J Infect, 1987 Nov, 15(3), 229 - 35 Fatal Pasteurella multocida septicaemia following a cat bite in a man without liver disease; Jones AG et al.; We report a fatal case of septicaemia caused by Pasteurella multocida that followed a cat bite . The patient, a man aged 54 years, was not suffering from disease of the liver but had a history of ischaemic heart disease, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis which had been treated with steroids for 13 years. Vet Rec, 1987 Oct 24, 121(17), 393 - 6 The efficacy of sulbactam-ampicillin in the therapy of respiratory disease associated with ampicillin resistant Pasteurella species in housed calves; Grimshaw WT et al.; Sulbactam-ampicillin is a combination of sulbactam, a beta-lactamase inhibitor, and ampicillin, a broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic . The efficacy of sulbactam-ampicillin was evaluated in the treatment of calf respiratory disease associated with ampicillin-sensitive and ampicillin-resistant strains of Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida . Treatment with sulbactam-ampicillin was compared with treatment with ampicillin alone in 123 Friesian calves, between three and five weeks old, exhibiting clinical signs of respiratory disease . Seven of the 59 calves treated with ampicillin died whereas only one death occurred in the 64 calves treated with sulbactam-ampicillin . In the calves which survived, treatment with sulbactam-ampicillin resulted in a significantly better clinical response, as measured by the reduction in severity of clinical signs . The results of bacteriological examinations indicated that there was a marked increase in the proportion of ampicillin-resistant isolates of P haemolytica subsequent to treatment with ampicillin, whereas the proportion of ampicillin-resistant isolates of P . haemolytica recovered from calves treated with sulbactam-ampicillin had declined . The superior efficacy of sulbactam-ampicillin observed in this study is explained by the inhibitory effect of sulbactam on beta-lactamases produced by resistant bacteria, thus rendering them susceptible to the ampicillin. Presse Med, 1987 Oct 17, 16(34), 1681 - 4 {Human Pasteurella multocida infections . Value of serological diagnosis}; Choudat D et al.; In five human cases of Pasteurella multocida infection, high titres of specific antibodies were found by indirect haemagglutination (capsular antigens) and agglutination (somatic antigens) . The specificity of the antibodies fitted with the serotypes of the isolated strains (three A 3 and two A 7) . Subsequent changes in antibody titres in human beings were similar to those observed in animals . The risk of this animal-acquired infection being probably underestimated in medical practice, the usefulness of these tests in human beings is discussed. Vet Rec, 1987 Oct 10, 121(15), 350 - 3 Atrophic rhinitis in goats in Norway; Baalsrud KJ; The spontaneous occurrence of atrophic rhinitis in 12 of 49 goat herds in one area of Norway is described . The clinical signs included nose bleeding, nasal discharge, sneezing and tender noses . Pathologically, the macroscopic and histological findings resembled those found in pigs with atrophic rhinitis . Bacteriological investigation of nasal swabs in five of the herds revealed toxigenic strains of Pasteurella multocida in three of them . In four of the herds the clinical signs were seen in two or more consecutive years . No specific source of the infection was discovered . Atrophic rhinitis was induced experimentally in kids by the nasal inoculation of toxigenic strains of P multocida and atrophic rhinitis toxin. Lab Anim Sci, 1987 Oct, 37(5), 621 - 3 Transmission of Pasteurella multocida in rabbits; DiGiacomo RF et al.; Contact and airborne transmission of P . multocida in rabbits was evaluated in an artificially controlled environment . Transmission by contact occurred more readily from rabbits with acute infections than from rabbits with chronic infections . However, airborne transmission to rabbits in adjacent cages did not occur. Lab Anim Sci, 1987 Oct, 37(5), 615 - 20 A dot-immunobinding assay for the serodiagnosis of Pasteurella multocida infection in laboratory rabbits; Manning PJ et al.; A dot-immunobinding assay was developed to detect serum IgG specific for lipopolysaccharide of rabbit isolates of P . multocida . The assay detected serum IgG as early as 1 week after experimental subclinical nasal infection, whereas 8 weeks were required to detect antibody by a gel diffusion precipitin test . The assay was more reliable than nasal cultures, in that up to 46% of 16 weekly nasal washings of some infected rabbits failed to yield P . multocida . The bacterial antigen (proteinase k digested cell lysate) used in the assay reacted with IgG that did not cross-react with lipopolysaccharide antigens of B . bronchiseptica, P . pneumotropica or P . hemolytica . The assay is sensitive and specific, easily performed, cost effective, requires no special laboratory instruments and provides a permanent easily stored record. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1987 Oct 1, 191(7), 823 - 6 Severe pleuritis associated with certain strains of Pasteurella multocida in swine; Pijoan C et al.; Pasteurella multocida was isolated from 2 farms on which grower or finisher pigs had problems of severe emaciation and high death loss (greater than 5%) . At necropsy, the pigs had extensive suppurative pleuritis and pericarditis, with adhesions over the lung surface . On one farm, the pigs also had multiple lung abscesses . Histologic findings included polymorphonuclear cell infiltration in bronchial and alveolar spaces, thickening of alveolar walls, pleuritis, and in some cases, abscesses . From all pigs, P multocida was isolated . The strains (A52, A59) were serotype A and were nontoxigenic . Experimental reproduction of the disease was achieved by sequentially infecting conventionally weaned pigs intranasally with pseudorabies virus; 7 days later, infection with selected P multocida laboratory strains (A50 and D82, A52 and A59) was achieved . At necropsy, pigs inoculated with strains A59 and A52 (serotype A, pleurotropic) had more severe lesions (P less than 0.05) than those inoculated with strain A50 (serotype A, pneumotropic) . Also, pigs infected with strains A59 and A52 had extensive pleuritis and abscessation, which were not observed in the other groups . Strain D82 (serotype D) was not capable of producing pneumonia or pleuritis . Pleuritis and abscessation may be associated with certain P multocida strains that are serotype A, but not with others . These pleurotropic strains seem to be more virulent than pneumotropic strains, and infection with the former may result in extensive pleuritis and abscess formation. Am J Vet Res, 1987 Oct, 48(10), 1446 - 8 Pneumonia in pigs induced by intranasal challenge exposure with pseudorabies virus and Pasteurella multocida; Fuentes MC et al.; The interaction between pseudorabies virus (PRV) and Pasteurella multocida was investigated to determine whether single or combined infections result in pneumonia in 6- to 7-week-old pigs . The effect of the PRV-P multocida challenge exposure on feed consumption, rate of gain, and extent of pneumonic lesions appeared dependent on the PRV dose; however, pneumonic lesions were of bacterial pneumonia . Pigs inoculated with a virulent strain of PRV plus P multocida developed severe pneumonia, whereas pigs given PRV only did not develop pneumonia . Modified-live PRV vaccine had no effect on the occurrence of pneumonia . Average daily gain was most depressed in pigs given the highest dose of virulent PRV plus P multocida. Am J Kidney Dis, 1987 Oct, 10(4), 318 - 9 Cat-bite peritonitis: Pasteurella multocida peritonitis following feline contamination of peritoneal dialysis tubing; Paul RV et al.; We report a case of a 55-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease undergoing intermittent peritoneal dialysis who developed peritonitis secondary to an infection with Pasteurella multocida resulting from a cat bite or cat scratch penetrating her peritoneal dialysis tubing . This case points out the potential importance of household pets as a source of peritoneal contamination. Avian Dis, 1987 Oct-Dec, 31(4), 913 - 7 Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in commercial meat-type turkeys in California; Smith JM et al.; A disease outbreak characterized by respiratory signs, occasional neurologic signs, and increased mortality in commercial meat turkeys from four separate companies in central California was investigated in the late summer and early fall of 1986 . The disease syndrome affected turkeys from 6 to 15 weeks of age and caused a severe fibrinous pericarditis, perihepatitis, and airsacculitis . Bacteriologic and serologic examinations as well as virus- and chlamydia-isolation attempts initially failed to implicate an etiologic agent . Eventually culture attempts were made in a 5% CO2 incubator, resulting in isolation of Pasteurella anatipestifer . The disease syndrome was reproduced in young turkeys and broiler chicks inoculated with the organism. Avian Dis, 1987 Oct-Dec, 31(4), 895 - 8 Capsular groups of Pasteurella multocida isolated from avian hosts; Rhoades KR et al.; Avian strains of Pasteurella multocida representing a variety of host types, geographic locations, and somatic serotypes were examined to provide information on the distribution of capsular serogroups . Of the 246 strains studied, 166 were capsular group A, 4 were group B, 4 were group D, and 14 were group F; 58 strains were non-encapsulated and consequently not serogroupable . This is the first report of serogroup B P . multocida from avian hosts in the United States . The 188 serogroupable strains represented 12 variations in somatic serotypes and were isolated from 11 types of avian hosts representing 25 states of the United States, Bangladesh, Singapore, and Canada. Avian Dis, 1987 Oct-Dec, 31(4), 884 - 7 Cross-protection factor(s) of Pasteurella multocida: passive immunization of turkeys against fowl cholera caused by different serotypes; Rimler RB; An antiserum cross-protective against different serotypes of Pasteurella multocida was made in turkeys by inoculating them with killed serotype 3 organisms grown in vivo and then exposing them to live serotype 3 organisms . In passive-immunization studies, the antiserum protected young turkeys against the homologous and heterologous serotypes 1, 4, 5, 9, and 12 . In addition, the antiserum protected against P . multocida of a heterologous capsule serogroup, serogroup F . A globulin and two IgG fractions purified from the antiserum protected against heterologous challenge with serotype 1 . Turkey-grown P . multocida were chemically lysed and separated into soluble and insoluble components to make immunoadsorbents . Antibodies from the cross-protective antiserum isolated by the immunoadsorbents passively protected young turkeys against heterologous serotype I challenge. Lab Anim, 1987 Oct, 21(4), 353 - 5 A method for culturing the nasopharyngeal area of rabbits; Holmes HT et al.; A method for obtaining antemortem nasopharyngeal cultures is described . Its usefulness for detecting the carrier state of Pasteurella multocida in clinically normal, apparently healthy nasal-culture-negative rabbits is also discussed. Infect Immun, 1987 Oct, 55(10), 2348 - 54 Identification and characterization of the Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin; Chang YF et al.; The identification and chromatographic characterization of the leukotoxin of Pasteurella haemolytica is described . The toxin, which has an apparent native molecular weight of greater than 400,000 as judged by gel exclusion chromatography, has a 105-kilodalton (105K) polypeptide as its major protein component . The proteolytic degradation of the 105K polypeptide could be correlated with the loss of toxin activity in aging cultures of P . haemolytica . Antisera raised against purified 105K polypeptide neutralized toxin activity . A 3.9-kilobase-pair fragment of the P . haemolytica genome cloned into a plasmid vector resulted in the production of intracellular toxin in Escherichia coli host cells . The restriction map of this clone shows significant overlap with the map of a previously reported leukotoxin clone (R . Y . C . Lo, P . E . Shewen, C . A . Strathdee, and C . N . Greer, Infect . Immun . 50:667-671, 1985) . Finally, antisera raised against the 105K species labeled the P . haemolytica cell surface in a nonuniform, punctate manner. Can J Vet Res, 1987 Oct, 51(4), 533 - 5 Effect of intratracheal inoculation of Pasteurella haemolytica cytotoxin on the integrity of rat lung; Lopez A et al.; This study was conducted to investigate the in vivo effect of a single intratracheal inoculation of Pasteurella haemolytica cytotoxin on the rat lung . Changes in the biochemical and cytological composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were used to estimate the magnitude of pulmonary cell injury, inflammatory response, vascular permeability and functional status of pulmonary alveolar macrophages . Effect of treatment was compared with rats intratracheally inoculated with supernatants of Pasteurella multocida or with sterile physiological saline solution (vehicle) . Results indicated that Pasteurella haemolytica supernatants were not significantly toxic for the lungs of rats. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1987 Sep, 69(7), 1069 - 73 Pyogenic osteomyelitis of the occiput, the atlas, and the axis . A report of five cases; Zigler JE et al.; Pyogenic osteomyelitis rarely affects the first and second cervical vertebrae, and when it does it can progress to abscess formation, compressing the spinal cord . If the process is unrecognized, it can be fatal . The cases of five patients are reported . Two patients were treated by anterior debridement and posterior cervical-occipital arthrodesis; one, by transoral drainage; one, by posterior cervical-occipital arthrodesis; and the fifth, by posterior atlanto-axial arthrodesis . The causative organism was Staphylococcus aureus in four patients and Pasteurella multocida in one . In all patients, intravenous antibiotics were used, followed by prolonged administration of oral antibiotics . All five patients recovered. Infect Immun, 1987 Sep, 55(9), 2110 - 6 Stimulation of bone resorption by inflamed nasal mucosa, dermonecrotic toxin-containing conditioned medium from Pasteurella multocida, and purified dermonecrotic toxin from P . multocida; Kimman TG et al.; The effects of inflamed nasal mucosa from pigs with atrophic rhinitis (AR), cell extract from Bordetella bronchiseptica, conditioned medium from Pasteurella multocida, and purified dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) from P . multocida on mouse fetal long bones in organ culture were studied . Inflamed nasal "AR mucosa" stimulated the release of 45Ca from prelabeled cultures, while histologically the formation of calcified matrix was impaired as well . B . bronchiseptica cell extract only transiently increased 45Ca release, but also impaired the formation of matrix . 45Ca release was also stimulated by DNT-containing conditioned medium from P . multocida and by purified DNT . The effect of DNT was biphasic: low doses (1 to 25 ng/ml) slightly stimulated bone resorption, higher doses were inhibitory . The stimulatory action of DNT on 45Ca release was accompanied by an increase in numbers of preosteoclasts and osteoclasts . The significance of these findings for the pathogenesis of AR is discussed. Res Vet Sci, 1987 Sep, 43(2), 166 - 72 Clinical pharmacokinetics of five oral cephalosporins in calves; Soback S et al.; The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of cephalexin, cephradine, cefaclor, cefatrizine and cefadroxil for Salmonella species, Escherichia coli and Pasteurella multocida isolated previously from young calves were determined . The MIC90 values for cephalexin, cephradine and cefadroxil ranged between 3.12 micrograms ml-1 and 12.5 micrograms ml-1, whereas those of cefatrizine and cefaclor were 3.12 micrograms ml-1 and 0.78 microgram ml-1, respectively . Each drug was administered intravenously and orally to groups of pre-ruminating calves and orally to early ruminating calves . Although the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drugs after intravenous injection were similar to other beta-lactam antibiotics, significant differences between the cephalosporins examined were found in respect of certain kinetic parameters . The drugs showed rapid absorption into the systemic circulation after oral administration to pre-ruminating calves but the elimination half-life values (t1/2 beta) varied between three hours (cefaclor and cefadroxil) and nine hours (cefatrizine) . The bioavailability of the drugs was about 35 per cent of the administered dose . Co-administration of probenecid with each antibiotic caused a twofold or greater increase in peak serum drug concentrations (Cmax) but the effect on t1/2 beta was variable . Cephalexin, cephradine and cefaclor given to the ruminating calves resulted in very low serum or plasma concentrations and their use should be restricted to younger calves . Cefadroxil was found to give the highest serum concentrations in this age group but had significantly lower bioavailability when compared with the unweaned calves . Provisional oral dosage regimens were computed for each cephalosporin on the basis of the MIC data and the kinetic parameters derived from intravenous and oral drug administration. Am J Vet Res, 1987 Sep, 48(9), 1358 - 62 Immunoperoxidase evaluation of pneumonic lesions induced by Pasteurella haemolytica in calves; Haritani M et al.; Calves inoculated with Pasteurella haemolytica serovar 1 developed lesions of coagulation necrosis in the lungs that were sharply demarcated by leukocytes . The P haemolytica antigen was detected in the area of coagulation necrosis in histologic sections, using an immunoperoxidase technique . In the central area of the necrotic tissue, the bacterial antigen was diffusely presented in the necrotic alveolar wall, fibrin, serous exudate, and degenerated leukocyte . The bacterial antigen also was found in some groups of degenerating leukocytes around the necrotic tissue . The bacterial colonies among these leukocytes had strong specific reactions against P haemolytica . The bacterial antigen was observed in the cytoplasm of macrophages in alveoli around the necrotic lesion . These findings confirmed that coagulation necrosis is an important lesion in calves with pneumonia caused by P haemolytica. Infect Immun, 1987 Sep, 55(9), 2047 - 51 Physical and morphological characteristics of eucaryotic ribosomes and lipopolysaccharide complexes; Phillips M et al.; Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Pasteurella multocida or Brucella abortus were complexed with Aspergillus fumigatus ribosomes by mixing and fixation for 3 days in 3.8% formaldehyde . To investigate the nature of their physical association, ribosomes, LPS, and ribosome-LPS complexes were (i) centrifuged in CsCl gradients to determine buoyant densities, (ii) examined by electron microscopy, and (iii) monitored by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . Ribosomes were found to bind to LPS from either P . multocida or B . abortus, producing complexes with densities of 1.45 to 1.50 g/ml . The buoyant density of the fixed ribosomes was 1.54 g/ml, and the buoyant densities of the fixed P . multocida and B . abortus LPS were 1.41 and 1.35 g/ml, respectively . Electron microscopy showed that formaldehyde-fixed ribosomes were attached to the LPS . Complexing of ribosomes to LPS may be of importance as a potentiator or carrier for experimental subunit vaccines. Infect Immun, 1987 Sep, 55(9), 1987 - 96 Nucleotide sequence of the leukotoxin genes of Pasteurella haemolytica A1; Lo RY et al.; A 4.4-kilobase-pair DNA fragment coding for the leukotoxin of Pasteurella haemolytica A1 has been isolated, and its nucleotide sequence has been determined . Two open reading frames, designated lktC and lktA, coding for proteins of 19.8 and 101.9 kilodaltons, respectively, were identified . Expression of the two genes in minicell-labeling experiments resulted in the production of the predicted proteins LKTC and LKTA . By using an antiserum against the soluble antigens of P . haemolytica A1 in Western blot (immunoblot) analysis of total cellular proteins from the Escherichia coli clones, LKTA was identified as an additional antigenic protein . Results from subcloning of the DNA fragment suggested that expression from both lktC and lktA is required for leukotoxin activity, indicating that the leukotoxin of P . haemolytica A1 is encoded by two genes . A comparison of the organization and the DNA sequence of the leukotoxin genes with those of the E . coli alpha-hemolysin genes showed a significant degree of homology between the two loci . This analysis suggested that the leukotoxin genes of P . haemolytica A1 and the E . coli alpha-hemolysin genes may have evolved from a common ancestor and that the two toxins may share similar activities or functional domains or both. Pflugers Arch, 1987 Aug, 409(6), 635 - 7 The effect of venous blood stream cooling on survival of bacterially infected rabbits; Vaughn LK et al.; The effect of physical cooling on the mortality rate of rabbits infected with Pasteurella multocida was investigated . Rabbits were cooled for 48 hours after bacterial injection by passing cold fluid through small hollow metal cuffs which had been surgically implanted around the abdominal vena cavae of rabbits . The average body temperatures of the rabbits during the 24-hour period after the intravenous injection of live Pasteurella multocida was 40.92 +/- 0.20 degrees C in control rabbits and 38.98 +/- 0.71 degrees C in cooled rabbits . 90% of physically cooled rabbits survived compared with 46% of control rabbits 48 hours after bacterial injection, suggesting that thermoregulatory effector mechanisms involved in cold defense may enhance survival. J Bacteriol, 1987 Aug, 169(8), 3470 - 2 Electron microscopic visualization of capsular material of Pasteurella multocida types A and D labeled with polycationic ferritin; Jacques M et al.; The presence of capsular material on cells of Pasteurella multocida types A and D was determined by transmission electron microscopy after polycationic ferritin labeling . The capsule of agar-grown isolates of P . multocida type A was thick (70 to 90 nm) and regular, whereas that of type D isolates was thinner (20 to 30 nm) and irregular . Such layers were seen on cells from 4- to 6-h broth cultures, but cells from older cultures (12 to 18 h) had very little cell-associated capsular material . Our data indicate that the capsular material of P . multocida types A and D is morphologically different and that capsule production in broth culture is maximal during early log phase. Br J Ophthalmol, 1987 Aug, 71(8), 609 - 10 Pasteurella multocida endophthalmitis; Hoffman ME et al.; We have recently seen an unusual case of endophthalmitis secondary to Pasteurella multocida infection . Unlike previously reported cases this patient had no previous history of animal bites or scratch wounds . Treatment included subconjunctival, parenteral, and intravitreal administration of ampicillin . Although the eye was sterilised, the patient's vision remained poor owing to the extensive amount of retinal necrosis. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1987 Aug, 266(1-2), 255 - 60 V-factor dependent strains of Pasteurella multocida subsp . multocida; Krause T et al.; At bacteriological examination of swine lungs with pneumoniae due to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, two strains of pyridine nucleotide (V-factor) requiring bacteria were isolated . They exhibited a pattern of biochemical reactions fitting with that of Pasteurella multocida subsp . multocida . Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): DNA hybridization with these isolates and Pasteurella multocida subsp . multocida showed that they were V-factor requiring strains of this species . Preliminary investigations on the qualitative and quantitative V-factor requirements have been performed. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1987 Aug, 53(8), 1721 - 9 Clinical hypersensitivity to specific aerosol challenge in parenterally immunized calves; Taylor FG et al.; This paper reports an experiment designed to demonstrate that the calf lung can be sensitized to a specific respirable challenge following parenteral immunization with a nonliving antigen (human serum albumin) . The possibility that immune-mediated injury could subsequently interfere with nonspecific mucosal defenses was also investigated by infecting calves with Pasteurella haemolytica after the antigen challenge and assessing pulmonary clearance of the organism . The results indicated that specific aerosol challenge produces reversible signs of respiratory hypersensitivity and that persistence of incidental infection in the upper respiratory tract is potentiated . Since the calves were sensitized by an immunization regime which imitated conventional vaccination, this study highlights the potential dangers of inactivated parenteral respiratory vaccines. Jikken Dobutsu, 1987 Jul, 36(3), 229 - 37 {Selective media for Pasteurella pneumotropica}; Mikazuki K et al.; Bacteria from the subcutaneous abscesses which appeared in a laboratory colony of DS mouse since October of 1977 were identified as Pasteurella pneumotropica by various biological examinations . The abscess formation was limited to multiparous female mice over 100 day-age, but virgin females were free from the disease . The MIC of various antibacterial substances showed that potassium tellurite, kanamycin and bacitracin were effective to isolate the organism selectively from various infection sites harboring many other species of bacteria . A novel NKBT medium was prepared by adding these antibacterial substances to the heart infusion agar (HIA) supplemented by 10% Fildes digested blood . A fluid culture medium, TGN broth was prepared for multiplication of the organism by adding 10% Fildes digested blood and potassium tellurite to GN broth . To isolate the organism from the pharyngo-larynx a direct application of mucus wiped off the infection site onto the culture medium was sufficient, but pre-multiplication in the TGN broth was required for isolation of the organism from gut contents before inoculation onto the NKBT medium . The pre-cultivation in the TGN broth vastly improved the recovery of the organism especially from feces . Thereby we could easily detect the latent infection of this bacterium without sacrificing animals. Am Fam Physician, 1987 Jul, 36(1), 101 - 9 Human and animal bite wounds; Goldstein EJ et al.; Bite wounds account for 1 percent of emergency department visits . Most bites occur on the hands . Human bites cause serious injury more often than animal bites do . Pasteurella multocida is found in about 25 percent of dog bites and a higher percentage of cat bites . Alpha-hemolytic streptococci are the most frequent isolates from human bite wounds . Anaerobic bacteria are commonly found in all types of infected bites. Ophthalmic Surg, 1987 Jul, 18(7), 520 - 2 Pasteurella multocida endophthalmitis after a cat bite; Yokoyama T et al.; We treated a patient with Pasteurella multocida endophthalmitis associated with a retinal detachment resulting from a cat bite . To our knowledge, endophthalmitis from an animal bite has not been described previously . Organisms were directly inoculated from a perforated wound through the globe . The patient was vigorously treated with intensive systemic antimicrobial chemotherapy and pars plana vitrectomy . The inflammation subsided after repeated vitrectomies . A subsequent retinal detachment was treated with fluid-gas exchange and 360 scleral buckling with a silicone implant . Eight months after surgery the visual acuity was 40/200. Virology, 1987 Jul, 159(1), 57 - 66 Protection of cattle from bovine herpesvirus type I (BHV-1) infection by immunization with individual viral glycoproteins; Babiuk LA et al.; The major glycoproteins gI, gIII, and gIV of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) were found to induce high levels of antibody in cattle which could neutralize virus and participate in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity of BHV-1-infected cells . Immunized animals were fully protected from disease, using a BHV-1/Pasteurella haemolytica aerosol challenge model but not from infection with the virus . Thus, virus could still replicate in the nasal passages of immunized animals, although to a lesser extent than in placebo-treated animals or animals immunized with a commercial killed whole virus vaccine . Systemic spread of the virus in immunized animals did not appear to occur since there was not a dramatic alteration of leukocyte function following challenge . These results suggest that any one of the three major BHV-1 glycoproteins may be useful as a subunit vaccine either individually or in combination. Avian Dis, 1987 Jul-Sep, 31(3), 523 - 6 Effects of Pasteurella multocida endotoxins on turkey poults; Rhoades KR et al.; Studies of turkey poult responses to Pasteurella multocida endotoxins indicated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations from two highly pathogenic strains and free endotoxin from one of these strains were all similar in lethal toxicity . Lethal intravenous doses were generally high, 1 mg or more for 1-week-old poults (13.3 mg/kg) . The toxic effects of LPS were not increased by repeated administration of small hourly doses . For both forms of endotoxin, the relationship between dose and response was considered erratic . Attempts to increase the susceptibility of poults to LPS by administering a liver-damaging substance (galactosamine) or a histamine-releasing substance (compound 48/80) or by performing surgical bursectomy were not effective . The LPS did not provoke a dermal Shwartzman reaction, even though doses used were 10 times those that produced a characteristic reaction in a rabbit. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1987 Jun 15, 190(12), 1545 - 7 Identification of ovine adenovirus types five and six in an epizootic of respiratory tract disease in recently weaned lambs; LeaMaster BR et al.; Eight hundred fourteen Polypay-cross lambs, 32 to 35 days old, were housed in an isolation barn under semiconfinement conditions . The lambs were observed twice daily for clinical signs of respiratory tract disease . During the 8-week observation period, an epizootic of respiratory tract disease developed, in which the combined morbidity and mortality was approximately 13% . The overall mortality was 4.1%, of which 57.6% was attributable to pneumonia . Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated from 11 (58%) of the 19 lung specimens obtained at necropsy . Serotyping revealed the presence of multiple serotypes: A1, A2, A5, A6, A9, and A12 . Viruses with properties consistent with ovine adenovirus were isolated from 36% of the lung specimens . Five of the isolates were selected to determine their antigenic serotype . Results of virus neutralization testing indicated that in this group of lambs, there was concurrent infection with Mastadenovirus ovi type 5 and type 6. J Vasc Surg, 1987 Jun, 5(6), 887 - 8 Aortic graft sepsis caused by Pasteurella multocida; Sannella NA et al.; A case detailing the successful management of aortic graft sepsis resulting from Pasteurella multocida is reported . The infection was the result of a bite from the patient's dog. J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 1987 Jun, 10(2), 105 - 13 Clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin: in vitro antibacterial activity and oral bioavailability in calves; Soback S et al.; The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of amoxycillin and clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin (amoxycillin:clavulanic acid, 4:1 by weight) were compared for 171 Salmonella, 170 Escherichia coli, and 32 Pasteurella isolates recovered from infected neonatal calves . In the presence of clavulanic acid, the MIC of amoxycillin was reduced to levels less than or equal to 12.5 micrograms/ml for all the Salmonella group B, all the Pasteurella, and for 12 out of the 44 E . coli isolates which were resistant to amoxycillin (MIC greater than or equal to 100.0 micrograms/ml) . For isolates sensitive to amoxycillin (MIC less than or equal to 1.56 microgram/ml) there was no change in MIC values in the presence of clavulanic acid . A small proportion of Salmonella and E . coli isolates were resistant to clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin . In a cross-over trial involving 10 preruminant (2 weeks old) calves, amoxycillin trihydrate and clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin were administered orally at 10 mg/kg . An analysis of serum amoxycillin level data showed that the pharmacokinetic parameters t1/2ab, Cmax, t1/2 beta, AUC, Cp degree, and f' (estimated drug absorption ratio) were the same after treatment with amoxydrate and clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin . Administration of clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin and probenecid resulted in elevation and prolongation of serum amoxycillin levels . Computations showed that in preruminant calves serum amoxycillin concentrations sufficient to inhibit sensitive pathogens can be maintained by oral clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin treatment at 10 mg/kg TID . At two times that dose rate serum drug concentrations capable of inhibiting 50% of all types of pathogens examined can be maintained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) J Appl Physiol, 1987 Jun, 62(6), 2388 - 97 Bacterial pneumonia stimulates macromolecule secretion and ion and water fluxes in sheep trachea; Phipps RJ et al.; In vivo instillation of Pasteurella haemolytica (greater than or equal to 10(7) colony-forming units/kg) into a lobar bronchus of sheep produced bacterial pneumonia by 7 days postinoculation . Infection was verified bacteriologically and histologically . Macromolecule secretion and ion and water fluxes were subsequently measured in tracheal tissues in vitro and were compared with values from sham-infected sheep . Macromolecules were radiolabeled with 35SO4 and {3H}threonine, and we measured the secretion of macromolecule-bound radiolabel onto the mucosa . Unidirectional fluxes of Cl-, Na+, and water were measured with radioactive tracers under open-circuit and short-circuit conditions . Lung infection increased basal secretion of bound 35SO4 (by 189%) and bound {3H}-threonine (by 110%) . It significantly increased net Na+ absorption under open- and short-circuit conditions and induced open-circuit net absorption of Cl- and water (16 +/- 29 microliters X cm-2 X h-1) . These changes were associated with specific recruitment of neutrophils and elevated levels of arachidonate metabolites (thromboxane B2 and leukotriene B4) in the airways . Thus the bacterial pneumonia-induced changes in tracheal mucus secretion may be the result of airway inflammation. Vet Rec, 1987 May 23, 120(21), 500 - 1 Prevention of experimental haemorrhagic septicaemia with a live vaccine; Myint A et al.; Pasteurella multocida serotype B:3,4 isolated from a fallow deer in England was used as a vaccine to prevent haemorrhagic septicaemia . The deer strain was less virulent for calves than typical serotype B:2 of haemorrhagic septicaemia strains . It elicited antibodies in cattle that protected mice against serotype B:2 infection . The live deer vaccine containing 2 X 10(7) viable organisms per dose was used to immunise calves . Six months after vaccination, five of six calves were protected against serotype B:2 challenge . Two calves challenged nine months after vaccination survived the same challenge . The live vaccine was more efficacious than an alum precipitated vaccine in protecting calves against B:2 challenge. Vet Microbiol, 1987 May, 14(1), 75 - 9 The immune response to experimental Pasteurella haemolytica infection in calves; Burroughs AL et al.; Four male dairy calves, ages 1-9 months, were inoculated intratracheally (IT), with log dilutions (1.5 X 10(3)-1.5 X 10(6)) of an isolate of P . haemolytica A-1 . Doses of bacteria varied according to ages of the calves, older calves receiving the larger doses . All four calves became severely ill within 24 h after inoculation and antibiotic treatment was considered essential . Two months later the four calves remained healthy after IT injection of P . haemolytica, again given in log dilution (2.8 X 10(2)-2.8 X 10(5)) . The control calf, given a dilution of only 28 viable P . haemolytica (plate count), developed severe respiratory infection 9 days post inoculation . Antibiotic treatment was given to this calf for 7 days, at which time recovery was evident . All five calves developed direct bacterial agglutination titers to P . haemolytica . Persistent leukocyte migration inhibition indexes of all calves were decreased by greater than or equal to 20% compared to their controls . Although the initial doses administered were low, the calves became ill . Most reports refer to massive doses necessary to produce primary disease and significant agglutination titers. Vet Microbiol, 1987 May, 14(1), 61 - 74 Ingestion and killing of Pasteurella haemolytica A1 by bovine neutrophils in vitro; Czuprynski CJ et al.; In this study, various parameters affecting the ability of bovine neutrophils to ingest and kill a virulent strain of Pasteurella haemolytica A1 in vitro were examined . Ingestion of P . haemolytica was serum dependent (optimal serum concentration 10%) and was mediated principally by heat-stable opsonins, presumably antibodies, that could be removed by absorption with formalin-killed P . haemolytica . Ingested P . haemolytica were killed by neutrophils within 1-4 h incubation; the magnitude of killing being directly dependent on the number of neutrophils present . The number of viable P . haemolytica was reduced by approximately 1.5 log at bacterial concentrations of 0.01-100 P . haemolytica per neutrophil; a concomitant reduction in neutrophil viability was observed at the highest bacterial concentration (100:1) . Bovine neutrophils underwent a vigorous luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence response after ingesting opsonized P . haemolytica, thus indicating that reactive oxygen intermediates were being formed that could have contributed to the intracellular killing of P . haemolytica. J Clin Microbiol, 1987 May, 25(5), 938 - 9 Hemagglutination by Pasteurella multocida of porcine origin; Fortin M et al.; A total of 25 fresh isolates of Pasteurella multocida from pigs were tested for the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes of different origins . Of the 18 isolates from pigs with atrophic rhinitis (AR), 8 (44%) agglutinated human type O erythrocytes, whereas none of the 7 isolates from pigs without AR did so . Hemagglutination was mannose sensitive, and the activity was destroyed by heating and by trypsinization but was not affected by formaldehyde treatment or by homogenization of bacterial cells . The other 14 erythrocyte species tested, including human types A and B, were not agglutinated by P . multocida . The present study provides evidence that certain P . multocida isolates from pigs with AR possess a mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin. Pathol Biol (Paris), 1987 May, 35(5), 531 - 4 {In vitro antibacterial activity of ceftizoxime on Pasteurella and EF4}; Escande F et al.; The in vitro activity of ceftizoxime, a new third-generation cephalosporin, was tested by determining minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) by agar dilution method, for 150 strains of genus Pasteurella and group EF4 bacteria from various sources . All the strains were susceptible to ceftizoxime and inhibited by 0.03 micrograms/ml concentration . No significant difference appeared between the 7 species and human and animal strains . Group EF4 bacteria, frequently isolated from animal bite wounds in humans, had higher MIC (O.25-1 micrograms/ml) . Results were compared to those obtained with cefotaxime, cephalothin, penicillin G and ampicillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1987 May, 31(5), 752 - 7 Use of recombinant bovine alpha 1 interferon in reducing respiratory disease induced by bovine herpesvirus type 1; Babiuk LA et al.; Intranasal or intramuscular treatment of calves with recombinant bovine alpha 1 interferon before challenge with bovine herpesvirus type 1 and Pasteurella haemolytica reduced clinical signs, number of sick days, lung lesions, and weight loss . The effective dose was determined to be relatively broad within the range of 1 to 50 mg per animal . No adverse effects were observed even at high doses of interferon (50 mg per animal) . Administration before virus infection was more effective than administration at the same time as virus infection . Although interferon administration had dramatic effects on the survival of animals, it did not have much effect on virus secretion in the upper respiratory tract . Therefore, the mechanism by which interferon reduces the susceptibility of animals to viral-bacterial synergy was postulated to be via its immunomodulatory effects. Avian Dis, 1987 Apr-Jun, 31(2), 380 - 2 Avian cholera in a gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus); Williams ES et al.; A 2-year-old female gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) was being used to hunt ducks in southeastern Wyoming during an outbreak of avian cholera in waterfowl and wild turkeys . While out overnight, the falcon consumed a bird . Within 24 hours the falcon was anorectic, and it was found dead approximately 48 hours following ingestion of wild prey . Gross and microscopic lesions were typical of avian cholera, and Pasteurella multocida serotype 1 was isolated from tissues of the falcon. Avian Dis, 1987 Apr-Jun, 31(2), 260 - 3 Comparison of vaccination protocols of broiler breeder hens for Pasteurella multocida utilizing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and virulent challenge; Hofacre CL et al.; A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect serological response to vaccination and virulent challenge with type 1 (X-73) Pasteurella multocida was used to determine the best vaccination protocol for broiler breeders against fowl cholera . Birds vaccinated twice, at 10 and 19 weeks of age, with the avirulent Clemson University (CU) strain both times, with a commercial bacterin first and the CU strain second, or with the CU strain first and bacterin second had the highest survival rates (98-100%) following challenge at 25 weeks . The two groups that received the CU strain and bacterin also produced the highest mean ELISA antibody titers (greater than 10,000) . Birds vaccinated once, at 10 weeks, with the CU strain had the same survival rate as birds vaccinated twice with bacterin (90 and 91%) . Under the conditions of this experiment, an ELISA titer greater than or equal to 1000 resulted in at least a 92% survival rate after virulent challenge (23% survival in nonvaccinates). Avian Dis, 1987 Apr-Jun, 31(2), 254 - 9 Fate of Pasteurella multocida in the blood vascular system of turkeys following intravenous inoculation: comparison of an encapsulated, virulent strain with its avirulent, acapsular variant; Snipes KP et al.; A virulent, encapsulated strain of Pasteurella multocida was compared with a spontaneously arising, avirulent acapsular variant following injection into the bloodstream of 14-week-old turkeys . Neither strain was detectable in the blood by 1 hour, but they reappeared 4 hours postinoculation in approximately equal numbers . The concentration of both strains increased with time, but the virulent strain reached concentrations 100,000-fold higher than the avirulent strain 15-24 hours after inoculation . In the liver and spleen the virulent strain reached higher concentrations than the avirulent strain, particularly 15 hours postinoculation . However, histopathological examination indicated that the difference between concentrations of the two strains was more likely due to an increased propensity for extracellular multiplication of the virulent strain rather than to greater efficiency in phagocytosis of the avirulent strain . In vitro, the two strains became associated minimally, though equally, with the mononuclear phagocytes and were destroyed . We conclude that humoral bactericidal defenses are primarily responsible for the differences in behavior between these two strains of P . multocida in vivo. Vet Microbiol, 1987 Apr, 13(4), 321 - 34 Pasteurella haemolytica cytotoxin: relative susceptibility of bovine leucocytes; O'Brien JK et al.; An in vitro 51Cr-release assay was used to compare the susceptibility of various leucocytes from normal cattle to Pasteurella haemolytica cytotoxin . Neutrophils were found to be more sensitive than mammary or bronchoalveolar macrophages . Neutrophils induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and mammary macrophages activated in vitro with LPS were as sensitive as homologous untreated cells . Bronchoalveolar macrophages from adult cows were significantly more resistant than those from calves . Sub-cytolytic concentrations of cytotoxin did not impair killing of para-influenza-3 virus infected MDBK cells by mammary macrophages. Lab Anim Sci, 1987 Apr, 37(2), 187 - 90 Safety and efficacy of a streptomycin dependent live Pasteurella multocida vaccine in rabbits; DiGiacomo RF et al.; The safety of and protection provided by a streptomycin dependent live Pasteurella multocida (serotype 12:A) vaccine was evaluated in New Zealand white rabbits . The vaccine strain was isolated from two of twelve rabbits 24 hours after intranasal administration . Streptomycin independent P . multocida isolates were not recovered for 4 weeks after vaccination, indicating a lack of reversion to the wild type . Thirty days after a single intranasal administration of vaccine, eight rabbits were challenged with either P . multocida serotype 3:A or serotype 12:A . Eight non-vaccinated rabbits were challenged in the same manner . Vaccinated rabbits challenged with serotype 12:A had nasal infections for only 2 weeks following challenge . Vaccinated rabbits challenged with serotype 3:A developed chronic nasal infections but were protected from severe disease . Immunoglobulin A or G antibodies against P . multocida were not detected after vaccination in nasal lavages or sera using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . However, both antibodies increased following challenge with either serotype 3:A or serotype 12:A . These studies indicated that the streptomycin dependent pasteurella strain colonized rabbits briefly and was genetically stable in vivo . The results in challenged rabbits suggest that the vaccine provided protection against chronic infection by a homologous pasteurella serotype and protection against severe disease by a heterologous pasteurella serotype. J Rheumatol, 1987 Apr, 14(2), 355 - 7 Pasteurella multocida polyarticular septic arthritis; Baker GL et al.; Pasteurella multocida is an unusual cause of septic arthritis with most patients having underlying joint damage or altered host defenses . We report 2 cases of polyarticular sepsis with this bacteria . Predisposing factors in our patients included alcoholic cirrhosis, end stage renal disease and metastatic malignancy . Heightened awareness of this organism's involvement in polyarticular septic arthritis in the immunocompromised patient is emphasized. J Clin Microbiol, 1987 Apr, 25(4), 615 - 8 Serogroup F, a new capsule serogroup of Pasteurella multocida; Rimler RB et al.; Four capsule serogroups (A, B, D, and E) have been described by using passive hemagglutination tests . Serogroups A and D predominant in pasteurelloses of avian species . A new capsule serogroup of Pasteurella multocida has been isolated from turkeys in Arkansas, California, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, New Jersey, and Virginia . Strains belonging to the new serogroup were somatic serotype 1, 3, 7, or 12, and they varied in virulence for mice and poults . Antisera made in rabbits passively protected mice against challenge with the same serogroup regardless of somatic serotype. Cornell Vet, 1987 Apr, 77(2), 132 - 50 Chronic obstructive mastitis in the camel . A clinicopathological study; Ramadan RO et al.; Unilateral chronic mastitis in three she camels was due to obstruction of the teat canal by keratin . This lead to dilatation of the ducts, retention of milk and secondary bacterial infection . The teat canals and dilated ducts were lined by stratified squamous epithelium . There was excessive periductal fibrosis . Pasteurella hemolytica was isolated from one animal and Staphylococcus aureus from another . The fluid from the third animal was sterile . The condition was treated successfully by surgical amputation of the affected halves of the udder. Can J Vet Res, 1987 Apr, 51(2), 204 - 11 Vaccination studies against experimental bovine Pasteurella pneumonia; Cardella MA et al.; Vaccination-challenge experiments were conducted in colostrum-deprived calves to evaluate the efficacy of Pasteurella bacterins and vaccines against experimental pneumonic pasteurellosis . Calves were vaccinated with formalin-killed bacterins and live vaccines, then challenge exposed intratracheally with P . haemolytica or P . multocida . Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus was inoculated intranasally three to four days prior to P . haemolytica challenge-exposure . All calves were examined for macroscopic and microscopic lesions after being found dead or following euthanasia four to seven days after challenge exposure with the bacterial pathogen . Clinical, hematological, and pathological responses to challenge exposure in aluminum hydroxide absorbed P . haemolytica and P . multocida bacterin-treated calves were consistent with the pneumonic lesions of pulmonary pasteurellosis in the control calves . An oil-adjuvanted P . haemolytica bacterin limited clinical and pathological responses in the affected calves whereas a P . multocida oil-adjuvanted bacterin did not . Both clinical and pathological responses to challenge exposure in calves vaccinated with live Pasteurella vaccines were less severe than those of the control calves . Vaccine effectiveness appeared to be dose dependent. Can J Vet Res, 1987 Apr, 51(2), 157 - 61 Serum susceptibility of bovine pasteurellas; Blau KA et al.; In this study, the serum sensitivity of 23 P . haemolytica isolates and 18 P . multocida isolates was determined by incubating dilutions of bacteria with equal volumes of fresh or heat-inactivated bovine serum for one, two, or three hours . Clinical isolates of both Pasteurella species were resistant to serum, whereas isolates from asymptomatic cattle varied in serum susceptibility . The classical pathway of complement appeared to be the principal means of complement mediated killing as detected by incubation in the presence or absence of EGTA-MgCl2 . Lyzozyme and iron saturation of serum did not greatly affect serum susceptibility with either of the Pasteurella species. Am J Vet Res, 1987 Apr, 48(4), 637 - 42 Efficacy of a streptomycin-dependent, live Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine against challenge exposure to Pasteurella haemolytica in cattle; Blanchard-Channell MT et al.; A streptomycin-dependent, live Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine was given in 1 or 2 doses to 2 groups of weaned calves; 2 other groups of calves were not vaccinated . All calves in the vaccinated groups and calves in 1 of the nonvaccinated groups were stressed by transport, intratracheally inoculated with bovine herpesvirus type-1 (Cooper strain), and then intratracheally inoculated with P haemolytica type A1 . The 4th group of calves (nonvaccinated controls) was not stressed and were not intratracheally inoculated with virus or bacteria . Mean daily weight gains, total clinical sign scores, lung lesion scores, plasma fibrinogen concentrations, and antibody titers against P haemolytica were determined at various intervals . Calves that had been vaccinated twice had greater mean daily weight gains and lower total clinical sign scores and lung lesion scores than did nonvaccinated, challenge-exposed calves, but the difference was not significant (P greater than 0.05) . Calves vaccinated once had the greatest mean daily weight gains, the lowest total clinical sign scores, and the lowest lung lesion scores when compared with the other 2 challenge-exposed groups of calves . Mean daily weight gains and total clinical sign scores of calves vaccinated once were significantly different (P less than 0.05) than those of calves vaccinated twice . Nonvaccinated, nonchallenge-exposed control calves did not develop clinical signs of disease, did not develop lung lesions, and had consistently positive daily weight gains, and had scores in these areas that were significantly different (P less than 0.05) from those of all challenge-exposed groups of calves . Increases in plasma fibrinogen concentrations corresponded to infection with P haemolytica.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Vet Q, 1987 Apr, 9(2), 123 - 33 Prevention of atrophic rhinitis in piglets by means of intranasal administration of a live non-AR-pathogenic Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine; de Jong MF; The effect of intranasal vaccination of piglets with live non-AR-pathogenic Bordetella bronchiseptica (BB-) against Atrophic Rhinitis (AR) was investigated in a preliminary investigation and in a field trial . In the preliminary investigation 2-day-old SPF piglets (n = 13) were vaccinated . Three weeks after vaccination, challenges were carried out by means of a spray with an AR-pathogenic B (BB+) or an AR-pathogenic Pasteurella multocida (PM+) broth-culture . Four weeks later the piglets were necropsied and examined for atrophy of the ventral conchae (AVC) . In contrast with the non-vaccinated SPF piglets, the vaccinated piglets showed a strong and significant reduction of AVC, after both BB+ and PM+ challenge . In the field trial three groups were formed by drawing lots: ten litters (82 piglets) were vaccinated; ten litters (92 piglets) formed the control group and 11 litters (104 piglets) were treated with a placebo . The litters were spread over two units . In unit 1 AR and PM+ were demonstrated incidentally, in unit 2, however, persistently . BB+ was isolated equally frequently in both units . Clinical and bacteriological examinations were done in piglets of 3, 6 and 8 weeks of age . Necropsy examinations was carried out in 41 piglets of 8 weeks of age, chosen randomly by drawing lots . In spite of a second vaccination at the age of 3 weeks, BB- was not well established; this was possibly caused by maternal BB antibodies . In the control and placebo groups PM+ was isolated earlier and more frequently than BB+ . It appeared that AVC was correlated more strongly with PM+ than with BB+ infection in the field trial . The percentage of piglets with Brachygnathia superior (BS) at the age of 8 weeks indicated the AR situation in the herd . Although a significant reduction of AVC was determined in unit 2, it was not sufficient to indicate that this method of intranasal vaccination is useful in the prevention of AR in practice. Am J Med, 1987 Mar 23, 82(3 Spec No), 621 - 3 DF-2 bacteremia following cat bites . Report of two cases; Carpenter PD et al.; DF-2 is a recently described gram-negative bacillus known to be part of the normal flora of dogs . A variety of serious infections (bacteremia, endocarditis, meningitis, cellulitis) caused by DF-2 have occurred following dog bites . Asplenic patients appear to be especially susceptible to DF-2 infection . Two cases of DF-2 bacteremia occurring after domestic cat bites are reported . Sepsis and meningitis developed in an asplenic patient, and an immunocompetent patient presented with primary cellulitis . Both patients responded promptly to parenteral antibiotic therapy . DF-2 must now be considered along with Pasteurella multocida in the differential of cellulitis or sepsis following bites or scratches from domestic cats. J Urol, 1987 Mar, 137(3), 487 - 8 Psoas muscle abscess due to Pasteurella multocida; Steiner FT et al.; A 9-year-old girl with meningomyelocele, an ileal conduit and a living related kidney transplant presented with a progressive gait disturbance . Radiographic evaluation included a computerized tomography scan that disclosed a large right psoas muscle abscess . The abscess cavity was drained percutaneously and culture of its contents yielded Pasteurella multocida . This case illustrates an unusual presentation of a psoas muscle abscess caused by an uncommon organism that was diagnosed and treated by nonoperative methods. Vet Microbiol, 1987 Mar, 13(3), 235 - 48 Purification of a heat labile dermonecrotic toxin from culture fluid of Pasteurella multocida; Kamp EM et al.; A highly pure heat-labile dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) of Pasteurella multocida was isolated from bacterium-free broth culture fluid . The protocol for the isolation included the following steps: ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) . About 1 mg of purified DNT was recovered from 3 l of broth culture fluid . The final product was toxic for embryonic bovine lung (EBL) cells, lethal for mice, dermonecrotic in the guinea pig skin test and inactivated by heating at 56 degrees c . The recovery of biological activity was about 5% that of the original culture fluid and the specific activity had increased about 4000 times . After sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-PAGE and silver staining a single band appeared, indicating that the purified DNT was free from contaminating proteins . The molecular weight of the toxin was approximately 125,000 daltons . The minimal toxic dose of DNT protein for embryonic bovine lung cells was about 2 ng, the minimal dermonecrotic dose in the guinea pig skin test was about 80 ng and the 50% lethal dose for mice about 300 ng. Res Vet Sci, 1987 Mar, 42(2), 179 - 86 Proliferation of Pasteurella haemolytica in the calf respiratory tract after an abrupt change in climate; Jones CD; Two groups of four calves were exposed to a poly-disperse aerosol of 1.3 X 10(4) to 16 X 10(4) colony forming units (CFU) of nalidixic acid resistant Pasteurella haemolytica type A1 litre-1 of air with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 2.6 +/- 0.8 microns . One group of calves was kept at 5 degrees C, 72 per cent relative humidity (RH) and the second was subjected to an abrupt change in climate directly after aerosol exposure from 5 degrees C, 75 per cent RH to 13 degrees C, 84 per cent RH . Clearance of the organism from the respiratory tract of the calves was monitored over the subsequent 23 hours by a method of tracheal and nasopharyngeal swabbing . Clearance measured at the trachea in all calves in both groups was not a continuous, uninterrupted process but exhibited a temporary decline between eight and 14 hours . Calves subjected to an abrupt change in climate after aerosol challenge had raised respiratory rates eight to 14 hours later and P haemolytica proliferated in the nasopharynx over the entire 23 hours . There was no apparent effect of climate on P haemolytica in the trachea . It is suggested that rapid growth of P haemolytica accompanying a change in climate may be an important aetiological factor in pneumonic pasteurellosis of calves. Am J Vet Res, 1987 Mar, 48(3), 378 - 84 Pneumonic pasteurellosis: examination of typable and untypable Pasteurella haemolytica strains for leukotoxin production, plasmid content, and antimicrobial susceptibility; Chang YF et al.; Plasmid DNA screening experiments were conducted to determine whether a relationship existed between the presence of plasmids and antibiotic resistance in Pasteurella haemolytica or the capability to produce hemolysin or leukotoxin (cytotoxin) . Regardless of plasmid content, all P haemolytica isolates produced characteristic hemolysis on blood agar plates . Similarly, standardized suspensions of living bacteria and sterile concentrated (approx 200:1) culture supernatant from strains representing each of the 15 recognized P haemolytica serotypes and 7 field strains of P haemolytica (biotype A, serotype 1) produced leukotoxin, which was detected by their capability to cause inhibition of the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence response of bovine neutrophils . However, neither living bacterial suspensions nor concentrated culture supernatant from 4 untypable P haemolytica strains or a P multocida strain caused an inhibition of the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence response . The production of neither hemolysin nor leukotoxin by P haemolytica seemed to be plasmid mediated . Leukotoxin production is apparently a stable phenotypic characteristic of pathogenic P haemolytica strains, and the gene(s) coding for this activity is probably located on the bacterial host chromosome . Antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined for the different bacterial strains . Studies of ampicillin and penicillin resistance in 8 P haemolytica (biotype A, serotype 1) strains provided evidence that the plasmid, with size of approximately 5,200 base pairs, may code for their resistance to these compounds. Res Vet Sci, 1987 Mar, 42(2), 232 - 7 Purification of three fragments of the dermonecrotic toxin from Pasteurella multocida; Nakai T et al.; Dermonecrotic toxin purified from sonicates of Pasteurella multocida was mildly trypsinized . The trypsinized preparations were reversibly dissociated into three polypeptides, with molecular weights of about 23,000 (fragment a), about 64,000 (fragment b), and about 74,000 (fragment c) by treatment with 100 mM dithiothreitol and 6 M urea . Upon removal of dithiothreitol and urea from the dissociated toxin by dialysis, the fragments reassociated and formed dermonecrotic toxin indistinguishable from the native toxin . The three fragments were separated from the dissociated toxin by gel filtration on a Sephadex G-200 column equilibrated with buffer containing 4 M urea and 1 mM dithiothreitol . The purified fragments a, b, and c did not show dermonecrotic activity for guinea pigs . Immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoretic analysis with rabbit anti-dermonecrotic antiserum showed that the three purified fragments were antigenically distinct but had partial identity with the native toxin. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1987 Feb 15, 112(4), 213 - 7 {Quantitative study of the sensitivity of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida to sulfonamides}; van Klingeren B et al.; Information concerning the resistance to sulfonamides in the Netherlands was obtained by determining the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC's) of 119 strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica and 151 strains of Pasteurella multocida, obtained from pigs at five veterinary bacteriology centres, to sulfadimidine (SDM) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) . The MIC's of SDM against Su-susceptible strains were usually 4 times higher than those of SMX . About one third of B . bronchiseptica isolates were resistant (MIC greater than 64 micrograms/ml) to both sulfonamides . Approximately 7% of P . multocida isolates were resistant to SMX, and 21% to SDM . It is concluded that the use of SDM as the sulfonamide of choice for the treatment of atrophic rhinitis is questionable. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris), 1987 Feb, 36(2), 87 - 93 {Infectious endocarditis caused by rare germs . Review of the literature apropos of 2 cases}; Cornaert P et al.; The authors report two new cases of endocarditis secondary to exceptionnally encountered germs: one to Pasteurella pneumotropica, the other ascribed to Leptospira ictero-haemorragiae, on serologic criteria . Concerning these two cases, they propose to take a census of rare germs, from a detailed study of the literature . Among more than 5,000 cases of endocarditis published after 1944, are considered as rare germs those causing a disease in less than one p . cent of the cases . This purely "mathematical" definition enable to include 45 germs . A synthesis of all the cases reported attempts to demonstrate a few particular traits of these endocardites secondary to rare germs. Am J Vet Res, 1987 Feb, 48(2), 169 - 75 Demonstration of Pasteurella-specific immunoglobulin E in bovine serum; Gershwin LJ et al.; On the basis of recent observations that immunoglobulin (Ig) E antibodies specific for bacterial antigens occur in the serum of persons with chronic respiratory tract disease, we used bovine epsilon chain-specific antiserum to investigate the possibility that IgE antibodies are induced in cattle infected with Pasteurella . Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting techniques, we studied bovine sera to detect and quantitate the presence of IgE antibodies specific for antigens of Pasteurella . Immunoglobulin E antibodies reactive with whole formalinized P haemolytica, potassium thicyanate, and saline solution extracts were detected in serum of calves with bronchopneumonia, feedlot steers with interstitial pneumonia, as well as nonaffected penmates, and adult dairy cows . The role of parenteral vaccination in eliciting an IgE response was examined in healthy calves; vaccination with a Pasteurella bacterin failed to induce an IgE response . Adsorption studies were done to demonstrate the specificity of the antibodies for Pasteurella . Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay absorbance values were significantly decreased by adsorption with P haemolytica, whereas adsorption with other gram-negative bacteria only moderately decreased serum absorbance values . To begin identification of the antigen(s) to which the IgE binds, Western blotting of P haemolytica extract with sera from calves with bronchopneumonia was done . A dense band of protein (approximately 60,000 daltons) reacted strongly with IgE in the highest titer sera . These results indicate that Pasteurella-specific IgE antibodies are not readily induced by parenteral vaccination, but can be found in serum of some cattle, possibly induced by existing or previous infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Am J Vet Res, 1987 Feb, 48(2), 163 - 8 Immunologic response to Pasteurella haemolytica and resistance against experimental bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis, induced by bacterins in oil adjuvants; Confer AW et al.; Immunogenicity of and protection afforded by Pasteurella haemolytica bacterins were studied in calves . Bacterins contained an aluminum hydroxide in gel (ALH) adjuvant or one of the following oil-in-water adjuvants: Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA), and trehalose dimycolate (TDM) . On days 0 and 7, calves were vaccinated with phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBSS), a bacterin, or live P haemolytica . Transthoracic intrapulmonic challenge exposure was done on day 21 . In 3 experiments, there were no significant (P greater than 0.05) differences between lung lesions induced in PBSS-or ALH bacterin-vaccinated calves . Both FCA and FIA bacterins significantly (P less than 0.05) enhanced resistance against challenge exposure . Resistance induced by FCA and FIA bacterins was comparable with that induced by vaccination with live P haemolytica . Calves vaccinated with FIA bacterin and challenge-exposed to P haemolytica at a concentration of 4.5 X 10(9) colony-forming units (4.5 times greater than used in the first 3 experiments) resisted challenge exposure similar to calves given live organisms . The TDM bacterin failed to enhance resistance . All bacterins caused a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in serum antibody to P haemolytica somatic antigens, as measured by a quantitative fluorometric immunoassay . Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin neutralizing antibody titers did not increase significantly (P greater than 0.05) in sera after vaccination with any bacterin . Vaccination with FCA and FIA bacterins resulted in a significant increase (P less than 0.001) in serum antibody to a carbohydrate-protein subunit of P haemolytica, as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) J Clin Microbiol, 1987 Feb, 25(2), 442 - 4 Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by Pasteurella ureae; Noble RC et al.; Pasteurella ureae is uncommonly isolated from patients and rarely causes disease . The case of a patient with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by P . ureae is described and contrasted with other reported cases of P . ureae colonization and infection . Respiratory colonization has been described in older patients, predominantly men, with underlying lung disease consisting principally of bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and tumors . Only 11 patients (including the present patient) have been reported to have illness with P . ureae . Seven had meningitis, two had pneumonia, and one had hepatitis . Skull fracture, alcoholism, and liver disease are common antecedents of P . ureae infection. J Clin Microbiol, 1987 Feb, 25(2), 242 - 7 Detection of immunoglobulin G to Pasteurella haemolytica capsular polysaccharide by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Townsend EL et al.; An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to the capsular polysaccharide (CP) of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 . Purified CP was first covalently coupled to poly-L-lysine and then optimally adsorbed at a concentration of 5 micrograms/ml to microtiter plates in the presence of carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (pH 9.8) . The ELISA was used to evaluate and compare the CP-specific IgG response of calves vaccinated with different P . haemolytica-derived experimental vaccines . Elevated levels of ELISA IgG titers were detected in postvaccination sera and lung lavage from calves vaccinated intradermally with live logarithmic-phase organisms or the culture supernatants . The ELISA was found to be a rapid, reproducible, and sensitive technique for the detection of CP-specific antibodies and may be useful to delineate the protective role of these antibodies in bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. Environ Res, 1987 Feb, 42(1), 215 - 28 Modulation of pulmonary defense mechanisms by acute exposures to nitrogen dioxide; Jakab GJ; The effect of acute exposures to NO2 on the antibacterial defenses of the murine lung was assessed following inhalation challenges with Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, and Pasteurella pneumotropica . Animals were challenged with the bacteria and exposed for 4 hr to increasing concentrations of NO2 after which pulmonary bactericidal activity was quantitated . With S . aureus pulmonary antibacterial defenses were suppressed at NO2 levels of 4.0 ppm and greater . Exposure to 10.0 ppm enhanced the intrapulmonary killing of P . mirabilis which correlated with an increase in the phagocytic cell populations lavaged from the lungs; at 20.0 ppm bactericidal activity against P . mirabilis was impaired . Pulmonary antibacterial defenses against P . pneumotropica were impaired at 10.0 ppm which correlated with a decrease in the retrieved phagocytic lung cell population . Reversing the order of treatment (ie., NO2 exposure prior to bacterial challenge) raised the threshold concentration for NO2-induced impairment of intrapulmonary bacterial killing . With S . aureus the effect was not observed at 5.0 ppm but at 10.0 ppm and with P . mirabilis not at 20.0 ppm but at 30.0 ppm intrapulmonary killing was enhanced . Exposures up to 20.0 ppm of NO2 did not effect the physical translocation mechanisms of the lung as quantitated by declines in pulmonary radiotracer activity following aerogenic challenge with 32P-labeled staphylococci . These studies demonstrate that NO2 modulates pulmonary antibacterial defenses and points to the importance of the challenge organism and the exposure protocol in establishing a threshold dose for the adverse effect. Lab Anim Sci, 1987 Feb, 37(1), 65 - 8 Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in serum and nasal washings of Pasteurella multocida free and infected rabbits; Welch WD et al.; Treatment of infections due to Pasteurella multocida in rabbits usually consists of a single intramuscular injection of penicillin G and results in variable cure rates . We report here the levels of penicillin G in serum and nasal washings in P . multocida free and P . multocida infected rabbits following a single intramuscular injection over a 24 hours period . These levels were compared to the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICS) of 50 clinical isolates of P . multocida of rabbit origin . Infected rabbits demonstrated higher serum levels of penicillin G over P . multocida free rabbits at 1, 3, and 5 hours after the injection . At 16 and 24 hours the penicillin G serum levels dropped to 0.14 and 0.07 microgram/ml, respectively, from 1.90 micrograms/ml at 8 hours . At these levels of penicillin G only 20% of the isolates tested in vitro for susceptibilities (MICs) would be inhibited . Levels of penicillin G in nasal washings at 4 hours after injection were 0.063 microgram/ml, or one-fourth the MIC of 80% of the P . multocida isolates tested (0.25 microgram/ml) . In contrast, serum levels of approximately 5 micrograms/ml were seen at this time . Our results suggest that therapeutic blood levels could be achieved if rabbits are given injections of procaine penicillin G at 8 hour intervals. Lab Anim Sci, 1987 Feb, 37(1), 60 - 4 An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect serum IgG to Pasteurella multocida in naturally and experimentally infected rabbits; Lukas VS et al.; An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was evaluated for efficacy in detecting serum IgG against Pasteurella multocida in both naturally and experimentally infected rabbits . Blood samples and nasal cultures were taken concurrently from 58 rabbits from four conventional rabbitries . Nine rabbits from a pasteurella-free colony served as negative controls . Fifty-six rabbits were ELISA positive . Of these, 46 were P . multocida culture positive, 10 were culture negative . Two rabbits were ELISA negative, culture negative . There were no ELISA negative, culture positive animals . Serotyping by the gel diffusion precipitin test demonstrated that of the 44 typed P . multocida isolates, 57% were serotype 4, 27% were serotype 12 and 16% were serotype 3 . In rabbits experimentally infected intranasally with P . multocida, serum IgG against P . multocida began to rise 21 to 33 days after infection and remained elevated until the animals were euthanized 90 days post infection . Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were compared which used potassium thiocyanate extracts of different serotypes of P . multocida as antigen . The results obtained were similar, suggesting the presence of antigens common to both serotypes. J Hand Surg {Br}, 1987 Feb, 12(1), 137 - 9 Acute osteomyelitis of index finger caused by dog bite; Holms W et al.; A forty-seven-year-old man was bitten by a dog on his left index finger . Despite initial antibiotic treatment, he developed acute osteomyelitis of the middle phalanx over the next three weeks . Pasteurella multocida and Bacteroides were isolated from the necrotic bone . Subsequently the infection was successfully treated by debridement and Tetracycline. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1987 Feb, 40(2), 190 - 4 In vitro antibacterial properties of EL-870, a new semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic; Ose EE; A new macrolide antibiotic, EL-870, 20-deoxo-20-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)desmycosin, has been prepared by chemical modification of desmycosin . In vitro, against selected animal bacterial pathogens, it inhibited growth of Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella haemolytica, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Streptococcus suis, Actinomyces pyogenes and certain other bacteria at levels of 6.25 micrograms/ml or less . In general, the MICs for Gram-negative enteric bacteria have been greater than 50 micrograms/ml . Concentrations equivalent to 4 X the MIC value were bactericidal for Pasteurella sp . EL-870 had other antibacterial properties which were characteristic of macrolide antibiotics. Vet Microbiol, 1987 Feb, 13(2), 179 - 87 Bordetella bronchiseptica and toxigenic type D Pasteurella multocida as agents of severe atrophic rhinitis of swine; Rhodes MB et al.; Bordetella bronchiseptica and toxigenic type-D Pasteurella multocida were cultured from pigs in each of five herds diagnosed as having severe atrophic rhinitis (AR) . B . bronchiseptica alone, P . multocida alone, or both organisms isolated from four herds were inoculated intranasally into 1-week-old gnotobiotic pigs which were necropsied 4 weeks post-inoculation (PI) . Nasal turbinate atrophy in B . bronchiseptica-inoculated pigs was moderate to severe, while P . multocida-inoculated pigs had slight to severe atrophy . Pigs inoculated with both organisms had moderate to complete turbinate atrophy . P . multocida was reisolated at necropsy from all pigs receiving the organism except those having no turbinate damage . B . bronchiseptica and P . multocida from a fifth herd were simultaneously inoculated into six naturally farrowed 6-day-old SPF pigs . Necropsy performed 4 weeks PI revealed severe to complete turbinate atrophy . Nasal turbinates were normal for control pigs in both experiments. Pathol Biol (Paris), 1987 Feb, 35(2), 169 - 72 {Characterization of Pasteurella species isolated from man}; Avril JL et al.; Fifty-four clinical isolates of Pasteurella are classified into different taxa . P . multocida subsp.multocida is more frequently encountered than other subspecies of P . multocida . P . canis is only identified from wounds inflicted by animals . The frequency of isolation of different species and subspecies is comparable with that observed from animal isolates . The distribution of the strains in the capsular types is different according to the origin, human or animal, of the strains. Am J Vet Res, 1987 Jan, 48(1), 17 - 20 Effect of sulfadimethoxine-ormetoprim in the treatment of calves with induced Pasteurella pneumonia; Ames TR et al.; The efficacy of sulfadimethoxine (SDM)-ormetoprim (OMP) was evaluated in calves with induced Pasteurella pneumonia . A dose-titration study comparing 3 doses of SDM-OMP was performed to determine the optimal dose . Treatments included: group 1--nontreated controls; group 2--33 mg of SDM-OMP/kg of body weight, orally on day 1 and 17 mg/kg on days 2 to 5; group 3--66 mg of SDM-OMP/kg, orally on day 1 and 33 mg/kg on days 2 to 5; group 4--99 mg of SDM-OMP/kg, orally on day 1 and 50 mg/kg on days 2 to 5; and group 5--11 mg of oxytetracycline/kg, IV daily for 4 days . Group-2 calves responded to treatment as well as did group-5 calves . Group-4 calves responded the same as did group-3 calves . However, group-2 calves did not respond as well as did groups 3, 4, and 5 calves. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 1987 Jan, 6(1), 29 - 32 Microbiology of human and animal bite wounds in children; Brook I; Aspirates from bite wounds in 39 children (21 with animal bites and 18 with human bites) were cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria . Aerobic bacteria only were recovered in 7 (18%) wounds, anaerobic bacteria only in 3 (8%) and mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in 29 (74%) . A total of 59 isolates was recovered from animal bites (2.8/specimen): 37 aerobes (1.8/specimen); and 22 anaerobes (1.0/specimen) . A total of 97 isolates were recovered from human bites (5.4/specimen): 44 aerobes (2.4/specimen); and 53 anaerobes (3.0/specimen) . The most frequent isolates in both types of wounds were Staphylococcus aureus, anaerobic cocci and Bacteroides spp . Present only in animal bites were Pasteurella multocida, Pseudomonas fluorescens and M-5 . Present only in human bites were Group A streptococci . Eighteen beta-lactamase-producing organisms were isolated in 16 wounds . This study demonstrates the polymicrobial aerobic-anaerobic nature of human and animal bite wounds. J Clin Microbiol, 1987 Jan, 25(1), 67 - 71 Variability of cell surface hydrophobicity among Pasteurella multocida somatic serotype and Actinobacillus lignieresii strains; Darnell KR et al.; Pasteurella multocida possesses a characteristically gram-negative ultrastructure, yet its inability to grow in the presence of hydrophobic compounds and the general penicillin susceptibility of genera making up the family Pasteurellaceae suggest a cell envelope having atypical permeability properties . The cell surface hydrophobicity properties of strains representing 15 of the 16 somatic serotypes of P . multocida and three strains of Actinobacillus lignieresii were assessed with hydrocarbon adherence and hydrophobic interaction chromatographic assays . These methods revealed surface hydrophobicity to vary dramatically among strains in both species . No direct correlation was observed with species, growth rate, or susceptibility to the antibiotics oxytetracycline (polar), polymyxin B (amphiphilic), or novobiocin (nonpolar) as measured with MIC determinations . All strains were susceptible to the antibiotics, although A . lignieresii was significantly less susceptible than P . multocida to novobiocin . These data suggest that cell surface hydrophobicity in P . multocida may be influenced by the type of lipopolysaccharide present but is not directly related to permeability of the antibiotics examined . The wide diversity of hydrophobic properties exhibited by strains of both P . multocida and A . lignieresii precludes the use of this parameter as a taxonomic acid. J Clin Microbiol, 1987 Jan, 25(1), 142 - 5 Effect of repeated in vitro transfer of Pasteurella haemolytica A1 on encapsulation, leukotoxin production, and virulence; Gentry MJ et al.; Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 was transferred daily for 128 serial passages on both unsupplemented brain heart infusion agar and the same basal medium supplemented with bovine blood, horse serum, and yeast extract . Repeatedly transferred cultures were shown to retain the ability to produce both capsular material and leukotoxin . Furthermore, intact organisms were found to be as toxic in vitro for bovine leukocytes and as virulent for mice as unpassaged cultures . These results indicate that the precaution of using only freshly isolated cultures in the study of this organism may not be necessary. Avian Dis, 1987 Jan-Mar, 31(1), 46 - 51 Taxonomy of pasteurella anatipestifer . 2 . Cellular fatty-acid profile by gas chromatography; Bangun A et al.; Methylated cellular fatty acids of representative strains of Pasteurella spp., Moraxella spp., and P . anatipestifer were subjected to gas chromatography in an attempt to further support the independence of P . anatipestifer from both Pasteurella and Moraxella . All Pasteurella spp . and Moraxella spp . revealed group characteristics specific for each genus that could be easily differentiated from the unique profile of P . anatipestifer . All P . anatipestifer strains tested showed similar fatty-acid profiles in gas chromatography, regardless of host of origin. Avian Dis, 1987 Jan-Mar, 31(1), 43 - 5 Taxonomy of pasteurella anatipestifer . 1 . DNA base composition and DNA-DNA hybridization analysis; Bangun A et al.; DNA was isolated from 15 strains of Pasteurella anatipestifer and from one strain each of Moraxella nonliquefaciens, M . bovis, Pasteurella multocida, P . haemolytica, P . gallinarum, P . pneumotropica, and P . ureae . The guanine-plus-cytosine contents of P . anatipestifer ranged from 32 to 35 mole %, whereas those of Moraxella and Pasteurella spp . were much higher, ranging from 40 to 45 mole % . DNA-DNA hybridization analysis revealed that homology of nine P . anatipestifer strains to strains ATCC 11845 and PA 15 was 52 to 100%, whereas homology of Moraxella and Pasteurella strains to these strains was only 3 to 17% . Similarly, homology of P . anatipestifer strains, Moraxella, and Pasteurella species other than P . multocida to P . multocida reference strain P-2192 was low . These results strongly suggest that P . anatipestifer is genetically unrelated to either Pasteurella or Moraxella. Immunogenetics, 1987, 25(5), 284 - 9 Genetic resistance to fowl cholera is linked to the major histocompatibility complex; Lamont SJ et al.; Chickens of the Iowa State S1 line have been selected for ability to regress Rous sarcoma virus-induced (RSV) tumors, humoral immune response to GAT (Ir-GAT), and erythrocyte antigen B . Sublines homozygous at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), as well as F1 heterozygotes and F2 segregants, were tested for resistance to fowl cholera by challenge with Pasteurella multocida strain X73 . Control of the response at high doses was associated in a preliminary study with Ir-GAT and response to RSV tumors . Genetic control of resistance to low doses of P . multocida was demonstrated via sublines and F2 segregants to be linked with genes of the B-G region . Thus, genetic control of resistance to fowl cholera in chickens after exposure to Pasteurella multocida was shown to be linked to the major histocompatibility B complex, in this first demonstration of MHC-linked resistance to bacterial disease challenge. Physiol Behav, 1987, 41(4), 321 - 5 Postcopulatory genital grooming in male rats: prevention of sexually transmitted infections; Hart BL et al.; Prevention of postcopulatory genital grooming in male rats increased the likelihood that they would be genitally infected with a marker microorganism (Staphylococcus aureus) inoculated previously into the vagina of female rats . Male as well as female rat saliva was found to have very minimal bactericidal effects on the marker organism indicating that physical washing during postcopulatory grooming can prevent the transmission of infectious organisms . Saliva of both male and female rats, however, was found to have bactericidal effects on 2 murine pathogens (Pasteurella pneumotropica and Mycoplasma pulmonis) that infect the genitalia of males and females, revealing that the physical washing effect can be enhanced by specific antibacterial properties of saliva for some reputed genital pathogens. Langenbecks Arch Chir, 1987, 372, 709 - 12 {Primary management of fresh bite injuries of the face}; Lemperle G et al.; The danger of dog bites is often exaggerated . The reason for this is a gram negative bacterium Pasteurella multocida, which causes a serious infection within 12 h . Among 143 dog bites we saw only two of these infections . The bacterial swabs from the mouths of 20 dogs revealed E . coli in 43%, Streptococci in 33%, Proteus in 30%, Staph . epidermidis in 27% and Enterococci in 25% . Since the blood supply of the face is much more superior to that for instance of the legs, infections are rare and primary closure of wounds of dog and human bites is recommended . Additional drainage, hospitalisation and local and systemic antibiotics are possible . Open wound therapy in the face can be called obsolete. G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1987 Jan-Dec, 80(1-12), 297 - 308 {The development of immunology in a century of research}; Cavallo G; Immunology started in 1880 with the observation of Pasteur upon attenuated strains of Pasteurella aviseptica and evolved in nearly one century until the actual situation . Havig discussed the immunology topics, this review ends by stressing some of the recent landmarks in immunology. Scand J Infect Dis, 1987, 19(4), 385 - 93 Pasteurella multocida bacteremia: report of thirteen cases over twelve years and review of the literature; Raffi F et al.; 13 episodes of bacteremia caused by Pasteurella multocida were seen in a general hospital during a 12-year period . All the patients had an underlying disease (77% had cirrhosis) and 2 were receiving chemotherapy for hematologic malignancy . There was a numerical preponderance of male patients (69%) . In 5/13 cases a recent animal-derived trauma could be found . In the other cases the source of the infecting organism was thought to be endogenous (from patients' own pharyngeal commensal flora) or secondary to contact with secretions of a pet animal . The clinical presentation of sepsis caused by this organism was nonspecific . Hypotension was seen in 5 cases . Localized sites of infection were certain in 6 and only clinically suspected in 4 other cases . The overall mortality rate was 31% . The administration of ampicillin seems the appropriate therapy for Pasteurella multocida bacteremia. Contrib Microbiol Immunol, 1987, 9, 1 - 13 {A personal view of the history of the genus Yersinia}; Mollaret HH; The first recorded experience Australia had of the genus Yersinia was the arrival in 1889 of a French expedition led by Pasteur's nephew, Dr . Adrien Loir . At that time Australia was in the grips of an epidemic of rabbits, and Loir's purpose was to eradicate the rabbits by means of fowl plague (Pasteurella multocida) . Sadly, bureaucratic and political obstacles prevailed, and Loir was never granted permission to release his biological control agent . Alexander Yersin had been tempted to join Loir's expedition, but elected in the end to travel to Hong Kong, where he discovered the plague bacillus . Had he gone to Australia, we might not now be speaking of the genus Yersinia.. . Historically, Yersinia pestis has affected not only world history but literature as well . In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the tragic denouement can be attributed directly to the consequences of the Great Plague . In times of plague, cities closed their gates to travellers, and houses their doors and windows . Thus Laurence's explanatory letter was prevented from reaching Romeo, who returned to take his life beside the drugged (but living) body of his beloved . Not only was the contemporary literature from which Shakespeare drew inspiration full of references to the plague, but he himself had experienced the social effects of the plague at first hand . The recent rejection of the name Y . pseudotuberculosis var . pestis in favour of Y . pestis is fitting, not simply on the grounds of preventing confusion - after all, Y . pseudotuberculosis can be an equally lethal pathogen . However, a review of the epidemiology for Y . pestis since the First Pandemic in the 6th Century AD lends support to Devignat's hypothesis that Y . pseudotuberculosis evolved from Y . pestis, rather than vice versa . This probably occurred in Europe shortly before the Second Pandemic, and the new mutant spread slowly through the European rodent population, immunising the carriers against plague . In other parts of the world which continued to be affected by plague, the rodent populations remained susceptible because they had not been immunised by exposure to Y . pseudotuberculosis . In some areas which have not been affected by plague, it is also possible that the native rodent populations have been immunised by Y . enterocolitica and its relatives . The plague, the first biological weapon, has killed more people than man's wars . It is our duty, as bacteriologists handling this pathogen, to refuse to allow our work to be used in modern warfare, to refuse to participate in any further warfare against humanity itself. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg, 1987, 3(4), 237 - 41 The treatment of animal bite injuries of the eye and ocular adnexa; Herman DC et al.; Animal bites to the eye and ocular adnexa may result in significant morbidity . Management includes wound care and surgical repair of traumatized tissue, treatment of infection (most commonly Pasteurella multocida), appropriate tetanus and rabies prophylaxis, and notification of state public health officials. Avian Dis, 1987 Jan-Mar, 31(1), 29 - 38 Vaccination of turkey breeder hens and toms for fowl cholera with CU strain; Schlink GT et al.; Unvaccinated laying breeder hens and semen-producing toms were susceptible to the CU strain of Pasteurella multocida and highly susceptible to a virulent strain of P . multocida . Laying breeders vaccinated with CU strain when environmental temperatures were low ceased egg production during the first week after vaccination and had 29% mortality, whereas those vaccinated when temperatures were moderate had only a 25% decrease in egg production and 17% mortality . Comparable nonlaying breeders vaccinated during moderate temperatures did not die . Although few semen-producing toms died postvaccination and the quantity and quality of semen was not affected, 21.7% developed torticollis . Laying breeders were protected against CU vaccine and challenge with virulent P . multocida if vaccinated every 4 weeks beginning when 7 weeks old . Potential breeders vaccinated before laying with combinations of 3 vaccinations via drinking water, wing-web puncture, or inoculation into the air spaces of the head through the auditory tube were protected against challenge after the onset of laying . However, vaccination via wing-web puncture at 25 weeks of age resulted in abscesses that failed to resolve . The combination of vaccinations most effective in protecting laying breeders was vaccination in the drinking water at 7 and 11 weeks and inoculation into the air spaces of the head at 15 weeks. Avian Dis, 1987 Jan-Mar, 31(1), 22 - 8 Fowl cholera vaccination of growing turkeys with CU strain via routes other than oral; Schlink GT et al.; Turkeys developed a high level of protective immunity and serum anti-Pasteurella multocida antibody when vaccinated with the Clemson University (CU) strain of P . multocida via the following routes: wing-web puncture with the recommended dosage or 1:10 dilution of this dosage, subcutaneous, crop injection, cloacal perfusion of the bursa of Fabricius, and intratracheal . The development of immunity after vaccination via the wing-web puncture and subcutaneous routes was dose-dependent: the lower dosages induced less serum antibody and protective immunity . Immunity was greatest 3 weeks after vaccination via wing-web puncture, although immunity was evident as early as 4 days after vaccination . A high level of antibody and protective immunity with no adverse reactions was induced by vaccinating twice, either by the drinking water followed by a similar dosage parenterally or by a parenteral route followed by the drinking water; these regimens were similar to one vaccination in the drinking water . Vaccination via wing-web puncture and possibly subcutaneous injection and bursal perfusion could be used for flocks with a history of a high mortality after vaccination with the CU vaccine in the drinking water and suspected of being immunosuppressed. Avian Dis, 1987 Jan-Mar, 31(1), 13 - 21 Effects of bursectomy, irradiation, and cyclophosphamide on turkeys vaccinated with CU cholera strain; Schlink GT et al.; Turkeys surgically bursectomized, irradiated, and/or injected with cyclophosphamide at 1 day were vaccinated with the live Clemson University (CU) strain of Pasteurella multocida . Bursectomized turkeys vaccinated via drinking water or wing-web puncture at 7 weeks and challenged at 11 weeks had a significantly (P less than 0.05) lower survival rate after challenge than unbursectomized controls . Bursectomized and unbursectomized turkeys vaccinated via drinking water at 7 weeks, revaccinated via the auditory tube at 11 weeks, and challenged at 15 weeks had similar survival rates . The vaccinated bursectomized turkeys had significantly (P less than 0.05) lower levels of serum anti-P . multocida antibody than vaccinated unbursectomized controls . Radiation had no immunosuppressive effect . The immunosuppressive effect of cyclophosphamide was dosage-dependent . Bursectomy and injection of cyclophosphamide in the same turkey were complementary . It was concluded that in young turkeys, the development of immunity to the avirulent CU vaccine is highly dependent upon the bursa of Fabricius, but that as they grow older the bursa is of less importance, particularly if they were vaccinated via a parenteral route, such as in the air spaces of the head. Int J Tissue React, 1987, 9(3), 199 - 214 Viral-bacterial pneumonia in calves: effects on plasma eicosanoids and long chain fatty acids; Emau P et al.; In the pathogenesis of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis, immunodepression induced by stress or respiratory viral infection permits superinfection of the lungs with Pasteurella hemolytica, which results in exudative fibrinous pneumonia . Therefore, bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis was induced by sequential inoculations of calves with bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1, 3 X 10(7) tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50)/nostril), followed 3 days later by challenge with P . hemolytica (15 X 10(9) colony-forming units (cfu) intratracheally) . To study the pathogenic mechanisms of the disease, we examined the alterations in plasma prostaglandins (PG), thromboxane B2 (TxB2), histamine, serotonin and long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) during BHV-1 infection alone and after challenge exposure to P . hemolytica (i.e . during BHV-1-pneumonic pasteurellosis) . BHV-1 infection alone markedly increased plasma PGE but modestly elevated PGF2 alpha, TxB2 and arachidonic, oleic and palmitic acids . After challenge with P . hemolytica, the levels of plasma arachidonic, oleic, and palmitic acids, together with PGE and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, were elevated markedly, in association with clinical signs of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis . However, PGF2 alpha and stearic acid increased only transiently whereas TxB2 was unchanged from the control . On the other hand, plasma linoleic acid, histamine and serotonin remained unaltered . These results indicate enhanced eicosanoid biosynthesis and disproportionate rises in LCFA during BHV-1 pneumonic pasteurellosis . While LCFA are needed for energy metabolism, eicosanoids may mediate the immunologic, inflammatory and pulmonary vascular reactions leading to the clinico-pathologic features of BHV-1 pneumonic pasteurellosis. Avian Dis, 1987 Jan-Mar, 31(1), 197 - 201 Infection of duck plague carriers with Pasteurella multocida and P . anatipestifer; Mo CL et al.; Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) and white pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) were infected with duck plague virus and challenged with LD20's of Pasteurella multocida and P . anatipestifer . There was no difference between mortality rates of duck plague-infected ducks and controls, suggesting that these organisms do not act synergistically under the conditions of our experiments . There was a difference of about 500-fold between the LD20 of P . multocida for mallards and that for white pekin ducks, indicating that mallards are much more susceptible to avian cholera than white pekin ducks. Can J Vet Res, 1987 Jan, 51(1), 83 - 8 Electron microscopic description of glycocalyx and fimbriae on the surface of Pasteurella haemolytica-A1; Morck DW et al.; Several electron microscopic techniques were used to examine the surface of cells of Pasteurella haemolytica (biotype A, serotype 1) grown in vitro . All methods showed the presence of a very extensive glycocalyx on logarithmic phase (6 h) cells grown in liquid media . The anionic glycocalyx of these cells stained well with ruthenium red, but collapsed during dehydration for electron microscopy unless stabilized with specific antibodies . When the same techniques were used to examine cells in the stationary phase (18 h) the glycocalyx was much reduced . Large numbers of fimbriae were seen on both 6 h and 18 h cells grown in fluid media without shaking . In summary, logarithmic phase cells of P . haemolytica have both fimbriae and extensive anionic glycocalyx at their surface and we suggest that either or both of these structures may be important in the colonization of the bovine respiratory tract and the subsequent pathogenesis of Pasteurella pneumonia. Scand J Infect Dis, 1987, 19(4), 453 - 7 Specific antibody response to Pasteurella multocida; Choudat D et al.; Six patients with culturally proven Pasteurella multocida infection were evaluated serologically . The infections were 1 foot abscess, 1 septicemia, 3 bronchitis and 1 bronchopneumonia . Most of them were elderly women closely exposed to pets or domestic animals . The serotypes of the strains were determined in 5 cases (3 A3, 2 A7) . Specific antibodies against capsular and somatic antigens of P . multocida were determined by indirect hemagglutination and agglutination respectively . The antibodies were strictly directed against the capsular and somatic specificities of the isolated strain . The range of the serum antibody titers were 20 to 2,560 to capsular antigens and 5 to 640 to somatic antigens within 2 weeks after the first clinical signs of infection . Several months after successful treatment, the capsular antibodies were lower while the somatic antibodies had almost disappeared . These findings suggest a good sensitivity for these serologic methods in active cases . Declining antibody titers follow healing . Cross-reactivity of the serologic tests with other bacteria was not observed . Serologic diagnosis of P . multocida infections is a possible alternative to direct diagnosis when cultures are negative or when unusual localizations must be confirmed. Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1986 Dec, 5(6), 657 - 8 Puerperal Pasteurella multocida septicemia; Greif Z et al.; A case of Pasteurella multocida infection in a puerperal healthy young women is reported . The agent was isolated from vaginal discharge and blood cultures of the patient, and also from pets and poultry with which the patient was in contact . Although Pasteurella multocida septicemia is rare, awareness of this infection and adequate intensive antibiotic therapy may improve its prognosis. Pathol Biol (Paris), 1986 Dec, 34(10), 1061 - 6 {Antibiotic sensitivity of Pasteurella multocida and related bacteria (bacterial groups M5 and EF4) . Studies of minimal inhibitory concentrations by agar dilution}; Lion C et al.; We have been isolating Pasteurella multocida and similar germs increasingly during the last few years: due to the rabies coming back in Eastern France, more consultations have been held following animal bites; samples are then taken for a bacteriologic research . We have studied their sensitivity towards 30 antibiotics . The determination of the MIC was achieved through the agar dilution method on 34 Pasteurella multocida of human origin issued after bites and expectorations, 4 EF4 and 4 M5 . The Pasteurella are very sensitive to: beta-lactam antibiotics (the lowest MIC were observed for ureido-penicillins, amino-benzylpenicillins and third generation cephalosporins), chloramphenicol, cyclines and quinolones . Fosfomycin colistin and aminoglycosides are also active but with higher MIC . The macrolides have got a slow or no activity at all . The M5 are susceptible to the same antibiotics as Pasteurella but with slightly higher concentrations . Regarding EF4, minor sensitivity or resistance to penicillin G, cephalothin and cefamandole can be pointed out. J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 1986 Dec, 9(4), 385 - 93 Clinical pharmacology of mecillinam in calves; Soback S et al.; The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of mecillinam, a novel beta-amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with unusual activity against Gram-negative bacteria, were compared with the MIC of cephazolin, cephalothin, amoxycillin, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, dihydrostreptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin and sulfadoxin/trimethoprim (TMP) against pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria recovered from neonatal calves . The MIC values of mecillinam ranged between 0.05 microgram/ml and 12.5 micrograms/ml, and the MIC90 values were 1.56 micrograms/ml and 3.12 micrograms/ml . The activity of mecillinam against salmonella, Escherichia coli and Pasteurella multocida was similar to or slightly greater than the activities of the first-generation cephalosporins, gentamicin and sulfa/TMP . Mecillinam concentrations less than or equal to 3.12 micrograms/ml inhibited the growth of the majority of isolates which were resistant (MIC90 greater than 100 micrograms/ml) to the other antibiotics studied . The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of mecillinam were two- to three-fold higher than the MIC values . The two-compartment open model was appropriate for the analysis of serum mecillinam concentrations measured after intravenous administration . The distribution half-life (t1/2 alpha) was 11.7 min, the elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) was 53.3 min, and the apparent volume of distribution (Vd (area)) and the distribution volume at steady state (Vd (ss)) were 0.568 and 0.896 l/kg, respectively . The drug was quickly absorbed after intramuscular (i.m.) injection; peak serum drug concentrations were directly related to the dose administered . They were obtained 30 min after treatment and the i.m . t1/2 was approximately 65 min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Lab Anim Sci, 1986 Dec, 36(6), 640 - 5 Serologic methods for detection of Pasteurella multocida infections in nasal culture negative rabbits; Holmes HT et al.; An agar gel-diffusion test (AGDT) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were utilized to detect serum antibodies against Pasteurella multocida in naturally infected rabbits derived originally from a Pasteurella-free colony . The antigen used in both assays was purified from a serotype 3 (P-1059) strain of P . multocida . Among 47 serum samples tested 15 (32%) were seropositive; 12 (26%) of which were both AGDT and ELISA-positive, while 3 (6%) were ELISA-positive only . All rabbits examined were normal clinically and negative to repeated nasal cultures, but subsequent cultures at necropsy demonstrated the presence of P . multocida in 11 of the AGDT-positive rabbits and in 14 of the ELISA-positive rabbits . The organism was isolated most frequently from the naso-oropharynx and the tympanic bullae . Serotyping of isolates recovered from the nasopharynx were determined to be serotype 3 or 3,12 . Ten seronegative rabbits also were necropsied and none were found harboring P . multocida . These preliminary data indicate that the application of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay may prove efficacious in identifying apparently healthy, consistently nasal culture-negative rabbits as subclinical carriers of P . multocida. Lab Anim Sci, 1986 Dec, 36(6), 633 - 9 Characterization of antigen purified from type 3 strains of Pasteurella multocida and its use for an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Hwang EJ et al.; Surface antigens were purified from a type 3, 4 rabbit isolate of Pasteurella multocida designated as R11146 . Two protein peaks were obtained by gel filtration with Sephadex G-200 from crude saline extract . Major antigenic activity was detected in the first peak . The first peak was absorbed onto DEAE-cellulose and eluted by a linear gradient of NaCl . Four fractions eluted from the column contained a single antigen which was identical to an antigen purified from another type 3 strain, P-1059 . Also, they uniformly contained two protein species of molecular weights of 44,000 and 25,500 . Six Pasteurella-free rabbits were infected intranasally with R11146 isolate and antibody response was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with the use of an antigen purified from P-1059 strain . Serum samples from the infected rabbits showed ELISA titers at the plateau stage by 21 or 28 days post-inoculation . Highest titers ranged from 1:15,000 to 1:16,000, while all the preinoculation sera had titers lower than 1:10 . The high titers generally persisted for longer than 98 days after the infection . These results indicate that ELISA using a purified type 3 antigen is useful to detect P . multocida infection in rabbits by a type 3-related strain. Infect Immun, 1986 Dec, 54(3), 804 - 10 Siderophore production by Pasteurella multocida; Hu SP et al.; Pasteurella multocida grown under conditions of iron deprivation secreted into the culture medium a growth-enhancing factor which functioned as a siderophore . The siderophore was found to be neither a phenolate nor a hydroxamate by chemical tests and bioassays and was given the trivial name multocidin . Multocidin was partially purified and found to be a highly polar, nonaromatic, and dialyzable compound . This is the first report demonstrating the production of a siderophore by P . multocida. Injury, 1986 Nov, 17(6), 410 - 1 Pasteurella multocida wound infections--a commonly unrecognized problem in the casualty department; Chapple CR et al.; Wounds inflicted by animal bites are a common cause of attendance at casualty units . Many of these injuries are of little consequence, but if they are inappropriately treated, serious consequences can ensue . Pasteurella multocida is a common contaminant of wounds inflicted by domestic animals, in particular cats . We report here a series of six severe P . multocida wound infections, and refer to the current literature on the subject . Strains of P . multocida isolated from some wounds failed to respond to conventional chemotherapy with penicillin. Am J Vet Res, 1986 Nov, 47(11), 2426 - 30 Induced atrophic rhinitis in rats; Kimman TG et al.; Infections with Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida were inducted in newborn specific-pathogen-free rats . Turbinate atrophy was quantified by measuring the length of the osseous core of the ventral turbinates . Bordetella bronchiseptica readily colonized the nasal cavity . Inoculated rats developed serum agglutinating antibodies to B bronchiseptica . Turbinate atrophy, correlating with a severe inflammatory reaction, was observed after dual inoculation with B bronchiseptica or after a single inoculation when the inoculum contained relatively large numbers of B bronchiseptica . Pasteurella multocida only rarely colonized the nasal cavity, even after prior instillation of weak acetic acid solution or B bronchiseptica. Vet Microbiol, 1986 Nov, 12(4), 337 - 51 Measurement of Pasteurella haemolytica-specific lung and serum antibodies by ELISA; Opuda-Asibo J et al.; The modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the relative quantities of class-specific antibodies to