Salmonella

Ophthalmologica, 1986, 192(3), 154 - 8
Stellate maculopathy due to Salmonella typhi . A case report; Fusco R et al.; A case of typhoid fever complicated by bilateral chorioretinitis and monolateral stellate maculopathy is reported . Clinical findings are discussed.

Ann Med Interne (Paris), 1986, 137(2), 115 - 7
{Pathology of the bile ducts in children with homozygous sickle-cell anemia . Apropos of 5 recent cases}; Begue P et al.; Five cases of biliary complications in childhood sickle cell disease are reported . In four cases, the pathology was gall stones causing recurrent abdominal pain in a 10 year old boy, a 13 year old girl and a 2 year old infant, and responsible for a "Salmonella septicaemia" in a 17 year old adolescent . In one case, a biliary cyst was diagnosed at 3 years of age . Four children underwent successful surgery . The complications of gall stones are difficult to distinguish from episodes of vasoocclusive abdominal pain . Ultrasonography is an easy method of detecting gall stones and may be repeated regularly in children over 10 years of age . All the children operated in this series were improved by surgery . Patients with sickle cell disease must be carefully prepared for general anaesthesia with a strict protocol of blood transfusion which is only possible in well equipped centers . Elective surgery is by far the best management as postoperative complications are much less common than after emergency surgery . A review of the literature shows that the general tendency is for surgical intervention as gall stones are a cause of recurrent abdominal pain, cholecystitis and dangerous infective complications in those patients.

J Clin Microbiol, 1986 Jan, 23(1), 192 - 4
Salt-induced filamentous growth of a Salmonella strain isolated from blood; Yoshida S et al.; A strain of Salmonella choleraesuis subsp . choleraesuis serovar paratyphi-A isolated from the blood of a febrile patient grew into filaments on a nutrient agar containing various salts, such as NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, or (NH4)2HPO4, at concentrations of 50 to 400 mM . The filamentous cells were nonseptate and multinucleate, and they had colony-forming ability . This mutant strain, however, did not show filamentous growth in liquid media which contained the same salts . On nutrient agar containing 20% sucrose but no salts, some of the cells formed large spheroplasts . Both ampicillin treatment and in vivo environment may in part be responsible for the induction of the mutant strain.

Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1986, 79(1), 22 - 6
{Absence of the antigen H:z66 in 2355 strains of Salmonella typhi from Madagascar and several countries of tropical Africa}; Vieu JF et al.; The presence of the new flagellar antigen H:z66 (Guinee, 1981) was investigated among 2,355 strains of S . typhi isolated from 1981 to 1985 in Madagascar and some countries of tropical Africa: Burundi, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Mauritania, Central African Republic, Rwanda, Senegal, Zaire . A method based on the immobilization of motile strains in soft agar with immunserum anti-H:d, was used to detect strains carrying antigen H:z66 . No African and malagazy strains had antigen H:z66, irrespective to their biovar, phage-type, drug susceptibility and geographical origin . These results were compared with a study of 2,121 indigenous or imported strains of S . typhi isolated in France during the same period . Except 4 strains from patients contaminated in Indonesia, all of them were also devoid of antigen H:z66 . Future research is needed for a complete assessment of the geographical distribution of S . typhi antigen H:z66.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1986, 80(5), 748 - 52
Morbidity and mortality in a diarrhoeal diseases hospital in Bangladesh; Islam SS et al.; Records of all patients who were admitted to or who died in Dhaka hospital of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B) between July 1980 and 30th June 1981 were reviewed to identify epidemiological characters associated with in-hospital diarrhoeal diseases-related deaths . Information on aetiological agents, age, sex, major complications, nutritional status and level of dehydration were analysed . Over the one-year period, 3251 patients were admitted to the medical wards and 400 died . Children under five made up 72% of patients admitted and 77% of those who died . All patients were cultured for enteric vibrios, Salmonella and Shigella; 25% of the patients had at least one of these organisms . Shigella was most common and was isolated from 13% of the patients and 19% of those who died . Case-fatality rates in patients with Shigella and Vibrio cholerae non-OI (NAG) were significantly higher than other enteric pathogens (V . cholerae OI, Salmonella typhi and mixed) . Case fatality for Vibrio cholerae non-OI was higher than Shigella (25.8% and 17.2%) but the difference was not statistically significant . Among those who died 21% were severely dehydrated and 50% had various complications . Patients with V . cholerae OI were significantly more dehydrated than other groups (P less than 0.05 by chi 2 test) . The patients who died with Shigella were significantly more malnourished and had more frequent associated complications than other non-Shigella diarrhoea patients (P less than 0.01 by chi 2 test) . Overall our observations indicate that Shigella and Vibrio cholerae non-OI are associated with unusually high case fatality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

IARC Sci Publ, 1986, (77), 393 - 7
Genotoxicity of hexachlorobenzene and other chlorinated benzenes; Brusick DJ; Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and other chlorinated benzenes have had only limited mutagenicity evaluation but tests have shown a general lack of evidence for mutagenicity . Bacterial reverse mutation studies have been typically negative and only a few studies on cultured mammalian cells have been published . Recent reports indicate that HCB does not induce sister chromatid exchange or DNA-strand breakage in vitro . A single report of HCB-induced reverse mutation in yeast is suspect due to the failure to establish either dose-response effects or an acceptable level of statistical significance . In-vivo data are limited primarily to dominant lethal studies in rats and some in-vivo alkaline elution results . Both types of tests revealed no genetic activity for HCB . A number of chlorine-substituted nitrobenzenes are positive in the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation assay, but when tested in eukaryotic cell assays, the results are generally negative . Ortho-, meta- and para-dichlorobenzenes are apparently mutagenic in Aspergillus nidulans, and para-dichlorobenzene has been reported to induce mitotic abnormalities in plant cells . Unscheduled DNA synthesis studies carried out with dichlorobenzenes proved negative . Monochlorobenzene failed to actively induce sister chromatid exchange in a human cell line . The only human data that have been reported for chlorinated benzenes involved accidental exposure of 26 people to ortho-dichlorobenzene vapours . Analysis of lymphocytes from this cohort suggested an increase in chromosome breakage.

Microbiol Immunol, 1986, 30(12), 1213 - 24
Invasiveness of Salmonella typhi strains in HeLa S3 monolayer cells; Yabuuchi E et al.; The internalization and intracellular multiplication, i.e., the invasiveness, of Salmonella typhi strains recently isolated from typhoid fever patients were confirmed in HeLa cell monolayers . When stained with Giemsa solution, intracellular bacteria were 0.6 X 1.2 micron in size and stained purple, whereas extracellular bacteria associated or not with the HeLa cell surface were 1.0 X 3.0 micron and stained deep blue . Strain GIFU 10007 was internalized into 23% of the HeLa cells within 10 min after inoculation . About 90% of the HeLa cells were infected after 24 hr incubation in kanamycin (KM)-containing medium . Intracellular multiplication of the challenge organism was verified by a large number of intracellular bacteria after 24 hr incubation in KM-containing medium by both light-microscopy of the Giemsa stained preparation and viable counts of intracellular bacteria . The viable counts of strain 10007 showed an increase of more than 40-fold within 24 hr after inoculation, whereas in the four other less or non-infective strains, recovery of viable bacteria was poor or nil . Strains which were highly invasive usually failed to show strong adhesion . The contribution of Vi antigen to the internalization of challenge organisms was not proved . Infective strains, when killed by formalin were still adhesive, but were not internalized . The same strains, when killed by boiling, were neither adhesive nor internalized . From these findings it was concluded that the internalization and multiplication of infective S . typhi strains in cultured HeLa cells should be regarded as an invasion rather than phagocytosis by host cells, and such invasiveness could be an indicator to estimate the virulence of S . typhi strains.

Microbiol Immunol, 1986, 30(12), 1225 - 37
Cytopathogenic effect of Salmonella typhi GIFU 10007 on M cells of murine ileal Peyer's patches in ligated ileal loops: an ultrastructural study; Kohbata S et al.; An electron microscopic study revealed that, within 30 min after inoculation into the ligated ileal loop of anesthetized mice, cells of Salmonella typhi GIFU 10007 adhered to the M cell surface of Peyer's patch lymphoid follicle epithelium, and induced almost complete destruction of M cells . The M cell cytoplasms were pinched off and extruded from the epithelial lining into the luminal space together with the lymphoid cells primarily enfolded into the corresponding M cells . When two or more M cells were destroyed, a large defect in the epithelial lining was apparent, and a number of bacteria appeared near the basal lamina of the epithelial lining . These findings suggest, as far as anesthetized murine ileal loops and strain 10007 are concerned, that ileal M cells are the target cell at an early stage of S . typhi infection and the infection may further progress to deeper tissues and to the general circulation.

Ann Rech Vet, 1986, 17(4), 387 - 93
{Experimental infection with Salmonella abortus ovis in rams}; Sanchis R et al.; The susceptibility of rams to experimental challenge with Salmonella abortus ovis was investigated by subcutaneous, conjunctival or preputial administration of 1 X 10(10) viable salmonella to 3 groups of 6 adult Prealpes rams . Slaughter and autopsy of 15 rams were made 83 days after challenge . Each of the 3 remaining rams was introduced in 3 groups of 6 salmonellosis-free ewes . The subcutaneous injection caused a significant hyperthermia, a rapid increase in antibody titers without detectable genital excretion of salmonella . The conjunctival or preputial challenge caused a significant serological response without fever; S . abortus ovis was isolated from samples taken 1 to 13 days after challenge only in rams challenged by the preputial route . No salmonella was isolated from organs of the 15 slaughtered rams . Ewes made pregnant by the 3 remaining rams showed no signs of infection . In our experimental conditions, a genital colonization was not observed; a passive genital carriage of S . abortus ovis was shown to be possible; its hypothetical epidemiological role was discussed.

Braz J Med Biol Res, 1986, 19(1), 19 - 25
Mutagenicity of nifurtimox and benznidazole in the Salmonella/microsome assay; Ferreira RC et al.; The genetic activities of two widely used anti-Trypanosoma cruzi drugs, nifurtimox and benznidazole, were investigated . The Salmonella mutagenicity (Ames) test was used to evaluate the mutagenic activity of both drugs . Nifurtimox and benznidazole preferentially induced backward mutations in the base substitution mutagen indicator strain TA100 . The observed mutation rates for both drugs were linear over a wide concentration range . Maximum mutagenic activity was obtained at 35 and 100 micrograms per plate for nifurtimox and benznidazole, respectively . No increase in the mutagenic activity of either drug was observed in the presence of rat liver microsomal extracts . Survival experiments revealed that nifurtimox was at least four times more toxic than benznidazole for the Salmonella indicator strain.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1986, 80(2), 323 - 6
Curative properties of muramyl dipeptide in experimental Naegleria meningoencephalitis; Ferrante A et al.; Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba which causes a fatal meningoencephalitis in man . Mice injected with the immunostimulant MDP or an attenuated 11RX strain of Salmonella enteritidis showed some resistance to an intranasal challenge with N . fowleri . In addition it was observed that some of the mice infected with N . fowleri and showing symptoms of naegleria meningoencephalitis, given a single injection of MDP were cured of this disease . Our findings suggest that the use of immunostimulants could be a new approach in the quest for therapeutic agents for this disease.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1986, 80(2), 317 - 22
The serum bactericidal and opsonizing defect in sickle cell anaemia: restoration of activity by control serum; Luo NP et al.; Thirty-eight homozygous sickler sera were compared with a large pool of serum from healthy African non-sicklers with regard to bactericidal and phagocytic indices . One third of the sera showed reduced bactericidal activity against Salmonella enteritidis which was restored by the addition of 4% control serum; control serum provided both heat-labile (HL) and absorbable (ABS) serum factors . 76% of test sera showed greatly defective opsonization as indicated by ingestion by normal human neutrophils . Activity was not readily restored by the addition of control serum which provided only HL factors . Intracellular survival was increased when bacteria were ingested from sickler serum; activity was readily restored by control serum which provided both HL and ABS factors . In the presence of both serum and neutrophils 84% of test sera permitted increased bacterial survival; the defect was not readily reversed by the addition of control serum which provided both HL and ABS factors.

Environ Mutagen, 1986, 8(5), 693 - 704
Environmental tobacco smoke: comparative characterization by mutagenicity assays of sidestream and mainstream cigarette smoke; Lofroth G et al.; Mainstream cigarette smoke particles were collected by means of a smoking machine, and sidestream particles were collected from the room in which the smoking took place . The particles were extracted by sonication with acetone, and the extracts were solvent-exchanged to dimethyl sulfoxide . The samples were tested for mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay . The mainstream extract is preferentially mutagenic in the presence of S9, with about 30,000 revertants/cigarette in TA98, but has little or no activity in its absence . The sidestream extract is also mutagenic in the presence of S9 with TA98, and this activity is mainly due to basic compounds . Sidestream smoke is also significantly mutagenic in the absence of S9 in the strain TA100 as well as in TA97 and TA104 . This "direct" activity is due to components that are labile . The response of sidestream particles is 10,000-20,000 revertants/cigarette in TA98 + S9 and TA100-S9 when the collection is performed in a room where the particle concentration is modulated by deposition to surfaces . Sidestream particles collected on glass fiber filter and by electrostatic precipitation (ESP) with a commercial air cleaning device gave essentially the same mutagenic response, showing that ESP sampling may be an alternative to filter sampling for environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in indoor environments . ESP sampling in children's rooms in smoking and nonsmoking homes showed that 5-10% of the tobacco smoke emitted in the smoking homes entered the child's room, demonstrating that diffusion of pollutants is faster than ventilation in modern buildings with low ventilation rates.

Environ Mutagen, 1986, 8(4), 631 - 41
Target sequences for mutagenesis in Salmonella histidine-requiring mutants; Hartman PE et al.; Nucleotide target sequences involved in reversion to the wild type phenotype are diagrammed for Salmonella frameshift histidine-requiring mutants hisD3052, hisD3018, hisD6610, and hisD6580 and for base-substitution mutants hisG46 and hisG428 . Frameshift strain hisC3076 probably reverts by nucleotide changes similar to those that occur during reversion of hisD3018 and hisD6610 . Multiple modes of reversion characterize each strain . Each strain also has a particularly diagnostic mutagen-susceptible sequence . These highly mutagen-susceptible stretches are the hisD3052 GCGCGCGC sequence, the hisD6610 CCCCCC sequence, the hisD6580 AAAAA sequence, and the A/T containing codon of hisG428 and G/C containing codon of hisG46, respectively . Between them, hisG46 and hisG428 are reverted by all of the six possible base substitution transition and transversion mutations.

Tierarztl Prax, 1986, 14(1), 51 - 4
{Experiences with local administration of herd-specific vaccines}; Bauer K; The results of oral vaccination of 388 calves with herd-specific vaccines against E . coli are described . Innocuity was optimal, whereas the potency was estimated not as efficient as parenteral vaccination of the dam (in 22% of the cases), i.e., transient diseases in vaccinated calves occurred there . Further the results of intranasal vaccination of 496 cattle against salmonellosis are reported . Salmonella excretion in the faeces was stopped within 1-3 weeks post vaccination in 75% of the herds . In one case it took 3 months to reach this effect . A few permanent excretor cattle remained in two other cases.

Biomed Pharmacother, 1986, 40(1), 6 - 10
Effects of splenectomy on the retention of Salmonella enteritidis and on the hemopoietic response to Salmonella infection; Kirikae T et al.; Salmonella infection induces a marked increase in the splenic granulopoiesis, but causes a reduction in hemopoiesis in the bone marrow . In this study, effects of Salmonella enteritidis infection on hemopoietic stem cells were examined in splenectomized (SX-) mice . Splenectomy emphasized hemopoietic damage in the bone marrow caused by Salmonella infection . Total nucleated cells, pluripotent stem cells (CFUs) and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (GM-CFC) in the bone marrow of SX-mice all decreased markedly compared with sham-splenectomized (NX-) mice, and the recovery from the decline was also delayed . Thus, neither enhancement of the granulopoiesis nor granulopoietic recovery in the bone marrow was observed to compensate the granulopoietic response in the spleen . Splenectomy also resulted in a longlasting retention of Salmonella in the liver . The observations indicate that the spleen is the major organ to respond to bacterial invasion in regard to enhanced granulopoiesis and hence enhanced bacterial clearance.

Environ Mutagen, 1986, 8 Suppl 7, 1 - 119
Salmonella mutagenicity tests: II . Results from the testing of 270 chemicals; Mortelmans K et al.; This publication includes data of Salmonella mutagenicity results on 270 coded chemicals, encompassing 329 tests performed by three laboratories under contract to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) . The preincubation modification of the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay was used to test chemicals in up to five Salmonella strains in the presence and absence of rat and hamster liver S-9 . With a few exceptions, inter- and intralaboratory reproducibility was good.

Agents Actions, 1986 Jan, 17(3-4), 368 - 70
In vivo inhibition of plasma protein leakage and Salmonella enteritidis-induced mortality in the rat by a specific paf-acether antagonist: BN 52021; Etienne A et al.; The effects of BN 52021, a new specific paf-acether receptor antagonist and the total Ginkgo Biloba extract (GBE 761) from which this product was isolated, were studied in the rat on paf-acether-induced permeability and cell number changes and on endotoxin-induced lethality . Their activities were compared to those of cyclooxygenase, 5-lipoxygenase and phospholipase A2 inhibitors . BN 52021 given s.c . or orally exerted a dose-related inhibition of paf-acether deleterious effects as well as of endotoxin lethality whereas the other drugs tested were poorly effective . These results strongly suggest paf-acether involvement in endotoxic and septic shock.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1986, 36(1), 17 - 9
In vitro studies of antidermatophytic activity of juliflorine and its screening as carcinogen in Salmonella/microsome test system; Khursheed AK et al.; Juliflorine, an alkaloid from Prosopis juliflora, was tested for its antifungal activity against the freshly isolated cultures of dermatophytic fungi and its inhibitory effect was compared with that of griseofulvin . The results indicated that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of juliflorine against Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton violaceum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton megninii, Trichophyton gallinae, Microsporum canis, Microsporum nanum, Microsporum ferrugineum and Epidermophyton floccosum was 1.5 micrograms/ml, whereas that of griseofulvin was 0.1-0.5 microgram/ml . MIC of juliflorine for Candida albicans was 0.05 mg/ml . The alkaloid was also subjected to screening for carcinogenicity in the Ames test (salmonella/microsome test system) . The results indicated that the compound in the recommended concentrations did not exhibit positive mutagenic reaction, as compared to a strong positive reaction by ethyl methane sulfonate based on his- ----his+ revertants.

Rev Infect Dis, 1986 Jan-Feb, 8(1), 31 - 41
Salmonella focal intracranial infections: review of the world literature (1884-1984) and report of an unusual case; Rodriguez RE et al.; Focal intracranial infections are unusual manifestations of salmonellosis . Forty-three such infections have been reported in the world literature . The clinical data for 34 well-documented cases are reviewed . Eleven patients had brain abscess, 19 had subdural empyema, three had epidural abscess, and one had both subdural empyema and brain abscess . Brain abscess occurred more often in adults; in contrast, subdural empyema presented more often in children . Fever, signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, change in mental status, seizures, and focal neurologic deficits were the commonest clinical features . Salmonella serotypes typhi, typhimurium, and enteritidis occurred most frequently . The precipitating factors of these infections included meningitis, trauma, and intracranial hematoma . Surgical drainage combined with systemic antibiotic therapy resulted in the recovery of 21 of 25 patients . A case of embryonal carcinoma plus seminoma of the testis with brain metastases complicated by a salmonella brain abscess is also reported . This is the first report in the world literature of a focal salmonella infection in a neoplastic lesion within the central nervous system.

Food Chem Toxicol, 1986 Jan, 24(1), 13 - 5
Relation of nitrite concentration to mutagen formation in soy sauce; Nagahara A et al.; When soy sauce was mixed with nitrite solutions at pH 1.0 and 3.0, only mixtures containing nitrite concentrations above 250 ppm were mutagenic in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test . In buffered aqueous solution (pH 3) the mutagen precursor, (-)-(1S,3S)-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid {(1S,3S)-MTCA} and its stereoisomer ( - )-(1R,3S)-MTCA reacted with 10 ppm or more of sodium nitrite; but at least 250 ppm nitrite was required for them to react in soy sauce (pH 3) . Similarly, another mutagen precursor, tyramine, did not react even with 2300 ppm nitrite in soy sauce (pH 1), although pure tyramine in aqueous solution (pH 1) reacted with as little as 50 ppm nitrite . Nitrite concentration in human saliva and gastric juice does not generally exceed 50 ppm . Therefore, the most probable source of mutagens--nitrosation of MTCAs and tyramine--is likely to be very restricted in vivo and soy sauce is unlikely to be significantly mutagenic.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1986 Jan 1, 111(1), 9 - 13
{Resistance to antibiotics in Salmonella}; van Leeuwen WJ et al.; Approximately 20,000 strains of Salmonella were screened annually for resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, kanamycin and ampicillin since 1959, and also to trimethoprim since 1978 . Tetracycline-resistant strains increased in human subjects and pigs from 1961 . After the ban on incorporation of tetracycline in animal feeds for nutritive purposes in 1974, the proportion of tetracycline-resistant strains in pigs and human subjects decreased . In veal calves, the number of strains of S . typhimurium and S . dublin resistant to multiple drugs increased from 1972 . Strains resistant to multiple antibiotics in man were mainly isolated from adoptive children from Indonesia . No further spread of these strains was observed . So far, strains similar to those in calves resistant to multiple drugs were only incidentally isolated from human patients.

Pediatr Infect Dis, 1986 Jan-Feb, 5(1 Suppl), S91 - 100
Classical bacterial diarrhea: perspectives and update--Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Aeromonas and Plesiomonas; Rennels MB et al.; Impressive advancements in our understanding of the mechanisms of diarrhea production and of the epidemiologic importance of these "classical" bacterial enteropathogens have been accomplished, but many areas are in need of further exploration . The recent development of gene probes and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the identification of EPEC, ETEC and EIEC will enhance immeasurably the ability to carry out large scale epidemiologic studies which are still needed to clarify the global importance of these pathogens in infantile diarrhea . For some of these organisms pathogenic mechanisms remain incompletely understood and the role of antibiotics is not well-established . The delineation of virulence factors, immunity and the construction of attenuated strains through DNA recombination technology are bringing the worthy goal of prevention through vaccination into view . These advances should not, however, detract attention from the primary reason that these bacteria continue to be a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in the developing world, which is lack of adequate sanitation . Efforts to provide clean water, safe waste disposal and hygiene education need to proceed in conjunction with development of vaccines.

Mutat Res, 1986 Jan-Feb, 169(1-2), 41 - 6
Genotoxicity of 'shamma', a chewing material suspected of causing oral cancer in Saudi Arabia; Hannan MA et al.; 'Shamma', also known as Yemeni snuff, is frequently used as a chewing material in Yemen and some parts of Saudi Arabia . Preliminary clinical observations indicated that long-term users of 'shamma' may develop oral cancer . A battery of in vitro bioassays were, therefore, used to test genotoxicity of this substance . The test systems included the histidine reversion assay in Ames' Salmonella strains, induction of aberrant colonies and tryptophan gene conversion in the D7 diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and oncogenic transformation of C3H mouse embryo 10T1/2 cells . Data indicated that direct-acting mutagen(s) were present in a chloroform extract of the powdered 'shamma' resulting in positive effects in all of the test systems used . Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), three major fractions were separated from the extract, of which two were found to be mutagenic.

Mutat Res, 1986 Jan-Feb, 169(1-2), 23 - 7
Bacterial mutagenicity of the tranquilizing constituents of Valerianaceae roots; von der Hude W et al.; The valepotriates valtrate/isovaltrate and dihydrovaltrate are considered to be the main tranquilizing constituents of drugs derived from the roots of several Valerianaceae . The decomposition products of valtrate and isovaltrate include the metabolites baldrinal and homobaldrinal, respectively, whereas the decomposition products of dihydrovaltrate do not include baldrinal-like metabolites . Purified valtrate/isovaltrate, dihydrovaltrate, baldrinal and homobaldrinal were investigated for their genotoxic activity in the Salmonella/microsome test and the SOS-chromotest . The valepotriates developed mutagenic activity in these test systems only in the presence of S9 mix, whereas both baldrinals showed mutagenic effects in both tests with and without metabolic activation.

Mutat Res, 1986 Jan-Feb, 169(1-2), 11 - 6
Study of the amniotic fluid from smokers and non-smokers in the Ames test; Rivrud GN et al.; Amniotic fluid from smokers and non-smokers was tested by the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test . Concentrated amniotic fluid from heavy smokers at term showed an increase in the number of revertants with increasing exposure to tar . However, some of the non-smokers had a higher number of revertants than the smokers . No significant differences were found between second-trimester samples from smokers and non-smokers, but the limited volumes available at this stage of pregnancy may be a source of error.

J Clin Microbiol, 1986 Jan, 23(1), 205 - 6
Spurious sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim resistance of Salmonella typhi; Escamilla J et al.; Several studies have identified thymidine excess in susceptibility test media as the cause of spurious resistance of various bacteria to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim . We document the phenomenon in Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi-A and demonstrate its occurrence in 3 of 17 (18%) lots of Mueller-Hinton agars now in use in major medical laboratories in Lima, Peru . The findings are particularly significant because sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim is an important alternative to chloramphenicol or ampicillin for the treatment of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers.

J Immunol, 1986 Jan, 136(2), 569 - 73
Effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on the binding of lymphocytes to endothelial cell monolayers; Yu CL et al.; Preincubation of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (EC) monolayers with 1 ng to 10 micrograms/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased the binding of T lymphocytes to EC . The effect was maximal at LPS concentrations of 0.1 to 10 micrograms/ml, and occurred with LPS derived from Escherichia coli (serotypes 0111:B4 and 0127:B8), Shigella flexneri (serotype 2a), Serratia marcescens (serotype 0:3), and Yersinia entercolitica (serotype 0:3) . The increased binding appeared to be mediated primarily through an action on EC; preincubation of T cells rather than EC with LPS did not lead to enhanced binding . The onset of enhanced binding was very rapid, being observed after 2 to 3 min of preincubation and becoming maximal after 1 hr . EC were unresponsive to LPS after fixation with 2% paraformaldehyde-L-lysine-periodate and also when the LPS was incubated with EC at 4 degrees C . Enhanced binding was seen with lipid A and with LPS from Salmonella minnesota Re 595 (mainly lipid A) and was abolished by conjugation with polymyxin B . The observed increase in the binding of lymphocytes to EC exposed to LPS suggests that the lymphocytopenia induced by endotoxemia may result from augmentation of the adherence of lymphocytes to altered endothelium.

Mutagenesis, 1986 Jan, 1(1), 3 - 16
The prospects for a simplified and internationally harmonized approach to the detection of possible human carcinogens and mutagens; Ashby J; It is proposed that the many sets of Regulatory Guidelines for the assessment of chemical carcinogenicity and mutagenicity should be simplified and harmonized in light of current experimental data . Data are discussed which illustrate that an absolute distinction would be drawn between assays conducted in vitro from those in vivo, and that the genotoxicity of a chemical can be adequately defined using a combination of the Salmonella mutation assay and one for the assessment of chromosome aberrations in vitro . It is specifically recommended that once a chemical has shown a clear positive response in vitro, further short-term assays should be conducted in vivo; this avoids considering the 'weight of evidence' of in vitro data, the dangers of which are illustrated . It has now been unequivocally established that not all in vitro genotoxins prove carcinogenic to mammals . It is therefore recommended that all new in vitro genotoxins should be assessed in vivo using the mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay, and if a negative response is observed, a liver genotoxicity test . At present an assay for the induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in the liver is the most well developed for this purpose . Current data indicate that an in vitro genotoxin found to be inactive in these two in vivo assays will be neither carcinogenic nor mutagenic to the germ cells of mammals . Equally, genotoxicity produced in mammals indicates a carcinogenic and mutagenic potential which can usually only be countered by appropriate chronic bioassays . The use of short-term in vivo assays in this critical role requires attention to the selection of appropriate dose-levels and routes of exposure - these issues are discussed . The above testing strategy will not detect certain animal carcinogens, some of which are specifically discussed . These carcinogens have been variously referred to in the literature as epigenetic/non-genotoxic/hormonal/toxic/ambiguous or ambivalent carcinogens . It is suggested that they present a minor potential hazard to man when compared with that of genotoxic carcinogens and that their short-term detection can only be achieved by the development of new whole mammal assays employing non-genetic endpoints . This is in contrast to the present tendency to employ additional genotoxicity assays for their detection in the unjustified belief that they possess an exquisite specificity of genotoxic action . This article represents a personal view, but the testing strategy proposed is based to a large extent on the original three-tier approach of Bridges.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Mutagenesis, 1986 Jan, 1(1), 45 - 8
Activation of benzo{a}pyrene and aflatoxin B1 to mutagenic chemical species by microsomal preparations from rat liver and small intestine in relation to microsomal epoxide hydrolase; Walters JM et al.; Rat small intestinal microsomes have been compared with liver preparations for their ability to activate promutagens using the Salmonella mutagenicity assay . Induced levels of arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase and cytochrome P-450 in intestinal microsomes are significantly lower than the corresponding amounts in liver microsomes . Greater activation of benzo{a}pyrene (BP) by liver extracts would thus be expected . Although this was observed at greater than 1 microgram BP/plate, at lower doses comparatively high levels of activation were obtained with intestinal microsomes . This could be due to preferential formation of the mutagenic 4,5-oxide with intestinal microsomes, as opposed to the putative major active metabolite, the 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide . Microsomal epoxide hydrolase inactivates the K-region epoxide by forming the corresponding dihydro-diol . Differences in the levels of these metabolites may thus be a result of higher activity of the enzyme in liver extracts . This hypothesis has been studied using the epoxide hydrolase inhibitor, 1,2-epoxy-3,3,3-trichloropropylene oxide (TCPO) . Enzyme activity has been measured using {3H}-BP-4,5-oxide as substrate . Since aflatoxin B1 (AFB) may also be activated via analogous epoxide intermediates, the effects of TCPO on activation of AFB were also investigated . Intestinal microsomal epoxide hydrolase activities were significantly lower than those in liver preparations obtained from animals pre-treated with enzyme inducers . Enzyme activity and promutagen activation ability of intestinal microsomes, respectively, were less susceptible to and not inhibited by TCPO . However, TCPO strongly inhibited microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity and activation of BP and AFB due to liver microsomes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Environ Mutagen, 1986, 8(6), 839 - 47
Influence of mouse liver stored vitamin A on the induction of mutations (Ames tests) and SCE of bone marrow cells by aflatoxin B1, benzo(a)pyrene, or cyclophosphamide; Qin S et al.; Male mice (C57BL/6J) at 2 weeks of age were divided into two groups and maintained on a vitamin A-deficient or vitamin A-(retinyl acetate) supplemented diet . After 8 weeks, the average liver vitamin A concentration of mice fed on vitamin A-deficient or -supplemented diet was 36 +/- 7 micrograms/g vs 287 +/- 22 micrograms/g, respectively . Uninduced liver S9 fractions were prepared from both groups of mice and used to activate (with cofactors) the precarcinogens aflatoxin B1 (AFB), cyclophosphamide (CPP), dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), and benzo(a)pyrene (BP) in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay . S9 fraction prepared from both groups of mice failed to activate CPP to metabolites mutagenic in tester strains TA100 and TA1535 or to activate DMBA to metabolites mutagenic in TA100, but effectively activated AFB and BP to metabolites mutagenic in TA98 . Comparison of activation activities of S9 prepared from liver of mice fed a high or low level of vitamin A was made with T98 treated with AFB or BP using three doses of S9 (50, 100, and 200 microliters/plate) . S9 fractions from mice with a high liver vitamin A level were consistently less potent than S9 fractions from mice with a low liver vitamin A level in activating AFB to its mutagenic metabolites . This effect was not observed in BP-treated plates . Administration of AFB to groups of mice with a high liver vitamin A level induced significantly less SCE in bone marrow cells than did administration of AFB to mice with a low liver vitamin A level . This differential sensitivity was not observed when the two groups of mice were treated with either BP or CPP . The possible relationship between vitamin A levels in vivo and mutagenesis or carcinogenesis are discussed briefly.

Acta Biochim Pol, 1986, 33(2), 133 - 7
Regulation of the cysB gene expression in Escherichia coli; Bielinska A et al.; It was found by Northern-type hybridization that the amount of RNA, the transcription of which begins at the cysB regulatory gene promoter, is significantly reduced after cysB gene introduction into Escherichia coli on multicopy plasmid . This result indicates that cysB protein inhibits the transcription of its own gene . O-acetyl-L-serine, an internal inducer of E . coli and Salmonella typhimurin cysteine regulons, has no effect on cysB gene expression.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1986 Jan, 20(1), 14 - 24
{Comparison of the Gruber-Widal and ELISA technics used to study Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi infections in patients}; Ayyildiz A et al.; In this study, antibody levels were determined against the agents of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in 168 patient's sera and 40 healthy control sera by Gruber-Widal and ELISA techniques . We compared the results of these two techniques, and discussed . The needed antigens for both techniques were prepared from the local strains of the agents of these infections which were isolated in our laboratory . The widal's tube agglutination test was carried out by classical method, and the ELISA technique was done by the method of Woller et al . As a result, we found that the titers obtained by ELISA were as 4-6 times higher as than those of Widal's . Additionally nonspecific reactions were less seen in ELISA than in Widal.

Hum Toxicol, 1986 Jan, 5(1), 21 - 6
Interindividual differences in the activation of two hepatic carcinogens to mutagens by human liver; Harries GC et al.; The possibility that the presence of malignant disease can influence the metabolic activation of two carcinogens, 2-acetylaminofluorene and aflatoxin B1, has been investigated in a group of patients with secondary carcinoma of the liver . Mutagenic activation by subcellular fractions from biopsy samples from the patients was determined in the Ames/Salmonella test and the results compared with those obtained from a group of control patients . No significant differences were observed between the groups of patients in their ability to activate the two compounds to mutagenic metabolites . A tenfold range in ability to activate aflatoxin B1 was observed whereas only a threefold range was obtained with 2-acetylaminofluorene . Human liver activates aflatoxin B1 approximately 100 times more efficiently than 2-acetylaminofluorene, a proven carcinogen in many species . This raises the question of the true risk to man from hepatocarcinogenicity from aflatoxin B1.

J Mol Evol, 1986, 24(1-2), 61 - 71
In vitro expression of two proteins from overlapping reading frames in a eukaryotic DNA sequence; Jankowski JM et al.; The in vitro expression of two distinct proteins from overlapping reading frames in a sequence of rainbow trout genomic DNA has been demonstrated . In vitro transcription of DNA sequences, cloned in a plasmid under the control of Salmonella phage 6 polymerase promoter, led to the synthesis of two distinct and functional mRNAs corresponding to the protamine mRNA and also to another overlapping mRNA, termed Y . These mRNAs were translated in an mRNA-dependent rabbit reticulocyte lysate cell free system which synthesized the corresponding protein products . Similarities between the synthesized Pro-rich protein Y and three proline-rich proteins, the human salivary Pro-rich protein, the avian sarcoma virus protein P19 and the myc oncogene product, were evident and the significance of these findings is discussed . A synthetic oligonucleotide which is complementary to a sequence corresponding to a region of the Y protein mRNA, but upstream (5') of the transcribed protamine mRNA, hybridized faintly and only to trout brain RNA . However, more sensitive primer extension studies utilizing the Y-specific oligonucleotide detected several Y-related mRNAs in trout brain.

Diagn Immunol, 1986, 4(2), 107 - 11
Abnormal B-cell response to T-cell-independent polyclonal B-cell activators in homosexuals presenting persistent generalized lymph node enlargement and HTLV-III antibodies; Kekow J et al.; B-cell functions were investigated in a well-defined high-risk group for the development of AIDS/AIDS-related complex (ARC) . Stimulation of mononuclear cells (MNC) with T-cell-independent polyclonal B-cell activators failed to increase high spontaneous IgG levels observed in vivo and in vitro . The secretion of IgM following stimulation with Klebsiella M (Klebs M) or Salmonella (Salm) membrane preparation increased by a factor of 4 to 6 and thus ranged between the results of the control group and those of AIDS/ARC patients; the response to a T-cell-independent B-cell mitogen, Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC), showed profound abnormalities as well in this group . This indicates that functional B-cell abnormalities can be seen in addition to T-cell dysfunctions in patients at increased risk for the development of AIDS/ARC.

Biochem Cell Biol, 1986 Jan, 64(1), 21 - 8
Structure of the O-chain polysaccharide of the phenol-phase soluble lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli 0:157:H7; Perry MB et al.; The phenol-phase soluble lipopolysaccharide isolated from Escherichia coli 0:157 by the hot phenol-water extraction procedure was shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, periodate oxidation, methylation, and 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance studies to be an unbranched linear polysaccharide with a tetrasaccharide repeating unit having the structure: (formula; see text) The serological cross-reactivity of E . coli 0:157 with Brucella abortus, Yersinia enterocolitica (serotype 0:9), group N Salmonella, and some other E . coli species can be related immunochemically to the presence of 1,2-glycosylated N-acylated 4-amino-4, 6-dideoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl residues in the O-chains of their respective lipopolysaccharides.

J Gen Microbiol, 1986 Jan, 132 ( Pt 1), 83 - 9
Behaviour of temperate phage Mu in Salmonella typhi; Soberon M et al.; We have developed a convenient system for genetic analysis of Salmonella typhi exploiting the properties of the mutator phage Mu . In spite of the fact that wild-type Salmonella typhi strains do not allow Mu to form plaques on them, we have shown that these strains are actually sensitive to the phage . It proved possible to use Mu to induce mutations and to promote intra- and interspecific genetic transfer, without having to introduce the phage into the bacteria by means other than infection . Furthermore, we isolated Salmonella typhi derivatives on which Mu formed plaques, and studied the behaviour of Mu in these and wild-type strains.

J Gen Microbiol, 1986 Jan, 132 ( Pt 1), 97 - 102
The fatty acid content of the Bordetella pertussis endotoxin; Starkloff A et al.; The fatty acid content of Bordetella pertussis endotoxin has been estimated by several methods . Expressed as 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid, it was 0.74 mumol (mg lyophilized material)-1, 0.38 mumol being ester-bound, and 0.32 mumol in amide linkage . Reported molar ratios of ester-bound to amide-bound fatty acids in endotoxins of various bacterial species range from 2.4 to 2 in B . pertussis, to 5 to 2 in Salmonella minnesota; according to these figures large differences must exist in the degree of substitution, and the substitution pattern of the glucosaminyl-beta-1,6-glucosamine unit present in the hydrophobic region of endotoxins . When fatty acids, released by acid and alkaline hydrolyses of the B . pertussis endotoxin, were extracted into chloroform, unidentified chromogenic substances appearing in the extract interfered with their colorimetric estimation; no interference was observed when hexane was used instead of chloroform.

Dev Toxicol Environ Sci, 1986, 13, 253 - 70
Dinitro derivatives of pyrene and fluoranthene in diesel emission particulates and their tumorigenicity in mice and rats; Tokiwa H et al.; A number of mutagens/carcinogens in diesel emission particulates are produced and distributed into the atmosphere . On the basis of the results of chemical analysis, it was found that most of the mutagenicity in diesel particulate extracts is due to super-mutagens such as 1,3-, 1,6- and 1,8-DNP, and 3,7- and 3,9-DNF . 3,7- and 3,9-DNF are new mutagens which were isolated in this study and they induced a frameshift type mutation in the Salmonella microsome test . Each derivative of DNP and DNF was detected at a concentration of 0.01 to 0.03 ppm in the particulates while the diesel engine was used under the condition of idling . 1,6- and 1,8-DNP were tumorigenic at the injection site in BALB/c male mice when a total of 2 and 1 mg, respectively, of the compounds was given subcutaneously . The incidences for tumors by 60 weeks were at a ratio of 50 and 30%, respectively, for 1,6- and 1,8-DNP-treated mice . 4-NQO and BaP, as positive control, induced tumors at the injection site in BALB/c mice when a total of 2 and 1 mg, respectively, of the compound was given . The incidences of tumors were observed at a high ratio of 90 and 93.4%, respectively, for 4-NQO- and BaP-treated mice . Histologically the tumors were diagnosed as malignant fibrous histiocytomas in all the tumors which developed . No tumors occurred at the injection site in mice given injections of 1,3-DNP . Tumorigenicity tests of 3,7- and 3,9-DNF are now being attempted using F344/DuCrj male rats . This animal experiment is now in progress . In the 3,9-DNF-treated rats (a total of 1 mg per rat), subcutaneous tumors developed in 8 of 11 rats up to 150 days after injection, and a part of a tumor resected from a rat showed the typical features of rhabdomyosarcoma.

Microbiol Immunol, 1986, 30(8), 743 - 51
Staining of O-specific polysaccharide chains of lipopolysaccharides with ruthenium red; Kuno T et al.; S-form lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Klebsiella strain LEN-1 (O3: K1-) and from Salmonella minnesota strain 1114 were positively stained with ruthenium red, whereas R-form LPS from Klebsiella strain LEN-111 (O3-: K1-) and Ra, Rb1, RcP+, Rd1P-, and Re LPS from the respective mutant strains of S . minnesota were not or only faintly stained by such treatment . From these results it was concluded that ruthenium red stains the O-specific polysaccharide chains of LPS . The appearance of stained preparations of S-form LPS suggested that the material responsible for this positive staining corresponded to the surface projections which were seen by the negative staining technique as attached to the ribbon-like structures and spherules of the LPS.

Crit Rev Toxicol, 1986, 17(1), 23 - 60
Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of nitroarenes and their sources in the environment; Tokiwa H et al.; Nitroarenes are postulated to play a principal part among mutagens/carcinogens which are induced in the combustion process and, in addition, are widely distributed in the environment . This review deals with the following points concerning nitroarene toxicity . Data on the mutagenicity of nitroarenes obtained by short-term bioassays are expected to provide us with sufficient information for us to determine their genotoxicity and carcinogenicity . Therefore, mutagenicity detected with Salmonella, Escherichia, and yeast test systems is discussed . Genotoxicity in mammalian cells is also important for determining the mutagenic properties of nitroarenes . In this article, mutagenicity in Chinese hamster ovary cells, sister chromatid exchanges, and cell transformation is summarized . The metabolism of nitroarenes in vivo and in vitro is of importance for determining their behavior and active forms . Therefore, current studies regarding metabolism of nitroarenes are described . Carcinogenicity of nitroarenes for animals has been reported by many workers . In this review, the incidence and histological features of tumors induced by nitroarenes are described . Furthermore, the possible association between human lung cancer and nitroarenes is discussed . Sources of nitroarenes in the environment are given . The results of various chemical tests for identifying nitroarenes are summarized, and speculation on the risk of nitroarenes for humans is presented.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1986 Jan, (1), 24 - 9
{Comparison of the diagnostic value of methods for determining antibodies against the Salmonella group-B O-antigen}; Tregub AV et al.; The analysis of serum samples from 124 patients with the bacteriologically confirmed diagnosis of group B salmonellosis has revealed that the specific neutralization variant of the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) makes it possible to detect IgA, IgG and IgM more effectively than the indirect EIA variant and the passive hemagglutination test.

Environ Mutagen, 1986, 8(1), 9 - 28
Classifying mutagens as to their specificity in causing the six possible transitions and transversions: a simple analysis using the Salmonella mutagenicity assay; Levin DE et al.; The standard Salmonella tester strains used to detect base substitution mutations carry the hisG428 ochre mutation (TA102 and TA104) and the hisG46 missense mutation (TA100) . These mutations can be reverted by base changes at their mutant his loci or at extragenic suppressor loci . The base changes resulting in each class of revertants of these mutations have been identified, and simple phenotypic screens have been developed to distinguish among them . Revertants at extragenic suppressor loci are distinguished from those at the his loci by their sensitivity to inhibitory histidine analogs . The four ochre suppressor loci of hisG428 are distinguished by their ability to support growth of nonsense mutants of phage P22 . These screens are the basis for a rapid and simple system for determining the base substitution specificity of mutagens using hisG428- and hisG46-containing tester strains . Diagnostic mutagens specific for each of the six possible base changes (transitions and transversions) have been identified . Using these diagnostic mutagens, two additional strains, each specifically reverted by a single base substitution mutation, have been developed to provide a minimum of two loci at which to detect each type of base change . The ability of this system to provide detailed information about mutational specificity in a variety of DNA repair backgrounds will allow further elucidation of the mechanisms of mutagenesis and DNA repair.

J Immunol, 1986 Jan, 136(2), 710 - 5
C3 binds preferentially to long-chain lipopolysaccharide during alternative pathway activation by Salmonella montevideo; Joiner KA et al.; We studied the population of LPS molecules on Salmonella montevideo that bind C3 during alternative pathway activation in serum . LPS molecules of Salmonella are composed of lipid A:core oligosaccharide (one copy per molecule), substituted by an O-polysaccharide (O-PS) side chain, which is a linear polymer of 0 to greater than 60 O-antigen repeat units containing mannose . A mutant of S . montevideo called SL5222 that inserts galactose only into core oligosaccharide and mannose only into O-antigen subunits was grown with {3H}mannose and {14C}galactose, so that LPS molecules bearing large numbers of O-antigen subunits have high 3H to 14C ratios, whereas molecules with few O-antigen subunits have lower 3H to 14C ratios . Double-labeled SL5222 was incubated in C8-deficient (C8D) serum or C8D serum with 2 mM Mg++Cl2 and 10 mM ethylene glycoltetraacetic acid (MgEGTA C8D) . LPS molecules with covalently attached C3 were identified by binding to anti-C3 . LPS molecules that bound C3 under both incubation conditions had O chains seven to eight times longer than the average LPS molecule . SL5222 was then grown in suboptimal concentrations of mannose in order to decrease the number of LPS molecules with long O-PS side chains . C3 attached to progressively shorter chain molecules of LPS as the mannose input was lowered, but still chose the longest available molecules . This finding and recently published observations indicate that C3 can bind to LPS molecules with short O-PS side chains . We postulate that preferential attachment of C3 to long-chain LPS in SL5222 results because long-chain LPS molecules sterically hinder shorter chain LPS molecules from macromolecules . This study provides direct proof that the O-PS of LPS sterically hinders access of large molecules to the outer membrane and indicates that the LPS coat of these bacteria functions as a barrier against large protein molecules.

J Mol Biol, 1985 Dec 20, 186(4), 791 - 803
Covalent structure of three phase-1 flagellar filament proteins of Salmonella; Wei LN et al.; Using recombinant DNA techniques, the covalent structure was determined for three flagellar filament proteins produced by Salmonella serotypes with phase-1 antigens a, c and d . Comparison of the results obtained, together with previous results for antigen i, indicated an overall structure in which conservation of amino acid sequence was absolute at both ends of the molecule and proceeded inwards with progressively greater variation . Very few differences in nucleotide sequence were detected in regions of amino acid conservation, which suggested that these areas of the gene may be involved in regulatory functions.

Fundam Appl Toxicol, 1985 Dec, 5(6 Pt 1), 1065 - 74
Evaluation of mutagenic and carcinogenic properties of brominated and chlorinated acetonitriles: by-products of chlorination; Bull RJ et al.; The present study was undertaken to determine if chlorinated and brominated acetonitriles formed during the chlorination of drinking water possess mutagenic and/or carcinogenic properties . Chloroacetonitrile (CAN), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN), bromochloroacetonitrile (BCAN), and dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN) were tested for their ability (1) to produce point mutations in the Salmonella/microsome assay, (2) to induce sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in vitro, (3) to produce micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes in CD-1 mice, and (4) to act as tumor initiators in the skin of Sencar mice . DCAN and BCAN were found to be direct-acting mutagens in Salmonella . All five haloacetonitriles induced SCE in CHO cells in vitro . This activity paralleled the extent of chlorine substitution and was further enhanced in the dihaloacetonitrile series when bromine was substituted for chlorine . None of the haloacetonitriles showed evidence of activity in the mouse micronucleus assay . DBAN, BCAN, and CAN initiated tumors in the mouse skin with topical applications followed by a 20-week promotion schedule of 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate applications (p less than 0.02) . These data indicate that the haloacetonitriles do display mutagenic and carcinogenic properties in some test systems and the hazard associated with their occurrence in drinking water and production within the gastrointestinal tract require further evaluation.

Sci Total Environ, 1985 Dec, 47, 361 - 70
Progress in the isolation and characterization of non-volatile mutagens in a drinking-water; van Rossum PG; Using the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity test (TA98, without S9), non-volatile mutagenic fractions were obtained by applying a separation scheme on XAD extracts of Pretoria drinking-water . The fractionations obtained were based on solubility, volatility, permeation and adsorption and the mutagenicity yield of each step was estimated . One mutagenic fraction consisted of humic like material, possibly together with polar polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1985 Dec 1, 187(11), 1154 - 61
Clinical evaluation and prerelease management of American river otters in the second year of a reintroduction study; Hoover JP et al.; In the first year (1984) of a reintroduction study, 10 American river otters (Lutra canadensis) from Louisiana were transported to Oklahoma, held for 5 days for clinical evaluation, surgical implantation with intra-abdominal radiotelemetry devices, and then released in Oklahoma . Four of 10 otters released died within 32 days . Clinical evaluation indicated that respiratory tract disease, bacterial and parasitic infections, and inanition may have contributed to the death of these otters . In the second year (1985) of the study, an exotic feline diet was fed, and the holding period for 10 otters was increased to provide time for evaluation and treatment before surgery, postsurgical acclimation to Oklahoma, and reevaluation before release . Although the initial clinical findings on otters in the second year were similar to those found in the first year, otter body weights increased, and the prevalence and severity of clinical abnormalities decreased with treatment during the second-year holding period . Three of 10 second-year otters died during the holding period, and contributing causes of death were determined to be: trauma (hepatic hematoma), inanition, renal disease, pneumonia, salmonellosis (Salmonella anatum), and a retropharyngeal abscess (Klebsiella pneumoniae) . Seven healthy otters were reintroduced into Oklahoma in 1985, and postrelease deaths were not experienced.

Food Chem Toxicol, 1985 Dec, 23(12), 1077 - 80
Absence of overt toxicity from feeding the flavonol, quercetin, to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri); Plakas SM et al.; The toxicity of the plant flavonol, quercetin, to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was investigated . Quercetin, which had been confirmed to be mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella/mammalian microsome test, was fed to trout at levels of 1 or 5% in the diet for 8 months . Survival, growth and feed conversion efficiency, selected haematological parameters and the relative weights of heart, liver and spleen were unaffected by the ingestion of quercetin, and there were no histopathological changes in any of the tissues examined.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Dec, 22(6), 897 - 902
Quantitation of HeLa cell monolayer invasion by Shigella and Salmonella species; Niesel DW et al.; A major determinant in the virulence of Salmonella and Shigella spp . is the ability of these organisms to invade epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa and multiply intracellularly . The invasion of cell culture monolayers is a convenient experimental system to evaluate eucaryotic cell penetration and is correlated with the potential of a strain to cause human disease . We have developed an agarose-L agar overlay technique which allows for the convenient quantitation of the number of infected tissue culture cells in a monolayer . Bacterial strains were introduced onto antibiotic-free HeLa cell monolayers . Infected monolayers were washed, and noninternalized bacteria were counterselected with kanamycin (50 micrograms/ml) . The number of infected HeLa cells present was determined by overlaying the monolayer with distilled water-agarose (0.5 to 1.5%) followed by an equal volume of 2X L agar . Bacterial colonies formed over infected cells in 24 h at 37 degrees C, and wells were counted with a dissecting microscope under X2 power . Bacterial colonies were not observed with noninvasive variants of Shigella spp . To obtain countable wells (20 to 200 CFU) the multiplicity of infection or invasion times were adjusted . With a 90-min invasion time, the invasive potential of a strain was reflected by the multiplicity of infection needed to produce countable wells . The quantitation of bacterium-invaded cells by using standard bacteriological methods is a convenient and rapid method to evaluate the invasive potential of bacterial strains . Additionally, parameters essential for the invasive process can easily be investigated.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Dec, 22(6), 1040 - 4
Method for the isolation of highly purified Salmonella flagellins; Ibrahim GF et al.; Ten different Salmonella serotypes were grown in a chemically defined medium supplemented with 0.01% yeast extract . After sedimentation of the cells by centrifugation, flagella were detached by exposure to pH 2 for 30 min at room temperature . The flagellaless cells were removed by centrifugation, and the flagellin in the supernatant was further purified by high-speed centrifugation, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and dialysis in 50,000-molecular-weight-cutoff tubing . The 10 flagellin preparations were of a high degree of purity, as demonstrated by electron microscopy, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and measurement of salmonella H and O agglutination titers of antisera raised in rabbits with the flagellin preparations as immunogens.

Infect Immun, 1985 Dec, 50(3), 807 - 12
Local transfer of delayed-type hypersensitivity after Salmonella infection in mice; Attridge SR et al.; An adoptive local transfer system has been used to study the mediators of delayed-type hypersensitivity induced in mice by infection with Salmonella enteritidis 11RX . The cells which transfer this state of hypersensitivity to untreated recipients are nonadherent T lymphocytes with the surface phenotype Lyt 1+2-, and successful transfer requires compatibility at the I-A subregion of the H-2 complex . In these and other respects these cells are indistinguishable from those previously found to be responsible for in vitro lymphokine release upon culture with 11RX antigens.

J Immunol, 1985 Dec, 135(6), 4178 - 82
Natural anti-bacterial activity against Salmonella typhi by human T4+ lymphocytes armed with IgA antibodies; Tagliabue A et al.; Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal volunteers possess natural anti-bacterial (NA) activity against S . typhi that can be measured in a 2-hr in vitro assay . Employing fractionation on nylon wool columns, Percoll gradients, plastic adherence, and E rosetting, the effector cell of NA activity appeared to be a lymphocyte of the T lineage rather than a macrophage, a B lymphocyte, or a large granular cell . Moreover, complement-dependent killing with monoclonal antibodies such as OKM1, OKB7, OKT8, 5.9 and the anti-natural killer cells AB8.28 did not reduce NA activity . On the contrary, this was completely inhibited when OKT3, OKT11, or OKT4 antibodies and complement were used to pretreat the effector lymphocytes . Indeed, T4+ cells sorted with a FACS displayed an extremely high NA activity against S . typhi . By pretreatment of peripheral lymphocytes with F(ab')2 fragments against human IgA, the NA activity was blocked . It is therefore suggested that NA activity by human cells might be a mechanism of defense against infections, acting as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity expressed by T4+ lymphocytes coated with preexisting anti-Salmonella IgA antibodies.

J Immunol, 1985 Dec, 135(6), 3869 - 77
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide, phorbol myristate acetate, and muramyl dipeptide stimulate the expression of a human monocyte surface antigen, Mo3e; Todd RF 3rd et al.; Exposure of mononuclear phagocytes to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), or muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is known to stimulate a variety of cellular activities that include increases in phagocytosis, oxidative metabolism, synthesis and secretion of monokines, and cytotoxicity of microbes and tumor cells . We now report that culture of human peripheral blood monocytes in medium containing LPS, phorbol compounds, or MDP also results in the acquired expression of a plasma membrane antigen . Mo3e, as identified by a murine monoclonal antibody . Mo3e is barely detectable (by immunofluorescence flow cytometry) on freshly isolated monocytes, but is expressed in high antigen density after exposure of cells to E . coli, Salmonella minnesota, or Serratia marcescens LPS (at concentrations exceeding 0.1 ng/ml), PMA (and other biologically active phorbol compounds) (0.5 to 1 X 10(-8) M), or MDP (0.01 to 1 X 10(-6) M) . Mo3e expression stimulated by LPS is prevented by pretreatment of LPS with polymyxin B, suggesting that the lipid A portion of LPS is responsible for Mo3e induction (polymyxin B has no effect on Mo3e expression stimulated by PMA or MDP) . Culture of monocytes in medium containing protein synthesis inhibitors (or at 4 degrees C) blocks the acquisition of Mo3e . Recombinant IFN-gamma, which is also known to "activate" mononuclear phagocytes, does not stimulate Mo3e expression, although both LPS and IFN induce enhanced expression of monocyte Ia antigen . Analogous to their stimulatory effect on monocytes, LPS and PMA induce Mo3e expression by the human monocytic cell line, U-937 . On the basis of these observations, Mo3e may represent an immunologic marker for monocyte activation stimulated in vitro by LPS, PMA (and related compounds), and MDP.

Biochem J, 1985 Dec 1, 232(2), 379 - 83
Characteristics of lipopolysaccharide interaction with human peripheral-blood monocytes; Warner SJ et al.; The interaction between radioiodinated lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 (125I-LPS) and human peripheral-blood monocytes was studied . The association of 125I-LPS with monocytes at 37 degrees C appeared to depend on binding to the cell membrane with subsequent internalization of the molecule, and was not saturable with time (up to 2 h) or 125I-LPS concentration (up to 10 micrograms/ml) . There was no apparent difference in the behaviour of unlabelled LPS and 125I-LPS with respect to monocyte association . 125I-LPS association with monocytes was inhibited by LPS and O-polysaccharide from E . coli 0111:B4 and Salmonella typhi 0901, but not by lipid A or polymyxin B . We propose that the mechanism of human monocyte stimulation by LPS involves polysaccharide-dependent binding to the cell membrane followed by internalization of the LPS molecule . We were unable to demonstrate a specific LPS receptor such as that found on murine B-lymphocytes.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1985 Dec, (12), 67 - 9
{Role of peritoneal macrophages in the development of an experimental Salmonella infection}; Boichenko MN et al.; The effect produced on the course of Salmonella infection in mice by the removal of peritoneal macrophages with agarose has been studied . Peritoneal macrophages have been shown to control the multiplication of faintly virulent and virulent S . typhimurium strains in the spleen of mice . In immune mice the elimination of the virulent strain of the causative agent of superinfection may occur without the control of peritoneal macrophages.

Am Ind Hyg Assoc J, 1985 Dec, 46(12), 741 - 6
Method for detecting the 3-hydroxymyristic acid component of the endotoxins of gram-negative bacteria in compost samples; Kirschner D et al.; An analytical chemical method for the 3- or beta-hydroxymyristic (BHM) acid component of endotoxins has been developed for the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of E . coli, intact E . coli, and sewage sludge compost . Endotoxins are the pyrogens associated with the outer membranes of many gram-negative bacteria, for example, E . coli and Salmonella . The BHM acid content was used as a chemical marker for endotoxin presence, since BHM acid is present in the molecular subunit (Lipid-A) responsible for the toxicity and is the most abundant saturated fatty acid in that subunit . BHM acid quantification thus complements the Limulus bioassay to detect gram-negative bacteria presence in such samples as cotton and other dusts, blood, water, compost and air samples . BHM acid was isolated after digestion, ether extraction, alkaline hydrolysis, and ether extraction . The free acid was quantitated as the methyl ester using two GC columns as a screening method or by GC/MS for confirmatory purposes . Recoveries were unreliable below 15 ng of BHM acid . By the use of the 2-column screening technique, the amounts of BHM equivalent in E . coli LPS, intact E . coli and compost in micrograms BHM acid/g substrate were (arithmetic mean +/- standard deviation), respectively: 56 120 +/- 2200; 2650 +/- 339; and 14.7 +/- 5.7.

Mutat Res, 1985 Dec, 158(3), 125 - 7
Evaluation of the mutagenic activity of some aza-aromatic hydrocarbons; Tanga MJ et al.; The mutagenic activity of 7 aza-aromatic hydrocarbons, which are suspected of being environmental pollutants, was assessed using the Salmonella assay . The compounds tested were: 1-azachrysene, 2-azachrysene, 4-azachrysene, 1-azabenz{a}anthracene, 2-azabenz{a}anthracene, 9-azabenz{a}anthracene, and 12-benzo{a}pyrene . None of the compounds was mutagenic in the absence of S9, but all were mutagenic in the presence of S9.

Mutat Res, 1985 Dec, 158(3), 111 - 7
Effect of induction by DDT on metabolism and mutagenicity of benzo{a}pyrene; Bonin AM et al.; Liver microsomal enzymes are essential for the detection of benzo{a}pyrene (B{a}P)-mediated mutagenesis in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test and, furthermore, this mutagenicity is considerably enhanced by induction of hepatic enzymes involved with drug metabolism . Although Aroclor 1254 is most commonly used for induction of S9 enzymes, DDT is also capable of this induction . This paper reports a comparison of liver S9 fraction induced by the two agents: there is a marked difference in their concentration optima for metabolism of B{a}P; greater numbers of revertant colonies are seen with Aroclor-induced S9, which is optimal at a concentration of 10% (v/v), whereas DDT-induced S9 is optimal at 2.5% (v/v); Aroclor induces aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), cytochrome P-450 and epoxide hydrase while DDT induces only AHH, to about half the level detected in the Aroclor-induced S9 fraction . A comparison of metabolite distribution for Aroclor- and DDT-induced hepatic microsomes reveals quantitative differences only . DDT-induced microsomes yield a greater proportion of B{a}P-4,5-oxide and its metabolic product B{a}P-4,5-dihydrodiol than do Aroclor-induced microsomes . Time course studies on the mutagen half-life measured on the agar plate provides good evidence that metabolites responsible for mutagenicity were different for each inducer.

Mutat Res, 1985 Dec, 158(3), 105 - 10
Formation of bacterial mutagens from the reaction of chewing tobacco with nitrite; Whong WZ et al.; Using the Salmonella/microsome assay system, the mutagenicity of chewing tobacco extracts (CTE) treated with and without sodium nitrite under acidic conditions was examined . Mutagenic activity was found only for nitrite-treated CTE in both tester strains, TA98 and TA100, and was independent of metabolic activation . Formation of mutagenic substances from CTE by nitrite was dependent on acidic pHs (the highest at pH 2) and could be inhibited by ascorbate . The mutagenic potency of CTE plus nitrite was proportional to the content of nitroso compounds generated in the reaction mixture, indicating that the nitrosation process was involved . The possible in vivo nitrosation and the potential health effect are discussed.

Infect Immun, 1985 Dec, 50(3), 925 - 8
Enteroadhesion fimbriae and enterotoxin of Escherichia coli: genetic transfer to a streptomycin-resistant mutant of the galE oral-route live-vaccine Salmonella typhi Ty21a; Yamamoto T et al.; An enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli plasmid encoding colonization factor antigen (CFA) I fimbriae and heat-stable toxin was transferred into a streptomycin-resistant mutant of the Salmonella typhi galE strain Ty21a (a live attenuated oral typhoid vaccine) . The virulence plasmid-carrying transconjugants produced CFA I fimbriae and heat-stable toxin . The marked production of CFA I fimbriae was observed even in a vaccine medium for Ty21a . The data lead to a new type of potential live oral vaccine, S . typhi Ty21a producing enteroadhesion fimbriae.

J Trop Med Hyg, 1985 Dec, 88(6), 377 - 81
Current clinical patterns of typhoid fever: a prospective study; Gupta SP et al.; This paper reports on a prospective study comprising 125 consecutive adult cases of typhoid fever diagnosed on the basis of positive cultures for typhoid organisms . Salmonella typhi infection was found to be more frequent (89.6%) than S . paratyphi A & B (10.4%) . Onset of the disease was usually insidious and the classical step-ladder pattern of fever was uncommon (12%) . Rose spots were observed in 9.6% cases . Gut perforation was more common, while typhoid toxaemia and peripheral circulatory failure were less frequent than in most of the series reported from India . Both these variations are ascribed to the widespread use of corticosteroids in our patients . Gut perforation alone accounted for three-quarters of the deaths.

J Virol, 1985 Dec, 56(3), 1030 - 3
Genetic and DNA mapping of the late regulation and lysis genes of Salmonella bacteriophage P22 and coliphage lambda; Wiggins BA et al.; Genetic and DNA heteroduplex analyses of lambda imm22 hybrid phages were used to compare the Salmonella bacteriophage P22 and coliphage lambda genes which control late gene regulation and lysis . Homologous DNA sequences were correlated with P22 gene 23 and lambda gene Q (late gene regulation) and with P22 gene 13 and lambda gene S (lysis control) . Nonhomologous DNA sequences were correlated with P22 gene 19 and lambda gene R (lysozyme and endolysin) and with the region encoding the P22 alpha and lambda 6S transcripts.

Cell Biophys, 1985 Dec, 7(4), 283 - 91
Chemiluminescence response of the human polymorphonuclear neutrophil to lipopolysaccharides; Nicotra J et al.; Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) respond to a variety of stimuli with a sequence of reactions that lead to the production of "active oxygen" species, including H2O2, free radicals, such as superoxide (O2-.) and hydroxyl (HO.), and singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) . Some of these can oxidize (5-amino-2,3-dihydrophthalazine 1,4-dione) (luminol) to the ground state aminophthalate ion; this reaction sequence is accompanied by the generation of a photon and forms the basis for the chemiluminescence (CL) response . In this work we used a dedicated photon counting instrument to record CL from PMN incubated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . We have studied the CL response to the LPS from Escherichia coli strains 026:B6 and 055:B5, as well as Salmonella minnesota RE 595 and have determined that CL requires heat-labile serum factors, these most likely being intact components of the complement system.

Poult Sci, 1985 Dec, 64(12), 2394 - 6
Dendritic cells of the chicken spleen are capable in vivo of giant cell formation; Olah I et al.; In this report, we offer evidence that carrageenan, a polyclonal B-cell mitogen, and Salmonella O antigen, when administered together, can induce in vivo multinucleated giant cells from dendritic cells in the chicken spleen.

Presse Med, 1985 Nov 16, 14(39), 2005 - 7
{Treatment of acute colectasia not due to cryptogenic colitis . 4 cases}; Maroy B et al.; Four patients with acute colonic pseudo-obstruction were treated by colonoscopic aspiration . This treatment proved sufficient in 1 case due to Salmonella colitis and 1 case of parkinsonian dysautonomia . It has made it possible to diagnose a pyocholecyst masked by the colonic dilatation it had provoked, and facilitated its surgical treatment . A transient result was obtained in a case of otherwise asymptomatic choleperitoneum . Colonoscopy was relatively easy, perfectly well tolerated and always useful . It is therefore recommended for the treatment of acute colonic pseudo-obstruction except in cryptogenic colitis where its effectiveness and safety have not been demonstrated.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1985 Nov, (11), 60 - 4
{Etiological structure of salmonellosis and the serotype passage of salmonellae isolated in separate regions of the USSR in 1980-1982}; Rozhnova SSh et al.; At the period of 1980-1982 the isolation of salmonellae belonging to 394 serovars was registered in the USSR . Of these, 116 Salmonella serovars were registered in the USSR for the first time . 12 dominating serovars constituted 83.1% of salmonellae isolated from humans, 99% of salmonellae isolated from animals and 70% of all salmonellae isolated from different environmental objects . S . typhimurium was the predominant serovar, found to determine 50% of cases of Salmonella infection . The isolation rate of S . infantis and S . virchow was shown to increase . The existence of definite ecological relationships between infective agents isolated from different sources was established.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1985 Nov, 260(3), 339 - 41
{Salmonella eschberg--report on the isolation of a new serovar}; Rohr HP; The serological and biochemical characteristics of a so far unknown serovar of Salmonella subspecies I with the serological formula 9,12:d:1,7 is described . It has been named after a borough of Saarbrucken: Salmonella eschberg.

Mol Immunol, 1985 Nov, 22(11), 1265 - 71
Murine antibody response to the glycolipid asialo GM1 adsorbed to Salmonella; Higgins TJ; The murine antibody response to the asialo GM1 adsorbed to stripped Salmonella was studied . IgM and IgG responses were obtained which did not fall to baseline within 200 days after the initial immunization . The antisera from the experimental group showed strong reactivity to asialo GM1 and measureable amounts of activity to asialo GM2 . Sera from control animals receiving Salmonella alone also reacted to asialo GM2 . Additional experiments showed that the anti-asialo GM1 and the anti-asialo GM2 activities were the result of separate antibody populations . Antisera from an early bleed of the experimental group showed specific lysis of asialo GM1 bearing macrophages; however, later bleeds from both experimental and control groups lysed asialo GM1 expressing and normal macrophages equally . These results suggest an autoimmunity had been generated . The suitability of this protocol for generating specific antiserum and immunizing in preparation for generating monoclonal antibodies is discussed.

Environ Health Perspect, 1985 Nov, 63, 187 - 94
Statistical studies in genetic toxicology: a perspective from the U.S . National Toxicology Program; Margolin BH; This paper surveys recent, as yet unpublished, statistical studies arising from research in genetic toxicology within the U.S . National Toxicology Program (NTP) . These studies all involve analyses of data from Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity tests, but the statistical methodologies are broadly applicable . Three issues are addressed: First, what is a tenable sampling model for Ames test data, and how does one best test the adequacy of the Poisson sampling assumption? Second, given that nonmonotone dose-response curves are fairly common in the Salmonella assay, what new statistical techniques or modifications of existing ones seem appropriate to accommodate to this reality? Finally, an intriguing question: How can the extensive NTP Ames test data base be used to assess the characteristics of any mutagen-nonmutagen decision rule? The last issue is illustrated with the commonly used "two-times background" rule.

Am J Vet Res, 1985 Nov, 46(11), 2300 - 10
Studies on the pathogenesis of Salmonella heidelberg infection in weanling pigs; Reed WM et al.; Experiments were conducted to define the pathogenic potential of Salmonella heidelberg in weanling pigs . Oral inoculation with S heidelberg resulted in severe catarrhal enterocolitis with accumulation of large amounts of fluid in the small intestine and colon . Salmonella heidelberg was demonstrated, with fluorescence microscopy and bacteriologic cultural techniques, to colonize the ileum, to invade ileal mucosal enterocytes, and to reach mesenteric lymph nodes and extraintestinal tissues by 8 hours . In 5 pigs, intestinal loops were surgically prepared and inoculated with S heidelberg (to determine its invasiveness) . Microscopically, there were atrophy of villi, erosion of enterocytes, and neutrophilic infiltration in the lamina propria . Ultrastructurally, intracellular bacteria were demonstrated in villous and cryptal enterocytes, as well as in macrophages of the lamina propria . Bacteria were morphologically intact, occurred free and membrane-bound and caused no detectable cytotoxic effect to the cell.

Am J Hosp Pharm, 1985 Nov, 42(11), 2449 - 54
Permeability of four disposable protective-clothing materials to seven antineoplastic drugs; Laidlaw JL et al.; The permeability of four types of protective-clothing material to seven injectable antineoplastic drugs was studied . The protective materials tested were Saranex-laminated Tyvek, polyethylene-coated Tyvek, nonporous Tyvek, and Kaycel . Circles 6 cm in diameter were cut from a single garment of each material and exposed to each drug . Permeation of cisplatin, etoposide, mitomycin, cyclophosphamide, carmustine, and thiotepa was assessed by the Salmonella mutagenicity test after four hours of exposure . Doxorubicin permeation was assessed qualitatively over an eight-hour exposure period using a coloration assay . Saranex-laminated Tyvek was not permeable under the test conditions . Polyethylene-coated Tyvek was slightly permeable to thiotepa and carmustine . Nonporous Tyvek was permeable to all seven drugs, and the Kaycel garment was permeable to all of the drugs except etoposide . In no instance did permeation exceed 3.3% of the applied drug dose . Saranex-laminated Tyvek was the most protective of the barrier garments, followed closely in effectiveness by the polyethylene-coated Tyvek . Clothing made from these two Tyvek composites would allow less air flow and, therefore, would be less comfortable to wear for extended periods . Garments made of nonporous Tyvek or Kaycel would be more comfortable, but their use should be accompanied by an awareness of their potential permeability to certain antineoplastic drugs.

Mutat Res, 1985 Nov, 144(3), 197 - 202
Genotoxicity of carcinogenic N-nitrosopropylamine derivatives in the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA-repair test; Yamazaki H et al.; The genotoxicity of N-nitrosodipropylamine, 8 of its oxidized derivatives and N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylmorpholine was examined in the hepatocyte primary culture (HPC)/DNA repair test . Nine N-nitrosamines which are known to be carcinogenic and mutagenic were clearly positive in the HPC/DNA-repair test . N-Nitroso(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) (2-hydroxypropyl)amine did not elicit DNA repair, but showed a borderline mutagenic response in the Salmonella/microsome test . Thus, the HPC/DNA-repair test displays a comparable capacity to the bacterial mutagenesis test for detecting the genotoxic effects of this class of carcinogens.

Cancer Res, 1985 Nov, 45(11 Pt 2), 5859 - 66
Deacetylation to 2-aminofluorene as a major initial reaction in the microsomal metabolism of 2-acetylaminofluorene to mutagenic products in preparations from rabbit lung and liver; Aune T et al.; The rabbit pulmonary and hepatic microsomal pathways for the metabolism of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and 2-aminofluorene (AF) to mutagenic products were investigated by means of high performance liquid chromatography and the Salmonella mutagenicity assay . Mutagenic activity approached a maximum with increasing concentrations of AAF incubated with hepatic microsomal preparations and Salmonella; with pulmonary microsomal preparations, mutagenic activity was proportional to the concentration of AAF over the range examined . The mutagenic activities of AF exhibited typical saturation kinetics with both hepatic and pulmonary microsomal preparations . Approximately 7 times more AF than N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-hydroxy-AAF) was formed in incubations of AAF (0.5 mM) with hepatic microsomal preparations . When AAF was incubated with pulmonary microsomal preparations, formation of AF, but not N-hydroxy-AAF, was detected . The inclusion of paraoxon in the pulmonary incubations blocked the formation of AF but did not lead to the recovery of any N-hydroxy-AAF . We conclude that the metabolism of AAF to mutagenic products in pulmonary microsomal preparations from rabbits is initiated primarily, if not entirely, by deacetylation of AAF to AF . The mutagenic activity of AAF with the pulmonary microsomal preparations is limited by the deacetylase activity which, like mutagenic activity, exhibits a linear relationship with the concentration of AAF . On the basis of the rates of formation of AF and N-hydroxy-AAF and their mutagenic activities, we estimate that about 60% of the hepatic metabolism of AAF to mutagenic products is dependent upon deacetylation of AAF and subsequent oxidation of the AF formed.

Mutat Res, 1985 Nov, 144(3), 213 - 9
Metabolic activation of hepatocarcinogens in chronic hepatitis B; De Flora S et al.; S9 fraction pools of liver biopsy samples, collected from 129 patients in two consecutive studies, were comparatively assayed for their ability to activate aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and a tryptophan pyrolysate product (Trp-P-2) in a miniaturized Salmonella mutagenicity test system . Metabolic activation was not affected to a significant extent by most of the monitored variability factors, such as sex, alcohol, cigarette smoking and liver histology (minimal changes, chronic persistent (CPH) or active (CAH) hepatitis, CAH steatosis, or cirrhosis) . Conversely, a significant enhancement of activation was observed for AFB1 in cases of mild CAH and especially for Trp-P-2 in hepatitis B virus carriers, irrespective of their histologic diagnosis.

J Clin Invest, 1985 Nov, 76(5), 1755 - 64
Therapeutic concentrations of glucocorticoids suppress the antimicrobial activity of human macrophages without impairing their responsiveness to gamma interferon; Schaffner A; By exposing human blood-derived macrophages and alveolar macrophages in vitro to dexamethasone, we showed in these studies that glucocorticoids markedly suppress the antimicrobial activity of macrophages but not macrophage activation by lymphokines . As little as 2.5 X 10(-8) mol/liter of dexamethasone prevented macrophages from inhibiting germination of Aspergillus spores or from eliminating ingested bacteria such as Listeria, Nocardia, or Salmonella . Damage to macrophage function was inhibited by progesterone and appeared to be receptor-mediated . In accordance with in vivo observations, dexamethasone required 24-36 h to suppress antimicrobial activity . While glucocorticoids interfered with base-line activity of macrophages, dexamethasone concentrations comparable to drug levels in patients had no effect on macrophage activation . Proliferating lymphocytes and gamma-interferon thus increased the antimicrobial activity of phagocytes exposed to glucocorticoids over that of control cells . Macrophage activation and correction of the dexamethasone effect by gamma-interferon, however, was dependent on the pathogen . The lymphokine enhanced the antimicrobial activity of dexamethasone-treated macrophages against Listeria and Salmonella but not against Aspergillus or Nocardia . Dexamethasone-induced damage to the antimicrobial activity of human macrophages in vitro parallels observations that glucocorticoids render laboratory animals susceptible to listeriosis and aspergillosis by damaging resident macrophages . Suppression of macrophage antimicrobial activity should thus be considered when treating patients with glucocorticoids; its prevention by gamma-interferon might be beneficial for some but not all pathogens.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1985 Nov, 38(11), 3195 - 216
{Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on aztreonam in the pediatric field . Pediatric Study Group of Aztreonam}; Fuyii R et al.; This report summarizes the results of joint studies in pediatrics on aztreonam, the first monobactam antibiotic for practical use . Pharmacokinetics was studied in 53 cases administered with 10, 20, 40 and 50 mg/kg of aztreonam (AZT) by intravenous injection and 20 cases with 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg by drip infusion . All the cases had normal hepatic and renal functions at the administration . T1/2 was in a relatively fixed range of 1.35-1.56 hours in intravenous injection cases and 1.30-1.55 hours in drip infusion . One hour after commencing administration of standard 20 mg/kg, the serum concentrations were 50.18 +/- 4.24 micrograms/ml in intravenous injection and 116.33 +/- 10.18 micrograms/ml in drip infusion and even 6 hours after the end of the administration, they were 5.80 +/- 1.16 micrograms/ml and 3.38 +/- 0.58 micrograms/ml, respectively . The cerebrospinal fluid penetration was studied on suppurative meningitis (5 cases) and nonbacterial meningitis (3 cases) . The penetration was generally good with sufficient concentration for meningitis caused by E . coli and H . influenzae . Amount of the penetration decreased as the cases were improved . Twenty-nine (29) cases were excluded and 262 cases of total 291 were clinically assessed, and the pathogen-isolated 167 cases of 262 were principally analyzed . Efficacy of AZT was "excellent" for all 3 cases of E . coli sepsis and 1 case of N . meningitidis meningitis and "good" for 1 case of H . influenzae meningitis . The effective rate was 94.6% for 37 pneumonia cases, 94.7% for 76 UTI cases and 88.5% on the whole including as many as 98 "excellent" cases . However, the effective rate for 21 enteritis cases was only 52.4% . Similar trend was observed in the pathogen-unknown group and overall effective rate of total 267 cases was 86.8% . The clinical effect by pathogen was 97.7% for 44 E . coli cases and 97.1% for 34 H . influenzae cases, showing excellent results for the GNB group . AZT was also effective for 8 out of 11 P . aeruginosa cases . With regard to microbiological effect by pathogen, AZT showed a high rate of bacterial elimination for GNB, primarily 98.1% for E . coli and 100% for H . influenzae followed by 76.9% for P . aeruginosa . However, it was only 30.0% for Salmonella . Excluding the Salmonella cases, GNB elimination rate was 93.5% . Clinical and microbiological dose response was not clear partly because, same as the previous studies, the effective rate of AZT was high . It was considered, however, standard dose of 20 mg/kg X 3 approximately 4 times a day was recommendable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 1985 Nov, 1(3), 529 - 39
Salmonellosis in calves; Rings DM; Despite the efforts of both physicians and veterinarians, the number of cases of salmonellosis per year has held steady or risen . The ability of the organism to live in many different animal species and under inhospitable environmental conditions is likely responsible for Salmonella's prevalence today . Diverse clinical signs occur in salmonellosis; they range from unthriftiness to explosive, necrotizing diarrheas with high mortality . Secondary complications of pneumonia, bone and joint infections, and meningoencephalitis can result from calfhood infections . Treatment of enteric salmonellosis is chiefly aimed at maintaining fluid, acid-base, and electrolyte balance . Bacteremic or septicemic calves also require systemic antibiotics . The control measures for salmonellosis are based on sanitation and management . Individual calf hutches or pens provide adequate isolation if sufficient spacing and good sanitation are maintained . The Salmonella vaccines presently available provide limited protection; however, live vaccines made from auxotrophic strains of Salmonella appear to be more efficacious.

Br J Cancer, 1985 Nov, 52(5), 725 - 31
The mutagenic activity of razoxane (ICRF 159): an anticancer agent; Albanese R et al.; The mutagenic activity of razoxane (ICRF 159) was studied using the Salmonella/microsome assay and rodent bone-marrow micronucleus and metaphase assays . Razoxane (up to 5000 micrograms/plate) did not cause an increase in the mutation frequency in the Salmonella/microsome assay . In the mouse micronucleus assay razoxane (200 and 400 mg kg-1 i.p.) was cytotoxic to the bone marrow cells (which limited the analysis) but an increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was observed in razoxane dosed animals (5-fold compared to control value) . In the Chinese hamster metaphase assay razoxane (up to 500 mg kg-1 orally) induced abnormal chromosome condensation and an increase in structural chromosome aberrations (7 fold compared to control value) as well as an increase in the number of polypoid cells (8-fold compared to control value) . The mutagenic effect of razoxane was restricted to eukaryotic organisms and was associated with specific chromosomal changes.

Arch Intern Med, 1985 Nov, 145(11), 1968 - 71
Salmonella bacteremia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); Nadelman RB et al.; Six cases of bacteremia due to serotypes of Salmonella enteritidis are described in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) . In four instances the bacteremia was recurrent despite appropriate antimicrobial treatment . Neither a gastrointestinal tract source nor any other focus of infection could be identified in four of the six patients . In one patient an unusual Salmonella infection, ie, pyelonephritis, was noted . The discovery of Salmonella sepsis led in four cases to the initial diagnostic consideration of AIDS, which was ultimately confirmed . When unexplained Salmonella bacteremia occurs in populations known to be at high risk for the development of AIDS, a thorough evaluation for this disorder should be undertaken.

Mutat Res, 1985 Nov, 144(3), 137 - 40
Automated modification of the Ames test with COBAS Bact; Arni P et al.; The automatic analyser for microbiology "COBAS Bact" from Roche, supplemented by a Hewlett-Packard 9816S is used to automate the Salmonella mutagenicity test, developed by Ames . More than 30 compounds were tested in this system and the results were shown to be in good agreement with those obtained with the standard Ames test.

Infect Immun, 1985 Nov, 50(2), 586 - 7
Plasmid-cured Salmonella enteritidis AL1192 as a candidate for a live vaccine; Nakamura M et al.; We report the immunizing capacity of Salmonella enteritidis AL1192, a strain that has been cured of a 36-megadalton plasmid, to protect ddY mice against subsequent challenge with virulent salmonellas . This strain, which was given subcutaneously at a dose of 10(6) organisms, provided significant protection against oral, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal challenge by virulent wild-type strains of not only S . enteritidis, but also S . dublin, S . naestved, and S . typhimurium.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1985 Nov, 62(2), 242 - 7
Cellular immunity against Salmonella typhi after live oral vaccine; Tagliabue A et al.; Seventeen adult volunteers were vaccinated orally with the live attenuated Salmonella typhi mutant strain Ty21a . Their peripheral blood mononuclear cells were tested at different times after vaccination for direct cell-mediated activity against bacteria, employing a simple short-term in vitro assay . It was observed that 16/17 of the vaccinated subjects acquired the capacity to express specific cellular immunity against S . typhi which lasted from 15 days to at least 3 years . The effector cell of the in vitro antibacterial activity was preliminarily characterized as a non-adherent T3+, T8-, T4+ lymphocyte . In parallel, mice immunized orally with S . typhimurium and proving resistant to reinfection were tested employing the same in vitro assay . Also in this case peripheral and, most important, intestinal lymphocytes were able to express cellular immunity against the agent of murine typhoid . It is concluded that administration of live oral vaccine against S . typhi results in the induction of specific cellular immunity which is expressed at the peripheral and, probably, also at the intestinal level.

J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1985 Nov, 235(2), 470 - 4
Protective effect of a selective leukotriene antagonist in endotoxemia in the rat; Cook JA et al.; The role of lipoxygenase metabolites as inflammatory mediators in endotoxic shock remains uncertain . In the present study, the effects of a selective leukotriene (LT) D4/LTE4 antagonist, LY171883, 1-{2-hydroxy-3-propyl-4-{4-(1H-tetrazol-5-YL)-butoxy}-phenyl ethanone}, on endotoxin-induced sequelae in the rat were assessed . LY171883 was given as a bolus (30 mg/kg i.v.) 10 min before Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (40 mg/kg) in ketamine-anesthetized (200 mg/kg i.m.) rats, followed by an infusion (10 mg/kg/hr) starting at 30 min postendotoxin . Carotid artery blood pressures were determined at 10 min before and at intervals up to 240 minutes postendotoxin administration . Compared to shocked vehicle controls LY171883 attenuated (analysis of variance, P less than .02) the initial (0-30 min), but not the later, endotoxin-induced hypotension . LY171883 prevented completely (analysis of variance, P less than .001) the neutropenia (0-180 min), but not the thrombocytopenia induced by endotoxin . Hemoconcentration resulting from endotoxemia was reduced by LY171883 compared to the vehicle control group (P less than .02) . These data demonstrate that this LTD4/LTE4 antagonist has significant salutary actions in endotoxemia and suggest that LTs may contribute to some endotoxin-induced sequelae.

Infect Immun, 1985 Nov, 50(2), 420 - 4
Plasmid-mediated virulence in Salmonella dublin demonstrated by use of a Tn5-oriT construct; Chikami GK et al.; Salmonella dublin, a serotype which causes invasive disease in cattle and humans, carries a characteristic 80-kilobase plasmid (pSDL2) . We were able to cure the plasmid from a strain of S . dublin . The cured strain was avirulent for mice by either the oral or intraperitoneal route of infection . A derivative of Tn5 which contains the transfer origin of the broad-host-range plasmid RK2 (Tn5-oriT) was transposed onto pSDL2, allowing mobilization of the plasmid by an RK2 helper plasmid . Reintroduction of the pSDL2 derivative plasmid into the cured strain restored virulence, demonstrating that the plasmid is necessary for virulence . These studies also demonstrate the usefulness of the Tn5-oriT construct for genetic manipulations.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1985 Nov, 62(2), 248 - 55
Relationship between immune system and gram-negative bacteria . III . Functional analysis of human peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations separated by cytoadherence with Salmonella minnesota Rb; Antonaci S et al.; Spontaneous adherence of bacteria to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) represents a useful tool for analysis of lymphocyte subsets with different functions . We have recently shown that PBMC can be divided into 2 populations based on their ability to bind Salmonella minnesota R345 (Rb) bacteria . By using these procedures, here, we provide evidence that Rb-bound and Rb-unbound PBMC populations give similar proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A), while the pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced proliferative and differentiative responses are higher in the Rb-unbound than in the Rb-bound PBMC fraction . Moreover, enhanced PWM-induced responses are obtained in Rb-unbound cell cultures enriched for T4+ cells . When B (non-E rosetting) cells are cultured with purified T lymphocytes from the Rb-bound (T-Rb+) and Rb-unbound (T-Rb-) fractions, comparable PWM-induced mitogenic responses are observed . The T-Rb- population contains a higher percentage of cells expressing T4+ phenotype, and when added to B cell cultures a more elevated PWM-induced IgA, IgG and IgM synthesis is observed than in B cell cultures containing T-Rb+ cells . These results suggest that the T-Rb- fraction is enriched for T cells which help IgA, IgG and IgM responses.

Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1985 Nov, 18(4), 256 - 63
Diagnostic value of a single Widal test; Pu SJ et al.; The Widal test was performed on 90 blood specimens from typhoid fever patients, on 21 blood specimens from nontyphoid salmonellosis patients and on 46 nontyphoid febrile patients . Of 90 typhoid fever patients, 58 (64.4%) had H agglutinin titer of 1:160 or more and 55 (61.1%) had O agglutinin titer of 1:160 or more . Salmonella typhi H and/or O titer of 1:160 or more occurred in 70 (77.8%) of 90 typhoid fever patients and in 5 (23.8%) of 21 nontyphoid salmonellosis . Only one of the 46 (2.2%) nontyphoid febrile patients showed O agglutinin titer of 1:160, a case which was proven subsequently to be a case of systemic lupus erythematosus . Either O or H can reach to diagnostic level during the first week of typhoid fever, and can be helpful in diagnosis of the illness . In view of the high specificity (91.0%), sensitivity (77.8%) and accuracy (83.4%), the Widal test still has value in the diagnosis of typhoid fever.

J Infect Dis, 1985 Nov, 152(5), 954 - 64
Cross-reactivity of rabbit antibodies to lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli J5 and other gram-negative bacteria; Siber GR et al.; Antiserum to rough gram-negative mutants such as Escherichia coli J5 and Salmonella minnesota Re595 is thought to neutralize the toxic effects of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) . To verify that such antisera are capable of binding heterologous endotoxins, we examined IgG and IgM class antibodies induced in rabbits to a variety of LPSs . Immunization with rough mutants or lipid A induced high IgG antibody responses to the homologous purified LPS and relatively low but significant responses to heterologous LPSs . Increases in IgM antibodies were also primarily to homologous LPS . Immunization with smooth organisms induced little or no antibody to heterologous LPSs . Soluble LPS, outer membrane vesicles, and whole bacteria produced strong homologous inhibition but little or no heterologous inhibition in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays . Cross-adsorption of antisera to rough mutants suggested that the IgG and IgM antibodies induced to heterologous LPS were adsorbed by the heterologous LPS and not by the core LPS used to immunize the animals . Rabbit antibody directed to J5 or Re595 LPS fails to bind to any substantial degree to heterologous LPS . Immunization with whole bacterial vaccines, particularly the rough mutants and lipid A, does increase antibody to a wide variety of antigens . The possibilities that the protective effects of antisera to rough mutants are due to a polyclonal antibody response or to the induction of as yet unidentified factor(s) deserve further investigation.

J Biol Chem, 1985 Oct 25, 260(24), 12974 - 7
Selective detection of 3-deoxymannooctulosonic acid in intact lipopolysaccharides by spin-echo 13C NMR; Strain SM et al.; The 3-deoxy-D-mannooctulosonic acid (KDO) region of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from the heptoseless mutant Salmonella minnesota R595 and inner core and heptoseless mutants derived from Escherichia coli K12 was studied by 13C NMR spectroscopy . A spin-echo spectral editing technique was employed for the selective detection of the quaternary anomeric carbon of ketosidically linked KDO . Only two quaternary carbon resonances attributable to KDO were detected in the anomeric carbon spectral region of each LPS from heptoseless mutants E . coli D31m4 (99.7 and 100.8 ppm) and S . minnesota R595 (100.0 and 100.9 ppm) . Integrated signal intensities from fully relaxed normal 13C spectra showed that equivalent molar quantities of KDO and glucosamine (i.e . 2 mol of each) were present in each of these samples . Similarly, only two KDO anomeric carbon resonances were detected in the LPS from the inner core mutants E . coli D21f1 (100.8 and 101.2 ppm) and E . coli D21e7 (100.8 and 101.2 ppm) . These data confirm the presence of a KDO disaccharide structure rather than a trisaccharide as determined by others using thiobarbituric acid-based assays . The LPS of E . coli D21 (complete inner core oligosaccharide) exhibited four quaternary anomeric carbon resonances (99.4, 100.7, 101.8, and 102.7 ppm) . The unequal intensities of these resonances, however, demonstrated that significant heterogeneity exists with respect to KDO substitution in this LPS . A third KDO moiety present in substoichiometric amounts could be consistent with this observation . However, this possibility could not be distinguished from other modes of substitutional heterogeneity involving only 2 KDO residues.

Eur J Biochem, 1985 Oct 15, 152(2), 353 - 9
Alterations in rats in vivo of the chemical structure of lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella abortus equi; Freudenberg MA et al.; A biosynthetically double-labelled lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella abortus equi was used to study possible in vivo degradation of LPS in rats . The preparation designated rLPS-I was labelled with 3H in the fatty acids and 14C in the sugars . Three days after its intravenous injection the concentration of the two isotopes in the liver was analysed directly by combustion of liver tissue in a sample oxidizer . It was found that compared to the starting LPS, less 3H activity was present than 14C, indicating that partial deacylation had occurred . Reisolation and purification of radioactive material present in the liver revealed that all radioactivity was present in a macromolecular form . Analysis showed that the ratio of the two isotopes was identical to that determined in the starting liver tissue . To exclude the possibility that the loss of 3H might have been due to isotopic dilution the above experiments were repeated with a second LPS preparation (rLPS-II) labelled with 14C in the fatty acids and 3H in glucosamine . Isotopic analysis confirmed that here too a lower content of fatty acids in the LPS was present in the liver . A large-scale (20 rats) reisolation of non-radioactive LPS of S . abortus equi from rat livers three days after injection was carried out . Chemical analysis revealed the presence of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid, heptose, galactose, mannose and rhamnose in a molar ratio similar to that of the original LPS . However a significant reduction in the amount of abequose was found . Fatty acid analysis showed a significant reduction in the content of 3-hydroxytetradecanoic, dodecanoic and hexadecanoic acids, while 2-hydroxytetradecanoic acid was virtually absent . Only the relative amount of tetradecanoic acid was comparable to that of the starting LPS . Biological activity tests on the reisolated material showed a reduced antigenic activity . However, pyrogenicity, lethal toxicity, local Shwartzman-inducing properties and Limulus lysate gelating activity were comparable to the starting S . abortus equi LPS.

Am J Physiol, 1985 Oct, 249(4 Pt 2), H715 - 22
Increased myocardial contractility during endotoxin shock in dogs; Kober PM et al.; The slope of the left ventricular (LV) end-systolic pressure-diameter relationship (Ees) was analyzed in open-chest, pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs before and after endotoxin administration . A lead II electrocardiogram, systemic arterial pressure, LV pressure, LV dP/dt, and LV minor axis diameter were measured . After control measurements were taken, dogs were given either 1 mg/kg Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (n = 5) or an equivalent volume of saline (n = 4) . Control dogs were followed for 240 min . Endotoxic dogs were monitored until death (246 +/- 44 min) . There were no significant changes in Ees in control dogs (17 +/- 3 mmHg/mm), which were hemodynamically stable for 4 h . Ees was significantly increased in endotoxic dogs even into the late stages of shock (41 +/- 11 mmHg/mm, P less than 0.01) . Only during the terminal phase did Ees fall significantly below control (11 +/- 2 mmHg/mm, P less than 0.05) . End-diastolic diameter decreased following endotoxin administration (P less than 0.05) but returned toward control by the terminal stage . Peak + LV dP/dt was depressed following endotoxin injection . Myocardial contractility was not depressed except as a terminal event . Early depression of cardiovascular performance in endotoxic dogs was therefore due to decreased preload and not cardiac dysfunction.

J Immunol Methods, 1985 Oct 10, 82(2), 199 - 207
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the measurement of antibodies to different parts of the gram-negative lipopolysaccharide core region; Appelmelk BJ et al.; Bovine serum albumin was complexed with the core antigens of either Escherichia coli J5 LPS, Salmonella minnesota R595 LPS or E . coli lipid A . These core-BSA complexes were used for solid-phase coating in ELISAs for anti-core antibodies . Antibodies, binding to various parts of the core region were easily quantified in a single experimental set-up, which was hitherto not possible . The ELISA has only 3 incubation steps and is not costly as only moderate amounts of the core antigens (i.e., 1 microgram per test) were needed for coating . The sensitivity proved to be excellent and the complexes were biologically fully active (compared to native, smooth LPS), which make them suitable for the screening (after fusion) of monoclonal anti-core antibodies . Another possible application is the large-scale screening of blood-bank sera in order to find samples with a high anti-core antibody content.

J Biol Chem, 1985 Oct 5, 260(22), 12022 - 8
Protease La, the lon gene product, cleaves specific fluorogenic peptides in an ATP-dependent reaction; Waxman L et al.; Protease La is an ATP-dependent protease that catalyzes the rapid degradation of abnormal proteins and certain normal polypeptides in Escherichia coli . In order to learn more about its specificity and the role of ATP, we tested whether small fluorogenic peptides might serve as substrates . In the presence of ATP and Mg2+, protease La hydrolyzes two oligopeptides that are also substrates for chymotrypsin, glutaryl-Ala-Ala-Phe-methoxynaphthylamine (MNA) and succinyl-Phe-Leu-Phe-MNA . Methylation or removal of the acidic blocking group prevented hydrolysis . Closely related peptides (glutaryl-Gly-Gly-Phe-MNA and glutaryl-Ala-Ala-Ala-MNA) are cleaved only slightly, and substrates of trypsin-like proteases are not hydrolyzed . Furthermore, several peptide chloromethyl ketone derivatives that inhibit chymotrypsin and cathepsin G (especially benzyloxycarbonyl-Gly-Leu-Phe-chloro-methyl ketone), inhibited protease La . Thus its active site prefers peptides containing large hydrophobic residues, and amino acids beyond the cleavage site influence rates of hydrolysis . Peptide hydrolysis resembles protein breakdown by protease La in many respects: 1) ADP inhibits this process rapidly, 2) DNA stimulates it, 3) heparin, diisopropyl fluorophosphate, and benzoyl-Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe-Leu-MNA inhibit hydrolysis, 4) the reaction is maximal at pH 9.0-9.5, 5) the protein purified from lon- E . coli or Salmonella typhymurium showed no activity against the peptide, and that from lonR9 inhibited peptide hydrolysis by the wild-type enzyme . With partially purified enzyme, peptide hydrolysis was completely dependent on ATP . The pure protease hydrolyzed the peptide slowly when only Mg2+, Ca2+, or Mn2+ were present, and ATP enhanced this activity 6-15-fold (Km = 3 microM) . Since these peptides cannot undergo phosphorylation, adenylylation, modification of amino groups, or denaturation, these mechanisms cannot account for the stimulation by ATP . Most likely, ATP and Mg2+ affect the conformation of the enzyme, rather than that of the substrate.

Radiologe, 1985 Oct, 25(10), 490 - 2
{Salmonella osteomyelitis in sickle cell anemia}; Rausch H et al.; Case report of a 28-year old black sickle cell anemia patient with salmonella osteomyelitis of the radius . Aside from sickle cell anemia patients this skeletal complication of enteric salmonellosis is an extreme rarity . Description of the typical roentgenological features including intracortical fissures and sequestration.

Mol Immunol, 1985 Oct, 22(10), 1169 - 76
Ganglioside modulation of lipopolysaccharide-initiated complement activation; Morrison DC et al.; Highly purified preparations of mouse gangliosides have been demonstrated to bind to purified preparations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . In some instances, the binding has been demonstrated to be dependent upon the presence of sialic acid in the ganglioside preparation . The binding of gangliosides to LPS from the deep rough Salmonella minnesota Re mutant has suggested that the interaction involves the lipid A-2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosanate region of the LPS macromolecule . The interaction between gangliosides and LPS has been demonstrated to result in an abrogation of lipid A dependent activation of the classical pathway of serum complement by Re LPS . Surprisingly, however, the presence of sialic acid containing glycolipids has been shown to enhance significantly the capacity of LPS to initiate activation of the alternative pathway of complement . These data suggest that sialic acid can enhance as well as inhibit the formation of a stable alternative-pathway C3 convertase.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1985 Oct, 28(4), 540 - 3
Ceftriaxone therapy in bacteremic typhoid fever; Ti TY et al.; The efficacy and safety of ceftriaxone in the treatment of bacteremic typhoid fever was studied in 14 patients . Ceftriaxone at a dosage of 50 to 60 mg/kg per day was administered intravenously in two divided doses in 13 patients and as a single dose in 1 patient . When the two patients with medical complications causing persistent fever and the patient who was febrile during therapy were excluded from the calculations, the mean period of defervescence was 4 days . Five to eight days of ceftriaxone therapy was adequate for the patients who were cured . The 14 patients treated with ceftriaxone included 13 patients who were considered cured, although 1 was a convalescent carrier, and one patient who was a treatment failure . There were no relapses in the 11 patients who were monitored for 1 to 8 months . Both peak and trough concentrations of ceftriaxone were well above the ceftriaxone MICs for the Salmonella typhi strains isolated from the patients . We have demonstrated that ceftriaxone can be used successfully in the treatment of typhoid fever in some patients . The advantages of its use include rapid clinical response, short course of treatment, and lack of serious adverse drug reactions.

J Hyg (Lond), 1985 Oct, 95(2), 229 - 41
The incidence and significance of salmonella carriage by gulls (Larus spp.) in Scotland; Girdwood RW et al.; Salmonella carriage in 5888 gulls sampled by cloacal lavage was found to be 7.8% . Marked geographical and seasonal differences in carriage rates were found . These differences appeared to be associated with human population density and seasonal differences in the reported incidence of human salmonellosis . The maximum duration of salmonella excretion in 17 laboratory-maintained gulls was 4 days and the number of salmonellae excreted was never more than 170 per gram of faeces . On the basis of this study it is suggested that gulls are not important factors in the aetiology of human salmonellosis.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1985 Oct, 100(10), 451 - 4
{Formation of cells secreting antigen-dependent nonspecific immunoglobulins during immunization of mice with 2 T-independent antigens}; Megrabian TB et al.; Immunization of BALB/c and C3H/A mice with T-independent antigens (Vi-antigen of Salmonella typhi and polyvinyl pyrrolidone PVP350) induces the appearance of both antibody-forming cells (AFC) and a sharp increase in the number of cells forming nonspecific immunoglobulins (nIFC) . This effect is not related to mitogenic properties of the antigens . The number of nIFC formed after simultaneous injection of both T-independent antigens does not differ from that of nIFC formed during immunization with each of these antigens alone . Thus, there was no summation of nIFC number after injection of two T-dependent or one T-dependent and one T-independent antigens . The mechanisms of nIFC formation under the influence of T-dependent and T-independent antigens are discussed.

Radiat Res, 1985 Oct, 104(1), 102 - 8
Enhanced response of the Salmonella mutagenicity test to ionizing radiations; Roos H et al.; Gamma-ray-induced reversions in the Ames Salmonella tester strain TA2638 have been studied for their dependence on a number of experimental parameters . It is shown that exposure to ionizing radiations soon after plating is not the procedure that yields results which correspond to those obtained in the standard utilization of the test with chemical mutagens . The ability to detect mutants is improved by irradiation 6 hr after the beginning of the incubation of the plated bacteria . This procedure has the double advantage of a markedly increased ratio of radiation-induced to spontaneous revertants and of resulting in substantial insensitivity to fluctuations in the number of bacteria initially plated . The reversion-doubling dose so obtained is 1.3 Gy; i.e., it is sufficiently small to disregard inactivation of the bacteria.

Carcinogenesis, 1985 Oct, 6(10), 1415 - 20
Characterization of a microsomal fraction from rat small intestine for metabolic activation of some promutagens; Walters JM et al.; Rat small intestine possesses cytochrome P-450 mixed function oxidase activity and is thus potentially capable of activating procarcinogens during absorption . The low spontaneous tumour incidence at this site may be due partially to the detoxification activity of the intestinal mucosa . To study the contribution of the intestine to the metabolism of foreign chemicals, microsomes have been obtained from rat small intestine by a procedure facilitating recovery of preparations with consistently high enzyme activities and abilities to activate some selected promutagens in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay . Intestinal microsomes from animals with and without pretreatment with inducers have been used for investigations of biochemical properties and ability to activate several mutagens in the Salmonella plate incorporation assay . The effects of microsomal protein concentration and inhibitors were also studied . The results are compared with data obtained using liver microsomes from the same animals . Despite the induction of lower numbers of revertants, intestinal microsomes were at least as efficient as liver preparations for the activation of all the promutagens used when the data were corrected for cytochrome P-450 contents . Differences in dose-response curves for certain mutagens using liver and intestinal microsomes are discussed in relation to variation in metabolism of promutagens . Activation was linearly dependent on microsomal protein concentration, for both liver and small intestinal microsomes . The intestine was generally less susceptible to the effects of cytochrome P-450 and P-448 inducers, although sensitivity to orally administered phenobarbitone was increased by extending treatment times . SKF525A and beta-naphthoflavone inhibited microsomes from both sources, equal inhibition being observed for each type following incorporation of the inhibitor, although they differed in their ability to activate 2-acetylaminofluorene in the presence of the deacylase inhibitor, NaF . The data are discussed in relation to the possible role of the small intestine in metabolic activation in vivo and the utility of microsomes therefrom for the in vitro detection of putative dietary carcinogens.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Oct, 22(4), 662 - 3
Improvement of the indirect hemagglutination assay for Salmonella typhi Vi antibodies by use of glutaraldehyde-fixed erythrocytes; Barrett TJ; Glutaraldehyde-fixed sheep erythrocytes sensitized with Vi antigen were shown to be usable for at least 1 year in the indirect hemagglutination assay for Vi antibodies . The use of fixed sensitized erythrocytes improves the practicality of the indirect hemagglutination assay by (i) eliminating the need to sensitize cells each time the test is performed; (ii) reducing waste of the purified Vi antigen; and (iii) reducing test-to-test variation.

Avian Dis, 1985 Oct-Dec, 29(4), 1004 - 11
Large-scale trials to study competitive exclusion of salmonella in chickens; Snoeyenbos GH et al.; Competitive exclusion of salmonella by native gut microflora was studied in 24 groups of 100 chickens each started in thoroughly cleaned and sanitized isolation facilities . During 53-day test periods, infection by both Salmonella infantis and S . typhimurium was greatly restricted in groups previously treated with native microflora compared with control groups . Feed and water starvation for 48 hours starting at either 23 or 51 days did not affect the incidence of infection in protected groups . The protective flora spread readily to adjacent untreated groups; infected groups given the protective flora at 11 days exhibited a more rapid elimination of infection than untreated control groups.

Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 1985 Oct, 63 ( Pt 5), 489 - 502
In vitro lymphokine release by lymphocytes from mice infected with Salmonella; Attridge SR et al.; Lymphocytes generated in mice by infection with Salmonella enteritidis 11RX release interleukin 2 and macrophage activation factor upon subsequent in vitro culture with bacterial antigens . Lymphokine release requires the co-culture of non-adherent sensitized Lyt 1+2- T cells and adherent metabolically active accessory cells; the interaction between these two populations is restricted by the H-2 I-A locus . Following systemic immunization with the 11RX strain, the two lymphokines are produced in parallel by peritoneal cells, whereas spleen cells primarily release macrophage activation factor.

Arch Toxicol, 1985 Oct, 58(1), 59 - 63
Morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts by the anabolic agent trenbolone; Schiffmann D et al.; Trenbolone (TBOH), a synthetic androgen used as an anabolic agent in livestock, has been tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella assay, for covalent DNA-binding in vitro, for induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in HeLa cells and Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) fibroblasts and for morphological transformation of SHE cells . While TBOH gave negative results in the assays for mutagenicity and DNA damage, it was clearly capable of transforming SHE cells in culture . The natural androgen testosterone did not transform these cells . Thus, TBOH appears to be a substance which can transform cells independent of its hormonal action and without grossly damaging DNA.

J Hyg (Lond), 1985 Oct, 95(2), 391 - 5
Transferable resistance to trimethoprim in enteric pathogens isolated in Kuwait; Chugh TD; Trimethoprim resistance was seen in 14.8% of 500 strains of salmonella, 43.1% of 153 strains of shigella and 59% of 27 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from stools of patients with diarrhoea . Strains with a high level of trimethoprim resistance (MIC of much greater than 512 micrograms) were subjected to conjugal transfer . Trimethoprim resistance was plasmid-mediated in all of 42 strains of shigella and 12 strains of E . coli examined . However, 2 of the 47 strains of salmonella could not transfer their trimethoprim resistance either directly or by mobilization with the transfer factors X and delta both at 37 and 25 degrees C overnight incubation.

J Hyg (Lond), 1985 Oct, 95(2), 383 - 90
A comparison of swab and maceration methods for bacterial sampling of pig carcasses; Morgan IR et al.; A swabbing technique was compared with an excision and maceration technique for bacteriological sampling of pig carcass skin surfaces . Total viable counts at 37 degrees C obtained by swabbing were 46% of those obtained by maceration . At 21 degrees C, swabbing gave total viable counts which were 54% of the counts obtained from excision samples . Escherichia coli counts showed wide variation with both sampling methods . Neither method was more efficient than the other in recovering E . coli, although excision sampling gave generally higher counts . Both methods were equally effective at recovering salmonellae from carcass surfaces . There was no significant difference between the methods in recovering particular Salmonella serotypes.

Mutat Res, 1985 Oct, 152(1), 1 - 4
Antimutagenic activity of some naturally occurring compounds towards cigarette-smoke condensate and benzo{a}pyrene in the Salmonella/microsome assay; Terwel L et al.; Several compounds, occurring in food, were tested for antimutagenic activity towards cigarette-smoke condensate (CSC) and benzo{a}pyrene (BaP) . Antimutagenicity was determined in the Salmonella/microsome test, with tester strain TA98, in the presence of rat-liver homogenate . Dose-response curves did show reduction of CSC- and BaP-induced mutagenicity by ellagic acid, riboflavin and chlorophyllin . Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, although less distinct, also inhibited CSC- and BaP-induced mutagenicity . Ascorbic acid, beta-carotene, tocopherol acetate, chlorogenic acid and butyl hydroxyanisole did not have any influence on the mutagenicity of CSC and BaP . The similarity in results for cigarette-smoke condensate and for BaP indicates that a general mechanism may be involved in the inhibition of CSC- and BaP-induced mutagenicity.

J Exp Med, 1985 Oct 1, 162(4), 1350 - 8
Crossreactions of Escherichia coli K and O polysaccharides in antipneumococcal and anti-Salmonella sera; Heidelberger M et al.; Crossreactions of 24 K polysaccharides and 4 O polysaccharides of E . coli in antisera to 27 pneumococcal types, 3 anti-Salmonella sera, and anti-Klebsiella Kl serum are discussed in relation to structural features of the polysaccharides insofar as these are known . Predictions based on the crossprecipitations are also ventured for several instances in which structures are as yet undetermined.

J Leukoc Biol, 1985 Oct, 38(4), 459 - 69
Effect of surgical bursectomy on the ellipsoid, ellipsoid-associated cells, and periellipsoid region of the chicken's spleen; Olah I et al.; Surgical bursectomy resulted in cellular depletion of the periellipsoid white pulp, confirming its bursa dependency . Also, in bursectomized birds, the ellipsoid could not be identified, although a small number of abnormal ellipsoid-associated cells (EAC) were observed in the periellipsoid region . The most characteristic finding was the degeneration of the EAC . Degeneration of EAC indicated that the intact bursa was mandatory for normal differentiation of cells of the periellipsoid white pulp into EAC . The promoting effect of the bursa might take place by a bursal hormone . The histological impairment of the EAC was followed by reduced carbon binding and migrating capabilities . Bursectomy resulted in a shift in bacterial phagocytosis in that many cells of the periellipsoid phagocytosed Salmonella . The reduced heterophil infiltration of the ellipsoid in bursectomized birds might be explained by the impaired granular content of the EAC . The impaired migration capability of the EAC might contribute to the low number of germinal centers in bursectomized birds.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Oct, 22(4), 600 - 5
Development of a DNA probe to detect Salmonella typhi; Rubin FA et al.; This study was undertaken to identify a DNA sequence that could be used to facilitate the diagnostic identification of Salmonella typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever . All virulent S . typhi strains encode a relatively unique capsular antigen termed the virulence (Vi) antigen . Two distinct genetic loci, viaA and viaB, are involved in the synthesis of this antigen . The structural genes, located at viaB, were considered as a possible specific DNA probe . The viaB locus, contained in a recombinant cosmid, was subcloned to various plasmid vectors for this purpose . Selected viaB-region DNA fragments were then analyzed for specificity in DNA colony hybridization reactions with more than 170 strains representing a variety of enteric bacteria . An 8.6-kilobase EcoRI fragment was highly specific for the viaB gene region and was considered a good hybridization probe . This DNA probe should prove useful in rapid diagnostic assays set up to detect S . typhi in mixed bacterial samples (e.g., stools) within a few hours of specimen collection.

Biomed Mass Spectrom, 1985 Oct, 12(10), 602 - 9
Structural investigations on the inner core region of lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella minnesota rough mutants; Brade H et al.; The structure of the inner core region (L-glycero-D-mannoheptose/2-keto-3-deoxy-D-mannooctulosonic acid region) of lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella minnesota rough mutants was investigated . Using conventional methods (neutral sugar analysis, Smith degradation and methylation analysis) combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of higher oligosaccharides (up to tetrasaccharide), the linkages of the core sugars of lipopolysaccharides from S . minnesota rough mutants, strains R4 (Rd2P-), R7 (Rd1P-) and R5 (RcP-) were determined as: (formula see text) with R representing H in R4, L-glycero-D-mannoheptopyranosyl in R7, and D-glucopyranosyl-(1----3)-L-glycero-D-mannoheptopyranosyl in R5, respectively . In addition, it is shown that heterogeneity within the neutral sugar part of these lipopolysaccharides is low.

J Med Microbiol, 1985 Oct, 20(2), 203 - 14
A comparative study of the type-3 fimbriae of Klebsiella species; Old DC et al.; Type-3 fimbriae isolated from members of five different species of Klebsiella were 4-5 nm in diameter and agglutinated the tannic acid-treated erythrocytes of ox and, in some cases, the untanned erythrocytes of fowl . In sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the type-3 fimbrial proteins had mol . wts in the range 19 500-21 500 . Hydrophobic amino acids comprised 39.6% of all the amino acids of the type-3 fimbrial protein of K . oxytoca strain 70/1 . The type-1 fimbrial protein of Klebsiella had a mol . wt of c . 18 000 and the type-1 fimbriae were serologically distinct from the type-3 fimbriae . Our results for the type-3 fimbriae of Klebsiella were compared with those of others for morphologically similar and serologically related thin fimbriae of Salmonella and Yersinia.

Infect Immun, 1985 Oct, 50(1), 73 - 6
Control of lipopolysaccharide-high-density lipoprotein interactions by an acute-phase reactant in human serum; Tobias PS et al.; We have recently described several phenomena involving the interactions of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Salmonella minnesota Re595 (Re595-LPS) with rabbit serum, which are different in and unique to acute-phase serum as compared with normal serum (P.S . Tobias and R.J . Ulevitch, J . Immunol . 131:1913-1916, 1983) . To determine whether these phenomena could also be observed in acute-phase human serum (APHS), we used APHS obtained from volunteers injected with etiocholanolone . As observed in acute-phase rabbit serum, we found that (i) in APHS, Re595-LPS forms a protein complex with a density of 1.3 g/cm3 which does not form in normal human serum (NHS), (ii) in APHS, the t1/2 for LPS-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) complexation is at least a factor of 10 slower than the t1/2 for LPS-HDL complexation in NHS, (iii) when Re595-LPS serum mixtures are dialyzed against a low salt buffer, Re595-LPS precipitates in less soluble form from APHS than from NHS, and (iv) the precipitate from Re595-LPS-APHS mixtures includes a protein with a molecular weight of approximately 60,000 which does not precipitate from Re595-LPS-NHS mixtures or from NHS or APHS alone . These indications of an altered status of LPS in NHS and APHS suggest that one or more acute-phase reactants interact with Re595-LPS to modify its rate of binding to HDL.

J Immunol, 1985 Oct, 135(4), 2546 - 50
Activation of murine spleen cells by lipid A: negative modulation of lipid A mitogenic activity by O-antigen polysaccharide; Vukajlovich SW et al.; We have investigated the regulatory effects of polysaccharide-rich subunits upon lipid A activity with the use of hybrid LPS macromolecules of defined subunit composition . Hybrid LPS were constructed with polysaccharide-rich LPS from Escherichia coli O55:B5 and lipid A-rich LPS from Salmonella minnesota R595 by dissociation of the two parental LPS species to monomeric solutions with deoxycholate, admixing these LPS in various proportions and reassociation into high m.w . LPS hybrid aggregates by removal of the deoxycholate . Isopycnic densities of LPS hybrids were intermediate to those of the two parental LPS species, confirming the formation of true hybrids . Murine spleen cell proliferative responses induced by hybrid LPS macromolecules were also intermediate to those obtained with parental LPS but significantly less than would be anticipated on the basis of total lipid A content . These results demonstrate that the polysaccharide portion of LPS can negatively regulate the expression of lipid A in LPS micellar aggregates.

J Mol Biol, 1985 Sep 20, 185(2), 445 - 6
Crystallization of the Arc repressor; Jordan SR et al.; Arc, a repressor from Salmonella phage P22 has been crystallized from ammonium phosphate at pH 8.0 . The crystals form in space group P212121 with a = 90.26 A, b = 52.88 A and c = 47.58 A . The crystals diffract to 2.2 A resolution.

JAMA, 1985 Sep 6, 254(9), 1211 - 4
The diagnostic utility of the febrile agglutinin tests; Zuerlein TJ et al.; The purpose of our study was to analyze the use of febrile agglutinin (FA) serologic tests in the diagnosis of Salmonella (typhi and paratyphi), Rickettsia, Brucella, and Francisella infections . Data were collected in a retrospective chart study of 202 titer requests covering a 42-month period at our teaching hospital . We found that no diagnoses were made by utilizing complete six-antigen FA panels . Three cases of infection were diagnosed serologically, all three with more discriminately selected single-antigen titers . These three cases each had a positive epidemiological history suggestive of disease prior to ordering FA tests . Our data suggest that the FA tests (especially the Salmonella group antigen) are an overutilized set of laboratory tests and are often difficult to interpret . It is much more important to make a diagnosis based on clinical findings and epidemiological criteria.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1985 Sep, 16(3), 371 - 6
Antibody responses to heat-killed, phenol preserved parenteral typhoid vaccine; Chaicumpa W et al.; The heat-killed, phenolized parenteral typhoid vaccine was tested in informed volunteers . Assessment for its immunogenicity was performed using Widal test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . The anti-H antibody, which is a marker of the vaccine antigenicity peaked at one month after the vaccination and appeared throughout the one year course of the study . The anti-O antibody peaked at 7th day after vaccination and lasted only for 6 months . Classes of specific antibodies were determined by ELISA using single extracted lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella typhi 0901 as antigen . The possible protective role of serum derived intestinal IgG and IgA were discussed . Based on the agglutinating antibodies, the results indicate that the heat-killed, phenolized typhoid vaccine conferred at least 6 months protective period.

Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol, 1985 Sep-Oct, 136B(2), 225 - 34
{Salmonella possessing the 6,7:c:1,5 antigenic factors}; Le Minor L et al.; A total of 358 Salmonella strains belonging to subspecies I (other than "S . typhisuis") and possessing the 6,7:c:1,5 antigenic factors were studied on the basis of their classical biochemical characters and their subfactors of the H:c antigen . They were classified into 4 homogeneous taxa which can be differentiated by the use of three characters: production of acid from dulcitol and mucate and H2S production . Production of acid from arabinose and trehalose are not reliable markers . The taxonomic level of these four taxa founded on their biochemical characters is that of biovars within one serovar . For practical purposes, we propose to refer to these biovars as Paratyphi C, Choleraesuis sensu stricto, Choleraesuis var . Kunzendorf and Choleraesuis var . Decatur.

Clin Radiol, 1985 Sep, 36(5), 459 - 60
Case report: Salmonella pneumonia associated with chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; Canney PA et al.; Patients with malignant disease are frequently at risk of developing a wide range of infective disorders as a result of their immunosuppressed state . The case reported here describes a rare manifestation of a common infection, Salmonella, in a patient undergoing treatment for lymphoma.

Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol, 1985 Sep, 49(3), 415 - 22
Genetic toxicity of several antihypertensive drugs possessing a hydrazine group; Kitamura J et al.; Mutagenicity and genotoxicity of antihypertensive drugs, ecarazine, budralazine, benzerazide, and carbidopa were compared with those of hydralazine whose genetic toxicity and carcinogenicity were well established . Ecarazine and budralazine as well as hydralazine showed apparent mutagenicity in Salmonella/microsome test using a strain TA 100 and weak mutagenicity in strains TA 97 and 2637 . Benzerazide and carbidopa showed merely weak mutagenicity in TA 100 . None of tested drugs except hydralazine exerted any positive result in hepatocyte primary culture (HPC)/DNA repair test, indicating no genotoxic activity of these hydrazine drugs.

Brain Res Bull, 1985 Sep, 15(3), 315 - 9
Fever and intracranial pressures; Malkinson TJ et al.; The effect of fever upon intracranial pressures was determined in the rabbit and cat . In the unanesthetized rabbit and cat, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure was measured via direct cannulation of the lateral cerebral ventricle . Intracranial pressure (ICP) was measured in the rabbit by a subarachnoid screw technique . In all cases, intravenous administration of bacterial pyrogen extracted from Salmonella abortus equi resulted in significant differences from controls in physiological variables measured during the initial "chill" phase of the fever . There was an increase in body temperature, a fall in CSF or ICP pulse rate, an increase in pulse pressure amplitude, and a small increase in mean CSF or ICP . In addition, venous and arterial blood pressures increased significantly and, consistent with heat conservation, there was a fall in respiratory rate as well as cutaneous vasoconstriction in the ears . The arterial carbon dioxide tension was unchanged during the prodrome but fell significantly during the chill and flush phases and rose again during defervescence . The results suggest that in these animals there is a slight increase in pressures within the cranium during the "chill" phase of a pyrogen induced fever, resulting from changes occurring in many body systems during this phase of the fever.

Poult Sci, 1985 Sep, 64(9), 1670 - 2
Recovery of inoculated Salmonella from poultry feed containing furazolidone; Bailey JS et al.; It was determined that the presence of furazolidone, a common feed additive, prevented detection of Salmonella in feed samples . Artificially inoculated Salmonella were not recovered from feed samples containing furazolidone when buffered peptone broth (BP) was used as an enrichment medium, but Salmonella were recovered from all feed samples containing furazolidone when thiol broth was used as a substitute for BP.

Infect Immun, 1985 Sep, 49(3), 598 - 608
Immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G responses in BALB/c mice to conjugated outer membrane extracts of four Salmonella serotypes; Kudrna DA et al.; Outer membranes (OMs) of Salmonella enteritidis, S . anatum, S . typhimurium, and S . infantis were extracted and cross-linked with glutaraldehyde to form a large macromolecular antigen . The antigen consisted of OM proteins and lipopolysaccharide and was designated 4-OMP-LPS . Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of extracted OMs from each serotype revealed differences in protein profiles . S . enteritidis and S . infantis possessed a greater variety of proteins than did S . anatum and S . typhimurium . Immunizations with 4-OMP-LPS in phosphate-buffered saline (4-OMP-LPS-C) and 4-OMP-LPS emulsified with muramyl dipeptide in the oil phase of a hexadecane-water emulsion (4-OMP-LPS-MDP) revealed that BALB/c mice were capable of eliciting specific primary and secondary immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG responses . Both antigen preparations were capable of eliciting IgM and IgG specific for the cell surfaces of each live Salmonella serotype . Also, 4-OMP-LPS-MDP and 4-OMP-LPS-C were capable of evoking a substantial anamnestic response . Adsorption studies revealed that the combined serotypes had the antigenic capacity to adsorb up to 94% of the antibodies, but 4-OMP-LPS-MDP antibodies were more effectively adsorbed than were 4-OMP-LPS-C antibodies . Adsorption of pooled antiserum with heterologous bacteria yielded a variety of adsorption profiles.

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 1985 Sep, 3(5), 451 - 4
Rupture of vascular prosthesis in a patient with Yersinia enterocolitica bacteremia; Verhaegen J et al.; A case of bacteremia caused by Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 3, biotype 4, is described in a 79-year-old man with an aortic bifurcation prosthesis . He died, in spite of antibiotics, from massive intraabdominal bleeding at the infected suture site . Yersinia, like Salmonella, seems to have a special affinity for damaged endovascular tissue, although more observations will be needed to support this hypothesis.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1985 Sep, 59(3), 231 - 7
Growth kinetics of mixed culture in salmonella enrichment media; Rhodes P et al.; A technique for investigating the kinetics of salmonella enrichment is reported . Its use with four enrichment media (Rappaport's medium, Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate broth (MKT) tetrathionate broth and selenite F) is described and the effect of elevated temperature on the growth kinetics shown . Rappaport's medium at 37 degrees C and MKT at either 37 degrees C or 42 degrees C were far superior to selenite F and tetrathionate broth in their selective properties and, with the exception of Rappaport's medium, the use of elevated temperature increased the selectivity of the media.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1985 Sep, 59(3), 223 - 30
Malachite green pre-enrichment medium for improved salmonella isolation from heavily contaminated samples; van Schothorst M et al.; Large numbers of competitive bacteria may hinder the isolation of salmonellas from food and environmental samples when a pre-enrichment method is used . The addition of 0.1 g/l of malachite green (MG) to buffered peptone water (BPW) inhibited the multiplication of Gram-positive bacteria . Brilliant green had a similar effect but only when the normal recommended concentration of 0.02 g/l was raised to 0.05 g/l . Pure strains of salmonellas were inhibited by MG in BPW, but addition of non fat dried milk (NFDM) (5 g/l or more) counteracted this effect . MG did not affect the recovery of salmonellas injured by heat, freezing, low water activity or acidity in BPW with NFDM . It was concluded that addition of MG to BPW may improve the possibility of isolating salmonellas from heavily contaminated materials by limiting the competitive growth of Gram-positive bacteria and the subsequent lowering of the pH of the broth.

Jpn J Cancer Res, 1985 Sep, 76(9), 835 - 45
Genotoxicity of heterocyclic amines in the Salmonella/hepatocyte system; Hayashi S et al.; The Salmonella/hepatocyte system was employed to determine the mutagenicity in bacteria as well as the DNA damage induced in mouse hepatocytes following exposure to heterocyclic amines . With hepatocytes from C57BL/6N mice, 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido{4,3-b}indole (Trp-P-2) and 2-amino-3-methylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoline (IQ) showed a clear mutagenic effect in the Salmonella, while weak mutagenic effects were observed with 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido{4,3-b}indole (Trp-P-1), 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido{1,2-a:3',2'-b}imidazole (Glu-P-1), and 2-aminodipyrido{1,2-a:3',2'-d}imidazole (Glu-P-2) . All the compounds induced low levels of DNA damage in the hepatocytes . In vivo pretreatment of mice with the potent monooxygenase inducer 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD; 50 micrograms/kg) clearly increased both the mutagenicity in the bacteria and the DNA damage induced in the hepatocytes in vitro . Glu-P-2 showed the lowest mutagenic effect but induced more DNA damage at low concentrations than the other compounds when TCDD-pretreated hepatocytes were used . These data indicate that the genotoxic potency of Glu-P-2 in the intact hepatocyte differs from that observed in the bacteria . Treatment of hepatocytes with a-naphthoflavone, a selective inhibitor of polycyclic hydrocarbon-inducible cytochrome P-450 form(s), prior to exposure to the heterocyclic amines completely inhibited the mutagenic effect in the bacteria . In vivo administration of all the heterocyclic amines 4 hr prior to isolating the hepatocytes resulted in DNA damage, and this effect was augmented by TCDD pretreatment of mice . Our data suggest that agents modulating the activity and composition of the cytochrome P-450 system may greatly influence both toxicity and carcinogenicity of these heterocyclic amines.

Pol J Pharmacol Pharm, 1985 Sep-Oct, 37(5), 601 - 7
Protective action of ascorbic acid against mutagenicity of aminopyrine plus nitrite; Pienkowska K et al.; Mutagenicity of aminopyrine and of aminopyrine plus nitrite was tested by the micronucleus test in bone marrow of mice and by host mediated mutagenicity assay with mice as host animals and S . typhimurium strain G 46 . In parallel the possibility of the protective action of ascorbic acid was studied . Aminopyrine at the dose of 90 mg/kg po when administered to mice together with potassium nitrite induced a significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes and proved to be mutagenic for a Salmonella strain . In both systems mutagenicity of the combination of aminopyrine at this dose plus nitrite was abolished completely by ascorbic acid (373 or 622 mg/kg po) . Ascorbic acid neither induced a significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei nor was mutagenic for the strain G 46 . A formulation of aminopyrine with ascorbic acid is proposed.

Pediatr Infect Dis, 1985 Sep-Oct, 4(5), 496 - 8
Efficacy of bone marrow, blood, stool and duodenal contents cultures for bacteriologic confirmation of typhoid fever in children; Vallenas C et al.; The relative efficacy of cultures made from duodenal contents (obtained by string capsules), bone marrow, blood and rectal swab was compared in 118 pediatric patients, 2 to 13 years old with suspected typhoid fever . Only 47% of children 2 to 6 years old tolerated the string device, as compared with 89% in children 7 to 13 years old (P less than 0.05) . The four culture techniques were performed and at least one was positive for Salmonella typhi in 43 patients . Bone marrow cultures were positive in 84% of the confirmed cases, a sensitivity significantly greater than for duodenal contents (42%), blood (44%) and stool (65%) cultures . Higher recovery rates for blood cultures were found during the first week of illness than later (70 vs . 22%) . Bone marrow cultures remain the most effective method for the recovery of S . typhi . Stool cultures appear to be more effective in children than in adults . Duodenal contents cultures offer little advantage in young (2 to 6 years old) children.

Radiat Res, 1985 Sep, 103(3), 461 - 5
Comparative lethal effects of uv and ionizing radiation in Ames tester strains of Salmonella; Isildar M et al.; In the three (parent-daughter) pairs of Ames Salmonella tester strains TA1535-TA100, TA1537-TA2637, and TA1538-TA98 in which the daughter strains carry the pKM101 plasmid but the parent strains do not, the pKM101 plasmid uniformly confers resistance of the host to uv radiation which indicates that the muc genes of the plasmid are present and function correctly in all three daughter strains . This uniform protection against killing by uv contrasts with the lethality responses of the same parent-daughter pairs to ionizing radiation (ir) where pKM101 again confers lethality protection to TA100 and TA2637 but sensitizes TA98 toward the lethal effects of ir . From these results we conclude that the pathways for error-prone repair of lethal lesions induced by uv and by ionizing radiation are not the same and that the muc genes of the plasmid alone are not sufficient to carry out error-prone repair of lethal lesions induced by ionizing radiation . We infer that a segment of plasmid DNA that is present in TA100 and TA2637 and is required to repair potentially lethal damage induced by ir is deleted in TA98.

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1985 Sep, 26(9), 1267 - 73
Monocyte chemotactic activity induced by intravitreal endotoxin; Rosenbaum JT et al.; In order to clarify the factors responsible for the cellular infiltrate characteristic of anterior uveitis, the authors have induced inflammation in rabbits by the intravitreal injection of 100 ng of Escherichia coli or Salmonella endotoxin (ET) . A 2% concentration of aqueous humor 18 to 24 hr after ET consistently induced monocyte migration as measured in modified Boyden chambers . Activity was significantly greater in these samples than in aqueous after saline injection or 3 hr after endotoxin injection (prior to cellular infiltrate) . Using either sephadex G-75 molecular sieve chromatography or a cibacron blue column, the vast majority of migratory activity co-eluted with albumin . Serum albumin, however, at a comparable concentration did not induce migration . Activity was largely heat- and acid-stable and was maximal in the presence of a concentration gradient, indicating that it was chemotactic rather than chemokinetic . A second peak of activity eluted from the G-75 column just prior to a marker with molecular weight of 427 and was also present in eluates from normal aqueous humor . Chloroform:methanol extraction, radioimmunoassay, and high performance liquid chromatography indicated that a small portion of the chemotactic activity could be ascribed to lipid including leukotriene B4 . In contrast to the prominence of complement (C5a) derived chemotactic activity resulting from intravenous ET, C5a was not a major contributor to aqueous chemotactic activity subsequent to local ET . These observations demonstrate that leukocyte migration factors in aqueous humor can be characterized and compared . This approach can be used to test the hypothesis that subsets of anterior uveal inflammation might be distinguished on the basis of associated chemotactic factors.

Clin Chem, 1985 Sep, 31(9), 1438 - 43
Use of DNA immobilized on plastic and agarose supports to detect DNA by sandwich hybridization; Polsky-Cynkin R et al.; Cloned Salmonella DNA, which has been immobilized irreversibly on plastic and agarose solid supports, can form hybrids in both single-layer and "sandwich" hybridization protocols . In single-layer hybridization, 3 micrograms of immobilized DNA bound at least 30 fmol of a specific 800-base DNA sequence (equivalent to 8.5 ng, or the amount of that sequence present in 4 X 10(10) organisms) . In a 4-h sandwich hybridization protocol, as little as 14 amol (equivalent to 8 pg, or the amount of that sequence present in 1 X 10(7) organisms) of a 1600-base sequence of DNA could be detected . The methods described should be applicable to use with any set of probes--not just from Salmonella--that fulfill the criteria specified . The ability to perform DNA hybridizations on solid-phase matrices such as those used for immunoassay should bring DNA hybridization into the realm of routine clinical laboratory procedures.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1985 Sep, 28(3), 452 - 5
Variability of IncHI1 plasmids from Salmonella typhi with special reference to Peruvian plasmids encoding resistance to trimethoprim and other antibiotics; Taylor DE et al.; In spite of extensive DNA homology among IncHI1 plasmids, ApaI and XbaI restriction digests of plasmids from Peruvian Salmonella typhi varied considerably from other IncHI1 plasmids isolated previously . IncHI1 plasmids appear to be undergoing a process of modular evolution, probably by sequential acquisition of resistance determinants.

Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol, 1985 Sep-Oct, 136B(2), 169 - 79
Expression of antigenic factor O:54 is associated with the presence of a plasmid in Salmonella; Popoff MY et al.; Salmonella serovar Tonev (antigenic formula, 21,54:b:e,n,x) is classified in the Salmonella group O:54, and contains a 7.5-kilobase plasmid, designated pIP1340 . Tonev NV, a variant lacking pIP1340, failed to express O:54 (antigenic formula identical with that of serovar Minnesota, 21:b:e,n,x) . Phenotypic tagging of plasmid pIP1340 by transposon Tn5 produced plasmid pIP1341 . Factor O:54 expression in Tonev NV was restored after transformation by pIP1341 NDA or after co-transformation by a mixture of pBR322 and pIP1340 DNA . Similarly, the twelve other serovars presently classified in Salmonella group O:54 harboured a small plasmid which was not detectable in isogenic O:54-negative variants isolated from the parent strain . Transfer of plasmid pIP1341 into these O:54-negative variants and also into reference strains of serovars of Salmonella group O:4 (Banana and Typhimurium), group O:7 (Thompson and Mbandaka), group O:8 (Ferruch, Hadar and Kentucky), group O:3,10 (Orion) and group O:21 (Minnesota) supported the conclusion that plasmid pIP1340 encodes or regulates some functions required for factor O:54 expression by various serovars of Salmonella.

J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Sep, 22(3), 347 - 51
Production of potent Salmonella H antisera by immunization with polymeric flagellins; Ibrahim GF et al.; Highly purified polymeric flagellin preparations from 10 different Salmonella serotypes were used to produce specific Salmonella H antisera with high titers by the immunization of rabbits . Antigen emulsions in complete Freund adjuvant were administered at the rate of 50 micrograms per rabbit by multiple intradermal injection . Booster injections were given 110 days after the primary immunization . The immune response was monitored regularly over a period of 200 days . The results showed that the H titers, determined with 125I-labeled antigens, averaged 61,000 +/- 39,000, and the H agglutination titers of 83% of the animals were greater than 40,000 . The high titers of the immunized animals persisted for approximately 4 months . The O agglutination titers of the antisera were less than 10 for 9 of the flagellin preparations and ranged from 10 to 320 for the remaining preparation . The antisera obtained were serotype specific after appropriate dilution.

J Mol Biol, 1985 Aug 20, 184(4), 735 - 7
"Cap" on the tip of Salmonella flagella; Ikeda T et al.; Flagellar filaments isolated intact from a Salmonella short-flagella mutant are unable to serve as nuclei for flagellin polymerization in vitro, whereas the filaments reconstructed in vitro from the mutant flagellin are able to do so . The inability of intact flagella to nucleate flagellin polymerization appears to be common to wild-type bacteria and thus suggests that the tip of intact flagella are generally inactivated or capped in vivo . Careful observations of the tips of intact flagella and reconstructed flagellar filaments of a wild-type species have revealed marked difference between them: the intact flagella usually have blunt ends, whereas reconstructed filaments have concave, "fish-tail" ends . Moreover, a thin structure is often observed attaching to the very end of the intact flagella . We suspect that this "capping" structure is essential to the elongation mechanism of flagellar filaments.

Biophys Chem, 1985 Aug, 22(3), 159 - 66
Elastic properties of bacterial flagellar filaments . II . Determination of the modulus of rigidity; Hoshikawa H et al.; Elongation of a helical bacterial flagellar filament subjected to fluid flow was calculated on the assumption that one end of the filament is firmly attached to a substratum . It was found that the quantity {E(d/2 pi r)2 + 2 mu} could be determined by measuring the elongation at various flow rates, where E is Young's modulus, mu the modulus of rigidity, r the radius of the helix, and d the helical pitch . Experiments were carried out to determine the above quantity for Salmonella flagellar filaments assuming a close-coil form . Because the above quantity is almost equal to 2 mu for a helical form with a large radius/pitch ratio, we were able to determine the modulus of rigidity for this kind of flagellar filament from plots of elongation vs . flow rates . The modulus of rigidity was determined to be about 1 X 10(11) dyn/cm2, i.e., 2 orders of magnitude larger than the previously estimated value.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1985 Aug, 59(2), 143 - 5
A note on the stability of Rappaport-Vassiliadis enrichment medium; Vassiliadis P et al.; After pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water, 376 samples from chicken carcasses, minced meat, pork sausages, faeces of healthy pigs and sewage-polluted seawater were enriched in Rappaport--Vassiliadis medium prepared either 4 d or 6-7 months before use . It was observed that the two media were equally effective in detecting Salmonella spp., (82 positive samples with each medium) and in their ability to inhibit competing organisms.

Fundam Appl Toxicol, 1985 Aug, 5(4), 655 - 64
Absence of mutagenic activity for monosodium cyanurate; Hammond BG et al.; The mutagenic potential of monosodium cyanurate was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo tests . All in vitro tests were carried out in the presence and absence of metabolic activation . In each assay, the highest concentration tested generally exceeded the solubility of monosodium cyanurate in the incubation medium . In the Salmonella microbial assay, monosodium cyanurate was not mutagenic towards test strains TA 98, 100, 1535, and 1537 up to a concentration of 10,000 micrograms/plate . Monosodium cyanurate did not induce forward mutations at the TK locus of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells up to a concentration of 2000 micrograms/ml . No significant increases in sister chromatid exchanges were observed when monosodium cyanurate was incubated with Chinese hamster ovary cells at concentrations up to 1500 micrograms/ml . In an in vivo test, rats were administered monosodium cyanurate by gavage at single dosages up to 5000 mg/kg and killed 24 and 48 hr after dosing . Bone marrow cells were collected and examined for chromosomal aberrations . At the time points examined, there was no evidence of monosodium cyanurate-induced chromosomal aberrations in rat bone marrow cells.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1985 Aug 1, 187(3), 256 - 7
Salmonella shed by horses with colic; Palmer JE et al.; Salmonella was isolated from 13 of 100 colicky horses admitted to a referral hospital . Seven horses were shedding the microorganism at or soon after hospital admission . A unique serotype was introduced into the hospital by a horse not shedding Salmonella at admission . It was concluded that 8 horses were infected before admission . Whether the remaining 5 horses were infected before or after admission could not be determined . Salmonella senftenberg was the most commonly isolated serotype from colicky horses and from horses with salmonellosis that were not colicky on hospital admission during the survey period . This organism was rarely isolated at the hospital before initiation of this survey.

Am J Hematol, 1985 Aug, 19(4), 423 - 5
Salmonella infection in hairy cell leukemia: report of a case; Tilly H et al.; A patient with hairy cell leukemia who developed mediastinal mass and fever is described . A CT-guided aspiration of the mass yielded Salmonella tiphymurium . Granulocyte response to infection was intact and could explain the favorable course of this unusual Salmonella infection . Although several reports deal with salmonellosis as a complication of immunodeficiency states, this type of infection is of rare occurrence in hairy cell leukemia.

Am J Dis Child, 1985 Aug, 139(8), 820 - 2
Pattern of bacterial infections in homozygous sickle cell disease . A report from Saudi Arabia; Mallouh AA et al.; Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading pathogen in children with sickle cell disease . Forty children younger than 20 years of age who had sickle cell disease and septicemia, meningitis, or osteomyelitis/septic arthritis were identified . The causes included Streptococcus pneumoniae (20%) and gram-negative organisms (mainly Salmonella) (70%) . The gram-negative infections occurred in the first decade of life in 45% of our patients . We believe that this pattern of infection is different and related to the mild nature of sickle cell disease in our patients and to their persistent splenic function . The administration of pneumococcal vaccination may also have played a role . Microinfarcts of the intestinal wall allow the access of gram-negative organisms to the circulation . In places where gastrointestinal tract infections, especially Salmonella, are common, antibiotic therapy effective against these organisms is recommended initially with adjustment after identification and sensitivities are known.

J Hyg (Lond), 1985 Aug, 95(1), 23 - 8
An epidemiological study of Salmonella montevideo by biotyping; Reilly WJ et al.; Among 622 cultures of Salmonella montevideo, 27 biotypes belonging to two biogroups were recognized . One biogroup (10di) was predominant in all animals in Scotland but only in sheep in England and Wales . The other (biogroup 2d) was responsible for almost all human, cattle and poultry infection in England and Wales, but only 24% of human infection in Scotland.

J Hyg (Lond), 1985 Aug, 95(1), 139 - 47
Salmonella isolation with Rappaport-Vassiliadis enrichment medium seeded with different sized inocula of pre-enrichment cultures of meat products and sewage polluted water; Vassiliadis P et al.; A total of 574 samples, of seven different types, were examined for the presence of salmonellas . All the specimens were pre-enriched in buffered peptone water and enriched in Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium (RV medium) . In one trial 0.1 ml of pre-enrichment culture of 497 samples (79 chicken carcasses, 228 specimens of minced meat, 100 pork sausages, 19 samples of dried powdered chicken meat, 11 specimens of faeces of healthy pigs and 60 samples of sewage polluted natural sea water) was seeded to 10 ml as well as to 100 ml of RV medium . With the first inoculum (ratio 0.1:10), 111 samples were found to contain salmonellas, while with the second inoculum (ratio 0.1:100), only 102 positive samples were detected . This difference is marginally significant (P less than 0.05) . In another trial, 0.1 ml, 0.2 ml and 0.5 ml of pre-enrichment culture of 162 specimens (71 chicken carcasses, 40 samples of sewage polluted sea water and 51 samples of sewage polluted river water) were in turn introduced to 10 ml of RV medium . With the 0.1 ml inoculum 93 positive samples were detected, while with the 0.2 and 0.5 ml inocula 93 and 88 positive samples were found . The differences are not statistically significant . In these trials the growth of competing organisms was minimal with ratios of inocula 0.1:10 or 0.1:100.

Toxicology, 1985 Aug, 36(2-3), 139 - 46
Comparative mutagenicity tests in the Salmonella/microsome assay with rat and woodchuck S9 preparations; Rashid KA et al.; The Salmonella mutagenicity assay was utilized to compare the hepatic S9 fractions from untreated and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) induced woodchucks with Aroclor 1254 induced rats . Three known promutagens, benzo{a}pyrene (BP), 7,12-dimethylbenz{a}anthracene (DMBA), and 2-aminofluorene (AF) were tested at 5 concentrations with the strain TA100 against 3 levels of S9 fraction . Both woodchuck S9 fractions were as effective as the rat S9 in activating BP and both were more effective than the rat S9 in activating DMBA . Untreated woodchuck S9 was also as effective as rat S9 in activating AF . The protein content of the S9 fraction did not differ significantly between rats and woodchucks, but the P-450 content of the rat S9 was approximately 3.5 times that of woodchuck.

Poult Sci, 1985 Aug, 64(8), 1488 - 90
The effect of lysozyme and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on Salmonella on broiler parts; Samuelson KJ et al.; A dip system, consisting of lysozyme (1 mg/ml) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (5 mg/ml), was studied to determine its effect on Salmonella-contaminated broiler parts . Enumeration of S . typhimurium from the broiler parts showed that both lysozyme and a lysozyme-EDTA mixture gave a significant reduction in the number of viable organisms . In a trypticase-soy broth solution, Salmonella growth was inhibited by EDTA while lysozyme showed little effect.

Food Chem Toxicol, 1985 Aug, 23(8), 763 - 5
Lysinoalanine: absence of mutagenic response in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity assay; Pintauro SJ et al.; Lysinoalanine (N epsilon-(DL-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-L-lysine) was tested for mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity assay . No mutagenic response was detected at doses up to 5 mg/plate when samples were pre-incubated without S-9 mix, nor when they were pre-incubated with S-9 mix prepared from Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver or kidney . The results indicate that the stereoisomers of lysinoalanine likely to be present in the greatest proportions in processed foods are not mutagenic in the Ames assay.

Scand J Work Environ Health, 1985 Aug, 11(4), 311 - 6
Testing for mutagens in filter samples from the work atmosphere of an aluminum plant; Krokje A et al.; Filter extracts of airborne particles from a Soderberg potroom and an anode paste plant were tested for mutagenicity by the Salmonella reversion assay . The extracts were mutagenic to strains TA100 and TA98, mainly after metabolic activation, but positive results were obtained also without S9 mix in strain TA98 . These findings indicate that the particulate phase of air from the potroom and the anode paste plant of aluminum plants contain mostly indirect mutagens of both the base-pair substitution and frameshift type, and--to a less degree--frameshift mutagens . The relationship between concentration and mutagenicity was more positive for the potroom extract than for the anode paste plant extract.

J Gen Microbiol, 1985 Aug, 131 ( Pt 8), 2087 - 9
Transduction complicates the detection of conjugative ability in lysogenic salmonella strains; Smith HW et al.; When lysogenic salmonella strains were examined for conjugative ability in tri-parental crosses, false positive results were sometimes obtained because phage carried by the lysogenic strains multiplied on the intermediate salmonella recipient strain and then transduced its streptomycin/sulphonamide resistance plasmid to the final salmonella recipient strain . Back transfer of the plasmid to the lysogenic strains was also detected.

Toxicol Lett, 1985 Aug, 26(2-3), 89 - 93
The mutagenic properties of N-nitrosopeptides in the Ames test; Challis BC et al.; N-(N-Acetyl-L-prolyl)-N-nitrosoglycine (APNG) and N-(N-acetylvalyl)-N-nitrosoglycine (AVNG) are shown to exert mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity (Ames) test . Positive responses are apparent for base-pair substitution mutation-detecting strains (TA1535, TA100 and TA102) both with and without the addition of S9-mix . It is concluded that both APNG and AVNG are direct-acting mutagens.

J Clin Pathol, 1985 Aug, 38(8), 929 - 32
Comparative sensitivity of different serological tests for detecting chlamydial antibodies in perihepatitis; Puolakkainen M et al.; The value of several serological tests was assessed by studying sera from 30 women with clinical findings of perihepatitis and a high chlamydial antibody titre in the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) . The other tests included the complement fixation test and enzyme immunoassays in which the antigen comprised either partially purified particles (EIA kit) or purified major outer membrane protein (MOMP EIA) of Chlamydia trachomatis L2 or lipopolysaccharide isolated from an Re mutant of Salmonella (Re LPS EIA) . High IgG titres were noted in most (88-96%) of the patients by MOMP EIA and EIA kit, and in fewer patients (50%) by Re LPS EIA or complement fixation test . Seroconversion was found in 11-44% of the patients for IgG and in 28-36% for IgM; high IgG titre was thus the best diagnostic indicator for each test . The enzyme immunoassay tests have the advantage of being automated either with partially purified corpuscular or purified MOMP antigen and would allow a sensitive easy screening for chlamydial aetiology of women with pain of the right upper quadrant.

South Med J, 1985 Aug, 78(8), 1023 - 4
Aortic valve endocarditis due to Salmonella enteritidis; Hanger KH Jr et al.; We have reported the fifth case of endocarditis due to Salmonella enteritidis and the first known survivor of native aortic valve endocarditis from this pathogen . Despite appropriate antibiotic therapy, aortic valve replacement was necessary because of heart failure and embolism . The patient also had concurrent viral hepatitis B infection.

Mutat Res, 1985 Aug-Sep, 157(2-3), 149 - 56
Mutagenicity of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) identified in source emissions and ambient air; Moller M et al.; Several polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) including nitrated and oxygenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were tested for mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/microsome assay . Among the compounds tested the isomer mix of nitro-1-hydroxypyrenes showed the highest direct mutagenic response in both the Salmonella strain TA98 and TA100 (1251 revertants/micrograms and 463 revertants/micrograms, respectively) . The direct-acting mutagenicity of the nitro-1-hydroxypyrene isomer mix was dependent upon reduction of the nitro function as evidenced by the decrease in activity observed with the nitroreductase-deficient and arylhydroxylamine esterifying-deficient tester strains . The oxygenated derivatives of PAH containing aldehyde or keto groups showed weak or no mutagenic responses . In most cases addition of S9 was essential for any mutagenic activity and the strain TA100 was more sensitive than the strain TA98 . Within this group, 7H-dibenzo{c,g}fluoren-7-one showed the highest mutagenic effect; 7 and 22 revertants/micrograms using the strains TA98 and TA100, respectively.

Mutat Res, 1985 Aug-Sep, 157(2-3), 129 - 34
Apparent mutagenicity of N-nitrosothiazolidine caused by a trace contaminant; Miller AJ et al.; The identification of N-nitrosothiazolidine (NTHZ) in smoked meat products prompted us to evaluate this compound for mutagenicity by the Salmonella assay . NTHZ was prepared in 99 + % purity by the nitrosation of the cysteamine-formaldehyde reaction mixture without isolation and purification of the resulting amine, and from thiazolidine, directly . Mutagenic activity was observed with TA100 without metabolic activation in the former, but not the latter preparation . An examination of the precursors, reaction intermediates, and HPLC separation of the NTHZ from the mutagenic product demonstrated that the genotoxic activity resulted from a synthesis-produced trace contaminant.

Mutat Res, 1985 Aug, 151(1), 15 - 24
Photochemical oxidation of 2-aminofluorene: correlation between the induction of direct-acting mutagenicity and the formation of nitro and nitroso aromatics; Strniste GF et al.; The kinetics of near ultraviolet light-mediated phototransformation of 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) was studied using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the Ames/Salmonella mutagenicity bioassay . Employing tester strains TA98, TA1538, and the nitroreductase-deficient TA98NR without the addition of exogenous metabolic enzymes, we were able to detect and discriminate between the UVA exposure-dependent formation of two stable photoproducts, 2-nitrosofluorene (2-NOF) and 2-nitrofluorene (2-NO2F) . Mutagenicity of irradiated 2-AF solutions (using dimethyl sulfoxide as a solvent) in the various tester strains indicates the rapid formation of the photo-labile 2-NOF, after which 2-NO2F accounts for the preponderance of mutagenic activity . Continued UVA irradiation (greater than 72 h at 6.8 J/m2/s) of 2-AF results in the formation of greater than 30 photoproducts resolvable on HPLC, several of which, in addition to 2-NOF and 2-NO2F, are mutagenic on Salmonella but are chemically undefined to date . Prolonged irradiation ultimately destroys the photo-induced mutagenicity of 2-AF . However, UVA-induced 2-AF photoproducts are stable for several weeks when stored in sealed vials in the dark . Light potentiated oxidation of aromatic amines constitutes an alternative mechanism for the transformation of aromatic amines into proximate mutagens/carcinogens.

J Gen Virol, 1985 Aug, 66 ( Pt 8), 1661 - 8
High frequency transduction by phage hybrids between coliphage phi 80 and Salmonella phage P22; Yamamoto N et al.; phi 80immP22dis, a hybrid between phi 80 and P22, carries all the late genes of phi 80 and most of the P22 early region including the immC and immI bipartite immunity loci . The presence of the immI region allows this hybrid to grow on lysogens of phi 80immP22 hybrids which have the immC locus, but not the immI locus . In addition to these P22 immunity regions, phi 80immP22dis contains the P22 att marker so that the prophage can be inserted into the chromosomal P22 attachment site adjacent to the proA-proB region of the host . Unlike its phi 80 parent which performs specialized transduction of the trp region, phi 80immP22dis transduces markers located adjacent to its attachment site to Escherichia coli K12 recipients at high frequencies (0.3% for argF and 0.18% for proA) . Induction of phi 80immP22dis lysogens yields new hybrid phage clones which have incorporated E . coli K12 chromosomal segments in place of the P22 immI to att segment . Having lost the immI region, the new hybrids no longer grow in phi 80immP22 lysogens . These new hybrids, termed phi 80immP22dis-, possess specialized transducing properties, transferring the argF and proA markers at higher frequencies (21% for argF and 12% for proA) than previously obtained with the phi 80immP22dis phage.

J Hyg (Lond), 1985 Aug, 95(1), 69 - 75
Salmonellas in Danish pigs: a comparison of three isolation methods; Skovgaard N et al.; Caecal samples from 350 Danish bacon pigs were investigated for salmonella using three methods of isolation . (1) Direct inoculation of 1 g of faeces into 10 ml of Muller-Kaufmann medium (MK medium) with addition of 0.3% Teepol 610 and subculture on Brilliant Green lactose sucrose phenol-red agar (BLSF agar) with 0.3% Teepol 610 . (2) Pre-enrichment of 5 g of faeces into buffered peptone water with addition of 1% Teepol 610 followed by enrichment of 1 ml in 10 ml MK medium with 1% Teepol 610 and subculture on BLSF agar with 0.3% Teepol . (3) Incubation of 0.1 ml of the pre-enrichment (2) into 10 ml Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium (RV 10 medium) incubated at 43 degrees C, subculture on BLSF agar . The MK media with and without pre-enrichment yielded higher findings than the RV 10 media . In total, 28 (8%) of the pigs were found positive, representing 11 (7.4%) of a total of 142 herds investigated . Lymph glands were collected at a later date from six of the positive herds . Five of the herds were found positive . The number of salmonellas in the glands was low, probably less than ten per gram.

J Hyg (Lond), 1985 Aug, 95(1), 107 - 14
Utilization of d-tartaric acid by Salmonella paratyphi B and Salmonella java: comparison of anaerobic plate test, lead acetate test and turbidity test; Barker RM; d-Tartrate dehydrase of Salmonella java is an oxygen-sensitive enzyme active in cultures incubated under the poorly aerated conditions of static culture but not in fully aerated shaken cultures nor on plates incubated aerobically . On plates of d-tartrate minimal agar incubated anaerobically the enzyme or the degradation products of d-tartrate are exported from d-tartrate-positive cells and are available to d-tartrate-negative bacteria . This may give misleading growth results when d-tartrate-positive and d-tartrate-negative strains are tested for growth on the same plate of d-tartrate minimal agar . The lead-acetate test terminated at 24 h, the 24 h turbidity test and the ability to grow on d-tartrate minimal agar within 48 h differentiated 53 S . paratyphi B strains that were negative in each of the three tests from 76 S . java that were positive in each of the tests . An intermediate group of eight strains utilized d-tartrate in Difco bacto-peptone water to give a positive lead acetate reaction at 2 days, were stimulated to a varying degree by d-tartrate in Oxoid peptone water within the same period of incubation and grew poorly on d-tartrate minimal agar . These latter strains may be deficient in a permease controlling uptake of d-tartrate or export of d-tartrate dehydrase . Inability to utilize d-tartrate is unlikely to be the single character accountable for the reputed enhanced pathogenicity of S . paratyphi B when compared with S . java . Indications for the existence of an enzyme, complementary to and mutually exclusive with d-tartrate dehydrase, that has a positive correlation with pathogenicity are discussed.

J Trop Med Hyg, 1985 Aug, 88(4), 243 - 7
Sensitivity of Salmonella and Shigella to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents in Sudan; Hassan HS; Antibacterial sensitivity tests were done for 513 salmonellae and 133 shigellae . Salmonella strains were divided into three groups: 336 Salmonella typhi, 134 salmonellae isolated from cases of gastroenteritis and 43 salmonellae isolated from non-human sources . All salmonellae and shigellae were sensitive to chloramphenicol . All salmonellae were sensitive to co-trimoxazole, while shigellae showed 18% of resistance . Salmonella resistance to ampicillin was low compared with a high resistance in shigellae . No resistance to from non-human sources . In analysing the resistance pattern in the 4-year period 1979-1982, it was found that there was a rising resistance to ampicillin and sulphonamides in salmonellae . In contrast there was no significant increase in resistance to tetracycline . Tetracycline resistance was high in cases of salmonellae isolated from gastroenteritis . A comparatively low resistance to streptomycin was detected in Salmonella isolated from non-human sources.

Mutat Res, 1985 Aug-Sep, 157(2-3), 111 - 22
Identification of mutagenic compounds formed during chlorination of humic acid; Meier JR et al.; Humic acid chlorination products are being studied in an effort to identify the chemicals responsible for the mutagenicity formed during water chlorination . In the present report, 19 chlorinated organic compounds have been identified and quantified in ether extracts of chlorinated humic acid solutions . 10 of these compounds, including a number of chlorinated propanones and chlorinated propenals, are direct-acting mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay . The position of the chlorine substituent has been found to be an important factor in the mutagenic activity of these two classes of compounds . The total mutagenicity of the compounds identified thus far, when tested either individually or as a composite, accounts for only 7-8% of the total TA100 mutagenicity, and less than 2% of the TA98 mutagenicity formed during humic acid chlorination . The addition of bromide to the humic acid chlorination reaction results in up to a 2-fold increase in the level of mutagenicity formed.

Can J Microbiol, 1985 Aug, 31(8), 721 - 9
Characterization of incompatibility group HI1 plasmids from Salmonella typhi by restriction endonuclease digestion and hybridization of DNA probes for Tn3, Tn9, and Tn10; Taylor DE et al.; Chloramphenicol resistance in Salmonella typhi is medicated by plasmids of the incompatibility group H, subgroup 1 (IncHI1) . Eight IncHI1 plasmids from S . typhi strains originating in Mexico, Vietnam, Thailand, and India were examined by restriction enzyme digestion . The restriction enzymes, Apal, Xbal, and PstI were found to be most useful for comparison of plasmid DNAs . Four plasmids from S . typhi isolated in Mexico, Vietnam, and Thailand between 1972 and 1974 had identical restriction patterns with all three enzymes . The other IncHI1 plasmids showed only minor differences . However, some significant differences were noted between these IncHI1 plasmids and the prototype IncHI1 plasmid R27, which was isolated from S . typhimurium in 1961 and for which a restriction map has been constructed . Southern transfer hybridization with a nick-translated HI1 plasmid as a probe confirmed that there is a great deal of sequence homology among the IncHI1 plasmids . DNA probes were used to locate DNA sequences for ampicillin resistance (Tn3), chloramphenicol resistance (Tn9), tetracycline resistance (Tn10), and the one-way incompatibility between IncHI1 plasmids and the F factor, a characteristic property of IncHI1 plasmids . The results demonstrate that IncHI1 plasmids isolated from S . typhi from widely different geographic sources are very similar . Comparisons between the S . typhi plasmids and R27 indicated that conserved regions of DNA were those involved in conjugative transfer.

J Virol, 1985 Aug, 55(2), 458 - 65
DNA packaging initiation of Salmonella bacteriophage P22: determination of cut sites within the DNA sequence coding for gene 3; Backhaus H; DNA packaging of Salmonella phage P22 starts at a defined site on a concatemer of P22 genomes . The molecular ends formed at the packaging initiation site (pac) map within a region of ca . 120 base pairs and may contain any of the four nucleotides at their 5' end . The determination of the positions of the cuts within the sequence demonstrates a characteristic distribution of cut sites which apparently cannot be attributed to the sequence organization of the involved regions . Symmetric elements of the sequence might serve as signals for a recognition event(s) at pac in a separate process preceding the cutting reaction . The region of packaging initiation is located within the sequence coding for gene 3 . The 3 protein is responsible for the site specificity of this process . We find no significant homology to Nu1 protein, which appears to have an analogous or similar function in the DNA maturation of Escherichia coli phage lambda.

J Pharm Pharmacol, 1985 Aug, 37(8), 521 - 7
Physicochemical properties of endotoxins in large volume parenterals; Baggerman C et al.; Endotoxins of Escherichia coli, Salmonella abortus equi and Serratia marcescens were examined using freeze-etch electronmicroscopy and light scattering techniques, with emphasis on their aggregation state . These endotoxins show distinct features of particle size and mass and they may be affected by the presence or absence of Ca2+ ions . No important differences were observed in the particle characteristics of the respective endotoxins in various infusion fluids.

Vet Microbiol, 1985 Aug, 10(5), 451 - 64
Chemiluminescence of bovine alveolar macrophages as an indicator of developing immunity in calves vaccinated with aromatic-dependent Salmonella; Johnson EH et al.; Chemiluminescence of bovine alveolar macrophages was used to study the development of opsonins in calves vaccinated parenterally with live aromatic-dependent strains of either S . dublin or S . typhimurium . These calves responded by producing Salmonella-specific opsonins detected by increased chemiluminescent responses, and were able to survive oral challenge with live virulent organisms of either serotype . Non-vaccinated calves of the same age lacked Salmonella-specific opsonins and were not able to survive challenge . Thus it was concluded that the ability to produce opsonins is among the immunological responses that are associated with protection against salmonellosis in calves . Antigenic similarities between S . dublin and S . typhimurium were shown by the ability of either organism to absorb significant amounts of opsonic capacity from the sera of calves vaccinated with either of the two vaccines . These antigenic similarities are thought to explain in part the ability of either vaccine to protect against challenge with either the homologous or heterologous Salmonella serotype.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1985 Jul 31, 130(2), 546 - 52
Quantitative analysis of lymphocyte-Salmonella interaction and effect of lymphocyte irradiation by Helium-Neon laser; Passarella S et al.; A model system has been developed to quantitatively investigate bacteria-cell interaction using a rough mutant of Salmonella and human peripheral blood lymphocytes . The effect of lymphocyte irradiation by low-power continuous wave Helium-Neon laser has been investigated since laser therapy in wound and decoubitous ulcer healing could involve the lymphoid cell function . Helium-Neon laser irradiation is shown here to enhance the adherence of Salmonella to lymphocytes . In particular, changes in newly defined binding parameters show that laser irradiation increases the frequency of binding-lymphocytes, the affinity of Salmonella for lymphocytes and the number of lymphocyte receptor sites as well.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1985 Jul 31, 835(3), 577 - 83
Monoclonal antibodies raised against NeuAc alpha 2-6neolactotetraosylceramide detect carcinoma-associated gangliosides; Nilsson O et al.; Monoclonal antibodies wee obtained by the immunization of mice with 6'LM1 (IV6NeuAc-nLcOse4Cer) adsorbed to Salmonella minnesota . The monoclonal antibodies showed a specificity for gangliosides with a terminal NeuAc alpha 2-6Gal substitution, which was demonstrated in solid-phase binding assay and in liposome inhibition assay . Gangliosides with a NeuAc alpha 2-6Gal substitution were minor components of different normal tissues . However, these gangliosides were enriched in carcinomas of many tissues, and were particularly enriched in most colorectal carcinomas and in lung carcinomas . 6'LM1 is a characteristic ganglioside in fetal intestinal mucosa (meconium) . This ganglioside and other gangliosides with a terminal NeuAc alpha 2-6Gal substitution might represent oncofetal antigens expressed in carcinomas owing to an activation of a "fetal' sialyltransferase.

Virology, 1985 Jul 30, 144(2), 310 - 7
In vitro packaging of plasmid DNA oligomers by Salmonella phage P22: independence of the pac site, and evidence for the termination cut in vitro; Behnisch W et al.; In vitro packaging experiments with phage P22 using artificially ligated plasmid concatemers have shown that the pac site is not necessary for DNA packaging although in vivo this initiation signal is indispensable . This indicates that the phage-coded protein gp3 also executes other important functions during phage maturation in addition to the recognition of pac, or that its site specificity is lost in vitro . It has been shown previously that gp3 is necessary for in vitro packaging . Further, it was demonstrated that DNA which is only 74% of headful size cannot be packaged . Oversized DNA, however, is cut in vitro to unit length.

JAMA, 1985 Jul 12, 254(2), 237 - 9
Turtle-associated salmonellosis in Puerto Rico . Hazards of the global turtle trade; Tauxe RV et al.; After the Puerto Rico Department of Health received a report of salmonellosis in an infant who had contact with a pet turtle, we conducted a case-control study in two urban areas in Puerto Rico to measure the extent of pet turtle-associated salmonellosis there . Ten (17%) of 60 infants with salmonellosis but none of their matched controls had a history of exposure to a pet turtle in the two weeks before onset of illness . Two other case patients were also exposed to a pet turtle--an 8-year-old child and an adult with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and Salmonella bacteremia . A variety of Salmonella serogroups were represented in the turtle-associated cases . All turtle lots collected from pet shops in Puerto Rico were culture-positive for Salmonella; 89% yielded Salmonella pomona . Contamination of the turtles probably occurred at the farm before distribution, since S pomona was also isolated from turtles exported from the same farm to Guam and to Yugoslavia . The estimated 3 to 4 million turtles exported annually from the United States are an important potential route for global dissemination of human salmonellosis.

Am J Surg Pathol, 1985 Jul, 9(7), 531 - 7
Salmonella osteomyelitis . An important differential diagnosis of granulomatous osteomyelitis; Wu PC et al.; A case of septicemia owing to Salmonella choleraesuis with localization in the lumbar spine and left knee is described . The spinal lesion is dominated by tuberculoid granulomas with or without central necrosis . The necrotic foci within some granulomas show heavy polymorph infiltration, whereas in others they simulate caseous necrosis and are indistinguishable histologically from tuberculosis, brucellosis, and fungal infections . As Salmonella osteomyelitis has a strong tendency to chronicity if antimicrobial treatment is delayed, inappropriate, or inadequate, this diagnosis should be considered in all cases of granulomatous osteomyelitis, especially when the patient is immunosuppressed or has hemoglobinopathy.

Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol, 1985 Jul-Aug, 136B(1), 57 - 61
{Supplement No XXVIII (1984) to the Kauffmann-White scheme}; Le Minor L et al.; In this supplement are given the characters of 42 new Salmonella serovars recognized in 1984 by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella: 22 serovars belong to subspecies I, 7 to subspecies II, 4 to subspecies IIIb, 5 to subspecies IV and 4 to subspecies V.

Avian Dis, 1985 Jul-Sep, 29(3), 617 - 29
Gentamicin and bacterial culture (Nurmi culture) treatments either alone or in combination against experimental Salmonella hadar infection in turkey poults; Seuna E et al.; The effect of three treatments on Salmonella hadar infection in turkey poults was examined . The three treatments were: (A) a single injection of gentamicin, (B) peroral treatment with anaerobic culture derived from cecal contents of an adult turkey (Nurmi culture), and (C) combination of treatments A and B . Nurmi culture was significantly more effective than gentamicin treatment . Nurmi culture along with gentamicin reduced the number of shedding birds, but a higher proportion of birds became carriers compared with the groups given Nurmi culture only . Gentamicin injection alone did not prevent the spreading of infection in larger groups raised on litter, but it did so in one experimental group raised on wire floor.

Scott Med J . 1985 Jul;30(3):173.
Erythema nodosum following typhoid vaccination; Thomson BJ et al.; Erythema nodosum has recently been recognised in association with salmonella infection (1) . We report a case of classical erythema nodosum which developed following a typhoid vaccination.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1985 Jul, 259(4), 564 - 71
{Development of Salmonella resistance in the Vienna area 1980-1983}; Stur D et al.; During 1982-83 the frequency of single chemoresistant Salmonella isolates declined compared with the period of 1980-81 . This decrease is evident regardless of whether the material is grouped according to serovars or to regions . However, the degree of resistance in multiresistant isolates increased . The frequency of S . saint-paul decreased, but continued to have the highest degree of resistance . In the D1 group there were almost exclusively mono-resistant isolates . 59% of all resistant isolates were resistant to tetracyclin, 47% to streptomycine and 25% to sulfonamides . Sensitive isolates predominate in outbreaks, except for one outbreak of S . enteritidis, which showed a marked percentage of bacteria with reduced sensibility against cephalosporine . The resistance patterns showed considerable variance over the time of observation . All types of resistance appeared much more frequently than expected from calculation of possible gene-bound properties; the only exception was the double resistance to cephalosporine and tetracycline which corresponds with genetic laws.

Can J Comp Med, 1985 Jul, 49(3), 268 - 70
Salmonellae and salmonellosis in captive reptiles; Onderka DK et al.; In a survey of 150 pet reptiles submitted for necropsy, 51% of snakes, 48% of lizards and 7% of turtles were infected with Salmonella . About one third of the positive animals had died due to various manifestations of salmonellosis . Thirty-one Salmonella serotypes were identified including three isolates new to Canada . The public health implications are discussed in view of the restricted popularity of reptiles and their possible infection from domestic agricultural products.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1985 Jul, 19(3), 168 - 70
{Salmonella serotypes isolated in Turkey to the end of 1984}; Aksoycan N; 59 Salmonella serotypes which belong to A, B, C1, C2, C3, D1, E1, E4, F, G1, H, I, M, P, Q and U groups of Kauffmann - White schema were isolated in Turkey until the end of 1984.

Arch Otolaryngol, 1985 Jul, 111(7), 476 - 7
Salmonella dublin neck abscess; Bello EF et al.; Salmonella dublin infection is usually a veterinary disease . However, human outbreaks have occurred, mostly following consumption of contaminated raw milk . Salmonella dublin has a predilection for the immunocompromised host and usually causes a severe illness with fever, diarrhea, and bacteremia.

Am J Pathol, 1985 Jul, 120(1), 79 - 86
Uptake and subcellular localization of bacterial lipopolysaccharide in the adrenal gland; Mathison JC et al.; For determination of the kinetics of uptake and subcellular localization of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from LPS-high density lipoprotein (LPS-HDL) complexes in the adrenal gland, LPS-HDL complexes were isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography of 125I-Salmonella minnesota Re595 LPS that had been incubated with 20 mM EDTA-rabbit plasma . After intravenous injection of LPS-HDL complexes in rabbits, preferential uptake of the LPS was observed in the adrenal, so that by 5 hours, adrenal-tissue-bound LPS concentrations (determined by use of 131I-BSA blood marker) exceeded all other tissues examined, including liver and spleen, by at least three-fold . For determination of the subcellular localization of LPS, cholesterol-rich (lipid droplet) fractions and cholesterol-depleted fractions were obtained by ultracentrifugation of homogenates of adrenal tissue from rabbits killed at various times after injection of LPS-HDL complexes . As much as 40% of the adrenal-tissue-bound LPS was recovered in the cholesterol-rich fraction 2.5-24 hours after injection of LPS-HDL complexes . Electron-microscopic autoradiographic and immunocytochemical analysis of adrenal cortex of animals killed 5 hours after injection of LPS-HDL complexes demonstrated specific localization of LPS in lipid droplets . These data thus provide direct evidence for the uptake of LPS into the adrenal cortex of animals with intravascular LPS-HDL complexes and indicate that further study of the effect of LPS on adrenocortical function is warranted.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1985 Jul, 84(1), 80 - 4
Coagglutination and counter immunoelectrophoresis in the rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever; Shetty NP et al.; The efficacy of two methods--coagglutination (COAG) and counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIE)--in the rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever was studied in parallel with blood and clot cultures on 114 clinically suspected cases . Retrospective analysis showed that only 58 eventually were discharged and had typhoid fever . Antigen detection on their sera was done by both methods, concomitant with antigen detection on culture supernates by CIE . Sera from 50 controls were subjected to both tests . Agglutinating anti-serum being unsatisfactory in the CIE system, anti-serum to the LPS fraction of Salmonella typhi "O" 901 was used in both tests after absorption with Escherichia coli and Salmonella paratyphi A . Analysis of data with reference to retrospectively confirmed typhoid cases show that S . typhi was isolated in 58.6% and 58.3% of blood and clot cultures; antigen detection by CIE in their supernates was 81.1% and 79.2%, respectively . This correlated closely with serum COAG (81.0%) in contrast to serum CIE (5.7%) . Thus, COAG was superior to CIE for serology . However, CIE done on culture supernates precludes such tedious procedures as absorption of staphylococcal agglutinins and the confirmatory blocking test.

J Immunol, 1985 Jul, 135(1), 152 - 7
A role for the spleen in the appearance of IgM in the bile of rats injected intravenously with horse erythrocytes; Jackson GD et al.; The i.v . injection of the particulate antigens horse red blood cells (HRBC) and Salmonella enteritidis into rats results in the appearance of high levels of IgM agglutinating antibody in the serum and bile . This is in contrast to the appearance of specific IgA antibodies in bile after the injection of antigen into the Peyer's patches . At the height of the response, a fivefold to 10-fold increase in total IgM was found in bile, whereas there was no increase in IgA or in total protein levels . The biliary IgM was not associated with secretory component . Studies aimed at revealing the source of the IgM showed that neither immunized nor nonimmunized rats were able to transport 131I-rat IgM, but both groups were equally efficient at transporting 125I-rat IgA . Furthermore, specific anti-HRBC antibody could not be detected in the bile of rats that were injected with a high titer serum, indicating that blood is unlikely to be the source . Splenectomy of rats at the time of the injection of antigen, at 3 days after immunization had abrogated the biliary response, and at 5 days resulted in rapid decline in existing specific antibody level . Involvement of the spleen was additionally implicated when it was shown that injection of animals with immune spleen cells gave rise to specific antibodies in serum and bile . On the basis of these experiments, it is proposed that antigen entering the blood stream can stimulate a population of cells in the spleen that emigrates to the liver, where the cells localize and secrete IgM into bile.

Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol, 1985 Jul-Aug, 136B(1), 49 - 55
{Quantitative determination of bacterial endotoxins by the chromogenic limulus method: critical analysis and study of interactions between 3 divalent cations}; Guyomard S et al.; The reproducibility of the limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) test with the use of a chromogenic substrate was evaluated in the presence of 5 bacterial endotoxins (2 from Escherichia coli, 1 from Salmonella, 1 from Serratia marcescens and 1 from Vibrio cholerae) and the FDA reference endotoxin EC5 . Endotoxins from E . coli 055B5, S . marcescens and V . cholerae were significantly more active than the reference endotoxin (p less than 0.01) . Addition of Mg2+ activated the LAL chromogenic reaction (optimum = 160 mmol/l added), whereas Ca2+ in concentrations above 5 mmol/l inhibited the reaction . As little as 0.3 mmol/l Zn2+ strongly inhibited the reaction . Inhibition by Zn2+ was partly suppressed by addition of 160 mmol/l Mg2+ . These divalent cations modified the LAL chromogenic reaction when added in the first step of the reaction (incubation with endotoxin and LAL reagent) . The LAL chromogenic reaction was not modified by divalent cations when these were added in the second step of the reaction (with the chromogenic substrate).

J Cell Physiol, 1985 Jul, 124(1), 137 - 45
Release of galactosyltransferase from peritoneal macrophages during acute inflammation; Hopper K et al.; Peritoneal cells harvested from mice injected with Salmonella enteritidis or thioglycollate released large amounts of galactosyltransferase (GT), but not sialyltransferase, into their culture supernatants . Maximum release of GT (using ovalbumin as acceptor) occurred from cells harvested 2-4 days after primary injection, but little GT was released from cells elicited by a secondary injection of salmonella or ovalbumin in sensitised mice or during intraperitoneal allogeneic reactions . Enzyme release in culture did not parallel GT levels in serum . Most enzyme was released by large, poorly adherent, macrophage-enriched, Fc receptor-bearing peritoneal cells of low density . Normal monocytes, bone marrow cells, and platelets also produced large amounts, and normal spleen cells or polymorphonuclear leukocytes moderate amounts, of GT . Lymphocytes, dead cells, mast cells, red blood cells, or whole populations of lymph node and thymus cells released very low levels of enzyme . Very little GT was bound to the cell surface and was not passively absorbed from serum or platelets . Release of GT was prevented at 4 degrees C but was not markedly affected by a variety of metabolic inhibitors except pretreatment of the cells with thrombin, which increased release and trypsin which decreased release.

Mutat Res, 1985 Jul, 143(3), 121 - 5
Genotoxicity of fungal metabolites related to aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis; Mori H et al.; The genotoxicity of several anthraquinone compounds metabolically related to aflatoxin B1 was examined by means of the hepatocyte primary culture (HPC)/DNA repair test and the Salmonella microsome mutagenesis test, and compared to versicolorins A and B which are potent mutagenic and genotoxic intermediates of the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway . 6,8-O-Dimethyl-versicolorins A, B and 6-deoxyversicolorin A were found to be strongly mutagenic and genotoxic . Genotoxicity of versicolorin A and 6,8-O-dimethylversicolorin A was stronger than that of versicolorin B and 6,8-O-dimethylversicolorin B, respectively, in the HPC/DNA repair test . Nidurufin and norsolorinic acid, which do not possess a bisfuran ring, exhibited questionable activities for mutagenicity and no genotoxicity . It is suspected that 6,8-O-dimethylversicolorins A, B and 6-deoxyversicolorin A as well as versicolorins A and B are genotoxic carcinogens.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1985 Jul, 28(1), 28 - 32
Treatment of experimental salmonellosis in mice with streptomycin entrapped in liposomes; Tadakuma T et al.; Liposome-entrapped streptomycin (SM) was compared with free SM for therapeutic efficacy against experimental salmonellosis in mice . All of the mice infected with the virulent strain of Salmonella enteritidis 116-54 died between days 5 and 7, and a dose of 20 mg of free SM per kg administered 24 h after the bacterial inoculation did not prolong the survival . In contrast, the same dose of SM entrapped in liposomes prolonged paralleled the dose in the liposomes, and a dose as low as 1.2 mg of SM per kg in liposomes prolonged the survival . The advantage of using liposomes was more pronounced when a larger dose of SM was employed . The liposome-entrapped drug was less toxic than the free drug . A dose of 80 mg of free SM per kg caused convulsions, but the same dose entrapped in liposomes caused no side effects . Furthermore, two doses of liposome-entrapped SM further enhanced the therapeutic effect . The efficacy of the liposome-entrapped drug was still observed in mice infected with a large inoculum of S . enteritidis . A tissue distribution study on SM in various organs demonstrated that liposomal SM was selectively delivered to the spleen and liver with concentrations in these those in mice receiving the free drug . The prolongation of survival was due to suppression of the multiplication of S . enteritidis as demonstrated by viable cell counts in the spleens.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1985 Jul, 59(1), 35 - 40
Collaborative study on the isolation of salmonella from artificially contaminated milk powder; Beckers HJ et al.; The suitability of artificially contaminated milk powder as a substrate for salmonella reference samples and its stability under different storage conditions were studied . The need for a reconstitution step in the standard isolation method for salmonellas from milk powders was also investigated . When milk powder was examined in this way with a reconstitution step, differences in laboratory methods and/or storage times had no significant effect on the results after storage at 4 degrees C . With powder stored at room temperature there was a systematic decrease in the number of samples positive as the storage time increased . It is concluded therefore that milk powder contaminated with salmonellas should be stored at 4 degrees C . Examination of such milk powder with a reconstitution step yielded better results than without it and this step is therefore necessary for improving the reproducibility of the method . No significant differences were encountered between the standard isolation method and that used in the authors' laboratories . The results of this study indicate that milk powder is suitable as basic material for reference samples and that a reconstitution step should be included in the standard salmonella isolation procedure.

Sci Total Environ, 1985 Jul, 44(1), 17 - 33
Mutagenicity of ambient aerosol collected in an urban and industrial area of The Netherlands; de Raat WK et al.; To investigate the influence of the densely populated and heavily industrialized Rijnmond area of The Netherlands on the genotoxicity of the ambient aerosol, aerosol samples were collected at locations within the area, and at a coastal region located upwind . The mutagenicity of extracts of the samples was compared in the Salmonella/microsome test . The dependence of the effects on sampling time and on sampling location was investigated with the aid of a series of simple mathematical models . These models were also used to estimate the increase in mutagenicity above background levels at the sites in the Rijnmond area due to emissions within that area . Application of the models showed that the clear and significant increases are not merely a result of the additions of mutagens emitted, but that possibly interactions between sampling time- and location-dependent factors play a role . Comparison of the results obtained with the different Ames-test variants (different strains, with and without liver homogenate) indicate that the conclusions concerning the time and location dependence of the effect were not dependent on the variant used.

Mutat Res, 1985 Jul, 157(1), 39 - 47
Mutagenic/carcinogenic agents in indoor pollutants; the dinitropyrenes generated by kerosene heaters and fuel gas and liquefied petroleum gas burners; Tokiwa H et al.; Incomplete combustion of kerosene heater, and fuel gas and liquefied petroleum gas-burner emissions produces indoor pollutants that may be carcinogenic . The incomplete-combustion products from each type of appliance were therefore collected by adsorption on about 3 g of XAD-2 resin, and were extracted with benzene-methanol as a solvent for determination and identification of mutagens in the Salmonella-microsome test system . Benzene-methanol extracts of the particulates generated by a heater and two burners showed extreme mutagenicity for strains TA97 and TA98 without S9 mix . Based on the results of analysis, a combination of high performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) and gas chromatography (GC), about 40-80% of the direct-acting mutagenicity in each crude extract showed the same h.p.l.c . and GC retention times as dinitropyrenes (1,3-, 1,6- and 1,8-isomers), and 1-nitropyrene . Moreover, other nitroarenes, 2-nitrofluorene, 1,5- and 1,8-dinitronaphthalene, and 4,4'-dinitrobiphenyl, were detectable in almost all samples, but their contribution to the mutagenicity of each extract was very low . Kerosene heaters were found to generate small amounts (0.2 ng/h) of dinitropyrenes, which are potential mutagens/carcinogens, only after 1 h of operation.

Mutat Res, 1985 Jul, 143(3), 161 - 4
Mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome assay of tobacco condensates formed during pipe smoking; Cerna M et al.; The condensates collected after pipe smoking of a natural tobacco and a cavendish type tobacco, either unwrapped or wrapped in a paper "saver" bag, were tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay with strains TA100 and TA98 . The number of revertants induced with cavendish type tobacco in the presence of metabolic activation (mouse-liver S9) was higher in both strains compared to the natural tobacco . Further increase in the number of revertants (approx . 3 times) was consistently seen when the tobacco was smoked after paper wrapping "savers".

J Infect Dis, 1985 Jul, 152(1), 185 - 9
Salmonella enteritidis bacteremia in childhood; Meadow WL et al.; We have reviewed the clinical course of 32 children with Salmonella enteritidis bacteremia and compared them with 135 children with acute gastroenteritis caused by S . enteritidis at Wyler Children's Hospital over 4.5 years . Analysis of symptoms of infection, the initial laboratory evaluation, the initial impression of the severity of illness, the clinical course, and the eventual outcome showed no differences between children with bacteremia and those with acute gastroenteritis, nor did a comparison between older children (one year of age or older) and younger children, with either bacteremia or acute gastroenteritis, show appreciable differences . We conclude that bacteremia occurring with acute gastroenteritis was clinically elusive and more common than previously recognized . Furthermore, in the absence of documented risk factors, bacteremia occurring with acute gastroenteritis was not associated with any greater morbidity than was acute gastroenteritis occurring alone.

Mutat Res, 1985 Jul, 157(1), 23 - 7
Lack of genetic and in vitro metabolic activity of potently carcinogenic azoxyalkanes; Lijinsky W et al.; 4 carcinogenic azoxyalkanes (azoxymethane, azoxymethane and the 2 mixed methyl-ethyl compounds) were examined for activity in the Salmonella histidine reversion assay and in a lambda-lacZ prophage induction assay . Because azoxyalkanes are isomeric with nitrosodialkylamines, and might be expected to generate the same active intermediates, their biological activity was investigated under conditions which would allow direct comparison with these well-studied carcinogens . However, none of the azoxyalkanes, which are liver carcinogens, showed significant activity in either microbial assay in the presence of liver S9 . In addition, metabolism studies with liver microsomes or hepatocytes indicated that the compounds were metabolized only to a small extent, if at all, under the conditions examined . This inactivity of the azoxyalkanes contrasts with the considerable activity in these assays - and the substantial metabolism - of the isomeric nitrosodialkylamines, also liver carcinogens . These results suggest that the carcinogenic action of azoxyalkanes proceeds through alternative metabolic pathways that are not adequately modeled by the assays and in vitro conditions used here.

Cell, 1985 Jul, 41(3), 781 - 91
Hin-mediated site-specific recombination requires two 26 bp recombination sites and a 60 bp recombinational enhancer; Johnson RC et al.; The alternate expression of flagellin genes in Salmonella is the result of an inversion of a 996 bp segment of chromosomal DNA . We have analyzed the components of this site-specific recombination reaction in an in vitro system derived from E . coli . Efficient Hin-mediated inversion requires the 20,000 MW Hin protein and a proteinase K-sensitive host component . The supercoiled DNA substrate must contain two 26 bp recombination sites in inverted configuration and a 60 bp sequence that increases the rate of recombination over 20-fold . This recombinational enhancer can function at many different locations and consists of at least two noncontiguous sequence domains whose relative orientation, but not precise spacing, with respect to each other is important . Synthetically derived wild-type and mutant recombination sites were constructed to analyze the sequence and structural features that are important within the recombination site.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1985 Jul, (7), 52 - 5
{Use of immunoenzyme analysis for evaluating the specificity of the antibody recognition of the antigenic determinants of Streptococcus group A}; Shikhman AR; Investigations carried out with the use of a CELIA system have revealed that antibodies in the sera of patients with primary erysipelas and antibodies in rabbit antiserum to the ribosomes of group A streptococcus specifically bind with adsorbed streptococcal ribosomes, recognizing the antigenic determinants of streptococcal ribosomes, which differ from those of individual Gram-negative prokaryotes (Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella minnesota) . The modified CELIA system used in this investigation has made it possible to find out that antibodies in the sera of patients with primary erysipelas and antibodies in rabbit ribosomal antiserum bind with different antigenic determinants of the ribosomes of group A streptococcus.

Am J Med, 1985 Jun 28, 78(6B), 65 - 75
Infectious diarrhea . Pathogenesis and risk factors; Cantey JR; Our understanding of the pathogenesis of infectious, especially bacterial, diarrhea has increased dramatically . New etiologic agents, mechanisms, and diseases have become known . For example, Escherichia coli serogroup O157 is now known to cause acute hemorrhagic colitis . Also, E . coli serogroups that produce Shiga toxin are recognized as etiologic agents in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome . The production of bacterial diarrhea has two major facets, bacterial-mucosal interaction and the induction of intestinal fluid loss by enterotoxins . Bacterial-mucosal interaction can be described in stages: (1) adherence to epithelial cell microvilli, which is often promoted by or associated with pili; (2) close adherence (enteroadherence), usually by classic enteropathogenic E . coli, to mucosal epithelial cells lacking microvilli; and (3) mucosal invasion, as with Shigella and Salmonella infections . Further large strides in understanding infectious diarrhea are likely with the cloning of virulence genes if additional host-specific animal pathogens become available for study.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1985 Jun, 181(1-2), 159 - 72
{Microbiological studies of waste from medical practice and household refuse}; Trost M et al.; Microbiological investigations were made during a one year period on refuse from consulting rooms of general practitioners, E.N.T.-specialists, dermatologists, dentists, and veterinarians . Concentrations of total aerobic bacteria, hyphomycetes, yeasts, actinomycetes, indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli, feacal streptococci, anaerobic sulfite reducing spore-forming bacteria), of some facultative pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus), and pathogens (Salmonella sp.) were estimated . The refuse from medical consulting rooms showed definitely differences in microbiological properties . Usually the highest counts of microorganisms were found in the refuse from veterinarian consulting rooms . In generally, refuse from medical consulting rooms had lower microbial counts as compared to the municipal refuse . Feacal indicators and facultative pathogenic bacteria, however, were found more frequently, and usually at higher concentrations in refuse from medical consulting rooms . Salmonella sp . was not found in the refuse samples under test . Conclusively, refuse from medical consulting rooms should be handled with caution . However, the results of this study do not indicate those kinds of refuse as a source of acute hygienic risk.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1985 Jun, 97(6), 1611 - 20
Isolation and biological activities of limulus anticoagulant (anti-LPS factor) which interacts with lipopolysaccharide (LPS); Morita T et al.; Exposure of limulus hemocytes to bacterial endotoxins (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) results in the activation of the intracellular clotting system, consisting of several protein components . During the separation of these components, a potent anticoagulant, named anti-LPS factor, which inhibits the endotoxin-mediated activation of the coagulation cascade, was found in hemocytes from both Tachypleus tridentatus and Limulus polyphemus (Tanaka, S., et al . (1982) Biochem . Biophys . Res . Commun . 105, 717-723) . The principle isolated from the Tachypleus hemocyte lysate by column chromatographies on dextran sulfate-Sepharose CL-6B and Sephadex G-50 under sterile conditions was a simple basic protein with an apparent molecular weight of 15,000 . It consisted of a single chain polypeptide containing a total of 128 amino acids . The COOH-terminal end was presumed to be histidine, but no NH2-terminal end reactive to phenylisothiocyanate was detected . The isolated anti-LPS factor specifically inhibited the endotoxin-mediated activation of factor C, which has recently been identified as an LPS-sensitive serine protease zymogen in the hemocytes . This inhibition appeared to be due to the binding of anti-LPS factor with LPS . Moreover, anti-LPS factor had an antibacterial effect on the growth of Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella minnesota R595 and 1114W) but not on that of Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus 209P) . These biological activities of the isolated anti-LPS factor suggest an important role in cellular defence of limulus against microbial invasion.

J Clin Gastroenterol, 1985 Jun, 7(3), 251 - 5
Salmonella infections complicating inflammatory bowel disease; Szilagyi A et al.; One hundred and five of 267 patients with inflammatory bowel disease at a community hospital had recorded diarrhea, but only one had Salmonella (0.9%) . Two additional patients, one from another institution, are also reported . A literature review disclosed only 37 cases, 18 of which were adequately defined clinically . Patients with IBD may not be at an increased risk for Salmonella infection . Salmonella infection may increase the severity of IBD, and therefore antibiotics may be necessary.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1985 Jun 1, 186(11), 1219 - 20
Ulcerative keratitis associated with Salmonella arizonae infection in a horse; Adamson PJ et al.; Salmonella arizonae 61:1,5, was isolated in pure culture from the eye of a horse with unilateral ulcerative keratitis . The eye responded well to treatment with atropine sulfate and polymyxin B-bacitracin-neomycin ophthalmic ointments . In swab specimens taken after the lesion had healed, Salmonella was not found to be a constituent of the bacterial flora of the horse's eyes.

Jpn J Cancer Res, 1985 Jun, 76(6), 468 - 73
Mutagenic potency of heterocyclic amines in the Drosophila wing spot test and its correlation to carcinogenic potency; Yoo MA et al.; The Drosophila wing spot test is fast and sensitive for detecting somatic mutation and recombination . Nine heterocyclic amines, which had been identified as mutagenic constituents of cooked food by using the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome test system, were orally fed to larvae of the tester strain . All the compounds (Trp-P-1, Trp-P-2, Glu-P-1, Glu-P-2, IQ, MeIQ, MeIQx, AaC, MeAaC) showed mutagenicity in this system . The reported values of carcinogenic potency in the mouse assay for seven of the nine compounds showed an excellent correlation with mutagenic potency values obtained in the Drosophila assay, but not with those obtained in the Salmonella assay, indicating that the Drosophila short-term test is promising for quantitative pre-screening of potential carcinogens.

Cell Biol Toxicol, 1985 Jun, 1(3), 159 - 79
Activities of chlorinated ethane and ethylene compounds in the Salmonella/rat microsome mutagenesis and rat hepatocyte/DNA repair assays under vapor phase exposure conditions; Shimada T et al.; Three chlorinated ethane and ethylene solvent products were examined for their genotoxicity in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenesis and hepatocyte primary culture DNA repair assays using vapor phase exposures . The positive control in this study, monochloroethylene (vinyl chloride), induced reversion mutation of Salmonella tester strains TA100 and TA1535 with enhancement by an exogenous activation system and elicited unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes in culture . Exposures to 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) or 1,1,2-trichloroethylene samples which contained stabilizers resulted in increased recovery of revertant colonies of Salmonella at concentrations causing greater than 96% cell killing . However, these stabilized materials did not induce DNA repair and low-stabilized trichloroethylene did not induce reversion mutation or DNA repair . Exposure of Salmonella tester strains and hepatocytes to highly toxic vapor concentrations of technical grade 1,1,2,2-tetrochloroethylene, low-stabilized and stabilized, increased reversion mutation and elicited DNA repair . Tetrachloroethylene of high purity was not genotoxic . With all of these test products, the presence of an Aroclor-induced rat liver subcellular enzyme preparation in the mutagenesis assay did not have any effect on the results . These observations suggest that stabilizers or unknown impurities normally present at low concentrations in these products are responsible for the positive responses observed at the high exposure concentrations achievable under in vitro test conditions.

Pediatr Emerg Care, 1985 Jun, 1(2), 87 - 9
Salmonella vertebral osteomyelitis and epidural abscess in a child with sickle cell anemia; Gardner RV; A case of Salmonella vertebral osteomyelitis with epidural abscess in a child with sickle cell anemia is presented . Spinal osteomyelitis is a rare event in children . Although osteomyelitis in sickle cell anemia may occur in any bone, it has most often been documented as beginning in the medullary cavity of the long and tubular bones . This is in contrast to the clinical presentation of osteomyelitis in the normal individual, who is likely to have infection beginning in and restricted to the metaphyseal regions of bones . Nonspecific or constitutional symptomatology may obscure the diagnosis of vertebral infection with ensuing cord compression . This case stresses the rapidity of development of paralysis or other neurologic complications, as well as the difficulty and emergent nature of the diagnosis of epidural abscess in this situation.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1985 Jun, (6), 68 - 72
{Structural characteristics of the remote interaction of Shigella and Salmonella with enterocytes of experimental animals}; Koval'chuk VK et al.; The electron-microscopic analysis of the adhesion of Shigella and Salmonella nonfimbriated strains to the surface of enterocytes of laboratory animals in vivo and in vitro has revealed the presence of structural links, whose formation occurs with the participation of the glycocalix of the interacting cells and the extracellular gel.

Mutat Res, 1985 Jun, 156(3), 219 - 28
Effects of nitrilotriacetic acid on the induction of gene mutations and sister-chromatid exchanges by insoluble chromium compounds; Venier P et al.; The influence of nitrilotriacetic acid trisodium salt (NTA) on the mutagenic and clastogenic activity of several water-insoluble or poorly soluble chromium compounds was determined by means of the Salmonella/microsome assay (plate test on TA100 strain) and the sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) test in mammalian cell cultures (CHO line) . NTA in itself did not induce gene mutations nor did it increase the frequency of SCE . Cr(VI) compounds (Pb, Ba, Zn, Sr and Ca chromates) and an industrial Cr(VI) pigment, chromium orange (containing PbCrO4 PbO), were inactive or scarcely active mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test when dissolved in water, but they were increasingly mutagenic when solubilized by 0.5 N NaOH or NTA (10 or 100 mg/ml) . Also, the mutagenic activity of Cr(VI), contaminating an industrial Cr(III) pigment (chromite), was slightly enhanced by NTA . Mutagenicity of chromates was correlated with the amounts of Cr(VI) solubilized by NTA or alkali, as determined by the colorimetric reaction with diphenylcarbazide and atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and was decreased by incubation with microsomes, due to reduction of Cr(VI) to the genetically inactive Cr(III) form . In the SCE assay, the insoluble or poorly soluble Ba, Zn, Sr and Ca chromates and the insoluble Cr(VI) pigments zinc yellow (containing ZnCrO4 Zn(OH2}, chromium yellow and molybdenum orange (both containing PbCrO4) were directly clastogenic due to cellular endocytosis taking place in prolonged treatments, and NTA significantly increased their chromosome-damaging activity.

Mutat Res, 1985 Jun, 156(3), 139 - 46
The Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test: comparison of human and rat livers as activating systems; Beaune P et al.; The mutagenicity of several test compounds was verified by the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test (Ames test), using both human liver and rat liver (untreated or pretreated with Aroclor 1254) S9 under identical experimental conditions . Aflatoxin B1, 3-methylcholanthrene, and cigarette-smoke condensate were less mutagenic in the presence of human-liver S9 than in the presence of rat-liver S9 (particularly after treatment with Aroclor 1254) . The opposite was observed with 2-aminonanthracene and to a lesser degree with 2-aminofluorene; correlation studies indicate that the two compounds were activated by the same or by very similar enzymes, probably cytochrome P-450s . These results clearly indicate that human-liver S9, as an activating system, behaves differently than rat-liver S9; therefore, it may constitute a useful, additional tool for the study of mutagenicity and probably, carcinogenicity in man.

Infect Control, 1985 Jun, 6(6), 221 - 5
Prolonged hospital epidemic of salmonellosis: use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for control; Linnemann CC Jr et al.; The occurrence of a foodborne outbreak of Salmonella drypool, an uncommon serotype, led to the recognition of hospital-acquired cases occurring over a 5-year period . In late 1981, a catered luncheon resulted in an epidemic of S . drypool, and in retrospect, cases were found to have been occurring in hospital patients from 1977 until 1981 . Over the next 4 months, patients, employees, and 50% of the kitchen workers became infected, despite repeated culture surveys of the staff and removal of all infected workers . Food and environmental cultures failed to reveal the source of infection, but infected workers were observed to have multiple negative cultures over several months and then to become positive again . Closing of the kitchen for 2 weeks failed to stop the epidemic . Finally, all kitchen employees, both infected and uninfected, were treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for 2 weeks . After treatment, no new kitchen workers became infected, although two workers who had had positive cultures earlier in the epidemic began to excrete S . drypool again, and the epidemic ended.

Infect Immun, 1985 Jun, 48(3), 776 - 81
Characterization of two different antibody specificities recognizing distinct antigenic determinants in free lipid A of Escherichia coli; Brade L et al.; Antisera were raised in rabbits with acid-treated Re mutant bacteria from Salmonella minnesota and Escherichia coli and tested in a passive hemolysis assay with di- and monophosphorylated free lipid A of E . coli (LipA-Ac and LipA-HCl, respectively) coated onto sheep erythrocytes . Depending on the acid used to prepare the immunogen (acetic versus hydrochloric acid), different antibody specificities were obtained . Antiserum prepared against HCl-treated bacteria was found to react with both antigens to the same extent (i) in the passive hemolysis test, (ii) in the passive hemolysis inhibition test, and (iii) in absorption experiments, suggesting that antibodies in this antiserum recognize an antigenic determinant equally present in LipA-Ac and LipA-HCl . Antiserum raised against acetic acid-treated bacteria reacted with the homologous antigen (LipA-Ac) in the passive hemolysis and passive hemolysis inhibition test as well as in absorption experiments . However, the antiserum failed to react with the heterologous antigen (LipA-HCl) in the hemolysis test and during absorption, whereas in inhibition studies interaction of this antiserum with both antigens was observed . The inhibiting capacity of LipA-Ac was lower compared with that of LipA-HCl, indicating that the antigenic determinant of LipA-Ac is partly expressed by LipA-HCl in solution, but not when fixed on the surface of sheep erythrocytes . The role of glycosidically linked phosphate in lipid A is discussed with respect to antigenicity.

Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Jun, 4(3), 291 - 4
Rapid detection of Vibrio cholerae O:1 by motility inhibition and immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies; Gustafsson B et al.; Monoclonal antibodies against the group and type specific antigens of Vibrio cholerae O:1 lipopolysaccharide were used for the rapid detection of Vibrio cholerae strains by motility inhibition and immunofluorescence . Motility inhibition of live Vibrio cholerae O:1 was obtained with group specific monoclonal antibodies . Monoclonal antibodies against the type specific antigens B (Ogawa) and C (Inaba) inhibited motility of strains of homologous serotypes only . Indirect immunofluorescence of heatfixed bacteria with monoclonal antibodies and fluorescein-isothiocyanate conjugated rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin was also shown to be suitable for the rapid detection of Vibrio cholerae O:1 . Both tests were highly specific and no cross-reactions were observed with strains of non-O:1 vibrios, Escherichia coli or Salmonella spp . tested . However, a weak fluorescence of some Ogawa strains was observed when high concentrations of Inaba specific monoclonal antibodies were used.

Vet Rec, 1985 May 4, 116(18), 485 - 9
Is salmonellosis still a serious problem in veterinary practice?
Wray C.
Salmonella infections of food animals are of concern to both the food industry and to the public health authorities . Salmonellosis is one of the major zoonotic diseases and its impact on veterinary practice may be judged by a number of criteria . Some of these are examined to determine the extent of the problem.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1985 May, (5), 69 - 72
{Antibody avidity indices of the saliva and serum antibodies in salmonellosis patients}; Bunin KV et al.; The avidity characteristics of salivary and serum antibodies have been determined in 179 salmonellosis patients by means of the indirect hemagglutination inhibition test . These investigation have shown that, in contrast to serum antibodies, no changes occur in the avidity of salivary antibodies in the course of the disease . This is due to the fact that secretory antibodies belong to IgA which have no tendency to ripening . The regularities thus established reflect the role of secretory and serum antibodies in the pathogenesis of Salmonella infections.

Leber Magen Darm, 1985 May, 15(3), 117 - 20
{Segmental chlamydia proctitis}; Cremer H et al.; A case report is given of a 28 year old homosexual suffering from segmental proctitis caused by Chlamydia . The patient had watery diarrhea and fever since 3 weeks . Stool specimen testing was negative in regard to Salmonella, Shigella and worm eggs . Infection with N . gonorrhoea, Herpes simplex virus, Toxoplasma gondi, Yersinia and M . tuberculosis could be excluded . Serological testing yielded results suggestive of an old lues infection successfully treated . On histological examination typical reticulocytary suppurating granuloma were found . Therapy of choice of Chlamydia-proctitis is tetracyclines.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1985 May, 49(5), 1276 - 81
Salmonella infections in a marsupial, the quokka (Setonix brachyurus), in relation to seasonal changes in condition and environmental stress; Hart RP et al.; An unusual abundance of Salmonella infections was studied in an island population of a wild marsupial, the quokka (Setonix brachyurus), which experiences starvation in summer associated with significant mortality . The frequency of infections was found to vary seasonally over most parts of the island, with high infection rates (70 to 100%) in summer and low infection rates (0 to 30%) in winter . In some samples, there was an average of as many as two isolations per animal, and up to five isolations were made from a single animal . By the end of summer, virtually all animals excreted Salmonella spp., with a median rate of excretion of approximately 3,000 Salmonella organisms per g of feces . The seasonal changes occurred over intervals of only weeks . The infections are believed to be associated with disruption of the digestive physiology of the animals caused by the poor quality of feed available in summer . This conclusion was supported by a quantitative study of the infections and by a field manipulation experiment which delayed the initiation of the infections as long as a food supplement was available . The proliferation of Salmonella spp . is discussed in terms of the ecology of the quokka and of the use of Salmonella spp . as indicators of environmental stress acting on the animals.

Acta Paediatr Scand, 1985 May, 74(3), 338 - 41
Studies of human milk . II . Concentration of antibodies against Salmonella and Shigella in milk of women from different populations and the daily intake by their breast-fed infants; Cruz JR et al.; The concentration in human milk of IgA antibodies against six Salmonella and two Shigella groups were determined in specimens obtained from Swedish and Guatemalan nursing mothers of three different socioeconomic levels . The daily intakes of milk antibodies by their children were also estimated . The results show that the concentrations of specific IgA antibodies in milk vary among the different population groups . There is, however, no difference in daily intake of specific IgA by the children.

Poult Sci, 1985 May, 64(5), 882 - 90
Incidence and in vitro acquisition of transferable drug resistance in Salmonella arizonae; Gast RK et al.; Fifty-eight cultures of Salmonella arizonae isolated in 1983 from poultry sources and 21 cultures isolated in 1972 to 1974 were screened for resistance to nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, triple sulfa, ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, and kanamycin by the standardized disc susceptibility method . Sensitivity to all seven drugs was observed in 51% of the cultures tested (76% of the older cultures and 41% of the recent isolates) . Resistance to two or more drugs was observed in 36% of the cultures tested (14% of the older cultures and 43% of the newer ones) . The highest incidence of resistance was to streptomycin . Salmonella arizonae cultures sensitive to all seven drugs were tested for the ability conjugatively to acquire kanamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin resistance determinants from a multiply resistant strain of Escherichia coli K12NA . Complete or intermediate resistance to all antibiotics was transferred to 93% of the sensitive cultures at 41 C and 85% at 28 C . Kanamycin resistance was transferred most frequently, and ampicillin resistance least frequently.

Gut, 1985 May, 26(5), 491 - 4
Gastric acid secretion in patients with typhoid fever; Bhalla S et al.; Gastric secretory studies were carried out in the following groups of patients: group A, 30 Salmonella typhi positive enteric patients, group B, 15 non-enteric fever patients and group C, 20 healthy controls . Patients with typhoid were divided into two subgroups on the basis of the severity of the disease: group A1 (17) consisted of uncomplicated cases of enteric fever and group A2 (13) comprised of those who had associated complications . During convalescence both groups of typhoid patients showed significantly lower basal acid output (BAO) and maximal acid output (MAO) levels compared with controls and patients with non-enteric fever . Patients in group A2 had significantly lower MAO levels compared with group A1 but the BAO levels showed no such difference . In contrast BAO and MAO levels during convalescence in patients with non-enteric fever were similar to those in the control group . After two months, there was a significant increase in both the BAO and MAO levels in groups A1 and A2 . The levels in group A2, however, remained significantly lower compared with group A1, controls and patients with non-enteric fever . Histologically, the gastric mucosa did not show any significant abnormality in either group of typhoid patients . The results suggest that depressed gastric secretion is the result of enteric infection and is related to the severity of the disease process.

Genetics, 1985 May, 110(1), 1 - 16
Mutations that improve the ant promoter of Salmonella phage P22; Grana D et al.; Mutations that increase the activity of the promoter for the antirepressor gene of phage P22 were isolated by pseudoreversion of four severe promoter-down mutations . The sequence changes in these pseudorevertants include single base pair substitutions, single base pair deletions, tandem double base pair deletions and multisite mutations . The single base pair substitutions change nonconsensus base pairs to consensus base pairs at positions -14 and -8 . The other mutations provide support for the idea that the length of the spacer region between the conserved -35 and -10 hexamers is an important determinant of promoter strength . Deletions of one or two base pairs in the spacer region apparently activate an alternate -10 hexamer by shifting it from a spacing of 19 base pairs to a spacing of 18 or 17 base pairs, respectively.

Infect Immun, 1985 May, 48(2), 298 - 302
Effect of genetic modification of antibody responsiveness on resistance to Toxoplasma gondii infection; Siqueira M et al.; Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii infection was studied in the high (H/f) and low (L/f) antibody responder lines of mice that were selected on the basis of quantitative antibody responsiveness to the flagellar antigen of Salmonella (selection III) . No interline difference was observed in resistance to a highly virulent strain of T . gondii . In contrast, H/f mice were much more resistant than L/f mice to a moderately virulent strain of T . gondii: a 5000-fold difference in terms of the 50% lethal dose was found . The degree of resistance in (H/f X L/f)F1 hybrids was intermediate compared with that in parental lines for both mortality and survival time . The antibody titers to Toxoplasma antigens measured during the course of the infection were significantly higher in H/f than in L/f mice . This interline difference was underestimated because parasite multiplication occurs faster in L/f mice, which increases antigenic stimulation . The stronger resistance of H/f mice is probably due to their higher capacity of antibody production in the course of infection.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1985 May, 49(5), 1124 - 7
Direct immunoassay for detection of salmonellae in foods and feeds; Anderson JM et al.; A direct enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with polyclonal antibodies was developed for detecting salmonellae in foods and feeds . Salmonella cells were attached firmly to the wells of polystyrene microtitration plates with a capture-antibody technique . Spicer-Edwards anti-H immunoglobulin G was bound to protein A-beta-D-galactosidase to serve as the signal; 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactoside was used as the substrate . The sensitivity threshold was 10(7) cells per ml . Direct EIA, indirect EIA, and pure-culture techniques were compared by using 48 samples of naturally contaminated foods and feeds . The direct EIA was more sensitive than the indirect EIA or pure-culture technique . Food samples were analyzed within 3 working days, and 32 samples were tested simultaneously in a single 96-well microtitration plate . False-positive or false-negative results did not pose a problem . This direct EIA is sensitive, rapid, and amenable to automation.

Mutat Res, 1985 May, 153(3), 79 - 134
Assembly and preliminary analysis of a genotoxicity data base for predicting carcinogens; Palajda M et al.; With a view to developing methodologies for predicting the carcinogenicity of chemicals on the basis of the results of short-term assays and selecting highly predictive batteries of short-term tests, a data base was assembled . The present is a compilation of data extracted from the reports of Gene-Tox working groups, Salmonella mutagenicity data obtained from the U.S . National Toxicology Program and the Environmental Mutagen Information Center and results from BHK21 transformation assays.

Infect Immun, 1985 May, 48(2), 355 - 8
Comparison of the capacity of two lipid A precursor molecules to express the local Shwartzman phenomenon; Galanos C et al.; It has been shown recently that a Salmonella lipid A precursor molecule (Ia) and its synthetic counterpart are inactive in expressing the local Shwartzman reaction in both homologous and heterologous systems in combination with lipid A . Precursor Ia contains a bisphosphoryl-beta-1,6-glucosamine disaccharide substituted by 4 mol of (D)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl residues . Escherichia coli lipid A, on the other hand, which contains two additional non-hydroxylated acyl residues in the form of two 3-acyloxyacyl units, is highly active . We have recently isolated a lipid A precursor molecule (Ib) with the same basic structure as precursor Ia, which contains, however, one additional non-hydroxylated (hexadecanoic) fatty acid forming one 3-acyloxyacyl residue . A comparison of precursor Ia and Ib in homologous and cross-reacting Shwartzman systems confirmed that precursor Ia completely lacked the capacity to prepare the skin for, or to elicit, the Shwartzman reaction . In contrast, precursor Ib was strongly active in inducing the local Shwartzman reaction both when administered intradermally as a preparatory agent and when administered intravenously as a provocatory agent . The results indicate that the additional presence of at least one fatty acid either as such or as an acyloxyacyl residue (as in precursor Ib) is a prerequisite for the ability of the molecule to induce the local Shwartzman phenomenon.

Br J Rheumatol, 1985 May, 24(2), 194 - 6
Reactive arthritis due to Salmonella schwarzengrund in a patient with asymptomatic spondylitis; Golding DN et al.; Reactive arthritis following enteric infection with Salmonella schwarzengrund, a species not previously described in association with this condition, occurred in a 51-year-old man with bilateral sacro-iliitis.

Plasmid, 1985 May, 13(3), 163 - 72
R1767, an example of the evolution of resistance plasmids; Nies BA et al.; The Salmonella R-factor system R1767 undergoes frequent rearrangement of its plasmid components . The flux of genetic material within this plasmid system depends on a combination of illegitimate and homologous recombination . The presence of several copies of IS160 and two multiresistance transposons, Tn2410 and Tn2411, are substantial reasons for the observed variations.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1985 Apr 30, 128(2), 607 - 12
In vitro antigenic reactivity of synthetic lipid A analogues as determined by monoclonal and conventional antibodies; Kasai N et al.; Cross-reactivities of synthetic lipid A analogues with monoclonal and conventional antibodies against Salmonella lipid A were studied . It was shown that the in vitro antigenicity of a synthetic compound 506, beta-(1----6) D-glucosamine disaccharide 1,4'-bisphosphate, which is acylated at 2'-amino and 3'-hydroxyl groups with (R)-3-dodecanoyloxytetradecanoyl and (R)-3-tetradecanoyloxytetradecanoyl groups, respectively, and has (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl groups at 2-amino and 3-hydroxyl groups, was practically indistinguishable from that of the natural E . coli lipid A preparation, and that both phosphates in positions 1 and 4' as well as ester- and amide-linked fatty acyl residues, particularly 3-acyloxyacyl group, of the glucosamine disaccharide are involved in the cross-reactivity of lipid A as important antigenic determinants.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1985 Apr 26, 815(1), 1 - 8
Effect of bacterial endotoxin on the transmembrane electrical potential and plasma membrane fluidity of human monocytes; Larsen NE et al.; In order to gain insight into the physical interaction between bacterial endotoxins and the surface of human monocytes, we investigated the effects of Salmonella typhi endotoxin and lipid A on two functional properties of the plasma membrane of these cells: (1) the transmembrane electrical potential and (2) the fluidity of the lipid bilayer . Using the fluorescent lipophilic cationic probe 3,3'-dipropylthiodicarbocyanine (di-S-C3(5} to monitor the transmembrane electrical potential, we found that neither endotoxin nor lipid A induced depolarization of the monocyte's plasma membrane or impeded its ability to undergo depolarization in response to phorbol myristate acetate . When the resting transmembrane potential of the monocyte was analyzed by exposing di-S-C3(5)-labeled cells suspended in media containing incremental concentrations of potassium ion (K+) to valinomycin, no difference between the response of control cells and cells pretreated with endotoxin was noted . We next examined the effect of endotoxin and lipid A on the fluidity of the monocyte's plasma membrane by monitoring the intensity of the fluorescence of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene . By quantifying the intensity of parallel and perpendicular polarized light emitted by this membrane-embedded probe between 8 and 56 degrees C, measurements of molecular anisotropy were used to identify temperature-dependent phase transitions within the hydrocarbon region of the plasma membrane and to estimate the relative microviscosity of the lipid bilayer before and after exposing the cells to endotoxin or lipid A . Although the temperature at which phase transitions occurred was the same in all experimental groups of cells, preincubation of monocytes with either endotoxin or lipid A appeared to increase both the apparent microviscosity of the cell membrane and the order of the lipid bilayer as reflected by a decrease in its flow-activation energy . Our data indicate that when endotoxin molecules contact the surface of the monocyte, the lipid A moiety appears to become incorporated into the plasma membrane, increasing the microviscosity of the lipid bilayer without significantly altering its ionic permeability . We therefore conclude that the metabolic activation of monocytes by endotoxin is not coupled to, or initiated by, membrane depolarization.

Vet Rec, 1985 Apr 6, 116(14), 364 - 5
Failure of drinking water sanitisation to reduce the incidence of natural salmonella in broiler chickens; Al-Chalaby ZA et al.; The addition of a sanitiser, containing a mixture of organic acids and other approved additives, to water offered to broiler chickens was effective in eliminating salmonella from the drinking water . However, it failed to influence salmonella carriage by the chickens which were still shedding salmonella at market age (seven weeks old).

Vet Rec, 1985 Apr 6, 116(14), 361 - 4
Natural subclinical salmonella infection in chickens: a potential model for testing the effects of various procedures on salmonella shedding; Linton AH et al.; The influence of growth additives on the duration of salmonella shedding has been variously reported . The different conclusions reached were mainly because of the different experimental systems used . In this paper a naturally infected chicken model for evaluating this problem is described . It simulates commercial conditions and proved to be reproducible in 13 groups, each of 125 birds, over a two-year period.

Pediatrie, 1985 Apr-May, 40(3), 223 - 7
{Salmonella panama responsible for meningitis secondary to febrile gastroenteritis in a 3-month-old infant}; Talon P et al.; The authors report a case of meningitis following enteritis due to Salmonella Panama (group D) . The severity of Salmonella infection is especially correlated with hematogenous dissemination, through a transitory lack of intestinal immunity . The limited efficacy of antibiotics in salmonellosis is responsible for an ambiguous preventive attitude towards salmonella meningitis.

Jikken Dobutsu, 1985 Apr, 34(2), 197 - 201
{Occurrence of sick animals in conventional guinea pigs obtained from commercial breeders during 1964 to 1982}; Muto T et al.; A quarantine was performed on conventional Hartley guinea pigs free from Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Bordetella bronchiseptica and Salmonella spp., but infected with Eimeria caviae, which were purchased from twenty-five commercial breeders by the National Institute of Health . Physical examinations revealed an incidence of 0.88 per cent or 1,461 sick animals in 166, 050 guinea pigs quarantined during the period 1964 to 1982 . The result obtained showed the following significant differences between the periods 1964 to 1971 and 1972 to 1982: Annual incidence of sick animals in the period 1972 to 1982 increased twice as many as 0.56 to 0.81 per cent during the 1964 to 1971, and monthly incidence showed bimodal occurrence at April and October in the former period but continual occurrence from November to April in the latter period . Major clinical signs in the former period were death and diarrhea, which occurred usually within a week after arrival of the guinea pigs at our institute and caused significant decrease of body weight, but those in the latter period were retarded growth and weakness which became detectable during 1-3 weeks after arrival of the animals . Discussions were made on possible reasons concerning the differences in incidence of sick animals during the two periods.

Can J Comp Med, 1985 Apr, 49(2), 125 - 8
Antibiotic susceptibilities of Salmonella species isolated at a large animal veterinary medical center: a three year study; Benson CE et al.; The antibiograms of 408 Salmonella species isolated from large animals were collected during a three year study from 1981 through 1983 . The predominant Salmonella serogroup among these isolates was group B . A consistently high percentage of all isolates were resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline . A pattern of increasing resistance to chloramphenicol and gentamicin was documented for serogroup B isolates while the susceptibility of the isolates to neomycin increased . There was a decrease in the incidence of susceptibility to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim among the group E isolates . These changes were not as remarkable, nor as alarming, as the overall decreased susceptibility to chloramphenicol and gentamicin . An evaluation of the principles concerning use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine for treatment of Salmonella infections is recommended.

Br Poult Sci, 1985 Apr, 26(2), 179 - 86
Relationship between serotypes of Salmonellae from hatcheries and rearing farms and those from processed poultry carcases; Lahellec C et al.; The influence of the hatchery and the poultry farm on the contamination of poultry carcases by Salmonella species has been studied by examining samples from different stages of production . The incidence of Salmonella serotypes in the hatchery varied considerably in different broiler flocks and decreased from the beginning to the end of the rearing period . Serotypes originating in the hatchery were less important in the final product than those present in the house, or those introduced into the house by vectors during rearing.

Biokhimiia, 1985 Apr, 50(4), 673 - 9
{R-factor from the natural strain of Salmonella derby carrying a DNA-polymerase gene}; Sarkisian NN et al.; A R-factor which determines multiple stability to antibiotics (Cm, Pn, Sm) was found in a Salmonella derby strain isolated from the clinical material . The plasmid was eliminated by treatment with ethidium bromide; the DNA-polymerase activity in the antibiotic-sensitive derivatives measured under conditions optimal for DNA-polymerase I from E . coli was found to be decreased 10-50-fold . Plasmid DNA of S . derby K89 was fractionated by electrophoresis in agarose gel; individual zones I-IV were obtained, using a preparative technique . Upon transformation of S . derby K82 pol- cells, only plasmid DNA in zone II (designed as pSD Cm pol) gave Cm-resistant transformants, in which the DNA-polymerase activity decreased to the normal level . The experimental results pont to the binding of the DNA-polymerase gene to the S . derby plasmid.

Vet Res Commun, 1985 Apr, 9(2), 147 - 52
Lack of mutagenicity of fasciolicides; Yoshimura H et al.; Six fasciolicides, bithionol, bromofenofos, DS-6, nitroxynil, oxyclozanide and tribromsalan, were tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella reverse mutation test using S . typhimurium tester strains TA100, TA98, TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538 and the micronucleus test in mice . None of the fasciolicides increased the number of revertant colonies in any tester strain in the presence and absence of S9 mix, nor did they induce a significant increase of the micronuclei in erythrocytes . Taking the high correlation between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity into consideration, these results suggest that the fasciolicides tested in this investigation are devoid of carcinogenic action.

Poult Sci, 1985 Apr, 64(4), 646 - 52
The frequency of salmonellae on duck eggs; Baker RC et al.; Total plate counts on washed duck eggs from a breeder farm on Long Island were less than 30/shell during the winter (January to February) of 1982 . Clean unwashed eggs had counts less than 9 X 10(1)/shell, whereas dirty unwashed eggs had counts as high as 9 X 10(5)/shell . Our results showed that washing with a chlorine sanitizer (under commercial conditions) was highly effective in reducing surface bacterial counts on egg shells . Prolonged storage reduced bacterial counts on clean eggs, but it did not significantly affect loads on dirty eggs . No salmonellae could be detected on shells or in the magma of all eggs examined . In a second trial (March 1982) bacterial loads on washed and clean duck eggs from six different breeder farms were low, ranging from too few to count to 10(2)/shell . A higher proportion of dirty eggs were heavily contaminated with counts ranging from 10(5) to 10(6)/shell, but no salmonellae were detected either on shells or in magma . In the third trial (May 1982) bacterial determinations on eggs from breeder ducks that were not confined followed the pattern of the second trial . However, in this trial Salmonella enteritidis was detected on dirty egg shells in four of six farms . In a fourth trial (May 1983), bacterial loads on washed and nest-clean eggs from the same breeder farms (not confined) ranged between 10(2) to 10(3)/shell and 10(2) to 10(4)/shell, respectively . S . enteritidis and S . badar were recovered from washed, nest clean, and dirty eggs in two of six farms . We conclude that proper egg washing and confinement of duck breeders should minimize the problem of salmonellosis in ducklings.

Lab Anim, 1985 Apr, 19(2), 148 - 151
Salmonella ochiogu: experimental infection of laboratory rats (Rattus rattus); Onyekaba CO; Oral infection of experimental rats with 10(8) colony forming units of Salmonella ochiogu resulted in clinical salmonellosis in 42 of 98 (43%) rats and a carrier state in 56 of 98 (57%) . Infection was characterized by septicaemia, pneumonia and loss of condition . Organisms were shed in faeces on the first day after infection and cultures of most visceral organs revealed good systemic dissemination of the serotype, which was pathogenic to experimental rats.

J Trauma, 1985 Apr, 25(4), 366 - 8
Pathologic rupture of the spleen due to Salmonella dublin infection; Rest JG et al.; A case of Salmonella dublin infection presenting as pathologic rupture of the spleen is reported . Because the incidence of salmonellosis is increasing, the importance of operative and tissue cultures in cases with subcapsular splenic hemorrhage and splenic rupture is stressed . Cephalosporins will be ineffective in salmonellosis, which should be treated with chloramphenicol, ampicillin, or sulfamethoxizole-trimethoprim.

J Bacteriol, 1985 Apr, 162(1), 9 - 20
High state of order of isolated bacterial lipopolysaccharide and its possible contribution to the permeation barrier property of the outer membrane; Labischinski H et al.; The conformational properties of the isolated S form of Salmonella sp . lipopolysaccharide (LPS), of Re mutant LPS, and of free lipid A were investigated by using X-ray diffraction and conformational energy calculations . The data obtained showed that LPS in a dried, in a hydrated, and probably also in an aqueous dispersion state is capable of forming bilayered lamellar arrangements similar to phospholipids . From the bilayer packing periodicities, a geometrical model of the extensions of the LPS regions lipid A, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid, and O-specific chain along the membrane normal could be calculated . Furthermore, the lipid A component was found to assume a remarkably high ordered conformation: its fatty acid chains were tightly packed in a dense hexagonal lattice with a center-to-center distance of 0.49 nm . The hydrophilic backbone of lipid A showed a strong tendency to form domains in the membrane, resulting in a more or less parallel arrangement of lipid A units . According to model calculations, the hydrophilic backbone of lipid A appears to be oriented approximately 45 degrees to the membrane surface, which would lead to a shed roof-like appearance of the surface structure in the indentations of which the 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid moiety would fit . In contrast, the O-specific chains assume a low ordered, heavily coiled conformation . Comparison of these structural properties with those known for natural phospholipids in biological membranes indicates that the high state of order of the lipid A portion of LPS might be an important factor in the structural role and permeation barrier functions of LPS in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.

Infect Immun, 1985 Apr, 48(1), 175 - 82
Epidemiology of virulence-associated plasmids and outer membrane protein patterns within seven common Salmonella serotypes; Helmuth R et al.; Antibiotic-sensitive Salmonella isolates belonging to seven common serotypes and originating from 29 different countries from all continents were investigated for their plasmid DNA content (337 isolates) and their outer membrane protein profiles (216 isolates) . Of the S . typhimurium, S . enteritidis, S . dublin, and S . choleraesuis isolates, 90% or more carried a serotype-specific plasmid . The molecular sizes of the plasmids were 60 megadaltons (Md) for S . typhimurium, 37 Md for S . enteritidis, 56 Md for S . dublin, and 30 Md for S . choleraesuis . The outer membrane protein profiles were homogeneous within each of the seven serotypes, except that a minority of S . enteritidis and S . dublin strains were lacking one major outer membrane protein . Virulence studies were performed with 39 representative strains by measuring the 50% lethal doses (LD50S) after oral infection of mice . The LD50 values obtained for plasmid-positive strains of S . typhimurium, S . enteritidis, and S . dublin were up to 10(6)-fold lower than the values obtained for the plasmid-free strains of the same serotype . Only the plasmid-positive strains could invade the livers of orally infected mice, and only they were resistant to the bactericidal activity of 90% guinea pig serum . Strains of S . infantis were generally plasmid free, whereas S . panama and S . heidelberg isolates carried heterogeneous plasmid populations . The virulence properties of the latter three serotypes could not be correlated with the predominant plasmids found in these strains.

Cancer Res, 1985 Apr, 45(4), 1621 - 7
Effect of bile salts on rates of formation, accumulation, and export of mutagenic metabolites from benzo(a)pyrene produced by the perfused rat liver; Kari FW et al.; The effect of sodium taurocholate on the biliary export of stable mutagenic phenolic glucuronide metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene from livers of corn oil- or 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats was studied using a nonrecirculating perfusion system . Sterile bile samples were collected every 4 min and assayed for mutagens using the Ames Salmonella (Ta 98) test without addition of microsomes but containing beta-glucuronidase . Rates of export of mutagens produced from benzo(a)pyrene (20 microM) into the bile were stimulated 5-fold by the bile salt sodium taurocholate, concomitant with a 2- to 3-fold increase in bile flow . Steady-state rates of 60 and 90 revertants/g/h were observed in bile when 20 microM benzo(a)pyrene was infused into livers from corn oil or 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats, respectively . These rates of efflux were increased to 250 and 550 revertants/g/h by the addition of taurocholate . Rates of production of mutagenic phenolic metabolites which account for the mutagenic activity were determined by adding rates of efflux into bile and effluent perfusate with rates of accumulation of metabolites in the cell . In livers from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats, rates (8 min) of benzo(a)pyrene phenol formation averaged 300 nmol/g/h during the initial 20 min of perfusion but increased to 450 nmol/g/h after 1 h . The addition of taurocholate increased maximal rates of phenol efflux in the bile from 6 to 148 nmol/g/h and decreased rates of phenol accumulation in intracellular stores from 342 to 220 . Rates of efflux into the vena cava effluent averaged 120 nmol/g/h and were not affected by taurocholate . Infusion of dehydrotaurocholate increased the appearance of metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene in the effluent perfusate but did not change rates of efflux into bile . Taurocholate doubled rates of output of phenolic metabolites into the effluent perfusate when bile flow was arrested by perfusion with calcium-free buffer . Thus, mutagenic glucuronides from benzo(a)pyrene phenols accumulated in hepatocytes much faster than rates at which they were exported . Total rates of production of phenolic glucuronides by the liver were not affected by bile salts; however, taurocholate stimulated their export into bile, while dehydrotaurocholate increased their concentration in the effluent perfusate . Both salts probably act by displacing metabolites from intracellular binding sites.

Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1985 Apr, 4(2), 180 - 5
Protection against fatal Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis by immunization with smooth and rough lipopolysaccharides; Cryz SJ Jr et al.; The protective capacity of various native and mutant lipopolysaccharide antigens against fatal Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn wound sepsis was evaluated . Immunization with O-polysaccharide-deficient lipopolysaccharides derived from Escherichia coli J5 or Salmonella typhi Ty 21a afforded substantial protection against only one of five Pseudomonas aeruginosa challenge strains of various serotypes . Immunization with both lipopolysaccharide antigens evoked antibody of the immunoglobulin G class which recognized lipopolysaccharide isolated from the challenge strain against which protection was noted . This was not seen for the remaining four challenge strains . Attempts to demonstrate cross-serotype protection using O-antigen-deficient and core-deficient Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide antigens was, for the most part, unsuccessful . In contrast, high levels of protection against all six serotypes of challenge strains were seen following immunization with homologous lipopolysaccharide.

Mutat Res, 1985 Apr-May, 156(1-2), 1 - 18
An assessment of the in vivo rat hepatocyte DNA-repair assay; Ashby J et al.; The in vivo rat hepatocyte autoradiographic assay for unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) described by Mirsalis et al, and its in vitro counterpart described earlier by Williams have been employed by us for 4 years . Our experience is that the in vivo assay performs as described in the literature . We have therefore concentrated in this initial paper on the key practical factors we have found to govern the assay sensitivity and reproducibility . This has been achieved by a discussion of the assay performance with two potent rat hepatocarcinogens {the novel azo compound 6-dimethylaminophenylazobenzthiazole (6BT) and the reference agent 2-acetylaminofluorene (2AAF)} and a non-carcinogen of similar structure to 6BT {5-dimethylaminophenylazoindazole (51)} . Assay responses were compared with the effect of these chemicals in the Salmonella mutation assay . We conclude that the in vivo liver UDS assay has a critical role to play as a complement to rodent bone marrow cytogenic assays when conducting assessment studies on agents defined as genotoxic in vitro . However, the in vivo assay is resource-consuming and false results could consequently arise due to incomplete evaluations . Methods to counteract this danger are discussed and criteria for assessing weak UDS responses are suggested.

Carcinogenesis, 1985 Apr, 6(4), 611 - 5
Use of an in vivo/in vitro rat liver DNA repair assay to predict the relative rodent hepatocarcinogenic potency of 3 new azo mutagens; Beije B et al.; The in vivo/in vitro rat liver DNA repair assay described by Mirsalis and Butterworth has been employed to compare the relative genotoxicity to the rat liver of three mutagenic analogues of the potent rat hepatocarcinogen 6-dimethylamino-phenylazobenzthiazole (6BT) . The compounds evaluated were 6BT, its monomethyl analogue (6-monomethylamino-phenylazobenzthiazole; MA6BT), an analogue in which the -NMe2 group of 6BT is replaced by a piperidinyl group (6-{4-N-piperidinylphenyl}azobenzene; 6PT) and the N-cyanoethyl analogue of MA6BT (6-{p-(N-beta-cyanoethyl-N-methylamino)-phenylazo}benzthiazole; CNEt6BT) . The order of relative carcinogenic potency predicted by the Salmonella mutation data was CNEt6BT much greater than MA6BT = 6BT much greater than 6PT . In contrast, that inferred from the in vivo liver DNA repair data was MA6BT greater than 6BT much greater than CNEt6BT much greater than 6PT . This divergence of predictions is discussed in terms of the differing solution properties of the four test chemicals.

Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 1985 Apr, 1(1), 151 - 68
Gastrointestinal diseases of foals; Palmer JE; Few foals escape gastrointestinal disease during the first weeks of life . Diarrhea is an extremely common problem; fortunately, however, it is usually mild and self-limiting . When it is not, the underlying cause is often an infectious agent, such as rotavirus or Salmonella spp . Our understanding of many of the infectious agents causing neonatal diarrhea is far from complete . Gastric and duodenal ulcers are a less common disease of neonatal foals . There has been an apparent increase in the incidence of ulcer disease in foals during the past few years . The most effective way of decreasing serious gastrointestinal disease in foals is through the use of good management practices . Environmental and dietary stress must be minimized, and good hygienic practices should be followed . Unfortunately, the needs of the neonate are often ignored, while attention is focused on the mare during the breeding season.

Chir Ital, 1985 Apr, 37(2), 219 - 23
{A case of osteomyelitis caused by salmonella in a subject with thalassemia-drepanocytosis}; Borsotti C et al.; The authors show a case of osteomyelitis due to salmonella, they had the opportunity to observe in a patient suffering from thalassemia and sickle-cells disease in heterozygote from . They describe all the clinical and instrumental ascertainments performed and the surgical treatment effected at level of the osteomyelitic focus with subsequent recovery.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {B}, 1985 Apr, 93(2), 139 - 43
Interaction between human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) and bacteria cultivated in aerobic and anaerobic conditions; Maluszynska GM et al.; A study was performed on one strain of Escherichia coli (E . coli K12D22) and on one strain of Salmonella braenderup (S . braenderup S2828) . The physico-chemical surface properties of the bacteria were strongly influenced by oxygen supply, viz . anaerobic growth conditions resulted in increasing of hydrophobicity . Interaction between human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and bacteria, measured as chemiluminescence, was more efficient when bacteria had been cultivated anaerobically than when cultivated aerobically . The results show the importance of the surface hydrophobicity of bacteria in interaction with PMNL, and the role of the growth conditions of bacteria in that process.

Mutat Res, 1985 Apr-May, 156(1-2), 19 - 32
Chloracetamide-N-metholol: an example of an in vitro and in vivo clastogen which is non-mutagenic to Salmonella; Ashby J et al.; The industrial biocide chloracetamide-N-metholol (CAM) has been shown to be non-mutagenic to 6 strains of Salmonella using both the plate-incorporation and a pre-incubation test protocol . Its biocidal activity is unlikely to have influenced these results since Kathon 886, a more potent biocide, was concomitantly detected as mutagenic to strain TA100 . In contrast, CAM was weakly clastogenic to human lymphocytes cultured in vitro and elicited a positive response in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test when assayed using the intraperitoneal, but not the oral route of administration . A positive response was concomitantly observed for the rodent carcinogen and formaldehyde-releasing agent hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) in these 2 clastogenicity assays . Data are presented showing the slow hydrolysis of CAM to formaldehyde in vitro, and both {carbonyl-14C}CAM and {metholol-14C}CAM have been shown to interact covalently with calf-thymus DNA in vitro . It is concluded that CAM may be a direct-acting carcinogen to rodents, but that both the qualitative and quantitative outcome of its bioassay for carcinogenicity will be influenced critically by the bioassay protocol adopted; in particular, by the route of administration selected . These findings emphasize the need to complement the Salmonella gene-mutation assay with an in vitro assay for the induction of chromosomal aberrations if in vivo genotoxins are to be detected efficiently in vitro.

J Appl Toxicol, 1985 Apr, 5(2), 49 - 52
Pre-clinical toxicology of nitazoxanide--a new antiparasitic compound; Murphy JR et al.; The acute and subchronic toxicological effects of nitazoxanide were investigated at levels near and in excess of the therapeutic dose in rats, mice, dogs and cats . Single oral gavage doses of 0.625-10 g per kg body weight were administered to rats and mice . Single oral doses of 1-10 g per kg body weight were administered in capsules to dogs and cats . Acute oral LD50 values were greater than 10 g kg-1 in rats, dogs and cats, and 1.4 g kg-1 in mice . Systemic toxicity was evaluated in a repeated dose study in rats at doses of 50, 150 and 450 mg per kg per day for 14 weeks . The highest dose group exhibited intense salivation, increased liver and spleen weight, and decreased thymus weights . Variances between control and treated organ weights were not confirmed by histopathological evaluation . Nitazoxanide was negative when tested in the Ames Salmonella assay using five tester strains with and without metabolic activation at levels from 1 to 100 mg per plate . The drug was also shown to be non-irritating in a test for eye irritation potential.

Arch Intern Med, 1985 Apr, 145(4), 670 - 2
Salmonella infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Profeta S et al.; Salmonella infections occurred in six patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and one patient with probable AIDS . The immune system defects increase the susceptibility of patients with AIDS to salmonella infections . Recognition of salmonellosis in patients with AIDS is important because of a high propensity of this organism to invade the bloodstreams of these patients, and because, unlike other infections in patients with AIDS, this infection can be easily treated.

Environ Res, 1985 Apr, 36(2), 379 - 88
Mutagenicity of metal ions in bacteria; Arlauskas A et al.; The mutagenicity of 24 metal salts was investigated in plate incorporation and fluctuation assays with Salmonella TA strains or Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA pKm 101 . Chromate(VI) and selenate(VI) ions were found to be mutagenic in plate incorporation assays employing conventional media . On the other hand, cadmium(II), beryllium(II), chromate(VI), and metavanadate(V) ions were detected in conventional fluctuation assays, indicating the importance of this technique in detection of metal mutagens . Modified culture media, with trimetaphosphate ions in place of orthophosphate as the sole phosphate source for bacterial growth, were also used in this study . The media modifications prevented precipitation of metals such as nickel and cadmium as their insoluble phosphates, and allowed detection of the mutagenicity of metavanadate ions in plate incorporation assays . However, the fluctuation technique using standard media was shown to detect a wider range of mutagenic metal ions than tests with modified media . It is notable that metaarsenite(III), arsenate(V), and nickel(II) ions were not found to be mutagenic in any of the assays although they are known to be carcinogenic and are mutagenic in other test systems . Their lack of mutagenicity in the modified media indicates that precipitation of these ions as orthophosphates is not the reason for their lack of activity in standard bacterial assays.

Am J Vet Res, 1985 Apr, 46(4), 769 - 73
Common plasmid encoding resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and trimethoprim-sulfadiazine in two serotypes of Salmonella isolated during an outbreak of equine salmonellosis; Ikeda JS et al.; An outbreak of equine salmonellosis occurred at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, between June 1981 and March 1982 . Forty-four horses were infected with Salmonella saint-paul, a serotype rarely isolated from animals at the university before the outbreak . Unlike the isolates of S saint-paul obtained at the beginning of the outbreak, almost all strains isolated near the end were resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, sulfadiazine, trimethoprim, and trimethoprim-sulfadiazine . A conjugal-resistance plasmid (R-plasmid) was responsible for resistance to these antimicrobics . This R-plasmid was identical to an R-plasmid of S krefeld, a serotype that had been isolated repeatedly throughout the hospital before, during, and after the outbreak involving S saint-paul . This finding prompted the suggestion that in vivo transfer of the R-plasmid had occurred . Whether the donor organism was S krefeld is unknown.

Biomed Mass Spectrom, 1985 Apr, 12(4), 143 - 50
Identification of polycyclic aromatic compounds in mutagenic emissions from steel casting; Quilliam MA et al.; Workers in ferrous foundries show increased risk of lung cancer . In the steel casting process hot metal is poured into sand moulds solidified with organic binders, producing a plume of smoke containing a variety of organic compounds and showing strong mutagenicity in the Salmonella/S9 assay . We have collected the emissions produced when steel is poured into an experimental sand mould solidified with oil, clay and cereal, a widely used binder system . The organic constituents of these emissions have been fractionated by preparative reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mutagenic fractions have been analysed by capillary column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) . Of the 65 compounds for which mass spectra are reported, 54 have been tentatively identified as alkyl derivatives of polycyclic aromatic compounds . Many compounds of this class are known to be carcinogenic and mutagenic . In addition, several unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including the carcinogenic benz{a}anthracene and benzo{a}pyrene, were found to be present.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1985 Apr, (4), 3 - 6
{Search for the systems of DNA host specificity in Salmonella typhi}; Pashenkov AL et al.; Seventeen pure lines of S . typhi bacteriophages have been obtained from mother races O and Vi; of these, three were used to study 152 S . typhi strains with a view of detecting their DNA host specificity systems . 10 S . typhi strains having the DNA host specificity system have been detected by the rough determination of the lytic spectrum and the cross titration of phage Vi IX.

Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1985 Apr, 178(4), 523 - 30
Splenic leukocytes from chickens injected with Salmonella pullorum antigen stimulate production of corticosteroids by isolated adrenal cells; Siegel HS et al.; Corticosteroid levels in the blood serum of White Rock pullets were significantly increased within 1 hr after an iv injection of heat-killed Salmonella pullorum antigen (SP-Ag), and reached levels 7 to 10 times that of PBS-injected controls within 2 hr after SP-Ag injection . Incubations with isolated adrenal cells indicated that serum from SP-Ag-injected birds had the ability to stimulate the synthesis or release of corticosteroids twice that of serum PBS-injected birds . Stripping the serum from SP-Ag-injected birds with activated charcoal and precipitated silica (Quso G-32) removed the corticosteroids and the adrenal-stimulating ability . A 2-hr incubation of isolated adrenal cells with leukocytes from spleens removed from chickens 1 hr after injection with SP-Ag, using stripped serum as the medium, stimulated a two- to fivefold increase in corticosteroid as compared to splenic leukocytes from PBS-injected chickens incubated in the same medium . The results indicate that an "ACTH-like" substance was produced by the S . pullorum antigen-stimulated splenic leukocytes.

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