause of hypoglycorrhachia in children . When readily available, positive CSF viral cultures may allow early cessation of antibiotic therapy in two types of patients with meningitis and hypoglycorrhachia: (1) those receiving previous recent antibiotic therapy, and (2) those with CSF findings more typical of a bacterial meningitis.

Lloydia, 1976 Jul-Aug, 39(4), 218 - 22
Isolation of Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, the major antifungal principle of Curcumba zedoaria; Gupta SK et al.; An antifungal principle of the dried rhizomes of Curcuma zedoaria was extracted with hot ethanol . By successive chromatography on neutral alumina and silica gel, three antibiotic compounds A, B, and C, all active against Trichophyton rubrum, Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were obtained in chemically pure form . By uv, ir, pmr and ms analysis, the structure of the most abundant one of these compounds (C, 69.8%; H, 6,8%; and 0.23.4%) was assigned as ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) . The proposed structure was confirmed by synthesis and comparison of the chemical and biological properties of the natural and synthetic products . EPMC inhibits the growth of Trichophyton rubrum, Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Epidermophyton floccosum at a concentration less than 10 mug/ml; A . fumigatus, Penicillium purpurogenum, Trignoposis variabilis, Microsporum gypseum, Sclerotium rolifsii, Geotricular candiade, Fusarium oxysporum and Helminthosporium oryzale at a concentration less than 25 mug/ml; and Candida krusei and T . mentagrophytes At a concentration less than 50 mug/ml . The spores of T . rubrum Lose viability or ability to germinate when wxposed to its ethanolic solution (30 mug/ml) for 2 hours.

Eur J Biochem, 1976 Jul 1, 66(2), 309 - 17
On the kinetics of the rifampicin-RNA-polymerase complex . Differences between crude and purified enzyme fractions; Handschin JC et al.; The antibiotic rifampicin forms a very tight complex with DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli . The rate constants of association and dissociation of this complex have been measured and found to be dependent on the purity of the enzyme . Thus a crude RNA polymerase (fraction-3 enzyme) has rate constants different from those of an enzyme further purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography (fraction-4 enzyme) . The complex produced by the antibiotic and the fraction-3 enzyme is about ten times more stable and is formed about ten times more slowly than the complex with fraction-4 enzyme . It has been shown that the RNA present in the crude enzyme and removed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose is the cause of the change in the kinetics of the complex . tRNA of rat liver and crude rat liver RNA added to purified RNA polymerase have a similar effect . Mg2+, which has no intrinsic influence, augments the effect of the nucleic acids, whereas monovalent cations do not . Since nucleic acids increase the stability of the complex, but at the same time decrease the rat of its formation, the equilibrium constant, Keq, remains almost the same . The possible effects of nucleic acids on the rifampicin binding site are discussed.

Laryngoscope, 1976 Jul, 86(7), 908 - 20
Nonunion of the mandible; Mathog RH et al.; Nonunion of the mandible was evaluated over a five-year period (1968-1973) . Fourteen cases were noted out of 577 mandibular fractures for an incidence of 2.4 percent . Causes of the complications were determined by a careful review of the poorly healing and successfully treated cases of mandibular fracture . The most important feature in nonunion cases was the large proportion of edentulous patients . In these cases immobilization appeared difficult, especially when only one form of fixation was used to stabilize the fracture . Other suspected causes of nonunion were postoperative trauma and osteomyelitis . These factors were most prevalent in the lower socio-economic groups . Factors which did not appear important were sex, age and cause of the fracture . Analysis of the site of injury, combinations of sites, timing of treatment, periosteal stripping and general health of the patient failed to demonstrate any predisposition to the complication . Treatment of nonunion was confined to standard techniques of debridement, antibiotic therapy and further immobilization . Although most patients responded to this therapy, six patients required closure of the deficit by bone grafting . On the basis of accumulated data, it was possible to clarify the factors in the development of nonunion . It was also possible to recommend methods of prevention of the complication and to substantiate the success of several forms of therapy.

J Bacteriol, 1976 Jul, 127(1), 644 - 55
Isolation, by tetracycline selection, of small plasmids derived from R-factor R12 in Escherichia coli K-12; Mickel S et al.; The examination, by agarose gel electrophoresis, of tetracycline-resistant colonies of Escherichia coli K-12 carrying R-factor R12 reveals the presence of smaller plasmid deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs), incompatible with R12, in many of the clones . These plasmids are demonstrated to be homologous with R12 DNA by electron microscope heteroduplex experiments and by the production of consistent fragment patterns upon digestion with various restriction endonucleases . These autonomously replicating plasmids form a related series of covalently closed circular DNA molecules ranging in size from 3.6 X 10(6) to 61 X 10(6) daltons . Plasmids of molecular weight between 3.6 X 10(6) and 37 X 10(6) confer no antibiotic resistances, but when jointly present with R12 by nonetheless enhance the expression of the tetracycline resistance associated with this latter molecule.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Jul, 21(7), 596 - 600
{Effect of inorganic phosphorus on the biosynthesis of polymyxin B}; Ermakova GN et al.; A synthetic medium containing optimal levels of the sources of carbon, nitrogen and inorganic phosphorus and providing satisfactory yields of polymyxin B was developed for 2 strains of Bac . polymyxa 933 and VK-153 . The consumption of phosphorus in the medium by the strains and the antibiotic biosynthesis levels depended on the form of phosphorus added to the medium . Optimal biosynthesis of polymyxin B was observed at lower concentration levels of soluble soluble phosphorus in the medium than the bacterial growth.

Arch Dermatol, 1976 Jul, 112(7), 971 - 3
Topical use of tetracycline in the treatment of acne: a double-blind study comparing topical and oral tetracycline therapy and placebo; Blaney DJ et al.; A group of 75 subjects with moderate or severe acne was divided by random selection into three treatment groups . One group was treated with a topically applied placebo liquid and with 500 mg of orally administered tetracycline hydrochloride daily; one group received orally administered lactose capsules and topically applied placebo liquid each day; and one group was treated with orally administered lactose capsules and with a topical preparation containing tetracycline hydrochloride and n-decylmethyl sulfoxide, an agent intended to enhance antibiotic penetration . At the conclusion of the 13-week study and at several points during the study, the conditions of the subjects receiving topically or orally administered tetracycline hydrochloride were significantly (P less than .05) more improved than the conditions of the subjects receiving lactose capsules and the topically applied placebo liquid . However, there was no significant difference between the effects of topically and orally administered tetracycline hydrochloride.

Chromosoma, 1976 Jun 30, 56(2), 143 - 67
Telomeric satellite DNA functions in regulating recombination; Miklos GL et al.; Molecular and cytogenetical analyses of three sibling species of Australian grasshopper, Atractomorpha australis, A . species-1 and A . similis, resolves one of the long standing problems of highly repeated DNA . In this system satellite DNA functions in regulating the level and position of recombination, irrespective of whether the repeated DNA is located in telomeric or centric regions . Even though the three species do not differ in their euchromatic genome sizes, their relative DNA contents are 1.00/1.10/1.41, the difference in genome size being due solely to visible centric or telomeric blocks of heterochromatin . Antibiotic analytical and preparative ultracentrifugation, in situ hybridization and renaturation kinetic analyses reveal that a large cryptic satellite of A . similis constitutes the heterochromatic telomeric blocks of nearly all autosomes and that the DNA of this satellite is highly repeated . Comparison of these grasshopper data with published literature of heterochromatic rearrangements in Drosophila and with heterochromatin distribution and recombination patterns in diploid plant species reveals that in every case heterochromatin is implicated in some form of alteration in the meiotic recombination system.

J Chromatogr, 1976 Jun 23, 121(2), 243 - 50
A rapid gas chromatographic determination of thiamphenicol in plasma and amniotic fluid; Plomp TA et al.; A rapid gas chromatographic method for the determination of thiamphenicol in plasma and amniotic fluid is described . The antibiotic is extracted from biological fluids with ethyl acetate and, after concentration of the extract, the trimethylsilyl derivative of the drug is determined by electron-capture gas chromatography using a 63Ni detector . After the intravenous administration of a single dose of 500 mg of thiamphenicol during the first stage of spontaneous labour to clinically normal gravidae at term, transmission of the drug across the placenta was demonstrated by a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Jun 23, 437(1), 87 - 90
Regulation of purine metabolism . Adenylosuccinate synthetase from Novikoff ascites tumor cells; Clark AW et al.; Adenylosuccinate synthetase has been partially purified from Novikoff ascites tumor cells . The properties of the protein are quite different from the enzyme from rat liver in that the Km for asparate is higher and the K1 for the feedback inhibitor AMP is also higher . The antibiotic hadacidin has a preferential inhibitory effect on the tumor enzyme . These results suggest that the Novikoff ascites tumor enzyme is less sensitive to normal feedback controls but may be more sensitive to specific antitumor drugs.

Mol Gen Genet, 1976 Jun 15, 145(3), 227 - 37
Effects of rifampicin on synthesis and functional activity of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli; Nakamura Y et al.; During the course of kinetic studies on the synthesis of RNA polymerase subunits in Escherichia coli K12, strain Km7 (CP372), certain anomalies were found that seemed to be associated with the system of reversible inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis by rifampicin . To find a possible explanation for these anomalies, effects of rifampicin on RNA chain elongation and on residual synthesis of polymerase subunits were investigated with several strains including Km7 . Examination of mRNA synthesis for the tryptophan operon suggested that RNA chain growth as well as RNA chain initiation is inhibited at high drug concentration (500 mug/ml), wheras RNA chain initiation is inhibited specifically at low concentration (20 mug/ml) . Analysis of effect of rifampicin concentration on total RNA synthesis gave results that are also consistent with this conclusion . These results emphasize the need for selecting a proper drug concentration whenever rifampicin or other related antibiotic is used as a specific inhibitor of transcription initiation . When rifampicin was added to a culture of these strains absolute rates of synthesis of all subunits of RNA polymerase increased for several minutes and then decreased . The extent of this transient stimulation varied depending on the strain, drug concentration and other conditions, but was most striking for the beta and sigma subunits with strain Km7 at high drug concentration (500 mug/ml) . With a rifampicin-sensitive wild-type strain tested, the maximum stimulation was found at about 50 mug/ml of the drug, with a particularly marked effect for sigma subunit . Streptolydigin, on the other hand, inhibited the synthesis of core subunits much faster than the bulk of protein, but inhibited synthesis of sigma subunit only after a lag . Hence a specific effect of rifampicin but not the inactivation of beta subunit per se appears to be involved in transient stimulation of polymerase synthesis observed . Implications of these findings on the control of RNA polymerase synthesis are discussed.

Fortschr Med, 1976 Jun 10, 94(17), 1004 - 11
{Persistent diarrhea in rheumatic disease}; Rosch W et al.; The case history of a 52-year-old male with weight loss, steatorrhea and arthritis is presented . During clinical pathological conference, Whipple's disease was strongly suggested . The diagnosis could be proved morphologically . Antibiotic therapy with tetracycline 1 g daily for three months caused a prompt improvement . Small bowel biopsy showed disappearance of PAS-containing macrophages.

Growth, 1976 Jun, 40(2), 163 - 9
Chemotherapy on Harding-Passey melanoma with gladenine . Part I; Sokoloff B et al.; The effect of Gladenine, an oncolytic antibiotic produced by a newly discovered fungus, Paecilomyces todicus, nov . sp . was investigated on Harding-Passey, hard tumor, melanoma . A long-term screening technique was used in the investigation . 15 mg/100 gm . wt/mouse was injected I.P . starting 10-14 days after transplant, when all tumors were well pronounced, and continuing for 18-34 days . The majority of mice did not lose weight . Tumors were absent on the average in about 33% of the mice and average T/C was .16 . Combining Cladenine with Hydrazine sulfate, either 1.5 mg . or 2.5 mg./100 gm . wt./mouse, using the same screening technique, resulted in 60-100% of mice free of tumors, and still remaining so several months later . Average T/C was .06 . Combined therapy with Gladenine and Hydrazine sulfate at 3.75 mg./100 gm . wt./mouse gave less satisfactory results . Repeated screening tests using the same long term techniques, gave similar or identical results . It appears that Harding-Passey melanoma is susceptible to the chemotherapy of Gladenine alone and/or combined with small doses of Hydrazine sulfate.

Clin Orthop, 1976 Jun, (117), 209 - 16
Heterotopic bone formation after total hip arthroplasty; Riegler HF et al.; Heterotopic bone formation is a common complication of total hip arthroplasty . A certain degree of heterotopic bone formation occurs in about one-half of the patients in degrees ranging from very mild to moderate involvement . The patients do not necessarily have any clinical disability; only 2 per cent of the patients developed severe heterotopic bone radiographically, and unsatisfactory functional results . There is no sex predilection for heterotopic bone formation except that the condition appears more severe in females . All ages are equally affected . The underlying disease process in the hip does not influence the occurrence of heterotopic bone . The incidence was significantly greater in patients who developed postoperative hematomas, prolonged wound drainage, or superficial infection . When surgical exposure is difficult and retraction of soft tissue aand soft tissue damage takes place, the incidence is much greater . Patients who have undergone previous surgical procedures about the hip present a greater risk in regards to development of disabling heterotopic bone formation.The etiology of heterotopic bone formation is not known . The following steps should be taken to avoid or greatly minimize the development of heterotopic bone: meticulous exposure with most careful retraction, copious irrigation with antibiotic solution, debridement of devitalized tissue prior to closure, instillation of drainage tubes, intraoperative and postoperative antibiotics, and carefully controlled postoperative anticoagulation.

Br J Vener Dis, 1976 Jun, 52(3), 184 - 6
Single oral dose of 1-5g . talampicillin in the treatment of gonorrhoea; Willcox RR; 81 patients have been treated with single oral doses of 1-5 g . (6 tablets) of talampicillin without probenecid . The failure rate amongst those followed was only 4-2 per cent . No side-effects were reported . These results were superior to those obtained with 2-0g . or equivalent of ampicillin, amoxycillin, or pivampicillin with probenecid . Talampicillin is thus the most potent ampicillin-like antibiotic so far available for the treatment of gonorrhoea and is capable of curing the disease with a smaller single dose without probenecid than is necessary for other preparations.

J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1976 Jun, 58(4), 446 - 50
Total hip replacement without deep infection in a standard operating room; Collis DK et al.; In a consecutive series of 298 total hip-joint replacements performed by a single surgeon using a standard operating room, early deep infection was eliminated by simple inexpensive methods of controlling contamination in the operating room . Settling-plate monitoring revealed an average of 4.8 colonies of bacterial growth per hour of exposure . All patients received prophylactic antibiotics . One patient had a superficial wound infection which was controlled with antibiotic therapy . No deep infections were encountered in the 252 hips followed for two to five years after operation . We conclude that total hip arthroplasty can be performed in the standard operating room without undue risk of infection by consistently employing strict measures of operating-room discipline to limit contamination.

Ann Surg, 1976 Jun, 183(6), 653 - 9
A current appraisal of problems with gangrenous bowel; Barnett WO et al.; Gangrenous bowel most often results from hernia, adhesions and mesenteric insufficiency . The overall mortality rate for 151 cases was 37% . This figure was 20% for hernia, 23% for adhesions and 74% for mesenteric insufficiency . In the latter category where bowel resection was feasable the mortality rate was 40% . Other causes of bowel gangrene had a mortality rate of 28% . In many instances the pathophysiologic processes were of such a nature that current medical expertise has not reached a level of development to effectively cope with the situation . There were, however, a significant number of cases where survival may have been achieved had it not been for deficiences on the part of the patient, the primary health care personnel or those in attendence at the referral center . The basic keystone for a successful outcome in the management of patients with the gangrenous bowel problem is early surgical intervention . All will be lost if patient exposure to this source of lethal toxins is allowed to proceed to an irreversible stage . Liberal antibiotic administration probably postpones the arrival of intractable hypotension . Other factors which can be expected to improve the survival rate include minimization of technical errors, repair of incidental hernias, elemination of dependence upon nasogastric tubes for the definitive management of patients with complete bowel obstruction (with one or two exceptions), and a firm commitment to the diligent pursuit and early definitive management of postoperative complications.

Nucleic Acids Res, 1976 Jun, 3(6), 1521 - 32
Duplex structure formation between oligo(dA)'s and oligo(dT)'s generated by thymine-specific interaction with netropsin; Zimmer C et al.; The formation of oligomeric duplex molecules in the presence of the antibiotic netropsin in the series p(dA)n-p(dT)n is demonstrated using low-temperature CD measurements . Addition of Netropsin to mixtures of oligomers generates the same type of CD spectra as observed for poly(dA)-poly(dT) and maintains the duplex structure at temperatures at which base pairing of free oligomers is thermodynamically unstable . The shortest chain length forming a netropsin complex by thymine-specific interaction with the oligopeptide is represented by p(dA)4-p(dt)4 . Studies with sequence isomers show that adjacent thymine residues strongly favour the complex formation with the oligopeptide.

J Am Vener Dis Assoc, 1976 Jun, 2(4), 19 - 22
Minocycline in the treatment of lymphogranuloma venereum; Sowmini CN et al.; In a study of 80 cases of lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), minocycline hydrochloride (Minocin) was found to be an effective drug in the treatment of all stages of LGV, including complicated ones . In late cases adjuvant treatment was used in addition to the antibiotic . Healing time in uncomplicated cases was less than 10 days . In complicated cases, both early and late, healing took about 2 to 3 weeks . Reactions to the drug were not significant.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Jun, 29(6), 656 - 61
In vitro anti-mycoplasmal activity of amphotericin B methyl ester; Goldstein NI et al.; The polyene macrolide antibiotic amphotericin B (AB) and its chemically modified derivative amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) were tested for in vitro activity against Acholeplasma laidlawii, Spiroplasma citri and Mycoplasma gallisepticum . Both polyene macrolide preparations demonstrated anti-mycoplasmal activity . However, AME was mycoplasmacidal toward all three strains of mycoplasma at levels which previous studies have indicated would be permissible for most cell culture systems, whereas the levels of AB required for similar activity would be physiologically intolerable for tissue culture cells . In addition, AME was 100 fold more active than AB toward A . laidlawii, 10 fold more active than AB toward S . citri and demonstrated equivalent activity as AB toward M gallisepticum . The in vitro anti-mycoplasmal activity of AME and AB was directly correlated with polyene macrolide antibiotic levels and the number of treated mycoplasma.

Cancer, 1976 Jun, 37(6), 2580 - 5
The treatment of radiation necrosis with hyperbaric oxygen (OHP); Hart GB et al.; Sixty-nine patients with radiation necrosis were received by the authors from January 1, 1969 through August 1, 1975 . The patients were categorized according to site of injury . Full treatment protocol is discussed including local wound care, antibiotic coverage, surgical procedures, and the administration of hyperbaric oxygen . Results indicate that the combination of hyperbaric oxygen, properly timed surgery, and antibiotic therapy has resulted in improvement in all cases of radiation necrosis and full healing in most.

Arch Microbiol, 1976 Jun, 108(2), 183 - 8
Effects of polyoxin D on germination, morphological development and biosynthesis of the cell wall of Trichoderma viride; Benitez T et al.; When polyoxin D is added to a spore suspension of Trichoderma viride at a concentration from 50-100 mug/ml, it inhibits from 40-60% of germination . This percentage increases if dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is added . Mycelium growing in the presence of polyoxin D becomes irregular and loses its rigidity, showing several bulges along the hypha . Under the electron microscope the features of the cell wall and cytoplasmic content are apparently normal . Nevertheless, after incubation with different lytic systems or with (14C) glucose, it can be seen that polyoxin D partially inhibits the biosynthesis of beta-(1-3) glucan and the biosynthesis of chitin to a greater extent attaining inhibition of 83% at 100 mug/ml of the antibiotic concentration . Rgenerating protoplasts are less affected by polyoxin D . They do regenerate slower but the percentage of regeneration is more than 80% . Aberrant tubes synthesized by these protoplasts are not affected, they manifest their usual morphology and lack of chitin is confirmed in their composition.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Jun, 21(6), 507 - 11
{Conditions for the self-organization of submicroscopic structures from mycelial extracts of the "fructose" variant of Actinomyces roseflavus var . roseofungini}; Taptykova SD et al.; Self-organization of various submicroscopic formations, such as "tubes", "ribbons", etc . differing in ultrastructure and containing a polyenic antibiotic was observed in acetone extracts of the mycelium of the "fructose" variant of Actinomyces roseoflavus var . roseofungini . Conditions for separate isolation of the above structures are described . Concentration of the extract and the ratio of the volumes of water added to the extract are determinant for the process of self-organization . A possibility of reorganization of the tubular structures into the ribbon-like ones and vice versa is shown.

Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1976 Jun, 152(2), 186 - 91
Therapeutic activity of pretazettine, a narcissus alkaloid on Rauscher leukemia: comparison with tazettine and streptonigrin; Furusawa E et al.; The therapeutic activity of narcissus alkaloid pretazettine HC1 (PTZ) on established Rauscher leukemia has been demonstrated and compared with the isomer tazettine (TZ) and an antibiotic, streptonigrin (SN) . PTZ and SN showed remarkable prolongation effect on the life span of the leukemic mice and the antiviral activity has been confirmed in mouse 3T3 cells infected with Rauscher virus . TZ showed no significant activity in the leukemic mice and was inhibitory to the virus growth in the cells at much higher doses than PTZ . It is suggested that the stereochemical rearrangement from PTZ to TZ inactivates the biological activity of PTZ.

Int J Oral Surg, 1976 Jun, 5(3), 111 - 6
Bioplast fibrin coagulum in large cystic defects of the jaw; Kovacs B et al.; The present study comprises a series of 85 patients with jaw cysts with a diameter greater than 20 mm, the majority in the 30-50 mm group . Following enucleation of the cyst, a coagulum consisting of Bioplast fibrin powder, thrombin, the patient's venous blood and an antibiotic was implanted and primary closure performed . The clinical course was uneventful and the operative area healed by first intention in all cases . The nursing period was shortened . Radiographic follow-up showed rapid ossification . The favorable results are attributed to the absence of dead spaces, the role of fibrin in the regeneration process, and a retarded effect of the antibiotic.

Jpn J Microbiol, 1976 Jun, 20(3), 233 - 40
Inhibition by thiopeptin of bacterial protein synthesis; Liou YF et al.; Thiopeptin, a sulfur-containing antibiotic, was found to inhibit protein synthesis in a bacterial ribosomal system . The pretreatment of ribosomal subunits with the antibiotic revealed that thiopeptin may act on the 50 S ribosomal subunit . The elongation of peptide chain on the ribosome is more profoundly blocked by the antibiotic than the initiation of protein synthesis . It was demonstrated that thiopeptin inhibits elongation factor (EF)-Tu-dependent GTP hydrolysis and binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosome . The peptidyl transferase-catalyzed puromycin reaction is not significantly affected by the antibiotic . Thiopeptin inhibits EF-G-associated GTPase reaction, and translocation of peptidyl-tRNA and mRNA from the acceptor site to the donor site . Protein synthesis in ribosomal systems, obtained from rat liver and rabbit reticulocytes are insensitive to the antibiotic.

J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1976 Jun, 71(6), 853 - 8
Surgical "correction" of solitus-concordant, double-outlet left ventricle with L-malposition and tricuspid stenosis with hypoplastic right ventricle; Sharratt GP et al.; This report concerns a 2-year-old boy who had situs solitus and atrioventricular concordance with double-outlet left ventricle, L-malposition of the aorta, pulmonary stenosis, tricuspid stenosis, hypoplastic right ventricle, ventricular septal defect, and secundum atrial septal defect . These lesions were correctly diagnosed preoperatively, and "correction" was achieved by closing the atrial septal defect and tricuspid valve and performing a Fontan procedure using an antibiotic-sterilized aortic homograft for the conduit . The patient initially did well postoperatively but, despite vigorous diuretic therapy, developed large bilateral pleural effusions necessitating frequent aspiration . He died unexpectedly one month after the operation . Postmortem examination showed the repair to be intact . Despite his death, we are encouraged to consider this operation in such cases in the future.

Cancer, 1976 Jun, 37(6), 2671 - 6
Unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the lung and its management by combined bleomycin and radiotherapy . A clinical study of the enhanced results; Chan PY et al.; The interaction between the antibiotic bleomycin and x-radiation has been studied in vitro and in vivo . Tissue culture results appear to reflect in vivo sensitivities correctly . Simultaneous exposure to bleomycin and gamma radiation enhances killing of both sensitive and resistant lines . Data from a pilot study combining bleomycin with conventional radiation for unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the lung suggest that the simultaneous administration of bleomycin (10 mg/m2 intravenously twice weekly) with short-course radiation treatment is well tolerated and without dangerous pulmonary complications . Tumor response was greater in the combined-therapy group (46%) than in radiation-only controls (26%); median survivals were 13 and 6 months, respectively . Unlike previously published data, responders appeared to have a significant survival advantage over nonreponders, suggesting that bleomycin may be slightly effective in inhibiting the development of systemic metastasis, and that it positively enhanced local control of primary disease.

J Bioenerg Biomembr, 1976 Jun, 8(3), 131 - 42
On the mechanism of action of oligomycin and acidic uncouplers on proton translocation and energy transfer in "sonic" submitochondrial particles; Guerrieri F et al.; A study is presented of the effect of acidic uncouplers and oligomycin on energy-linked and passive proton translocation, oxidative phosphorylation, and energy-linked nicotinamide-adenine-nucleotide transhydrogenase in EDTA submitochondrial particles from beef-heart . A flow potentiometric technique has been applied to resolve the kinetics of the initial rapid phase of the redox proton pump . Rapid kinetics analysis shows that carbonyl-cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-hydrazone (FCCP) does not exert any direct effect on redox-linked active proton transport . The uncoupling action of FCCP on oxidative phosphorylation and energy-linked transhydrogenase is shown to be quantitatively accounted for by its promoting effect of passive proton-diffusion across the mitochondrial membrane . Oligomycin depresses passive proton diffusion in EDTA sonic particles and this effect accounts for the coupling action exerted by the antibiotic on oxidative phosphorylation and energy-linked transhydrogenase . In fact, rapid kinetic analysis demonstrates that oligomycin does not directly affect the redox-linked proton pump . The present results show that there does not exist any labile intermediate in the redox-linked proton pump which is sensitive to acidic uncouplers.

JAMA, 1976 May 31, 235(22), 2412 - 3
Cholecystostomy hazard in acute cholangitis; Saik RP et al.; Four patients with acute cholangitis were seen, all of whom died following cholecystostomy or cholecystoduodenostomy . The diagnosis of cholangitis is frequently missed in elderly patients with jaundice and sepsis . Cholecystostomy, in the face of cholangitis without documentation of patency of the cystic duct, is uniformly fatal . Diagnosis of cholangitis should be confirmed and immediately followed by adequate common duct drainage . Finally, immediate reoperation, rather than antibiotic manipulation, is advised to establish common duct drainage in those patients who do not respond to cholecystostomy within 24 hours.

Recent Adv Stud Cardiac Struct Metab, 1976 May 26-29, 11, 297 - 304
Interaction of lanthanides with muscle microsomes; Krasnow N; The interaction of gadolinium, a lanthanide with calcium-blocking action, with isolated muscle microsomes has been studied . Two classes of binding sites were present, 80 and in excess of 300 nmol/mg in number, respectively . Divalent cation, including Ca, Zn, and Cd, blocked the higher affinity site . Antibiotic ionophores X537A and A23187 enhanced binding, with positive cooperativity . ATP enhanced binding at low concentration (10-20 muM) of nucleotide, and without ATP-hydrolysis . The data suggest a dissociation in the intact membrane between the binding and ATP-hydrolytic portion of the transport site.

J Biol Chem, 1976 May 10, 251(9), 2749 - 53
Function and structure in ribonucleic acid phage Qbeta ribonucleic acid replicase . Effect of inhibitors of EF-Tu on ribonucleic acid synthesis and renaturation of active enzyme; Brown S et al.; Escherichia coli Phage Qbeta RNA replicase, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, is a tetramer composed of one phage-coded polypeptide and three host-supplied polypeptides which are known to function in the biosynthesis of proteins in the uninfected host . Two of these polypeptides, protein synthesis elongation factors EF-Tu and EF-Ts, are required for initiation of transcription by Qbeta replicase with all templates . Using a previously developed reconstitution system we have examined the effects of modification of EF-Tu on reconstituted replicase activity . The poly(G) polymerase activity of the enzyme can be recovered after pretreatment of the EF-Tu-GDP with either L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone or N-ethylmaleimide, both of which inhibit the aminoacyl-tRNA binding activity of EF-Tu . This suggests that the aminoacyl-tRNA binding site of EF-Tu is not required for Qbeta replicase activity . When Qbeta replicase is treated with kirromycin, an antibiotic which modifies EF-Tu activity by an unknown mechamism, the protein synthetic activity of the EF-Tu in the replicase complex is eliminated but the Qbeta RNA replication activity is only slightly affected . Treatment of pure EF-Tu with kirromycin, however, prevents it from functioning in the renaturation of Qbeta replicase . This antibiotic is not effective against the EF-Tu-Ts complex in the reconstitution assay . Kirromycin at the relatively high concentration used here is found to prevent the formation of the EF-Tu-Ts complex . GDP, which binds to EF-Tu and inhibits formation of the complex with EF-Ts, also inhibits renaturation of Qbeta replicase . It is suggested that the EF-Tu-Ts complex, rather than the individual polypeptides, functions in the renaturation of Qbeta replicase and that the kirromycin and GDP act by preventing formation of this complex.

Med J Aust, 1976 May 8, 1(19), 687 - 90
Chloramphenicol-a possible role in the treatment of leukaemia?
Schwarz MA, Firkin BG.
The effect of chloramphenicol in short term in-vitro bone marrow cultures was studied . There was a striking reduction in the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA in bone marrow cultures with abnormal proliferative properties as compared with normal tissue . A 50% reduction in DNA thymidine incorporation in leukaemia marrow was also obtained with in-vitro chloramphenicol concentrations which in contrast had little or no effect in normal tissue . These in-vitro levels of the antibiotic can be readily achieved in vivo . An in-vivo study confirmed the ability of chloramphenicol to reduce the white cell and blast count in a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia in blastic transformation.

Br J Haematol, 1976 May, 33(1), 53 - 9
Chloramphenicol induced inhibition of platelet protein synthesis: in vitro and in vivo studies; Agam G et al.; Chloramphenicol (CAP), an antibiotic which causes various blood dyscrasias, was shown to inhibit in vitro protein synthesis of human blood platelets . The effect is dose- and time-dependent, it is reversible after incubation for 2 h, and is comparable with the suppression achieved by cycloheximide (CXM) . Electron microscopic examination revealed swelling and destruction of mitochondria . Administration of CAP to dogs produced a progressive inhibition of platelet protein synthesis as shown by a reduction in the rate of {3H}leucine incorporation into protein . The maximal inhibitory effect of the antibiotic was reached 0.5-4.0 h after its administration, when minimal leucine incorporation values of 9-40% of the control were measured . The suppressive effect of CAP was followed by an overshoot in the incorporation of {3H}leucine, up to a maximum of 602% of the value at zero time of the experiment.

Arch Surg, 1976 May, 111(5), 552 - 3
Basilar pneumonia simulating acute appendicitis in children; Jona JZ et al.; Twelve children with acute abdominal pain, which was suspected of being acute appendicitis, were subsequently found to have lower lobe pneumonia . Diagnostic barium enema or operative exploration failed to demonstrate any appendiceal abnormality . The abdominal symptoms and the ileus subsided soon after the initiation of antibiotic therapy . Contrary to common belief, it was observed that left-sided pneumonia is capable of mimicking appendicitis almost as frequently as right-sided pneumonia . Since the likelihood of acute appendicitis accompanying pneumonia is small, operative intervention is rarely indicated and should be undertaken only after careful and intensive investigation.

Mikrobiologiia, 1976 May-Jun, 45, 497 - 502
{Development and differentiation of mycelium of Trichothecium roseum in submerged culture}; Maksimova RA et al.; Ontogenesis of Trichothecium roseum during biosynthesis of trichothecin was studied during submerged cultivation on maize and synthetic media . Growth of the fungus is polycyclic; several generations of the submerged mycelium develop from the submerged conidia on the maize medium, and from the submerged conidia, chlamydospores and budding mycelium on the synthetic medium . Differentiation of the mycelium favours biosynthesis of the antibiotic . The nuclei in the cells of the submerged mycelium differ by their number, dimensions, and shape (round and elongated, polyploid) . Several nuclei are found in the cells of the submerged mycelium more often during growth on the synthetic medium; this phenomenon is related to the reproductive cells -- submerged conidia and chlamydospores.

Antibiotiki, 1976 May, 21(5), 399 - 403
{Electron microscopic study of the structure of colonies of culture of Actinomyces parvullus producing actinomycin D}; Zaslavskaia PL et al.; Ultrafine structure of the mycellium of the colonies of active and non-active variants of Actinomyces parvullus, producing actinomycin D was studied . Functional rebuilding of the cells of the substrate and aerial mycellium during the colony development in connection with synthesis and accumulation of the antibiotic by the culture was shown . The process of production and secretion of an amorphous material in the cells of the substrate mycellium of the active variant of Actinomyces parvullus was studied . It was supposed that the above process was associated with the antibiotic synthesis by the organism cells . The phenomenon of intrahyphal growth of the hyphae observed in both the active and inactive variants of the colonies was rather characteristic of the cells of the culture studied.

Cardiovasc Res, 1976 May, 10(3), 394 - 7
Viability in human heart valves prepared for grafting; McGregor CG et al.; Viability of antibiotic sterilized and stored human heart valves obtained at routine necropsy was assessed by tissue culture and protein and collagen synthesis . Only three of 23 valves examined showed any evidence of viability, in striking contrast to earlier work on canine valves obtained under optimal conditions . These findings justify doubts regarding pre-implantation viability in human heart valves prepared for grafting.

Anesth Analg, 1976 May-Jun, 55(3), 343 - 5
Prolonged neuromuscular blockade with pancuronium in the presence of acute renal failure: a case report; Geha DG et al.; Prolongation of neuromuscular block following pancuronium administration to anephric patients has been reported . A patient is described whose postoperative course after resection of gangrenous bowel was complicated by acute renal failure and prolonged neuromuscular blockade . A large intraoperative dose of pancuronium was administered without monitoring neuromuscular transmission with a peripheral nerve stimulator . The course was further complicated by administration of gentamicin, an antibiotic known to potentiate neuromuscular blocking drugs . Complete return of neuromuscular transmission occurred 60 hours after administration of last dose of pancuronium and subsequent to peritoneal dialysis . After rapid distribution from plasma, pancuronium, like curare, is eliminated by the renal pathway . The absence of renal excretion considerably increases the duration of action of curare when given in high doses . It has been suggested that doses of pancuronium greater than 3.6 mg/sq m or multiple doses would result in prolonged neuromuscular block in patients without renal function . The case reported illustrates the importance of monitoring neuromuscular transmission during administration of pancuronium in the presence of renal insufficiency to avoid this complication.

Laryngoscope, 1976 May, 86(5), 682 - 9
Recurrent meningitis and labyrinthine gusher, related to congenital defects of the labyrinthine capsule and stapes footplate; Hipskind MM et al.; A congenital defect in the bony footplate of the stapes is now known to be a point of lowered resistance to extension of bacterial middle ear suppuration to the vestibule and thence to the meninges . Tomographic demonstration of the congenital pathologic condition of the ear permits the surgeon preoperatively to chart his surgical course . Despite antibiotic and chemotherapy, recurrent meningitis remains a serious disease as manifested by the death of two of the patients reported . The capacity for surgical correction of the congenital defect is manifested by one of our patients who has been free of meningitis for more than two years after surgery . If a congenital defect is considered in each case of recurrent meningitis, it is believed the mortality of this serious disease can be reversed.

Laryngoscope, 1976 May, 86(5), 664 - 73
Perichondritis of the ear; Martin R et al.; A total of five ears with perichondritis secondary to burns was treated using a method of excising cartilage . This treatment resulted in the need for general anesthesia, frequent repeat debridement and frequent loss of structure of the ear with subsequent deformity . The presentation, etiology, pathology and present modes of therapy are presented . Our experience stresses the importance of early recognition and treatment and further consideration for the use of drains with continuous antibiotic and proteolytic enzyme administration.

Am J Physiol, 1976 May, 230(5), 1406 - 10
ADP-induced inhibition of von Willebrand factor-mediated platelet agglutination; Grant RA et al.; Human plasma von Willebrand factor (vWF) plus the antibiotic ristocetin, or bovine or porcine vWF alone, agglutinates platelets in either normal human ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA)-treated citrated platelet-rich plasma (PRP) or citrated PRP from patients with the congenital platelet defect thrombasthenia . The prior addition of 1-10 muM ADP, which causes platelet shape change but not aggregation under these conditions, inhibited vWF-mediated agglutination . Inhibition was prevented by 200 muM ATP . Addition of ADP caused prompt reversal of established vWF-mediated agglutination, which resumed when the ADP was enzymatically removed . EDTA-treated, Formalin-fixed, washed normal platelets also underwent vWF-mediated agglutination . ADP was inhibitory only when added before fixation . Epinephrine (40 muM), prostaglandin E1 (7 muM), or serotonin (2 muM) added before fixation caused slight to moderate inhibition but always less than ADP . Platelets from blood chilled before fixation were fully active . Platelets fixed in freshly prepared PRP did not agglutinate as well as those fixed after incubation of PRP, probably because centrifugation exposes the platelets to ADP . It concluded that ADP causes a reversible decrease in the accessibility of the membrane receptor to vWF.

J Clin Periodontol, 1976 May, 3(2), 104 - 9
Intraoral cancellous bone autografts in the treatment of infrabony pockets; Carraro JJ et al.; One hundred infrabony pockets with one- and two-wall bony defects were treated for reattachment . Mucoperiosteal flaps were raised, the tooth surfaces were scaled and planed, and the defects curetted . Flaps were sutured tightly and the sites protected with a surgical dressing . Antibiotic coverage was used in each case . Pre- and postoperative measurements were taken by the same clinician from the cemento-enamel junction to the base of the pocket . In 56 defects cancellous bone from the same patient was placed in the defect, and in 44 defects the treatment consisted only of open curettage without bone grafts . The results showed a trend towards more favourable clinical results using bone grafts; especially in the two-wall bony defects.

J Trauma, 1976 May, 16(5), 411 - 3
Penetrating trauma of colon, cava, and cord; Wilson TH Jr; A case is presented of a young police officer shot in the abdomen, sustaining injuries to colon, cava, and cord . Each injury was surgically managed in what was felt to be an appropriate manner, with early antibiotic therapy . As complications developed, aggressive measures were taken to correct them, with some success as far as pulmonary and renal failure were concerned, but with complete inability to reverse the meningitis and cerebritis caused by E . coli, and leading to a fatal outcome.

Antibiotiki, 1976 May, 21(5), 395 - 9
{Heterogeneity of L-valine pool in Actinomyces sp . 26-115 producing actinomycin C}; Alekhova TA et al.; Free intracellular valine in Actinomyces sp . 26-115 producing actinomycin C its functionally heterogenous . There are at least 2 pools of free valine . One of them supplies valine for protein biosynthesis and the second for the antibiotic biosynthesis . The volume of the pools is estimated . Inadequate reaction of the pools to similar effects is indicative of differences in their properties . The pool participating in protein biosynthesis strives for preservation of its volume . The pool participating in the antibiotic biosynthesis is capable of enlarging its volume to various levels depending on the change in the volume of the common intracellular pool.

Cancer Res, 1976 May, 36(5), 1664 - 8
Effect of bleomycin on deoxynucleotide-polymerizing enzymes from human cells; DiCioccio R et al.; DNA polymerases alpha and beta from Molt-4 cells are inhibited by bleomycin, whereas DNA polymerase gamma assayed with poly-(A)-(dT)12-18 as the template primer or terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase assayed with activated DNA, poly(dA), (dG)12-18 or (dA)12-18 as the initiator are not inhibited by this antibiotic . Inhibition by bleomycin increased the Km for template DNA but not that for dTTP . Increasing amounts of bleomycin did not affect the Vmax for DNA polymerase alpha or beta when the amount of template DNA was varied but it reduced the Vmax for these enzymes when dTTP was varied . Moreover, the addition of extra template reversed the bleomycin inhibition but the addition of extra enzyme did not . Although dithiothreitol was required for bleomycin inhibition of DNA polymerase activity, bleomycin preincubated with dithiothreitol (or beta-mercaptoethanol) at pH 6.5 to 9.0 lost its inhibitory activity . This was not the case when DNA was also included in the preincubation mixture . The results obtained in this study indicate that bleomycin inhibits DNA polymerases alpha and beta by a thiol reagent-dependent interaction with the template . Thus, the antitumor activity of bleomycin may be greatly influenced by the concentration of sulfhydryl compounds and their proximity to DNA in the target cells.

Antibiotiki, 1976 May, 21(5), 387 - 91
{Macrokinetic equations of pH effect on the growth of Actinomyces aureofaciens and biosynthesis of tetracycline}; Tarasova SS et al.; The effect of pH on the culture respiration rate at different concentrations of glucose in the medium was studied . It was found that the hydrogen ions showed their effect irrespective of the subsrate concentration in the medium . In this connection a type of macrokinetic equations of the effect of pH on the growth and antibiotic biosynthesis was chosen . The constants of the model were determined.

Minerva Med, 1976 Apr 28, 67(20), 1336 - 42
{Modern views concerning surgical treatment of psychogenic chronic hepatic abscesses}; Sommariva V; A case of paracholecystic pyogenic abscess of the liver discovered intraoperatively in a patient with calculous cholecystitis is reported . Successful management was obtained by means of extensive resection of the protruding cap, scrapping of the wall and suture of the parenchyma, coupled with cholecystectomy . The literature on treatment of liver abscesses is reviewed . The conclusion is drawn that radical removal, with respect for the parenchyma, is best employed in chronic, restricted forms . The pus must, of course, be cultured and an antibiogram run on the germs isolated, as a prelude to planned antibiotic management after surgery.

Mol Gen Genet, 1976 Apr 23, 145(1), 89 - 96
Thiolutin resistant mutants of Escherichia coli are they RNA chain initiation mutants?
Sivasubramanian N, Jayaraman R.
Four mutants of Escherichia coli KL16 resistant to the antibiotic Thiolutin have been isolated . This drug was earlier reported to be an inhibitor of RNA chain elongation . The first mutant, TLrI, is resistant only in rich or partially rich media: it can, however, grow in minimal medium containing the drug with a very long doubling time . The other mutants TLrII, TLrIIIa and TLrIIIb are resistant in rich as well as minimal media . beta-galactosidase could not be induced in TLrI and TLrII in the presence of thiolutin whereas the enzyme is constitutively synthesised in TLrIIIa and TLrIIIb irrespective of the drug . The mutants do not support the development of phage T4 in presence of the drug, if the drug is added along with the phage, but "escape" the inhibition if phage development is allowed to proceed for some time before the addition of the drug . The time of this escape is characteristic of the mutant . Even in a sensitive strain, T7 growth escapes inhibition very soon after infection, around the time the phage-specific RNA polymerase is synthesized . In the parent strain the kinetics of inhibition of beta-galactosidase induction resembles more the inhibition caused by rifampicin than by streptolydigin . It is proposed that thiolutin could be an inhibitor of RNA chain initiation and resistance might be due to mutation in the subunit(s)/factor(s) involved in initiation.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Apr 16, 433(1), 63 - 74
Permeability properties of the membrane of vesicular stomatitis virions; Bittman R et al.; Observations of the light-scattering properties of several enveloped viruses indicate that virions (vesicular stomatitis, SV5 and influenza), in common with other membrane systems, are osmotically active, responding to NaCl gradients by swelling in hypo-osmolar solutions and shrinking in hyperosmolar solutions . The permeability barrier responsible for this osmotic response in vesicular stomatitis virions was modified both by protease treatment to remove the viral glycoprotein and by treatment with the polyene antibiotic filipin, an agent known to interact with cholesterol in liposomes and membranes . Filipin altered the kinetic and equilibrium permeability behavior of virions but the extent of leakage of osmotic shocking agent was less than that in lecithin/cholesterol and lecithin/ergosterol liposomes and in ergosterol-containing ciliary membranes . Negative-staining electron microscopy revealed that filipin treatment caused structural changes in the viral membrane . Intact virions exhibited appreciably larger responses to osmotic change than did protease-treated virus particles . Thus, the osmotic barrier in intact vesicular stomatitis virions may not be exclusively lipid in nature.

N Engl J Med, 1976 Apr 15, 294(16), 871 - 6
Influence of training and experience on selecting criteria to evaluate medical care; Wagner EH et al.; To determine whether training and experience affect the selection of process criteria for evaluating medical care, three groups of physicians (family physicians, general pediatricians, and pediatricians specializing in infectious disease) were sent a questionnaire asking their opinions about various clinical actions in 125 clinical situations concerning respiratory infections in infants . Five hundred and twenty-four (54 per cent) physicians returned completed questionnaires . The three groups agreed in 93 (74 per cent) situations, especially about history taking, physical examination, and follow-up observation . Disagreements occurred most often regarding antibiotic use . Of the three groups, the family physicians selected the most extensive list of recommended actions including the greatest number of indications for antibiotics . The general pediatricians selected the fewest situations requiring history taking, physical examination and diagnostic tests . The infectious-disease pediatricians felt the greatest necessity to record history and physical-examination items but were the most restrictive in recommending antibiotics and other drugs.

Experientia, 1976 Apr 15, 32(4), 424 - 6
Effect of X-537A- on the phosphorylated protein in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles; Osorio e Castro VR et al.; The effect of the antibiotic X537A on the phosphorylated ATPase (E approximately P) was investigated . The results show that X-537A depresses the level of E approximately P which is dependent on the Ca2+ gradient, while the Ca2+-independent E approximately P is not affected.

Dis Colon Rectum, 1976 Apr, 19(3), 253 - 5
Drug-induced pseudomembranous enterocolitis: a new etiologic agent; Slagle GW et al.; Pseudomembranous enterocolitis is an iatrogenic illness resulting from the oral or intramuscular use of broad-spectrum antibiotics . It is characterized by diarrhea, mucosal inflammation, and pseudomembrane formation in the gastrointestinal tract . The diagnosis is established by an index of suspicion in individuals who have been on antibiotic therapy, proctosigmoidoscopic examination, stool smears, cultures, and sensitivity . Treatment should be directed to eliminating the etiologic factor and replacing the physiologic abnormality.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Apr, 21(4), 369 - 71
{Acidocillin concentration in middle ear exudate}; Virtanen S et al.; Acidocillin levels were determined in the middle ear exudates and serum of patients with acute exudative otitis media after oral administration of the drug . Acidocillin rapidly diffused exudate into the ear and its level in the exudate in 1 hour was 0-1.7 gamma/ml . At the same time the serum levels ranges within 4 to 25 gamma/ml . acidocillin remained longer in the ear exudate than in the serum . In 12 hours 0.2 to 1.3 gamma/ml of acidocillin was still found in the exudates, while there was no antibiotic in the serum.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Apr, 21(4), 326 - 31
{Effect of amphoterecin B on the plasma membranes of a tissue culture of puppy kidney}; Kravchenko LS et al.; The effect of amphotoericin B on the chemical composition of the plasmic membranes of the puppy kidney tissue was studied . It was shown that amphotericin B in a concentration of 10 Units/ml induced changes in the quantitative content of proteins, lipids and RNA in the chemical composition of the plasmic membranes . The effect of amphotericin B on the composition of proteins and lipids in the membranes was also studied . It was found with the method of electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel that after exposure of the culture cells to the antibiotic significant shifts in the composition of the membrane proteins took place . According to the findings of thin-layer chromatography amphotericin B markedly changed the quantitative content of the fractions in the composition of lipids in the plasmic membranes . Significant deviations under the effect of the antibiotic were observed in the quantitative ratio of separate fatty acids contained in the lipids of the membrane preparations studied . On the basis of the results obtained it was supposed that the mode of action of amphotericin B on the cell was associated with impairement of the plasmic membrane structure by the antibiotic.

Cornell Vet, 1976 Apr, 66(2), 131 - 42
Fibrocartilaginous emboli as the cause of ischemic myelopathy in a dog; Greene CE et al.; Acute hemiplegia and Horner's syndrome developed in a 6-year-old female black Labrador Retriever 24 hours after a day of exercise . Radiographic, cerebrospinal fluid, and electromyographic studies did not detect the site or nature of the suspected cervical lesion . The dog showed no improvement after evaluation for 5 days on corticosteroid and antibiotic therapy . Gross and microscopic examination revealed the presence of an ischemic infarct in the C6 segment of the cervical spinal cord and associated fibrocartilaginous emboli . The nature of the clinical signs and the pathologic findings in this case are similar to previous reports of human and canine cases.

Cancer, 1976 Apr, 37(4), 1937 - 43
Association of renal injury with combined cephalothin-gentamicin therapy among patients severely ill with malignant disease; Plager JE; There is a high incidence of primary renal tubule damage among patients with malignant disease who die following recent treatment with combinations of cephalothin and gentamicin . Administration of this combination of antibiotics appears to make the patient appreciably more susceptible to severe renal injury if an additional, often minor, insult to the renal tubules is superimposed . In the present study, significant blood loss or bacterial infection not promptly controlled by the antibiotic combination were two factors that provided this additional insult to many patients; the renal injury in these patients could not be attributed to bleeding or infection alone . The combination of cephalothin plus gentamicin carries the potential of causing renal tubule injury and places the patient severely ill with malignant disease at risk for renal failure from many clinical complications which are commonly associated with their primary illness.

Obstet Gynecol, 1976 Apr, 47(4), 469 - 72
Concurrent use of prostaglandin F2alpha and laminaria tents for induction of midtrimester abortion; Duenhoelter JH et al.; One hundred sixteen women between 14 and 20 weeks of gestation were aborted with a combined regimen of intraamniotic prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and intracervical laminaria . Complications among these women were compared to those among 122 patients who aborted after PGF2alpha administration only . Shorter intervals between initiation and completion of abortion were observed in nulliparous women treated with the combined regimen than in nulliparous women treated with PGF2alpha only . In parous patients, the use of laminaria did not shorten the interval from initiation to completion of abortion . A decrease of the hematocrit in excess of 5 points and periabortal infection requiring antibiotic therapy occurred with similar frequency in both treatment groups . However, with the combined regimen no cervical tears were observed in nulliparous patients, and fewer women failed to abort within 48 hours.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1976 Apr 1, 124(7), 688 - 91
Placental transfer of clindamycin and gentamicin in term pregnancy; Weinstein AJ et al.; The pharmacokinetics of clindamycin and gentamicin were studied in women given these antibiotics prior to cesarean section . Maternal clindamycin levels were within the normal range and cord levels were within the therapeutic range for this antibiotic . For gentamicin, however, maternal levels were depressed, with a concurrent depression of cord levels . This may have significant implications for the use of gentamicin in maternal and fetomaternal infections.

Tsitologiia, 1976 Apr, 18(4), 490 - 3
{A quantitative cytochemical study of mouse hepatocyte chromatin in the early periods following hepatectomy}; Kushch AA et al.; Mouse hepatocytes of different ploidy react to the partial hepatectomy by changes in cytochemical properties of the chromatin, leading to an increased binding to DNA of a basic dye acridine orange and an antibiotic actinomycin D, and to decreased DNP stability to acid hydrolysis . These alterations reach their maximum 1.5 and 2.5 hours after the operation in di-and tetraploid, and octaploid cells, resp . and decrease markedly by 5 hours after the operation . The differences in the chromatin reaction of cells with different ploidy to the activation stimulus reflects presumably the particular roles played by these cells in liver regeneration . The difference in chromatin cytochemical properties of activated and non-activated hepatocytes is interpreted as a result of changes in DNA interaction with chromatin proteins.

Am J Dig Dis, 1976 Apr, 21(4), 313 - 23
Primary upper small-intestinal lymphomal A report of 40 cases fron Iran; Nasr K et al.; Primary upper small-intestinal lymphoma (PUSIL) has now been recognized as a distinct clinical entity with a distinct geographic distribution . Herewith are presented 40 cases of PUSIL seen at Pahlavi University Hospitals in Southern Iran . The investigation reveals the lymphoma to be predominantly a disease of those under 30 and males; the major complaints and physical findings point to an intraabdominal disease . An exception has been clubbing and osteoarthropathy . Special features of PUSIL include: (1) protein loss into the gastrointestinal tract leading to hypoalbuminemia and edema; (2) an antibiotic-responsive diarrhea and steatorrhea; and (3) an associated abnormal heavy-chain protein . The study further stresses the importance of peroral small-intestinal biopsy and the pathologic features of this condition.

Anesthesiology, 1976 Apr, 44(4), 318 - 29
Antagonism of neuromuscular blockade; Miller RD; Although acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are accepted antagonists of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade, many basic questions are still unanswered . What is the relationship between receptor occupancy and adequate ventilation? What are the effects of changes in acid-base balance and temperature? What are the mechanisms of the various antibiotic-induced neuromuscular blockades, and what antagonizes them? This review is an attempt to summarize the known factors infuencing relaxant blocks and to identify the unknown factors . The need for further studies is obvious.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Apr, 21(4), 331 - 4
{Effect of migillin on protein synthesis in intact and virally infected TKCE and FL cells}; Pltonikov NP et al.; The effect of migillin was studied with respect to protein synthesis in the cells of TKCE (transplantable line of cells of the kidneys of cow embryos) and FL--intact and infected with viruses of aphtous fever A22, strain 550 and poliomyelitis of type III, strain Saukett respectively . Simultaneously the effect of migillin on sensitivity of the cells to the above viruses was tested . The synthesis of protein was determined by incorporation of C14-glycine into the acid insoluble fraction of the cells . It was found that protein synthesis significantly increased under the effect of migillin in both the intact cells and the cells infected with the viruses . The viruses of aphtous fever and poliomyelitis inhibited the synthesis of proteins . The antibiotic increased the activity of dehydrogenases and respiration of HEp-2 cells . Migillin markedly suppressed reproduction of the poliomyelitis virus, the effect on the virus of aphtous fever was lower in the cell culture . In guinea pigs the antiviral effect of the antibiotic resulted in prolongation of the incubation period and retardation of the aphtous fever process generalization . The results of the experiments showed that migillin stimulated the activity of dehydrogenases, respiration, protein synthesis in the cell cultures and possessed antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo.

Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot, 1976 Apr-May, 62(3), 295 - 307
{Homografts allogeneic of the knee and hip joints}; Thomas G; The technique and instruments of PAP, Krompecher and Jaros allow a precise preparation of the femoral head, acetabulum, femoral condyles and tibial plateau in the donor and recipient for the application of homograft transplants of joint articular surfaces of 5 millimetre thickness . In the present series, specimens were preserved by freezing at 30 degrees below zero to prevent immunologic reactions in the recipient . Immunogenic control tests in 12 patients have shown that freezing at 30 degrees below zero does not eliminate antigens in the transplant . In future, therefore, it is intended to transplant only cartilage with living cells in relation to the HLA system . The problem of prevention of infection has been solved by a special antibiotic preparation of the specimen . Radiographic examination 4 years after operation shows that only two of 12 patients had an unsatisfactory result . Function in these two hip joints is, however, better than before operation although the transplant has been partly resorbed . The technique of homograft transplantation of the hip and knee joints is suitable for young or middle-aged individuals in whom the only alternative would be an arthrodesis . For older persons a joint prosthesis is preferable.

Arch Dermatol, 1976 Apr, 112(4), 525 - 6
Generalized exfoliative dermatitis from ethylenediamine; Petrozzi JW et al.; A patient with a history of allergic reaction to an antibiotic cream (Mycolog {mixture of nystatin, neomycin sulfate, gramicidin, and triamcinolone acetonide}) was treated with aminophylline . A generalized exfoliative dermatitis resulted . The reaction was attributable to ethylenediamine hydrochloride, which is a component of both agents . Recognition of the potential for systemic medications to induce similar reactions in patients who are allergic to related topical preparations is important when prescribing systemic agents.

Gann, 1976 Apr, 67(2), 157 - 63
Combined use of bleomycin in radiotherapy of a mouse mammary carcinoma; Urano M et al.; Experiments were carried out to determine TCD50 (50% tumor control dose) of 3rd generation isotransplants of a C3H mouse mammary carcinoma treated or not treated with Bleomycin . If the antibiotic was injected 30 min before a single X-ray dose, TCD50 was reduced . This reduction in TCD50 was independent of Bleomycin dose of more than 15 mg/kg, because of the upward-concave nature of Bleomycin dose-cell survival curve . The combined effect, when tested by TCD50 assays, appeared less than additive . This effect was further examined by a series of TD50 assays which revealed that these tumor cells were capable of repairing the potentially lethal damage induced by X-rays and that induced by Bleomycin . It was also found that the potentially lethal damage after combined X-ray and Bleomycin treatments was repaired . These findings indicated that the combined X-ray and Bleomycin treatment resulted in additive effect if the repair of potentially lethal damage in tumor cells were taken into account.

Br J Cancer, 1976 Apr, 33(4), 459 - 64
The effect of bleomycin and pentamycin in combination on the survival of EMT6 mouse tumour cells in vitro and in vivo; Twentyman PR; The combined effect of bleomycin and the polyene antibiotic, pentamycin, upon the survival of EMT6 tumour cells has been studied both in vitro and in vivo . During growth of the cells as a monolayer in vitro, a very marked potentiation of bleomycin action is seen during the exponential and early plateau phases of growth, but little potentiation occurs in late plateau phase . The effect of exposing the cells to the two drugs consecutively in either order is greater than if the two agents are used at the same time . In vivo, it does not appear that pentamycin can greatly increase the cytocidal effect of bleomycin.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Apr, 21(4), 299 - 301
{Study of the biosynthesis of a carbohydrate fragment of rubomycin}; Paranosenkova VI et al.; When the rubomycin-producing organism was grown in the presence of an evenly labeled C14-glucose and various non-labeled carbon sources, the carbohydrate part of the antibiotic also became evently labeled . The activity of I carbon atom of rubomycin sugar grown against the background of non-labeled glycerol was almost 3 times higher than the respective value of the aglycone activity . C14-acetate, C14-propionate, C14-methionine and daunosamine were not incorporated . The data are indicative of the fact that there was no splitting of the glucose carbon skeleton during conversion of glucose into amino sugar.

Am J Hosp Pharm, 1976 Apr, 33(4), 352 - 6
Evaluation of a 5-mum stainless steel filter as an intravenous inline filter or prefilter; Rapp RP et al.; The suitability of a 5-mum stainless steel filter as an inline filter or a protective prefilter during simulated i.v . therapy was evaluated using flow rate measurements of two routinely used i.v . fluids and parenteral nutrition fluid . As an inline i.v . filter, the 5-mum stainless steel filter was capable of maintaining suitable flow rates . The addition of antibiotic additives decreased the flow rates slightly but not below the range required for i.v . therapy . Flow rate profiles, however, when compared to a 0.45-mum membrane filter suggest that antibiotic additives contain high numbers of particles in the less than 5-mum range . Consequently many of the particles, especially those in the less than 3-mum range will pass the 5-mum filter . As a protective prefilter, the 5-mum filter device in combination with a 0.45-mum membrane filter provided more uniform flow rates over longer periods of time when additives were employed . Using the aspiration device as a prefilter for adding antibiotics to the infusion fluid resulted in improved flow rates through a 0.45-mum membrane filter for lactated Ringer's containing cephalothin sodium, while for solutions containing ampicillin or oxytetracycline, prefilteration did not change the flow rate profiles.

J Biol Chem, 1976 Mar 25, 251(6), 1795 - 8
Binding interactions between radiolabeled Escherichia coli elongation factor G and the ribosome; Lin L et al.; We have prepared homogeneous radiolabeled Escherichia coli Elongation Factor G (EF-G) and examined its interactions with the ribosome . In agreement with earlier indirect observations we found that in the presence of high concentrations of fusidic acid approximately equimolar amounts of {3H}EF-G and {alpha-32P}GDP are stably bound to the ribosome . In the absence of fusidic acid, we observed a previously undescribed nucleotide-independent binding interaction between EF-G and the ribosome . This binding is detectable by rapid elution on small gel columns but is not apparent when reactions are analyzed by sucrose density gradient sedimentation . With the exception of the fact that the nucleotide-independent binding of EF-G to ribosome is apparently unaffected even by high concentrations of fusidic acid, it shares many properties in common with that binding which occurs in the presence of GDP . Nucleotide-independent binding requires magnesium ion (10 to 20 mM ) and does not require a monovalent cation but is strongly inhibited by even moderate concentrations of NH4Cl . This binding requires the presence on the ribosome of Protein L7/L12 and is inhibited by the antibiotic thiostrepton . Although we were unable to examine the binary ribosome.EF-G complex by equilibrium means, the observed stoichiometry under the conditions we employed did not exceed 0.2 mol of EF-G/mole of ribosome . Nonequilibrium measurements revealed that one-half of the EF-G was bound at a ribosome concentration of about 50 muM.

Mol Gen Genet, 1976 Mar 22, 144(2), 205 - 12
Identification of components of the streptomycin-binding center of E . coli MRE 600 ribosomes by photo-affinity labelling; Girshovich AS et al.; The {H3}-labelled photo-activated analog of streptomycin (photo-Sm) is obtained as a result of the streptomycin reaction with 2-nitro, 4-azidobenzoylhydrazide and subsequent reduction with NaBH34 . The analog retains the functional activity of the initial antibiotic as judged by two criteria: (1) it binds only to the 30S subparticle of ribosomes and (2) it inhibits the factor-free ("non-enzymatic") PCMB-stimulated polyU-dependent system of translation (Gavrilova and Spirin, 1971) . After irradiation of the reaction mixture containing photo-Sm and either the 30S or 50S subparticles of ribosomes under similar conditions, the analog covalently binds chiefly to the 30S subparticle . Irradiation of the photo-Sm mixture with whole 70S ribosomes leads to a uniform distribution of a covalently bound label among the subparticles . A comparison of the effects obtained allows the conclusion that the analog is located on the interface of the ribosomal subparticles . In the 30S subparticle the photo-Sm attacks mainly the protein component (more than 95% of all the covalently bound label) . The proteins labelled by photo-reaction are identified as S7 (main), S14 (additional) and S16/S17 (minor).

S Afr Med J, 1976 Mar 13, 50(11), 441 - 2
Acute leukaemia and allogeneic granulocyte support; Jacobs P et al.; Infusion of functional allogeneic granulocytes is rational therapy in pyrexial patients with severe neutropenia when combined with appropriate antibiotic administration . On the basis of our first year's experience we endorse this approach, but emphasise the need for further critical evaluation of these cells, and present an approach to placing this procedure on a more scientific basis.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Mar, 21(3), 273 - 7
{Blood coagulation system in oncological patients treated with rubomycin, adriamycin and carminomycin}; Zhukovskaia ES et al.; Systems of blood coagulation in patients treated with antibiotics of the anthracycline group were studied . Rubomycin was used in the treatment of patients with acute leukemia Adriamycin and carminomycin were used in the treatment of patients with solid tumors . The antibiotics affected the process of blood coagulation mainly through their cytostatic effect on thrombocytopoesis . Thrombocytopenia induced deficit of thrombocytal factors participating in the process of blood coagulation which resulted in hypocoagulation and hemorrhagic complications . The plasmic factors did not significantly change during the antibiotic therapy . A tendency to decrease in the levels of prothrombine, fibrinase and fibrinogen was noted which was possible due to an inhibitory effect of the antibiotics on the function of the reticuloendothelial tissue cells or indirectly to suppression of the tumor process . More pronounced changes in the system of blood coagulation of patients treated with rubomycin were probably associated with inferiority of the thrombocytal apparatus of the patients with acute leukemia treated with the antibiotic.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Mar, 21(3), 270 - 2
{Rifampicin in the therapy of gonorrheal urethritis in men}; Levochkin AM et al.; The therapeutic efficiency of benemycin (rifampicin of Polish production), a semisynthetic antibiotic was studied in 96 male cases with gonorrhea urethritis . The antibiotic was used in a dose of 300 mg every 6 hours (2.1--3gm for the treatment course depending on the desease severity) . Observation of the patients for 1--2 months showed etiological recovery in 91 (94.8 per cent) out of 96 patients . Postgonorrhea inflammatory processes were observed in 8.7 per cent of the cases . For studying late results of the treatmant 62 patients were observed for 3 to 12 months . Gonococci were isolated from none of the patients . No side reactions were found in the patients treated with rifampicin.

Vestn Khir Im I I Grek, 1976 Mar, 116(3), 22 - 8
{Comparative characteristics of the methods of management of the pleural cavity in nonspecific empyema}; Gerasimova VD; The author failed to reveal some essential advantages of any of five methods employed for sanation of the pleural cavity in empyema . The method of active aspiration and irrigation of the cavity with antiseptic and antibiotic solutions is felt to be mostly rational.

Arq Neuropsiquiatr . 1976 Mar;34(1):18031.
{Systemic candidiasis with localization in the brain . Anatomo-clinical study of 5 cases}; Queiroz LS et al.; Central nervous system involvement in Candida septicaemia is rare and not more than four cases have been published in Brazil . Five new cases of systemic candidiasis with cerebral lesions are reported . All patients (four adults and a child) had serious underlying diseases and were submitted to heavy long-term antibiotic therapy with multiple drugs . Seizures in one case and neck stiffness in another were the only neurologic signs that could be attributed to candidiasis . In no case were the lesions severe enough to be considered an immediate cause of death . In three patients, no macroscopic changes were evident in the brain, but microabscesses and granulomata were observed on microscopical examination; another patient had two gross areas with necrotic and haemorrhagic appearance in the cerebral hemispheres; the child had only two microscopic granulomata . The aetiological agent was demonstrated by Grocott's methenamine silver technique in all cases . Involvement of organs other than the central nervous system could be demonstrated in three autopsies . Discussion is confined mainly to such aspects as the contributory factors in the pathogenesis of systemic candidiasis as well as the marked rise in the incidence of this condition in the past few decades . It is suggested that the frequence of monilial septicaemia in Brazil may be far more serious than apparent from the scarcity of reported cases.

Acta Otolaryngol, 1976 Mar-Apr, 81(3-4), 178 - 84
{Reactions of mucous membrane in middle ear}; Zechner G; Antibiotic therapy has transformed classic picture of otitis media, especially as a result of changed immunological conditions . Histopathology of the mucous membrane has shown badly inflamed and healing areas close together . Cellular proliferation, as in granulomas and adhesion formation, has now become more important than purulent complications . The middle ear drainage, normally provided by good function of the eustachian tube and a drum perforation have now become a focus of interest . A blocked tube and an intact eardrum cause not only serous otitis media but, when untreated, otitis media chronica adhesiva as well . We have studied these problems histologically, histochemically and cytologically.

J Pathol, 1976 Mar, 118(3), 157 - 63
The effects of pure and micellar solutions of different bile salts on mucosal morphology in rat jejunum in vivo; Keeling JW et al.; The effects of pure and micellar solutions of different bile salts on mucosal morphology have been investigated in rat jejunum using a closed-loop technique; the effects of an anionic dihydroxy steroid antibiotic, fusidic acid, have also been studied . Mucosal changes were assessed by light-microscopical appearances and quantified by determining surface to volume ratios (c/1h) . The unconjugated dihydroxy bile salts, chenodeoxycholate and deoxycholate (DC), produced similar and gross structural changes at concentrations of 2-5 to 5 mM, as judged by mucosal appearances, but not at 1 mM; the unconjugated trihydroxy bile salt cholate and a variety of di- and trihydroxy conjugated salts produced no changes at concentrations of 5 to 20 mM . Fusidate (5 mM) produced similar changes to 5 mM DC . Compared with control values DC (1,2-5 and 5 mM) and fusidate (5 mM) produced highly significant (P less than 0-001) reductions in c/1h ratios . DC-induced damage was completely abolished by mixed micellar solutions, whereas pure micellar solutions provided no protection . These results indicate, (i) a molecular specificity for bile salt-induced mucosal damage, and (ii) that the effects of the unconjugated dihydroxy species on mucosal structure depends not only on their intraluminal concentrations, but also on the relative concentrations of conjugated bile salts and lipids present in the lumen.

Br J Surg, 1976 Mar, 63(3), 229 - 32
Septic complications of pancreatitis; Grace SG et al.; Over an 11-year period 693 patients with acute pancreatitis and 317 with chronic pancreatitis were seen at the Harbor General Hospital . Review of these cases revealed 9 patients with primary pancreatic lesser sac abscess and 11 with secondary abscess . The appropriate management for pancreatic abscess, whether primary or secondary, is early recognition and drainage; multiple drainage procedures may be necessary . Broad spectrum antibodies appear to be helpful and should be used until cultures indicate more appropriate antibiotic therapy . Successful management involves prolonged hospitalization, but contrary to previous reports the success rate is surprisingly high . Eight out of 9 patients with primary abscess and 8 out of 11 patients with secondary abscess survived.

Invest Ophthalmol, 1976 Mar, 15(3), 220 - 2
Chlorampenicol retention on, and penetration into, the rabbit eye; Green K et al.; The retention of the antibiotic chloramphenicol on, and penetration into, the rabbit eye has been compared following administration in two vehicles . Samples were taken of both aqueous humor and a washing fluid applied to the conjunctival surface and the concentration of 14C-chloramphenicol determined . Greater tear film and aqueous humor drug concentrations, which are effective against many organisms, were found with a vehicle which enhanced retention time on the ocular surfaces.

Blood, 1976 Mar, 47(3), 473 - 9
Prophylactic granulocyte support in experimental septicemia; Tobias JS et al.; The purpose of this study was to determine the value of prophylactic granulocyte transfusions in preventing death from sepsis . An intravenous dose of 10(9) Escherichia coli was lethal when given to granulocytopenic rats 6 days following irradiation with 750 rads . Only one of 22 irradiated animals survived the septicemia . Although normal (nonirradiated) animals experienced a transient leukopenia from this dose of organisms, it was less than LD10 for the normal host . There were no deaths in a group of animals receiving irradiation only . A group of 14 irradiated animals was given a single granulocyte transfusion 2 hr before the septic inoculum, and 57% of these animals survived (p less than 0.01) . No antibiotic therapy was administered to any of these animals . Irradiated animals who received granulocytes and recovered from sepsis had earlier granulocyte reconstitution than animals irradiated but not given the septic challenge . Platelet reconstitution was the same in both groups . In the rat model, prophylactic granulocyte support of septc animals led to improved survival . It was concluded that granulocyte prophylaxis may be of value in selected patients with transient bone marrow failure who are therefore at high risk from sepsis.

Chest, 1976 Mar, 69(3), 367 - 71
Transtracheal selective bronchial brushing for pulmonary infiltrates in patients with cancer; Aisner J et al.; Patients with cancer frequently develop pneumonitis for which no cause is documented ante mortem . Noninvasive diagnostic techniques, such as sputum induction, are generally inadequate, especially in myelosuppressed patients . To avoid pulmonary contamination with organisms colonizing the oronasopharynx and to obtain uncontaminated speciemens, 38 patients underwent bronchial brushing utilizing a transtracheal approach after sputum induction and transtracheal aspiration failed to establish the etiology . Patients with thrombocytopenia were brushed after platelet transfusion . Eleven patients were not clinically considered to be infected; seven proved to have pulmonary metastases, of which one case was diagnosed by this technique; and four patients in whom no diagnosis was obtained by brushing subsequently proved to have interstitial fibrosis (three cases) or a collapsed lobe (one case) . Twenty-seven patients were clinically presumed to be infected . Ultimately, 17 of these 27 patients were proven to have pulmonary infection, and 14 of these 17 were etiologically documented by brushing . In ten of the 27 patients presumed to be infected, no etiology could be established by any method . Seven of these ten patients were receiving broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy at the time . Significant but nonfatal complications, including hemoptysis, pneumothorax, and cervical cellulitis, occurred in seven patients; however, this procedure is a relatively safe and useful method to include in the orderly evaluation of myelosuppressed cancer patients with suspected pulmonary infections.

J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1976 Mar, 71(3), 472 - 5
Paecilomyces varioti endocarditis on a prosthetic aortic valve; McClellan JR et al.; Fungal endocarditis following prosthetic valve surgery has assumed increased importance as a cause of postoperative death . We present, to our knowledge, the first case of the fungus Paecilomyces varioti producing endocarditis on a prosthetic aortic valve . This seems to be an extremely indolent organism which exhibits an apparent response to antibiotic therapyl . In vitro evidence suggests that this fungus is sensitive to attainable serum levels of both 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B . However, after viewing the extracted valve and the devastating embolic phenomenon in our patient, we believe that medical therapy alone would not suffice . Thus we suggest that prompt valve replacement be performed in future cases.

Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 1976 Mar, 4(3), 347 - 9
Comparison in mice of the amnestic effects of cycloheximide and 6-hydroxydopamine in a one-trial passive avoidance task; Rainbow TC et al.; To test further the hypothesis that cycloheximide (CXM)-induced amnesia is due in part to its effects on the central adrenergic system, a comparison was made in mice of the effects of the antibiotic and of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on memory of a one-trial passive avoidance task . Both drugs produced anmesia 24 hr after training but unlike CXM, 6-OHDA had no effect on memory 20 min after training.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Mar, 21(3), 211 - 4
{Mathematical model of the effect of inorganic phosphorus on the tetracycline biosynthesis process}; Tarasova SS et al.; A special apparatus with continuous dosing of substrates to flasks was used for experiments on the effect of inorganic phosphorus concentrations on the growth process of Act . aureofaciens and tetracycline biosynthesis . The experimental data showed that the character of the orthophosphorus effect on the mycellium growth and antibiotic biosynthesis was different . The relations were described with macrokinetic equations of Mono and Andrus type.

Arch Dermatol, 1976 Mar, 112(3), 383 - 5
Potential hazards of clindamycin in acne therapy; Basler RS; In the course of the last two years, a tremendous amount of controversy has been raised over dangers accompanying the use of the antibiotic clindamycin . The controversy has been stimulated by recent reports of fatalities from pseudomembraneous colitis associated with clindamycin therapy . Varying greatly in degree of severity, the colitis has been reported in as high as 10% of all patients using the drug . The pertinence of such data, however, in a young, healthy acne population receiving small maintenance doses is questionable . Nevertheless, because of these reports, the use of clindamycin in the treatment of many of the conditions for which it was previously considered indicated, including acne, is being seriously reevaluated.

Stain Technol, 1976 Mar, 51(2), 115 - 7
Hydroxyethyl lactamide, a dye solvent useful in vital staining; Risso-Dominguez CJ; In a search for new vital stains to reveal the microanatomy of nudibranch mollusks, the slow or very low solubility of many dyes in sea water posed a serious problem . Preliminary dissolution in tap water proved impractical . Hydroxyethyl lactamide, an odorless liquid and dye solvent was found ideal since it permits immediate attainment of saturated solutions of dyes in sea water . Since hydroxyethyl lactamide passed the severe "eolid nudibranch test" and has been found nonirritating for the very sensitive rhinophorial structures, and furthermore since it has been used by the pharmaceutical industry as a vehicle in antibiotic preparations, it appears to be an ideal universal dye solvent for general use in vital staining . It has been used extensively in unpublished research by the writer on vital staining of nudibranchs . It has a low order of physiological activity and can be regarded an essentially inert when used in vital staining.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Feb, 21(2), 151 - 5
{Differentiation of the degree of bioavailability of peroral drug forms of tetracycline hydrochloride in experiments on laboratory animals}; Zak AF et al.; Difference in the levels of bioavailability of 4 types of tetracycline hydrochloride tablets was shown on rabbits and guinea pigs . The rates of the antibiotic absorption into the blood of the laboratory animals and volunteers were the same . Relation between the rate of disintegration of various types of tablets of tetracycline hydrochloride and the antibiotic blood levels in the rabbits after administration of the same tablets was found.

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